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Yao Y, Molotnikov A, Parkington H, Meagher L, Forsythe JS. Extrusion 3D bioprinting of functional self-supporting neural constructs using a photoclickable gelatin bioink. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35545019 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac6e87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many in vitro models of neural physiology utilize neuronal networks established on two-dimensional substrates. Despite the simplicity of these 2D neuronal networks, substrate stiffness may influence cell morphology, network interactions and how neurons communicate and function. With this perspective, 3D gel encapsulation is a powerful to recapitulating aspects of in vivo features, yet such an approach is often limited in terms of the level of resolution and feature size relevant for modelling aspects of brain architecture. Here, we report 3D bioplotting of rat primary cortical neural cells using a hydrogel system comprising gelatin norbornene (GelNB) and poly (ethylene glycol) dithiol (PEGdiSH). This bioink benefits from a rapid photo-click chemistry, yielding 8-layer crosshatch neural scaffolds and a filament width of 350 µm. The printability of this system depends on hydrogel concentration, printing temperature, extrusion pressure and speed. These parameters were studied via quantitative comparison between rheology and filament dimensions to determine the optimal printing conditions. Under optimal conditions, cell viability of bioprinted primary cortical neurons at day 1 (68 ± 2%) and at day 7 (68 ± 1%) were comparable to the 2D control group (72 ± 7%). The present study relates material rheology and filament dimensions to generate compliant free-standing neural constructs through bioplotting of low-concentration GelNB-PEGdiSH, which may provide a step forward to study 3D neuronal function and network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yao
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 20 Research Way, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, AUSTRALIA
| | - Andrey Molotnikov
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, City Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, AUSTRALIA
| | - Helena Parkington
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, AUSTRALIA
| | - Laurence Meagher
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22/109 Alliance Lane, Clayton, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, AUSTRALIA
| | - John S Forsythe
- Materials Science Engineering, Monash University, 20 Research Way, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, AUSTRALIA
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2
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Probing Cell Redox State and Glutathione-Modulating Factors Using a Monochlorobimane-Based Microplate Assay. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020391. [PMID: 35204274 PMCID: PMC8869332 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiol compounds including predominantly glutathione (GSH) are key components of redox homeostasis, which are involved in the protection and regulation of mammalian cells. The assessment of cell redox status by means of in situ analysis of GSH in living cells is often preferable over established assays in cell lysates due to fluctuations of the GSH pool. For this purpose, we propose a microplate assay with monochlorobimane (MCB) as an available fluorescent probe for GSH, although poorly detected in the microplate format. In addition to the new procedure for improved MCB-assisted GSH detection in plate-grown cells and its verification with GSH modulators, this study provides a useful methodology for the evaluation of cell redox status probed through relative GSH content and responsiveness to both supplemented thiols and variation in oxygen pressure. The roles of extracellular interactions of thiols and natural variability of cellular glutathione on the assay performance were emphasized and discussed. The results are of broad interest in cell biology research and should be particularly useful for the characterization of pathological cells with decreased GSH status and increased oxidative status as well as redox-modulating factors.
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Myelin-associated glycoprotein activation triggers glutamate uptake by oligodendrocytes in vitro and contributes to ameliorate glutamate-mediated toxicity in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1868:166324. [PMID: 34954343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a key molecule involved in the nurturing effect of myelin on ensheathed axons. MAG also inhibits axon outgrowth after injury. In preclinical stroke models, administration of a function-blocking anti-MAG monoclonal antibody (mAb) aimed to improve axon regeneration demonstrated reduced lesion volumes and a rapid clinical improvement, suggesting a mechanism of immediate neuroprotection rather than enhanced axon regeneration. In addition, it has been reported that antibody-mediated crosslinking of MAG can protect oligodendrocytes (OLs) against glutamate (Glu) overload by unknown mechanisms. PURPOSE To unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of anti-MAG therapy with a focus on neuroprotection against Glu toxicity. RESULTS MAG activation (via antibody crosslinking) triggered the clearance of extracellular Glu by its uptake into OLs via high affinity excitatory amino acid transporters. This resulted not only in protection of OLs but also nearby neurons. MAG activation led to a PKC-dependent activation of factor Nrf2 (nuclear-erythroid related factor-2) leading to antioxidant responses including increased mRNA expression of metabolic enzymes from the glutathione biosynthetic pathway and the regulatory chain of cystine/Glu antiporter system xc- increasing reduced glutathione (GSH), the main antioxidant in cells. The efficacy of early anti-MAG mAb administration was demonstrated in a preclinical model of excitotoxicity induced by intrastriatal Glu administration and extended to a model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalitis showing axonal damage secondary to demyelination. CONCLUSIONS MAG activation triggers Glu uptake into OLs under conditions of Glu overload and induces a robust protective antioxidant response.
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Recio-Tótoro B, Condé R, Claudio-Piedras F, Lanz-Mendoza H. Affinity purification of Plasmodium ookinetes from in vitro cultures using extracellular matrix gel. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102242. [PMID: 33152548 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria transmission depends on the parasites' successful invasion of the mosquito. This is achieved by the ookinete, a motile zygote that forms in the blood bolus after the mosquito takes an infectious blood meal. The ookinete invades the midgut epithelium and strongly attaches to the basal lamina, differentiating into an oocyst that produces the vertebrate-invasive sporozoites. Despite their importance, the ookinete and the oocyst are the least studied stages of the parasite. Much of what we know about the ookinete comes from in vitro experiments, which are hindered by the concomitant contamination with blood cells and other parasite stages. Although methods to purify them exist, they vary in terms of yield, costs, and difficulty to perform. A method for ookinete purification taking advantage of their adhesive properties was herein developed. The method consists of covering any culture-suitable surface with extracellular matrix gel, after which the ookinete culture is incubated on the gel to allow for ookinete attachment. The contaminant cells are then simply washed away. This procedure results in purer and less stressed ookinete preparations, which, by the nature of the method, are ready for oocyst production. Furthermore, it allows for micro-purifications using only 1 μl of blood, opening the possibility to make axenic ookinete cultures without sacrificing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito Recio-Tótoro
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Renaud Condé
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Claudio-Piedras
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Plotegher N, Perocheau D, Ferrazza R, Massaro G, Bhosale G, Zambon F, Rahim AA, Guella G, Waddington SN, Szabadkai G, Duchen MR. Impaired cellular bioenergetics caused by GBA1 depletion sensitizes neurons to calcium overload. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:1588-1603. [PMID: 31685979 PMCID: PMC7206133 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) represent the major genetic risk for Parkinson's disease (PD), while homozygous GBA1 mutations cause Gaucher disease, a lysosomal storage disorder, which may involve severe neurodegeneration. We have previously demonstrated impaired autophagy and proteasomal degradation pathways and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons from GBA1 knockout (gba1-/-) mice. We now show that stimulation with physiological glutamate concentrations causes pathological [Ca2+]c responses and delayed calcium deregulation, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and an irreversible fall in the ATP/ADP ratio. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake was reduced in gba1-/- cells as was expression of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter. The rate of free radical generation was increased in gba1-/- neurons. Behavior of gba1+/- neurons was similar to gba1-/- in terms of all variables, consistent with a contribution of these mechanisms to the pathogenesis of PD. These data signpost reduced bioenergetic capacity and [Ca2+]c dysregulation as mechanisms driving neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Plotegher
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London, WC1E6XA, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Dany Perocheau
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E6HU, UK
| | - Ruggero Ferrazza
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123, Povo (TN), Italy
| | - Giulia Massaro
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N1AX, UK
| | - Gauri Bhosale
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London, WC1E6XA, UK
| | - Federico Zambon
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London, WC1E6XA, UK
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N1AX, UK
| | - Graziano Guella
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123, Povo (TN), Italy
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, WC1E6HU, UK
- MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London, WC1E6XA, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London, WC1E6XA, UK.
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6
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Mitochondria as target to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of cancer cells: the effects of doxycycline and gemcitabine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4363. [PMID: 32152409 PMCID: PMC7063048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxycycline has anti-tumour effects in a range of tumour systems. The aims of this study were to define the role mitochondria play in this process and examine the potential of doxycycline in combination with gemcitabine. We studied the adenocarcinoma cell line A549, its mitochondrial DNA-less derivative A549 ρ° and cultured fibroblasts. Treatment with doxycycline for 5 days resulted in a decrease of mitochondrial-encoded proteins, respiration and membrane potential, and an increase of reactive oxygen species in A549 cells and fibroblasts, but fibroblasts were less affected. Doxycycline slowed proliferation of A549 cells by 35%. Cellular ATP levels did not change. Doxycycline alone had no effect on apoptosis; however, in combination with gemcitabine given during the last 2 days of treatment, doxycycline increased caspase 9 and 3/7 activities, resulting in a further decrease of surviving A549 cells by 59% and of fibroblasts by 24% compared to gemcitabine treatment alone. A549 ρ° cells were not affected by doxycycline. Key effects of doxycycline observed in A549 cells, such as the decrease of mitochondrial-encoded proteins and surviving cells were also seen in the cancer cell lines COLO357 and HT29. Our results suggest that doxycycline suppresses cancer cell proliferation and primes cells for apoptosis by gemcitabine.
