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Liu Y, Kumblathan T, Tao J, Xu J, Feng W, Xiao H, Hu J, Huang CV, Wu Y, Zhang H, Li XF, Le XC. Recent advances in RNA sample preparation techniques for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and gargle. Trends Analyt Chem 2023; 165:117107. [PMID: 37317683 PMCID: PMC10204347 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in gargle and saliva complements the standard analysis of nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) specimens. Although gargle and saliva specimens can be readily obtained non-invasively, appropriate collection and processing of gargle and saliva specimens are critical to the accuracy and sensitivity of the overall analytical method. This review highlights challenges and recent advances in the treatment of gargle and saliva samples for subsequent analysis using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and isothermal amplification techniques. Important considerations include appropriate collection of gargle and saliva samples, on-site inactivation of viruses in the sample, preservation of viral RNA, extraction and concentration of viral RNA, removal of substances that inhibit nucleic acid amplification reactions, and the compatibility of sample treatment protocols with the subsequent nucleic acid amplification and detection techniques. The principles and approaches discussed in this review are applicable to molecular detection of other microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Liu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Teresa Kumblathan
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Tao
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jingyang Xu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Wei Feng
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Huyan Xiao
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jianyu Hu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Camille V Huang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Yiping Wu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - X Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
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Blanchard AC, Desforges M, Labbé AC, Nguyen CT, Petit Y, Besner D, Zinszer K, Séguin O, Laghdir Z, Adams K, Benoit MÈ, Leduc G, Longtin J, Ragoussis J, Buckeridge DL, Quach C. Evaluation of Real-life Use of Point-of-care Rapid Antigen Testing for SARS-CoV-2 in Schools (EPOCRATES): a cohort study. CMAJ Open 2022; 10:E1027-E1033. [PMID: 36622324 PMCID: PMC9744263 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20210327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 transmission has an impact on education. In this study, we assessed the performance of rapid antigen detection tests (RADTs) versus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in school settings, and RADT use for monitoring exposed contacts. METHODS In this real-world, prospective observational cohort study, high-school students and staff were recruited from 2 high schools in Montréal, Canada, and followed from Jan. 25 to June 10, 2021. Twenty-five percent of asymptomatic participants were tested weekly by RADT (nasal) and PCR (gargle). Class contacts of cases were tested. Symptomatic participants were tested by RADT (nasal) and PCR (nasal and gargle). The number of cases and outbreaks were compared with those of other high schools in the same area. RESULTS Overall, 2099 students and 286 school staff members consented to participate. The overall specificity of RADTs varied from 99.8% to 100%, with a lower sensitivity, varying from 28.6% in asymptomatic to 83.3% in symptomatic participants. Secondary cases were identified in 10 of 35 classes. Returning students to school after a 7-day quarantine, with a negative PCR result on days 6-7 after exposure, did not lead to subsequent outbreaks. Of cases for whom the source was known, 37 of 51 (72.5%) were secondary to household transmission, 13 (25.5%) to intraschool transmission, and 1 to community contacts between students in the same school. INTERPRETATION Rapid antigen detection tests did not perform well compared with PCR in asymptomatic individuals. Reinforcing policies for symptom screening when entering schools and testing symptomatic individuals with RADTs on the spot may avoid subsequent substantial exposures in class. Preprint: medRxiv - doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.13.21264960.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Blanchard
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Marc Desforges
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Annie-Claude Labbé
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Cat Tuong Nguyen
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Yves Petit
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Dominic Besner
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Kate Zinszer
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Olivier Séguin
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Zineb Laghdir
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Kelsey Adams
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Marie-Ève Benoit
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Geneviève Leduc
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Jean Longtin
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - David L Buckeridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Caroline Quach
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Blanchard), Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Desforges, Quach), CHU Sainte-Justine; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Desforges, Labbé, Quach), Université de Montréal; Division of Infectious Diseases (Labbé), Department of Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; Direction régionale de santé publique (Nguyen, Séguin), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal; Pensionnat du Saint-Nom-de-Marie (Petit); École secondaire Calixa-Lavallée (Besner); École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (Zinszer), Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center (Laghdir, Adams, Benoit, Leduc), Montréal, Que.; Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine (Longtin), CHU de Québec, Québec, Que.; McGill Genome Centre (Ragoussis), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health (Buckeridge), McGill University, Montréal, Que.
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