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Sharma P, Kumar K, Kaur S, Kaur S, Bhargava G, Kumar S, Singh P. Near-IR discriminative detection of H2S and Cysteine with 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-perylenediimide conjugate in water, live cells and solid state: Mimicking IMP, INH and NOR/OR complimentary logic. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Majumder P, Blacker TS, Nolan LS, Duchen MR, Gale JE. Multiphoton NAD(P)H FLIM reveals metabolic changes in individual cell types of the intact cochlea upon sensorineural hearing loss. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18907. [PMID: 31827194 PMCID: PMC6906381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing volume of data suggests that changes in cellular metabolism have a major impact on the health of tissues and organs, including in the auditory system where metabolic alterations are implicated in both age-related and noise-induced hearing loss. However, the difficulty of access and the complex cyto-architecture of the organ of Corti has made interrogating the individual metabolic states of the diverse cell types present a major challenge. Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) allows label-free measurements of the biochemical status of the intrinsically fluorescent metabolic cofactors NADH and NADPH with subcellular spatial resolution. However, the interpretation of NAD(P)H FLIM measurements in terms of the metabolic state of the sample are not completely understood. We have used this technique to explore changes in metabolism associated with hearing onset and with acquired (age-related and noise-induced) hearing loss. We show that these conditions are associated with altered NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetimes, use a simple cell model to confirm an inverse relationship between τbound and oxidative stress, and propose such changes as a potential index of oxidative stress applicable to all mammalian cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Majumder
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.
| | - Thomas S Blacker
- Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. .,Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. .,Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Lisa S Nolan
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jonathan E Gale
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.,Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Soto-Heras S, Menéndez-Blanco I, Catalá MG, Izquierdo D, Thompson JG, Paramio MT. Biphasic in vitro maturation with C-type natriuretic peptide enhances the developmental competence of juvenile-goat oocytes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221663. [PMID: 31442286 PMCID: PMC6707569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro embryo production success in juvenile animals is compromised due to their intrinsic lower oocyte quality. Conventional in vitro maturation (IVM) impairs oocyte competence by inducing spontaneous meiotic resumption. A series of experiments were performed to determine if maintaining meiotic arrest during a pre-maturation culture phase (pre-IVM) prior to conventional IVM improves oocyte competence of juvenile-goat (2 months old) cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). In experiment 1, COCs were cultured with C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP; 0, 50, 100, 200 nM) for 6 and 8 h. Nuclear stage was assessed, revealing no differences in the incidence of germinal vesicle (GV) breakdown. In experiment 2, the same CNP concentrations were assessed plus 10 nM estradiol, the known upstream agonist activating expression of NPR2, the exclusive receptor of CNP. CNP (200 nM) plus estradiol increased the rate of oocytes at GV stage at 6 h compared to control group (74.7% vs 28.3%; P<0.05) with predominantly condensed chromatin configuration. In experiment 3, relative mRNA quantification revealed NPR2 expression was down-regulated after pre-IVM (6 h). In experiment 4, analysis of transzonal projections indicated that pre-IVM maintained cumulus-oocyte communication after oocyte recovery. For experiments 5 and 6, biphasic IVM (6 h pre-IVM with CNP and estradiol, plus 24 h IVM) and control IVM (24 h) were compared. Biphasic IVM increased intra-oocyte glutathione and decreased ROS, up-regulated DNA-methyltransferase 1 and pentraxin 3 expression and led to an increase in rate of blastocyst development compared to control group (30.2% vs 17.2%; P<0.05). In conclusion, a biphasic IVM, including a pre-IVM with CNP, maintains oocyte meiotic arrest for 6 h and enhances the embryo developmental competence of oocytes from juvenile goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Soto-Heras
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Menéndez-Blanco
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Gracia Catalá
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Izquierdo
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeremy G. Thompson
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Paedriatics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics and Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, Davies Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maria-Teresa Paramio
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Gao J, Tao Y, Zhang J, Wang N, Ji X, He J, Si Y, Zhao W. Development of Lysosome-Targeted Fluorescent Probes for Cys by Regulating the Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) Molecular Structure. Chemistry 2019; 25:11246-11256. [PMID: 31210399 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our previous discovery suggested that substituents on the 1,7 positions delicately modulate the sensing ability of the meso-arylmercapto boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) to biothiols. In this work, the impact of delicate modulations on the sensing ability is investigated. Therefore, 1,7-dimethyl, 3,5-diaryl substituted BODIPY is designed and developed and its conformationally restricted species with a meso-arylmercapto moiety (DM-BDP-SAr and DM-BDP-R-SAr) as selective fluorescent probes for Cys. Moreover, the lysosome-target probes (Lyso-S and Lyso-D) based on DM-BDP-SAr carrying one or two morpholinoethoxy moieties were developed. They were able to detect Cys selectively in vitro with low detection limits. Both Lyso-S and Lyso-D localized nicely in lysosomes in living HeLa cells and exhibited red fluorescence for Cys. Moreover, a novel fluorescence quenching mechanism was proposed from the calculations by density functional theory (DFT). The probes may go through intersystem crossing (from singlet excited state to triplet excited state) to result in fluorescence quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Gao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yuanfang Tao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ji
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jinling He
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yubing Si
- Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications, Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, 450006, P. R. China
| | - Weili Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
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11
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Chang MJ, Joo JH, Lee MH. Acrylamide‐Coumarin‐Benzaldehyde as a Turn‐on Fluorescent Probe Providing an Enhanced Water Solubility for Detection of Cysteine and Homocysteine. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Chang
- Department of ChemistrySookmyung Women's University Seoul 04310 South Korea
| | - Jin Hui Joo
- Department of ChemistrySookmyung Women's University Seoul 04310 South Korea
| | - Min Hee Lee
- Department of ChemistrySookmyung Women's University Seoul 04310 South Korea
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12
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Soto-Heras S, Paramio MT, Thompson JG. Effect of pre-maturation with C-type natriuretic peptide and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine on cumulus-oocyte communication and oocyte developmental competence in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 202:49-57. [PMID: 30772104 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro embryo production depends on oocyte competence, which is acquired during folliculogenesis, involving cytoplasmic and nuclear processes. In vitro maturation (IVM) induces spontaneous resumption of meiosis, preventing full competence acquisition. The incorporation of a pre-IVM phase with supplementation with C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) was used with the aim of improving developmental competence of cattle oocytes. In a preliminary experiment, COCs were cultured with increasing CNP concentrations and nuclear stage assessment was performed. Supplementation with both 100 and 200 nM CNP resulted in more germinal vesicle (GV) arrest at 6 h of culture than those in the control group (79.3%, 76.4% and 59.2%, respectively). In a second experiment, use of 100 nM CNP plus 500 μM IBMX resulted in retention of more oocytes in the GV stage (92.0%) at 6 h of culture compared to supplementation with either CNP or IBMX alone (74.8% and 86.7%, respectively). A subsequent assessment of the effect of the pre-IVM system (6-h of culture with CNP plus IBMX), followed by 20-h of IVM, with comparison to the control at 24-h of IVM was performed. Blastocyst development rate was greater after the pre-IVM phase (45.1% compared with 34.5%). The inclusion of the pre-IVM phase also resulted in an enhanced mitochondrial activity in matured oocytes and sustained integrity of transzonal projections for longer after IVM. In conclusion, CNP and IBMX function synergistically to arrest meiosis in cattle oocytes during a pre-IVM phase, which improves cumulus-oocyte communication and embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Soto-Heras
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Maria-Teresa Paramio
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Jeremy G Thompson
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics and Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
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13
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Ji X, Lv M, Pan F, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang J, Zhao W. A dual-response fluorescent probe for the discrimination of cysteine from glutathione and homocysteine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 206:1-7. [PMID: 30077035 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A highly selective and sensitive turn-on fluorescent BODIPY-based probe for the simultaneous and selective detection of Cys and Hcy/GSH from dual emission channels was developed. The spatial steric hindrance of the methyl groups at 1- and 7-positions in BODIPY skeleton prevented intramolecular displacement of sulfur with amino group of Hcy but not of Cys. GSH molecular skeleton is larger and amino is far away from sulfydryl group, and the product of the reaction of probe with GSH canstay in thiol phase. Therefore, the probe was successfully applied to the detection of Cys from GSH/Hcy. The confocal microscopy experiments implied that this probe is a promising candidate for imaging of Cys and Hcy/GSH in Hela cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ji
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of the Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Minghuan Lv
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of the Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Fuchao Pan
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of the Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of the Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China.
| | - Weili Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of the Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China.
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Giniatullin A, Petrov A, Giniatullin R. Action of Hydrogen Peroxide on Synaptic Transmission at the Mouse Neuromuscular Junction. Neuroscience 2018; 399:135-145. [PMID: 30593920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), endogenously produced during metabolism, which acts as a second messenger. In skeletal muscles, hypoxia- or hyperthermia-induced increase in H2O2 might affect synaptic transmission by targeting the most redox-sensitive presynaptic compartment (Giniatullin et al., 2006). However, the effects of H2O2 as a signal molecule have not previously been studied in different patterns of the synaptic activity. Here, using optical and microelectrode recording of synaptic vesicle exocytosis, we studied the use-dependent action of low concentrations of H2O2 and other oxidants in the mouse neuromuscular junction. We found that: (i) H2O2 at low micromole concentrations inhibited both spontaneous and evoked transmitter releases from the motor nerve terminals in a use-dependent manner, (ii) the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) eliminated these depressant effects, (iii) the influence of H2O2 was not associated with lipid oxidation suggesting a pure signaling action, (iv) the intracellular oxidant Chloramine-T or (v) the glutathione depletion produced similar to H2O2 depressant effects. Taken together, our data revealed the effective inhibition of neurotransmitter release by ROS, which was proportional to the intensity of synaptic activity at the neuromuscular junction. The combination of various oxidants suggested an intracellular location for redox-sensitive sites responsible for modulation of the synaptic transmission in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexey Petrov
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medial University, Kazan, Russia; Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Centre "Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS", Kazan, Russia
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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15
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Famitafreshi H, Karimian M. Deficit in Memory Is Associated with Paradoxical Regulation of Magnesium and Manganese in Isolated Male Rats. Ann Neurosci 2018; 25:241-246. [PMID: 31000963 DOI: 10.1159/000491918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) play an important role in brain development and glutathione, the master antioxidant in the brain, is necessary for the cognitive function. This study is aimed at determining the effect of magnesium and manganese concentrations in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex on the glutathione function. The reduction in glutathione leads to memory impairment in -Y-maze in the isolation period. Methods In this study, 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: social and isolation. Based on previous studies, the isolation period was considered as 14 days, plus 1 week for acclimatization. On day 15, after assessing the memory with Y-maze, rats were examined for glutathione in serum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Also, serum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex were obtained for assessing Mn and Mg. Results The memory in Y-maze was impaired in isolated rats. Also, glutathione in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex was reduced in isolated rats versus socialized rats. In serum assay, glutathione reduced in socialized rats versus isolated rats. Mg was reduced in isolated rats versus socialized rats in serum assay. Paradoxically, Mn was increased in isolated rats versus socialized rats in serum assay. In tissue assay, Mg in hippocampus increased in socialized rats versus isolated rats. Paradoxically, in prefrontal cortex Mg increased in isolated rats versus socialized rats. Mn in hippocampus showed increased concentration in socialized rats versus isolated rats. Paradoxically, Mn showed reduced concentration in prefrontal cortex in socialized rats versus isolated rats. Conclusion Manganese and magnesium are necessary elements for maintaining enough level of cognition in the isolation period. Also, glutathione plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Famitafreshi
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Science-International Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Karimian
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Fortalezas S, Marques-da-Silva D, Gutierrez-Merino C. Creatine Protects Against Cytosolic Calcium Dysregulation, Mitochondrial Depolarization and Increase of Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Rotenone-Induced Cell Death of Cerebellar Granule Neurons. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:717-732. [PMID: 30094708 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone is a neurotoxin that is an active component of many pesticides which has been shown to induce Parkinsonism in animal models. We show that the cytotoxicity of exposure to nanomolar concentrations of rotenone in cultures of mature cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) in serum-free medium is not due to phagocytosis by glial contamination. A concentration as low as 5.65 ± 0.51 nM of rotenone was enough to trigger 50% cell death of mature CGN in culture after 12 h. The addition of serum proteins to the culture medium attenuated rotenone neurotoxicity, and this can account at least in part for the requirement of higher rotenone concentrations to elicit neuronal cytotoxicity reported in previous works. Creatine partial protection against CGN death promoted by 5 nM rotenone correlated with creatine protection against rotenone-induced mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative stress. Furthermore, creatine largely attenuated the early dysregulation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration after acute rotenone treatment. Noteworthy, our results also revealed that the sustained alteration of Ca2+ homeostasis induced by rotenone takes place at the onset of the enhancement of intracellular oxidative stress and before mitochondrial depolarization, pointing out that cytosolic Ca2+ dysregulation is a very early event in the rotenone toxicity to CGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Fortalezas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
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17
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Interleukin-1β Protects Neurons against Oxidant-Induced Injury via the Promotion of Astrocyte Glutathione Production. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7080100. [PMID: 30044427 PMCID: PMC6115796 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7080100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a key cytokine that drives neuroinflammation in the Central Nervous System (CNS), is enhanced in many neurological diseases/disorders. Although IL-1β contributes to and/or sustains pathophysiological processes in the CNS, we recently demonstrated that IL-1β can protect cortical astrocytes from oxidant injury in a glutathione (GSH)-dependent manner. To test whether IL-1β could similarly protect neurons against oxidant stress, near pure neuronal cultures or mixed cortical cell cultures containing neurons and astrocytes were exposed to the organic peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH), following treatment with IL-1β or its vehicle. Neurons and astrocytes in mixed cultures, but not pure neurons, were significantly protected from the toxicity of t-BOOH following treatment with IL-1β in association with enhanced GSH production/release. IL-1β failed to increase the GSH levels or to provide protection against t-BOOH toxicity in chimeric mixed cultures consisting of IL-1R1+/+ neurons plated on top of IL-1R1−/− astrocytes. The attenuation of GSH release via block of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) transport also abrogated the protective effect of IL-1β. These protective effects were not strictly an in vitro phenomenon as we found an increased striatal vulnerability to 3-nitropropionic acid-mediated oxidative stress in IL-1R1 null mice. Overall, our data indicate that IL-1β protects neurons against oxidant injury and that this likely occurs in a non-cell-autonomous manner that relies on an increase in astrocyte GSH production and release.
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18
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Wang J, Niu L, Huang J, Yan Z, Wang J. A novel NBD-based fluorescent turn-on probe for the detection of cysteine and homocysteine in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 192:52-58. [PMID: 29126008 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biothiols, such as cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH), are involved in a number of biological processes and play crucial roles in biological systems. Thus, the detection of biothiols is highly important for early diagnosis of diseases and evaluation of disease progression. Herein, we developed a new turn-on fluorescent probe 1 based on 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD) with high selectivity and sensitivity for Cys/Hcy on account of nucleophilic substitution and Smiles rearrangement reaction. The probe could sense Cys/Hcy rapidly, the intensity of fluorescence increased immediately within 1min. Furthermore, the probe is low toxic and has been successfully applied to detect intracellular Cys/Hcy by cell fluorescence imaging in living normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China.
| | - Linqiang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Jing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Zhijie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China.
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19
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Martinez-Hervás S, Mendez MM, Folgado J, Tormos C, Ascaso P, Peiró M, Real JT, Ascaso JF. Altered Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test results are associated with oxidative stress markers in type 2 diabetic subjects. J Transl Med 2017; 15:187. [PMID: 28874161 PMCID: PMC5586059 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different lines of evidence suggest that oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. The Semmes-Weinstein monofilament (SWM) test is an efficient tool for evaluating diabetic polyneuropathy and diabetic foot. In this study, we analyzed the association between OS markers and altered SWM test results in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. METHODS Seventy T2DM patients were studied and 34 showed altered SWM results. The clinical and biochemical parameters were determined using standardized methods. Levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in circulating mononuclear cells using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS We found that T2DM patients with altered SWM test results had significantly higher GSSG (3.53 ± 0.31 vs. 3.31 ± 0.35 mmol/ml, p < 0.05) and MDA (1.88 ± 0.16 vs. 1.75 ± 0.19 nmol/ml, p < 0.01) values compared to diabetic patients with normal SWM test outcomes. Moreover, altered SWM test results were independently related to age, glycosylated hemoglobin, and GSSG levels, but there was no association between OS markers and altered neuropathy sensitivity score (NSS) values. CONCLUSIONS Alteration of the glutathione system and MDA values in T2DM patients are associated with loss of proprioceptive (pressure) sensitivity, but not with symptomatic polyneuropathy (as evaluated by NSS). This finding may be important for understanding how OS affects distal symmetric polyneuropathy in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martinez-Hervás
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Avda Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Valencia and INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Molina Mendez
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Avda Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Folgado
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Avda Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Tormos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER de Obesidad, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Ascaso
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia and INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Peiró
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose T Real
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Avda Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, University of Valencia and INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan F Ascaso
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Avda Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Valencia and INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Sutton-McDowall ML, Gosnell M, Anwer AG, White M, Purdey M, Abell AD, Goldys EM, Thompson JG. Hyperspectral microscopy can detect metabolic heterogeneity within bovine post-compaction embryos incubated under two oxygen concentrations (7% versus 20%). Hum Reprod 2017; 32:2016-2025. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L. Sutton-McDowall
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Martin Gosnell
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics
- Quantitative Pty Ltd, Mount Victoria, New South Wales 2786, Australia
| | - Ayad G. Anwer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics
- Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Melissa White
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Malcolm Purdey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Andrew D. Abell
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Ewa M. Goldys
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics
| | - Jeremy G. Thompson
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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21
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Čapek J, Hauschke M, Brůčková L, Roušar T. Comparison of glutathione levels measured using optimized monochlorobimane assay with those from ortho-phthalaldehyde assay in intact cells. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017. [PMID: 28642085 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorometric glutathione assays have been generally preferred for their high specificity and sensitivity. An additional advantage offered by fluorescent bimane dyes is their ability to penetrate inside the cell. Their ability to react with glutathione within intact cells is frequently useful in flow cytometry and microscopy. Hence, the aims of our study were to use monochlorobimane for optimizing a spectrofluorometric glutathione assay in cells and then to compare that assay with the frequently used ortho-phthalaldehyde assay. We used glutathione-depleting agents (e.g., cisplatin and diethylmalonate) to induce cell impairment. For glutathione assessment, monochlorobimane (40μM) was added to cells and fluorescence was detected at 394/490nm. In addition to the regularly used calculation of glutathione levels from fluorescence change after 60min, we used an optimized calculation from the linear part of the fluorescence curve after 10min of measurement. We found that 10min treatment of cells with monochlorobimane is sufficient for evaluating cellular glutathione concentration and provides results entirely comparable with those from the standard ortho-phthalaldehyde assay. In contrast, the results obtained by the standardly used evaluation after 60min of monochlorobimane treatment provided higher glutathione values. We conclude that measuring glutathione using monochlorobimane with the here-described optimized evaluation of fluorescence signal could be a simple and useful method for routine and rapid assessment of glutathione within intact cells in large numbers of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Čapek
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hauschke
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Brůčková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Roušar
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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22
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Cui MH, Suzuka SM, Branch NA, Ambadipudi K, Thangaswamy S, Acharya SA, Billett HH, Branch CA. Brain neurochemical and hemodynamic findings in the NY1DD mouse model of mild sickle cell disease. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3692. [PMID: 28186661 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the cerebral profile associated with sickle cell disease (SCD), we used in vivo proton MRI and MRS to quantify hemodynamics and neurochemicals in the thalamus of NY1DD mice, a mild model of SCD, and compared them with wild-type (WT) control mice. Compared with WT mice, NY1DD mice at steady state had elevated cerebral blood flow (CBF) and concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate (Glu), alanine, total creatine and N-acetylaspartylglutamate. Concentrations of glutathione (GSH) at steady state showed a negative correlation with BOLD signal change in response to 100% oxygen, a marker for oxidative stress, and mean diffusivity assessed using diffusion-tensor imaging, a marker for edematous inflammation. In NY1DD mice, elevated basal CBF was correlated negatively with [NAA], but positively with concentration of glutamine ([Gln]). Immediately after experimental hypoxia (at reoxygenation after 18 hours of 8% O2 ), concentrations of NAA, Glu, GSH, Gln and taurine (Tau) increased only in NY1DD mice. [NAA], [Glu], [GSH] and [Tau] all returned to baseline levels two weeks after the hypoxic episode. The altered neurochemical profile in the NY1DD mouse model of SCD at steady state and following experimental hypoxia/reoxygenation suggests a state of chronic oxidative stress leading to compensatory cerebral metabolic adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hui Cui
- Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sandra M Suzuka
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas A Branch
- Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kamalakar Ambadipudi
- Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sangeetha Thangaswamy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Seetharama A Acharya
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine (Hematology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Henny H Billett
- Department of Medicine (Hematology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Craig A Branch
- Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Surpassing light-induced cell damage in vitro with novel cell culture media. Sci Rep 2017; 7:849. [PMID: 28405003 PMCID: PMC5429800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is extensively used to study cells in real time (live cell imaging), separate cells using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and control cellular functions with light sensitive proteins (Optogenetics). However, photo-sensitive molecules inside cells and in standard cell culture media generate toxic by-products that interfere with cellular functions and cell viability when exposed to light. Here we show that primary cells from the rat central nervous system respond differently to photo-toxicity, in that astrocytes and microglia undergo morphological changes, while in developing neurons and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) it induces cellular death. To prevent photo-toxicity and to allow for long-term photo-stimulation without causing cellular damage, we formulated new photo-inert media called MEMO and NEUMO, and an antioxidant rich and serum free supplement called SOS. These new media reduced the detrimental effects caused by light and allowed cells to endure up to twenty times more light exposure without adverse effects, thus bypassing the optical constraints previously limiting experiments.
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Freitas HR, Reis RADM. Glutathione induces GABA release through P2X 7R activation on Müller glia. NEUROGENESIS 2017; 4:e1283188. [PMID: 28229088 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2017.1283188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The retinal tissue of warm-blooded vertebrates performs surprisingly complex and accurate transduction of visual information. To achieve precision, a multilayered neuroglia structure is established throughout the embryonic development, and the presence of radial Müller (glial) cells ensure differentiation, growth and survival for the neuronal elements within retinal environment. It is assumed that Müller cells serve as a dynamic reservoir of progenitors, capable of expressing transcription factors, differentiating and proliferating as either neuronal or glial cells depending on extrinsic cues. In the postnatal period, Müller glia may re-enter cell cycle and produce new retinal neurons in response to acute damage. In this context, glutathione (GSH), a virtually ubiquitous tripeptide antioxidant, which is found at milimolar concentrations in central glial cells, plays a vital role as a reducing agent, buffering radical oxygen species (ROS) and preventing cell death in severely injured retinal tissues. Despite its antioxidant role, data also point to GSH as a signaling agent, suggesting that GABA release and P2X7R-mediated calcium inwards occur in Müller cells in a GSH-enriched environment. These phenomena indicate a novel mechanistic response to damage in the vertebrate retinal tissue, particularly in neuron-glia networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A de Melo Reis
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Trapphoff T, Heiligentag M, Simon J, Staubach N, Seidel T, Otte K, Fröhlich T, Arnold GJ, Eichenlaub-Ritter U. Improved cryotolerance and developmental potential of in vitro and in vivo matured mouse oocytes by supplementing with a glutathione donor prior to vitrification. Mol Hum Reprod 2016; 22:867-881. [PMID: 27604460 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can supplementation of media with a glutathione (GSH) donor, glutathione ethyl ester (GEE), prior to vitrification protect the mouse oocyte from oxidative damage and critical changes in redox homeostasis, and thereby improve cryotolerance? SUMMARY ANSWER GEE supplementation supported redox regulation, rapid recovery of spindle and chromosome alignment after vitrification/warming and improved preimplantation development of mouse metaphase II (MII) oocytes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Cryopreservation may affect mitochondrial functionality, induce oxidative stress, and thereby affect spindle integrity, chromosome segregation and the quality of mammalian oocytes. GEE is a membrane permeable GSH donor that promoted fertilization and early embryonic development of macaque and bovine oocytes after IVM. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Two experimental groups consisted of (i) denuded mouse germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes that were matured in vitro in the presence or absence of 1 mM GEE (IVM group 1) and (ii) in vivo ovulated (IVO) MII oocytes that were isolated from the ampullae and exposed to 1 mM GEE for 1 h prior to vitrification (IVO group 2). Recovery of oocytes from both groups was followed after CryoTop vitrification/warming for up to 2 h and parthenogenetic activation. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Reactive oxygen species (ROS), spindle morphology and chromosome alignment were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and polarization microscopy in control and GEE-supplemented MII oocytes. The relative overall intra-oocyte GSH content was assessed by analysis of monochlorobimane (MBC)-GSH adduct fluorescence in IVM MII oocytes. The GSH-dependent intra-mitochondrial redox potential (EmGSH) of IVM MII oocytes was determined after microinjection with specific mRNA at the GV stage to express a redox-sensitive probe within mitochondria (mito-Grx1-roGFP2). The absolute negative redox capacity (in millivolts) was determined by analysis of fluorescence of the oxidized versus the reduced form of sensor by CLSM and quantification according to Nernst equation. Proteome analysis was performed by quantitative 2D saturation gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE). Since microinjection and expression of redox sensor mRNA required removal of cumulus cells, and IVM of denuded mouse oocytes in group 1 induces zona hardening, the development to blastocysts was not assessed after IVF but instead after parthenogenetic activation of vitrified/warmed MII oocytes from both experimental groups. MAIN RESULTS AND ROLE OF CHANCE IVM of denuded mouse oocytes in the presence of 1 mM GEE significantly increased intra-oocyte GSH content. ROS was not increased by CryoTop vitrification but was significantly lower in the IVM GEE group compared to IVM without GEE before vitrification and after recovery from vitrification/warming (P < 0.001). Vitrification alone significantly increased the GSH-dependent intra-mitochondrial redox capacity after warming (EmGSH, P < 0.001) in IVM oocytes, presumably by diffusion/uptake of cytoplasmic GSH into mitochondria. The presence of 1 mM GEE during IVM increased the redox capacity before vitrification and there was no further increase after vitrification/warming. None of the reproducibly detected 1492 spots of 2D DIGE separated proteins were significantly altered by vitrification or GEE supplementation. However, IVM of denuded oocytes significantly affected spindle integrity and chromosome alignment right after warming from vitrification (0 h) in group 1 and spindle integrity in group 2 (P < 0.05). GEE improved recovery in IVM group as numbers of oocytes with unaligned chromosomes and aberrant spindles was not significantly increased compared to unvitrified controls. The supplementation with GEE for 1 h before vitrification also supported more rapid recovery of spindle birefringence. GEE improved significantly development to the 2-cell stage for MII oocytes that were activated directly after vitrification/warming in both experimental groups, and also the blastocyst rate in the IVO GEE-supplemented group compared to the controls (P < 0.05). LARGE SCALE DATA None LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The studies were carried out in a mouse model, in IVM denuded rather than cumulus-enclosed oocytes, and in activated rather than IVF MII oocytes. Whether the increased GSH-dependent intra-mitochondrial redox capacity also improves male pronuclear formation needs to be studied further experimentally. The influence of GEE supplementation requires also further examination and optimization in human oocytes before it can be considered for clinical ART. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Although GEE supplementation did not alter the proteome at MII, the GSH donor may support cellular homeostasis and redox regulation and, thus, increase developmental competence. While human MII oocyte vitrification is an established procedure, GEE might be particularly beneficial for oocytes that suffer from oxidative stress and reduced redox capacity (e.g. aged oocytes) or possess low GSH due to a reduced supply of GSH from cumulus. It might also be of relevance for immature human oocytes that develop without cumulus to MII in vitro (e.g. in ICSI cycles) for ART. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTERESTS The study has been supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG FOR 1041; EI 199/3-2). There are no conflict of interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Trapphoff
- Institute of Gene Technology/Microbiology, University of Bielefeld, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Martyna Heiligentag
- Institute of Gene Technology/Microbiology, University of Bielefeld, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jenny Simon
- Institute of Gene Technology/Microbiology, University of Bielefeld, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nora Staubach
- Institute of Gene Technology/Microbiology, University of Bielefeld, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thorsten Seidel
- Dynamic Cell Imaging, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kathrin Otte
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Georg J Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Febo M, Foster TC. Preclinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Studies of Memory, Aging, and Cognitive Decline. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:158. [PMID: 27468264 PMCID: PMC4942756 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging provides for non-invasive evaluation of brain structure and activity and has been employed to suggest possible mechanisms for cognitive aging in humans. However, these imaging procedures have limits in terms of defining cellular and molecular mechanisms. In contrast, investigations of cognitive aging in animal models have mostly utilized techniques that have offered insight on synaptic, cellular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms affecting memory. Studies employing magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI and MRS, respectively) in animal models have emerged as an integrative set of techniques bridging localized cellular/molecular phenomenon and broader in vivo neural network alterations. MRI methods are remarkably suited to longitudinal tracking of cognitive function over extended periods permitting examination of the trajectory of structural or activity related changes. Combined with molecular and electrophysiological tools to selectively drive activity within specific brain regions, recent studies have begun to unlock the meaning of fMRI signals in terms of the role of neural plasticity and types of neural activity that generate the signals. The techniques provide a unique opportunity to causally determine how memory-relevant synaptic activity is processed and how memories may be distributed or reconsolidated over time. The present review summarizes research employing animal MRI and MRS in the study of brain function, structure, and biochemistry, with a particular focus on age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, William L. and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, William L. and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Mancilla H, Maldonado R, Cereceda K, Villarroel-Espíndola F, Montes de Oca M, Angulo C, Castro MA, Slebe JC, Vera JC, Lavandero S, Concha II. Glutathione Depletion Induces Spermatogonial Cell Autophagy. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:2283-92. [PMID: 25833220 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development and survival of male germ cells depend on the antioxidant capacity of the seminiferous tubule. Glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in the antioxidant defenses of the spermatogenic epithelium. Autophagy can act as a pro-survival response during oxidative stress or nutrient deficiency. In this work, we evaluated whether autophagy is involved in spermatogonia-type germ cell survival during severe GSH deficiency. We showed that the disruption of GSH metabolism with l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) decreased reduced (GSH), oxidized (GSSG) glutathione content, and GSH/GSSG ratio in germ cells, without altering reactive oxygen species production and cell viability, evaluated by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence and exclusion of propidium iodide assays, respectively. Autophagy was assessed by processing the endogenous protein LC3I and observing its sub-cellular distribution. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence analysis showed a consistent increase in LC3II and accumulation of autophagic vesicles under GSH-depletion conditions. This condition did not show changes in the level of phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or the ATP content. A loss in S-glutathionylated protein pattern was also observed. However, inhibition of autophagy resulted in decreased ATP content and increased caspase-3/7 activity in GSH-depleted germ cells. These findings suggest that GSH deficiency triggers an AMPK-independent induction of autophagy in germ cells as an adaptive stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Mancilla
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Maldonado
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Karina Cereceda
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Marco Montes de Oca
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Constanza Angulo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maite A Castro
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan C Slebe
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan C Vera
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ilona I Concha
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Abeti R, Parkinson MH, Hargreaves IP, Angelova PR, Sandi C, Pook MA, Giunti P, Abramov AY. 'Mitochondrial energy imbalance and lipid peroxidation cause cell death in Friedreich's ataxia'. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2237. [PMID: 27228352 PMCID: PMC4917650 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease. The mutation consists of a GAA repeat expansion within the FXN gene, which downregulates frataxin, leading to abnormal mitochondrial iron accumulation, which may in turn cause changes in mitochondrial function. Although, many studies of FRDA patients and mouse models have been conducted in the past two decades, the role of frataxin in mitochondrial pathophysiology remains elusive. Are the mitochondrial abnormalities only a side effect of the increased accumulation of reactive iron, generating oxidative stress? Or does the progressive lack of iron-sulphur clusters (ISCs), induced by reduced frataxin, cause an inhibition of the electron transport chain complexes (CI, II and III) leading to reactive oxygen species escaping from oxidative phosphorylation reactions? To answer these crucial questions, we have characterised the mitochondrial pathophysiology of a group of disease-relevant and readily accessible neurons, cerebellar granule cells, from a validated FRDA mouse model. By using live cell imaging and biochemical techniques we were able to demonstrate that mitochondria are deregulated in neurons from the YG8R FRDA mouse model, causing a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (▵Ψm) due to an inhibition of Complex I, which is partially compensated by an overactivation of Complex II. This complex activity imbalance leads to ROS generation in both mitochondrial matrix and cytosol, which results in glutathione depletion and increased lipid peroxidation. Preventing this increase in lipid peroxidation, in neurons, protects against in cell death. This work describes the pathophysiological properties of the mitochondria in neurons from a FRDA mouse model and shows that lipid peroxidation could be an important target for novel therapeutic strategies in FRDA, which still lacks a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abeti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - M H Parkinson
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | | | - P R Angelova
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - C Sandi
- Ataxia Research Group, Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences, and Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - M A Pook
- Ataxia Research Group, Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences, and Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - P Giunti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - A Y Abramov
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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Glutathione-Induced Calcium Shifts in Chick Retinal Glial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153677. [PMID: 27078878 PMCID: PMC4831842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroglia interactions are essential for the nervous system and in the retina Müller cells interact with most of the neurons in a symbiotic manner. Glutathione (GSH) is a low-molecular weight compound that undertakes major antioxidant roles in neurons and glia, however, whether this compound could act as a signaling molecule in neurons and/or glia is currently unknown. Here we used embryonic avian retina to obtain mixed retinal cells or purified Müller glia cells in culture to evaluate calcium shifts induced by GSH. A dose response curve (0.1–10mM) showed that 5–10mM GSH, induced calcium shifts exclusively in glial cells (later labeled and identified as 2M6 positive cells), while neurons responded to 50mM KCl (labeled as βIII tubulin positive cells). BBG 100nM, a P2X7 blocker, inhibited the effects of GSH on Müller glia. However, addition of DNQX 70μM and MK-801 20μM, non-NMDA and NMDA blockers, had no effect on GSH calcium induced shift. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) at 5mM failed to induce calcium mobilization in glia cells, indicating that the antioxidant and/or structural features of GSH are essential to promote elevations in cytoplasmic calcium levels. Indeed, a short GSH pulse (60s) protects Müller glia from oxidative damage after 30 min of incubation with 0.1% H2O2. Finally, GSH induced GABA release from chick embryonic retina, mixed neuron-glia or from Müller cell cultures, which were inhibited by BBG or in the absence of sodium. GSH also induced propidium iodide uptake in Müller cells in culture in a P2X7 receptor dependent manner. Our data suggest that GSH, in addition to antioxidant effects, could act signaling calcium shifts at the millimolar range particularly in Müller glia, and could regulate the release of GABA, with additional protective effects on retinal neuron-glial circuit.
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Rani BK, John SA. A novel pyrene based fluorescent probe for selective detection of cysteine in presence of other bio-thiols in living cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 83:237-42. [PMID: 27131996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports the synthesis of pyrene-based fluorescent probe (PA-1) containing α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety and its application towards the selective and sensitive detection of cysteine (Cys) over other bio-thiols. The probe, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-pyrenyl-2-propenone (PA-1) was synthesized through Claisen-Schmidt condensation between acetyl pyrene and salicylaldehyde. The formed product was characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and GC-MS techniques. The probe exhibited absorption maximum at 374nm and emission maximum at 467nm (λex=342nm). The emission intensity of PA-1 was greatly enhanced while adding 2.5nM Cys. This can be attributed to the nucleophilic attack of Cys to the α,β-unsaturated ketone resulting in switching off, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) from pyrene moiety to the phenolic nucleus. This was confirmed by DFT measurements. The PA-1 exhibited an excellent selectivity towards the determination of 40nM cys in the presence of 250,000-fold higher concentration of common interferents. The emission intensity was linearly increased and the limit of detection was found to be 10pM/L (S/N=3). Interestingly, the response of the PA-1 towards Cys is less than 1min. The confocal laser scanning micrographs of HeLa cells confirmed the cell permeability of the PA-1 and its ability to selectively detect Cys in living cells. In addition, the proposed probe was successfully applied for the determination of Cys in blood serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kirthika Rani
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram, 624302 Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Abraham John
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram, 624302 Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Deas E, Cremades N, Angelova PR, Ludtmann MHR, Yao Z, Chen S, Horrocks MH, Banushi B, Little D, Devine MJ, Gissen P, Klenerman D, Dobson CM, Wood NW, Gandhi S, Abramov AY. Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers Interact with Metal Ions to Induce Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Death in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:376-91. [PMID: 26564470 PMCID: PMC4999647 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Protein aggregation and oxidative stress are both key pathogenic processes in Parkinson's disease, although the mechanism by which misfolded proteins induce oxidative stress and neuronal death remains unknown. In this study, we describe how aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-S) from its monomeric form to its soluble oligomeric state results in aberrant free radical production and neuronal toxicity. RESULTS We first demonstrate excessive free radical production in a human induced pluripotent stem-derived α-S triplication model at basal levels and on application of picomolar doses of β-sheet-rich α-S oligomers. We probed the effects of different structural species of α-S in wild-type rat neuronal cultures and show that both oligomeric and fibrillar forms of α-S are capable of generating free radical production, but that only the oligomeric form results in reduction of endogenous glutathione and subsequent neuronal toxicity. We dissected the mechanism of oligomer-induced free radical production and found that it was interestingly independent of several known cellular enzymatic sources. INNOVATION The oligomer-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was entirely dependent on the presence of free metal ions as addition of metal chelators was able to block oligomer-induced ROS production and prevent oligomer-induced neuronal death. CONCLUSION Our findings further support the causative role of soluble amyloid oligomers in triggering neurodegeneration and shed light into the mechanisms by which these species cause neuronal damage, which, we show here, can be amenable to modulation through the use of metal chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Deas
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nunilo Cremades
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Plamena R Angelova
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marthe H R Ludtmann
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi Yao
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom .,3 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serene Chen
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew H Horrocks
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Blerida Banushi
- 4 MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL , London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Little
- 4 MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL , London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Devine
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Gissen
- 4 MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL , London, United Kingdom
| | - David Klenerman
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- 2 Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom .,3 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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Li HJ, Sutton-McDowall ML, Wang X, Sugimura S, Thompson JG, Gilchrist RB. Extending prematuration with cAMP modulators enhances the cumulus contribution to oocyte antioxidant defence and oocyte quality via gap junctions. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:810-21. [PMID: 26908844 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can bovine oocyte antioxidant defence and oocyte quality be improved by extending the duration of pre-in vitro maturation (IVM) with cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate (cAMP) modulators? SUMMARY ANSWER Lengthening the duration of cAMP-modulated pre-IVM elevates intra-oocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) content and reduces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via increased cumulus cell-oocyte gap-junctional communication (GJC), associated with an improvement in subsequent embryo development and quality. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Oocytes are susceptible to oxidative stress and the oocyte's most important antioxidant glutathione is supplied, at least in part, by cumulus cells. A temporary inhibition of spontaneous meiotic resumption in oocytes can be achieved by preventing a fall in cAMP, and cyclic AMP-modulated pre-IVM maintains cumulus-oocyte GJC and improves subsequent embryo development. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study consisted of a series of 10 experiments using bovine oocytes in vitro, each with multiple replicates. A range of pre-IVM durations were examined as the key study treatments which were compared with a control. The study was designed to examine if one of the oocyte's major antioxidant defences can be enhanced by pre-IVM with cAMP modulators, and to examine the contribution of cumulus-oocyte GJC on these processes. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Immature bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes were treated in vitro without (control) or with the cAMP modulators; 100 µM forskolin (FSK) and 500 µM 3-isobutyl-1-methyxanthine (IBMX), for 0, 2, 4 or 6 h (pre-IVM phase) prior to IVM. Oocyte developmental competence was assessed by embryo development and quality post-IVM/IVF. Cumulus-oocyte GJC, intra-oocyte GSH and H2O2 were quantified at various time points during pre-IVM and IVM, in the presence and the absence of functional inhibitors: carbenoxolone (CBX) to block GJC and buthionine sulfoximide (BSO) to inhibit glutathione synthesis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Pre-IVM with FSK + IBMX increased subsequent blastocyst formation rate and quality compared with standard IVM (P < 0.05), regardless of pre-IVM duration. The final blastocyst yields (proportion of blastocysts/immature oocyte) were 26.3% for the control, compared with 39.2, 35.2 and 34.2%, for the 2, 4 and 6 h pre-IVM FSK + IBMX treatments, respectively. In contrast to standard IVM (control), pre-IVM with cAMP modulators maintained open gap junctions between cumulus cells and oocytes for the duration (6 h) of pre-IVM examined, and persisted for a further 8 h in the IVM phase. Cyclic AMP-modulated pre-IVM increased intra-oocyte GSH levels at the completion of both pre-IVM and IVM, in a pre-IVM duration-dependent manner (P < 0.05), which was ablated when GJC was blocked using CBX (P < 0.05). By 4 h of pre-IVM treatment with cAMP modulators, oocyte H2O2 levels were reduced compared the control (P < 0.05), although this beneficial effect was lost when oocytes were co-treated with BSO. Inhibiting glutathione synthesis with BSO during pre-IVM ablated any positive benefits of cAMP-mediated pre-IVM on oocyte developmental competence (P < 0.01). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION It is unclear if the improvement in oocyte antioxidant defence and developmental competence reported here is due to direct transfer of total and/or reduced glutathione from cumulus cells to the oocyte via gap junctions, or whether a GSH synthesis signal and/or amino acid substrates are supplied to the oocyte via gap junctions. Embryo transfer experiments are required to determine if the cAMP-mediated improvement in blastocyst rates leads to improved live birth rates. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS IVM offers significant benefits to infertile and cancer patients and has the potential to significantly alter ART practice, if IVM efficiency in embryo production could be improved closer to that of conventional IVF (using ovarian hyperstimulation). Pre-IVM with cAMP modulators is a simple and reliable means to improve IVM outcomes. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by grants and fellowships from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (1007551, 627007, 1008137, 1023210) and by scholarships from the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) awarded to H.J.L. and the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research Abroad awarded to S.S. The Fluoview FV10i confocal microscope was purchased as part of the Sensing Technologies for Advanced Reproductive Research (STARR) facility, funded by the South Australian Premier's Science and Research Fund. We acknowledge partial support from the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CE140100003). We declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Li
- Robinson Research Institute & School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - M L Sutton-McDowall
- Robinson Research Institute & School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide, Australia
| | - X Wang
- Robinson Research Institute & School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - S Sugimura
- Robinson Research Institute & School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia Department of Biological Production, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - J G Thompson
- Robinson Research Institute & School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide, Australia
| | - R B Gilchrist
- Robinson Research Institute & School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia Discipline of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2013, Australia
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Maggioni D, Monfrini M, Ravasi M, Tredici G, Scuteri A. Neurobasal medium toxicity on mature cortical neurons. Neuroreport 2015; 26:320-4. [PMID: 25756909 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurobasal medium (NBM) is a widely used medium for neuronal cultures, originally formulated to support survival of rat hippocampal neurons, but then optimized for several other neuronal subtypes. In the present study, the toxic effect of NBM on long-term cortical neuron cultures has been reported and investigated. A significant neuronal cell loss was observed 24 h after the total medium change performed at days in vitro 10. The neurotoxic effect was specifically because of NBM-A, a commercially derived modification of classic NBM, as neurons exposed to minimum essential medium for 24 h did not show the same mortality rate. We showed that the toxic effect was mediated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) as its inactivation partly prevented NBM-induced neuronal loss, and the addition of NMDAr activators, such as L-cysteine or glycine to minimum essential medium, reproduced the same toxicity rate observed in NBM. Besides the toxicity associated with NMDAr activation, the decreased antioxidative defenses also worsen (because of glutathione depletion) neuronal death, thus amplifying the effect of excitotoxic amino acids. Indeed, glutathione supplementation by the addition of its precursor N-acetyl-cysteine resulted in an increase in neuronal survival that partially prevented NBM-A toxicity. These results evidenced, on the one hand, the unsuitability of NBM-A for long-term neuronal culture, and on the other, they highlight the importance of selection of more suitable culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Maggioni
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Sutton-McDowall ML, Wu LLY, Purdey M, Abell AD, Goldys EM, MacMillan KL, Thompson JG, Robker RL. Nonesterified Fatty Acid-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cattle Cumulus Oocyte Complexes Alters Cell Metabolism and Developmental Competence. Biol Reprod 2015; 94:23. [PMID: 26658709 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.131862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced oocyte quality has been associated with poor fertility of high-performance dairy cows during peak lactation, due to negative energy balance. We examined the role of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), known to accumulate within follicular fluid during under- and overnutrition scenarios, in causing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress of in vitro maturated cattle cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). NEFA concentrations were: palmitic acid (150 μM), oleic acid (200 μM), and steric acid (75 μM). Abattoir-derived COCs were randomly matured for 24 h in the presence of NEFAs and/or an ER stress inhibitor, salubrinal. Total and hatched blastocyst yields were negatively impacted by NEFA treatment compared with controls, but this was reversed by salubrinal. ER stress markers, activating transcription factor 4 (Atf4) and heat shock protein 5 (Hspa5), but not Atf6, were significantly up-regulated by NEFA treatment within whole COCs but reversed by coincubation with salubrinal. Likewise, glucose uptake and lactate production, measured in spent medium samples, showed a similar pattern, suggesting that cumulus cell metabolism is sensitive to NEFAs via an ER stress-mediated process. In contrast, while mitochondrial DNA copy number was recovered in NEFA-treated oocytes, oocyte autofluorescence of the respiratory chain cofactor, FAD, was lower following NEFA treatment of COCs, and this was not reversed by salubrinal, suggesting the negative impact was via reduced mitochondrial function. These results reveal the significance of NEFA-induced ER stress on bovine COC developmental competence, revealing a potential therapeutic target for improving oocyte quality during peak lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Sutton-McDowall
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Linda L Y Wu
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Malcolm Purdey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew D Abell
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics MQ BioFocus Research Centre, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keith L MacMillan
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy G Thompson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Robker
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Williams S, Hamil N, Abramov A, Walker M, Kovac S. Status epilepticus results in persistent overproduction of reactive oxygen species, inhibition of which is neuroprotective. Neuroscience 2015; 303:160-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Majumder P, Duchen MR, Gale JE. Cellular glutathione content in the organ of Corti and its role during ototoxicity. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:143. [PMID: 25972783 PMCID: PMC4412067 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the major scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside cells. We used live confocal imaging in order to clarify the role of GSH in the biology of the organ of Corti, the sensory epithelium of the cochlea, before, during and after the onset of hearing and in ~1 year old mice. GSH content was measured using monochlorobimane (MCB), a non-fluorescent cell permeant bimane that reacts with GSH, forming a fluorescent adduct through a reaction catalyzed by glutathione-S-transferase. GSH content increased significantly in inner hair cells during maturation in young adult animals, whereas there was no significant change in the outer hair cells. However, the GSH content in inner hair cells was significantly reduced in ~1 year old mice. The GSH content of supporting cells was comparatively stable over these ages. To test whether the GSH content played a significant protective role during ototoxicity, GSH synthesis was inhibited by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) in organotypic cochlear explant cultures from immature mice. BSO treatment alone, which reduced GSH by 65 and 85% in inner hair cells and outer hair cells respectively, did not cause any significant cell death. Surprisingly, GSH depletion had no significant effect on hair cell survival even during exposure to the ototoxic aminoglycoside neomycin. These data suggest that the involvement of ROS during aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death is less clear than previously thought and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London London, UK
| | - Jonathan E Gale
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London London, UK ; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London London, UK
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He Y, Jackman NA, Thorn TL, Vought VE, Hewett SJ. Interleukin-1β protects astrocytes against oxidant-induced injury via an NF-κB-dependent upregulation of glutathione synthesis. Glia 2015; 63:1568-80. [PMID: 25880604 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes produce and export the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Previously, we found that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) enhanced the expression of astrocyte system xc (-) , the transporter that delivers the rate-limiting substrate for GSH synthesis-cyst(e)ine. Herein, we demonstrate directly that IL-1β mediates a time-dependent increase in extracellular GSH levels in cortical astrocyte cultures, suggesting both enhanced synthesis and export. This increased GSH production was blocked by inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity but not by inhibition of p38 MAPK. To determine whether this increase could provide protection against oxidative stress, the oxidants tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 ) were employed. IL-1β treatment prevented the increase in reactive oxygen species produced in astrocytes following tBOOH exposure. Additionally, the toxicity induced by tBOOH or FeSO4 exposure was significantly attenuated following treatment with IL-1β, an effect reversed by concomitant exposure to l-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO), which prevented the IL-1β-mediated rise in GSH production. IL-1β failed to increase GSH or to provide protection against t-BOOH toxicity in astrocyte cultures derived from IL-1R1 null mutant mice. Overall, our data indicate that under certain conditions IL-1β may be an important stimulus for increasing astrocyte GSH production, and potentially, total antioxidant capacity in brain, via an NF-κB-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Nicole A Jackman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Trista L Thorn
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Valarie E Vought
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Sandra J Hewett
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
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38
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Sutton-McDowall ML, Purdey M, Brown HM, Abell AD, Mottershead DG, Cetica PD, Dalvit GC, Goldys EM, Gilchrist RB, Gardner DK, Thompson JG. Redox and anti-oxidant state within cattle oocytes following in vitro maturation with bone morphogenetic protein 15 and follicle stimulating hormone. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:281-94. [PMID: 25721374 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The developmental competence of cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) can be increased during in vitro oocyte maturation with the addition of exogenous oocyte-secreted factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), in combination with hormones. FSH and BMP15, for example, induce different metabolic profiles within COCs-namely, FSH increases glycolysis while BMP15 stimulates FAD and NAD(P)H accumulation within oocytes, without changing the redox ratio. The aim of this study was to investigate if this BMP15-induced NAD(P)H increase was due to de novo NADPH production. Cattle COCs were cultured with FSH and/or recombinant human BMP15, resulting in a significant decrease in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (P < 0.05). Inhibition of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) during this process decreased NAD(P)H intensity threefold in BMP15-treated oocytes, suggesting that BMP15 stimulates IDH and NADPH production via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. As NADPH is a reducing agent, reduced glutathione (GSH), H2O2, and mitochondrial activity were also measured to assess the general redox status of the oocyte. FSH alone decreased GSH levels whereas the combination of BMP15 and FSH sustained higher levels. Expression of genes encoding glutathione-reducing enzymes were also lower in oocytes cultured in the presence of FSH alone. BMP15 supplementation further promoted mitochondrial localization patterns that are consistent with enhanced developmental competence. Metabolomics revealed significant consumption of glutamine and production of alanine by COCs matured with both FSH and BMP15 compared to the control (P < 0.05). Hence, BMP15 supplementation differentially modulates reductive metabolism and mitochondrial localization within the oocyte. In comparison, FSH-stimulation alone decreases the oocytes' ability to regulate cellular stress, and therefore utilizes other mechanisms to improve developmental competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Sutton-McDowall
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Australian Research Council Center of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Blacker TS, Mann ZF, Gale JE, Ziegler M, Bain AJ, Szabadkai G, Duchen MR. Separating NADH and NADPH fluorescence in live cells and tissues using FLIM. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3936. [PMID: 24874098 PMCID: PMC4046109 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD is a key determinant of cellular energy metabolism. In contrast, its phosphorylated form, NADP, plays a central role in biosynthetic pathways and antioxidant defence. The reduced forms of both pyridine nucleotides are fluorescent in living cells but they cannot be distinguished, as they are spectrally identical. Here, using genetic and pharmacological approaches to perturb NAD(P)H metabolism, we find that fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) differentiates quantitatively between the two cofactors. Systematic manipulations to change the balance between oxidative and glycolytic metabolism suggest that these states do not directly impact NAD(P)H fluorescence decay rates. The lifetime changes observed in cancers thus likely reflect shifts in the NADPH/NADH balance. Using a mathematical model, we use these experimental data to quantify the relative levels of NADH and NADPH in different cell types of a complex tissue, the mammalian cochlea. This reveals NADPH-enriched populations of cells, raising questions about their distinct metabolic roles. NAD and NADP play fundamentally different roles in cellular metabolism, and yet these pyridine nucleotides cannot be distinguished spectroscopically in living cells. Blacker et al. demonstrate that fluorescence lifetime imaging can be used to quantify NADPH/NADH balance in cultured cells and in the mammalian cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Blacker
- 1] Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [2] Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [3] Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zoe F Mann
- 1] Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [2] UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK
| | - Jonathan E Gale
- 1] Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [2] UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Angus J Bain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- 1] Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua and CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padua 35121, Italy [3]
| | - Michael R Duchen
- 1] Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [2]
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Xu Y, Lindemann P, Vega-Ramos J, Zhang JG, Villadangos JA. Developmental regulation of synthesis and dimerization of the amyloidogenic protease inhibitor cystatin C in the hematopoietic system. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9730-40. [PMID: 24570004 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin C is thought to be secreted by most cells and eliminated in the kidneys, so its concentration in plasma is diagnostic of kidney function. Low extracellular cystatin C is linked to pathologic protease activity in cancer, arthritis, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurism, and emphysema. Cystatin C forms non-inhibitory dimers and aggregates by a mechanism known as domain swapping, a property that reportedly protects against Alzheimer disease but can also cause amyloid angiopathy. Despite these clinical associations, little is known about the regulation of cystatin C production, dimerization, and secretion. We show that hematopoietic cells are major contributors to extracellular cystatin C levels in healthy mice. Among these cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) are the predominant producers of cystatin C. Both cell types synthesize monomeric and dimeric cystatin C in vivo, but only secrete monomer. Dimerization occurs co-translationally in the endoplasmic reticulum and is regulated by the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from mitochondria. Drugs or stimuli that reduce the intracellular concentration of ROS inhibit cystatin C dimerization. The extracellular concentration of inhibitory cystatin C is thus partly dependent on the abundance of macrophages and DC, and the ROS levels. These results have implications for the diagnostic use of serum cystatin C as a marker of kidney function during inflammatory processes that induce changes in DC or macrophage abundance. They also suggest an important role for macrophages, DC, and ROS in diseases associated with the protease inhibitory activity or amyloidogenic properties of cystatin C.
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41
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Zhang J, Jiang XD, Shao X, Zhao J, Su Y, Xi D, Yu H, Yue S, Xiao LJ, Zhao W. A turn-on NIR fluorescent probe for the detection of homocysteine over cysteine. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08771b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A BODIPY-based turn-on NIR fluorescent probe containing a partially exposed aldehyde group at the meso position for the detection of homocysteine over cysteine was developed. Such a probe is potentially useful for the discrimination of Hcy from Cys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xin-Dong Jiang
- School of Applied Chemistry
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Xiangmin Shao
- The Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jiuli Zhao
- School of Applied Chemistry
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Yajun Su
- School of Applied Chemistry
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Dongmei Xi
- School of Applied Chemistry
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- School of Applied Chemistry
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Shuai Yue
- School of Applied Chemistry
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Lin-jiu Xiao
- School of Applied Chemistry
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
- Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Weili Zhao
- The Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004, China
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42
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Lee WH, Kumar A, Rani A, Foster TC. Role of antioxidant enzymes in redox regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function and memory in middle-aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1459-68. [PMID: 24388786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in the hippocampus results in age-dependent impaired cognition and altered synaptic plasticity suggesting a possible model for examining the role of oxidative stress in senescent neurophysiology. However, it is unclear if SOD1 overexpression involves an altered redox environment and a decrease in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) synaptic function reported for aging animals. Viral vectors were used to express SOD1 and green fluorescent protein (SOD1 + GFP), SOD1 and catalase (SOD1 + CAT), or GFP alone in the hippocampus of middle-aged (17 months) male Fischer 344 rats. We confirm that SOD1 + GFP and SOD1 + CAT reduced lipid peroxidation indicating superoxide metabolites were primarily responsible for lipid peroxidation. SOD1 + GFP impaired learning, decreased glutathione peroxidase activity, decreased glutathione levels, decreased NMDAR-mediated synaptic responses, and impaired long-term potentiation. Co-expression of SOD1 + CAT rescued the effects of SOD1 expression on learning, redox measures, and synaptic function suggesting the effects were mediated by excess hydrogen peroxide. Application of the reducing agent dithiolthreitol to hippocampal slices increased the NMDAR-mediated component of the synaptic response in SOD1 + GFP animals relative to animals that overexpress SOD1 + CAT indicating that the effect of antioxidant enzyme expression on NMDAR function was because of a shift in the redox environment. The results suggest that overexpression of neuronal SOD1 and CAT in middle age may provide a model for examining the role of oxidative stress in senescent physiology and the progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Asha Rani
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Rae CD. A Guide to the Metabolic Pathways and Function of Metabolites Observed in Human Brain 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectra. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:1-36. [PMID: 24258018 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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44
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Paintlia AS, Paintlia MK, Singh AK, Singh I. Modulation of Rho-Rock signaling pathway protects oligodendrocytes against cytokine toxicity via PPAR-α-dependent mechanism. Glia 2013; 61:1500-1517. [PMID: 23839981 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We earlier documented that lovastatin (LOV)-mediated inhibition of small Rho GTPases activity protects vulnerable oligodendrocytes (OLs) in mixed glial cell cultures stimulated with Th1 cytokines and in a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the precise mechanism of OL protection remains unclear. We here employed genetic and biochemical approaches to elucidate the underlying mechanism that protects LOV treated OLs from Th1 (tumor necrosis factor-α) and Th17 (interleukin-17) cytokines toxicity in in vitro. Cytokines enhanced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization with corresponding lowering of glutathione (reduced) level in OLs and that were reverted by LOV. In addition, the expression of ROS detoxifying enzymes (catalase and superoxide-dismutase 2) and the transactivation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)-α/-β/-γ including PPAR-γ coactivator-1α were enhanced by LOV in similarly treated OLs. Interestingly, LOV-mediated inhibition of small Rho GTPases, i.e., RhoA and cdc42, and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) activity enhanced the levels of PPAR ligands in OLs via extracellular signal regulated kinase (1/2)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/cytoplasmic phospholipase 2/cyclooxygenase-2 signaling cascade activation. Small hairpin RNA transfection-based studies established that LOV mainly enhances PPAR-α and less so of PPAR-β and PPAR-γ transactivation that enhances ROS detoxifying defense in OLs. In support of this, the observed LOV-mediated protection was lacking in PPAR-α-deficient OLs exposed to cytokines. Collectively, these data provide unprecedented evidence that LOV-mediated inhibition of the Rho-ROCK signaling pathway boosts ROS detoxifying defense in OLs via PPAR-α-dependent mechanism that has implication in neurodegenerative disorders including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaib S Paintlia
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina
| | - Manjeet K Paintlia
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina
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Lasierra-Cirujeda J, Coronel P, Aza M, Gimeno M. Beta-amyloidolysis and glutathione in Alzheimer's disease. J Blood Med 2013; 4:31-8. [PMID: 23650462 PMCID: PMC3640603 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s35496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we hypothesized the importance of the interaction between the brain glutathione (GSH) system, the proteolytic tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)/plasminogen/ plasmin system, regulated by plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), and neuroserpin in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. The histopathological characteristic hallmark that gives personality to the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is the accumulation of neurofibroid tangles located intracellularly in the brain, such as the protein tau and extracellular senile plaques made primarily of amyloidal substance. These formations of complex etiology are intimately related to GSH, brain protective antioxidants, and the proteolytic system, in which t-PA plays a key role. There is scientific evidence that suggests a relationship between aging, a number of neurodegenerative disorders, and the excessive production of reactive oxygen species and accompanying decreased brain proteolysis. The plasminogen system in the brain is an essential proteolytic mechanism that effectively degrades amyloid peptides (“beta-amyloidolysis”) through action of the plasmin, and this physiologic process may be considered to be a means of prevention of neurodegenerative disorders. In parallel to the decrease in GSH levels seen in aging, there is also a decrease in plasmin brain activity and a progressive decrease of t-PA activity, caused by a decrease in the expression of the t-PA together with an increase of the PAI-1 levels, which rise to an increment in the production of amyloid peptides and a lesser clearance of them. Better knowledge of the GSH mechanism and cerebral proteolysis will allow us to hypothesize about therapeutic practices.
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Morsali D, Bechtold D, Lee W, Chauhdry S, Palchaudhuri U, Hassoon P, Snell DM, Malpass K, Piers T, Pocock J, Roach A, Smith KJ. Safinamide and flecainide protect axons and reduce microglial activation in models of multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:1067-82. [PMID: 23518709 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is a major cause of permanent disability in the inflammatory demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis, but no therapies are known to be effective in axonal protection. Sodium channel blocking agents can provide effective protection of axons in the white matter in experimental models of multiple sclerosis, but the mechanism of action (directly on axons or indirectly via immune modulation) remains uncertain. Here we have examined the efficacy of two sodium channel blocking agents to protect white matter axons in two forms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a common model of multiple sclerosis. Safinamide is currently in phase III development for use in Parkinson's disease based on its inhibition of monoamine oxidase B, but the drug is also a potent state-dependent inhibitor of sodium channels. Safinamide provided significant protection against neurological deficit and axonal degeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, even when administration was delayed until after the onset of neurological deficit. Protection of axons was associated with a significant reduction in the activation of microglia/macrophages within the central nervous system. To clarify which property of safinamide was likely to be involved in the suppression of the innate immune cells, the action of safinamide on microglia/macrophages was compared with that of the classical sodium channel blocking agent, flecainide, which has no recognized monoamine oxidase B activity, and which has previously been shown to protect the white matter in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Flecainide was also potent in suppressing microglial activation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. To distinguish whether the suppression of microglia was an indirect consequence of the reduction in axonal damage, or possibly instrumental in the axonal protection, the action of safinamide was examined in separate experiments in vitro. In cultured primary rat microglial cells activated by lipopolysaccharide, safinamide potently suppressed microglial superoxide production and enhanced the production of the anti-oxidant glutathione. The findings show that safinamide is effective in protecting axons from degeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and that this effect is likely to involve a direct effect on microglia that can result in a less activated phenotype. Together, this work highlights the potential of safinamide as an effective neuroprotective agent in multiple sclerosis, and implicates microglia in the protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damineh Morsali
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK.
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47
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Blockage of CR1 prevents activation of rodent microglia. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:139-49. [PMID: 23454195 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the complement system in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis has been emphasized through recent genome wide association studies. However, the cellular and molecular role of these complement proteins is not fully understood. Microglia express complement receptors and the activation of specific receptors may increase Aβ clearance and reduce neurodegeneration. Here, we investigated the contribution of complement receptor 1 (CR1), the second most significant hit in GWAS studies, on microglia to neuronal damage. We show that microglia displaying an activated phenotype demonstrate an increase in CR1 expression. We also provide evidence that activation of microglial CR1 was detrimental to neurons and this correlated with an increase in microglial intracellular superoxide generation, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) secretion. Amyloid-β 42 (Aβ1-42)-treated microglia displayed an increased ability to phagocytose dextran beads following antibody blockage of CR1 but a decreased capacity to phagocytose fluorescent-tagged Aβ1-42. Together, these results indicate that microglial CR1 plays a role in the neuronal death observed in AD and investigating this further may provide a possible strategy to control neurotoxicity in the AD brain.
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Hall AM, Rhodes GJ, Sandoval RM, Corridon PR, Molitoris BA. In vivo multiphoton imaging of mitochondrial structure and function during acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2013; 83:72-83. [PMID: 22992467 PMCID: PMC4136483 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury due to ischemia and toxic drugs. Methods for imaging mitochondrial function in cells using confocal microscopy are well established; more recently, it was shown that these techniques can be utilized in ex vivo kidney tissue using multiphoton microscopy. We extended this approach in vivo and found that kidney mitochondrial structure and function can be imaged in anesthetized rodents using multiphoton excitation of endogenous and exogenous fluorophores. Mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide increased markedly in rat kidneys in response to ischemia. Following intravenous injection, the mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent dye TMRM was taken up by proximal tubules; in response to ischemia, the membrane potential dissipated rapidly and mitochondria became shortened and fragmented in proximal tubules. In contrast, the mitochondrial membrane potential and structure were better maintained in distal tubules. Changes in mitochondrial structure, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and membrane potential were found in the proximal, but not distal, tubules after gentamicin exposure. These changes were sporadic, highly variable among animals, and were preceded by changes in non-mitochondrial structures. Thus, real-time changes in mitochondrial structure and function can be imaged in rodent kidneys in vivo using multiphoton excitation of endogenous and exogenous fluorophores in response to ischemia-reperfusion injury or drug toxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Kidney Injury/etiology
- Acute Kidney Injury/pathology
- Acute Kidney Injury/physiopathology
- Animals
- Gentamicins/adverse effects
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Ischemia/complications
- Kidney/blood supply
- Kidney Tubules, Distal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Distal/pathology
- Kidney Tubules, Distal/physiopathology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/pathology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/physiopathology
- Male
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Mitochondria/physiology
- NAD/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Wistar
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hall
- University College London Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
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Abeti R, Duchen MR. Activation of PARP by oxidative stress induced by β-amyloid: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2589-96. [PMID: 23076628 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disease of old age, characterised by progressive cognitive impairment, dementia and atrophy of the central nervous system. The pathological hallmarks include the accumulation of the peptide β-amyloid (Aβ) which itself is toxic to neurons in culture. Recently, it has been discovered that Aβ activates the protein poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) specifically in astrocytes, leading indirectly to neuronal cell death. PARP-1 is a DNA repair enzyme, normally activated by single strand breaks associated with oxidative stress, which catalyses the formation of poly ADP-ribose polymers from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)). The pathological over activation of PARP-1 causes depletion of NAD(+) and leads to cell death. Here we review the relationship between AD and PARP-1, and explore the role played by astrocytes in neuronal death. AD has so far proven refractory to any effective treatment. Identification of these pathways represents a step towards a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of this devastating disease with the potential to explore novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Abeti
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Catechin Hydrate Ameliorates Redox Imbalance and Limits Inflammatory Response in Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1747-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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