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Baev AY, Vinokurov AY, Potapova EV, Dunaev AV, Angelova PR, Abramov AY. Mitochondrial Permeability Transition, Cell Death and Neurodegeneration. Cells 2024; 13:648. [PMID: 38607087 PMCID: PMC11011324 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are chronic conditions occurring when neurons die in specific brain regions that lead to loss of movement or cognitive functions. Despite the progress in understanding the mechanisms of this pathology, currently no cure exists to treat these types of diseases: for some of them the only help is alleviating the associated symptoms. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of most the neurodegenerative disorders. The fast and transient permeability of mitochondria (the mitochondrial permeability transition, mPT) has been shown to be an initial step in the mechanism of apoptotic and necrotic cell death, which acts as a regulator of tissue regeneration for postmitotic neurons as it leads to the irreparable loss of cells and cell function. In this study, we review the role of the mitochondrial permeability transition in neuronal death in major neurodegenerative diseases, covering the inductors of mPTP opening in neurons, including the major ones-free radicals and calcium-and we discuss perspectives and difficulties in the development of a neuroprotective strategy based on the inhibition of mPTP in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom Y. Baev
- Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics, Centre for Advanced Technologies, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan;
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
| | - Andrey Y. Vinokurov
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Orel State University, Orel 302026, Russia; (A.Y.V.); (E.V.P.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Elena V. Potapova
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Orel State University, Orel 302026, Russia; (A.Y.V.); (E.V.P.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Andrey V. Dunaev
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Orel State University, Orel 302026, Russia; (A.Y.V.); (E.V.P.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Plamena R. Angelova
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
| | - Andrey Y. Abramov
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
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Alexander C, Parsaee A, Vasefi M. Polyherbal and Multimodal Treatments: Kaempferol- and Quercetin-Rich Herbs Alleviate Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1453. [PMID: 37998052 PMCID: PMC10669725 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder impairing cognition and memory in the elderly. This disorder has a complex etiology, including senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and damaged neuroplasticity. Current treatment options are limited, so alternative treatments such as herbal medicine could suppress symptoms while slowing cognitive decline. We followed PRISMA guidelines to identify potential herbal treatments, their associated medicinal phytochemicals, and the potential mechanisms of these treatments. Common herbs, including Ginkgo biloba, Camellia sinensis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Cyperus rotundus, and Buplerum falcatum, produced promising pre-clinical results. These herbs are rich in kaempferol and quercetin, flavonoids with a polyphenolic structure that facilitate multiple mechanisms of action. These mechanisms include the inhibition of Aβ plaque formation, a reduction in tau hyperphosphorylation, the suppression of oxidative stress, and the modulation of BDNF and PI3K/AKT pathways. Using pre-clinical findings from quercetin research and the comparatively limited data on kaempferol, we proposed that kaempferol ameliorates the neuroinflammatory state, maintains proper cellular function, and restores pro-neuroplastic signaling. In this review, we discuss the anti-AD mechanisms of quercetin and kaempferol and their limitations, and we suggest a potential alternative treatment for AD. Our findings lead us to conclude that a polyherbal kaempferol- and quercetin-rich cocktail could treat AD-related brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Alexander
- Department of Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77705, USA
| | - Ali Parsaee
- Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Maryam Vasefi
- Department of Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77705, USA
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Verma H, Gangwar P, Yadav A, Yadav B, Rao R, Kaur S, Kumar P, Dhiman M, Taglialatela G, Mantha AK. Understanding the neuronal synapse and challenges associated with the mitochondrial dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondrion 2023; 73:19-29. [PMID: 37708950 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic mitochondria are crucial for maintaining synaptic activity due to their high energy requirements, substantial calcium (Ca2+) fluctuation, and neurotransmitter release at the synapse. To provide a continuous energy supply, neurons use special mechanisms to transport and distribute healthy mitochondria to the synapse while eliminating the damaged mitochondria from the synapse. Along the neuron, mitochondrial membrane potential (ψ) gradient exists and is highest in the somal region. Lower ψ in the synaptic region renders mitochondria more vulnerable to oxidative stress-mediated damage. Secondly, mitochondria become susceptible to the release of cytochrome c, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is not shielded from the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the histone proteins (unlike nuclear DNA), leading to activation of caspases and pronounced oxidative DNA base damage, which ultimately causes synaptic loss. Both synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic failure are crucial factors responsible for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyper-phosphorylated Tau, the two leading players of AD, exaggerate the disease-like pathological conditions by reducing the mitochondrial trafficking, blocking the bi-directional transport at the synapse, enhancing the mitochondrial fission via activating the mitochondrial fission proteins, enhancing the swelling of mitochondria by increasing the influx of water through mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, as well as reduced ATP production by blocking the activity of complex I and complex IV. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is also associated with decline in cognitive ability caused by synaptic degradation. This review summarizes the challenges associated with the synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction linked to AD and MCI and the role of phytochemicals in restoring the synaptic activity and rendering neuroprotection in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Prabhakar Gangwar
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Bharti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Rashmi Rao
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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Olesen MA, Quintanilla RA. Pathological Impact of Tau Proteolytical Process on Neuronal and Mitochondrial Function: a Crucial Role in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5691-5707. [PMID: 37332018 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Tau protein plays a pivotal role in the central nervous system (CNS), participating in microtubule stability, axonal transport, and synaptic communication. Research interest has focused on studying the role of post-translational tau modifications in mitochondrial failure, oxidative damage, and synaptic impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Soluble tau forms produced by its pathological cleaved induced by caspases could lead to neuronal injury contributing to oxidative damage and cognitive decline in AD. For example, the presence of tau cleaved by caspase-3 has been suggested as a relevant factor in AD and is considered a previous event before neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation.Interestingly, we and others have shown that caspase-cleaved tau in N- or C- terminal sites induce mitochondrial bioenergetics defects, axonal transport impairment, neuronal injury, and cognitive decline in neuronal cells and murine models. All these abnormalities are considered relevant in the early neurodegenerative manifestations such as memory and cognitive failure reported in AD. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss for the first time the importance of truncated tau by caspases activation in the pathogenesis of AD and how its negative actions could impact neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margrethe A Olesen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, 5to Piso, San Miguel, 8910060, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, 5to Piso, San Miguel, 8910060, Santiago, Chile.
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Murakami T, Kaku T, Tsukakoshi K, Iwaide S, Itoh Y, Hisada M, Nomura K, Kubo R, Ikebukuro K, Sassa-O'Brien Y, Kametani F. Identification of novel amyloidosis in dogs: α-S1-casein acquires amyloidogenicity in mammary tumor by overexpression and N-terminal truncation. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:203-213. [PMID: 36680468 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221148511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mammary tumor-associated amyloidosis (MTAA) in dogs is characterized by amyloid deposition in the stroma of mammary adenoma or carcinoma; however, the amyloid precursor protein remains unknown. We attempted to identify an amyloid precursor protein and elucidated its etiology by characterizing 5 cases of canine MTAA. Proteomic analyses of amyloid extracts from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens revealed α-S1-casein (CASA1) as a prime candidate and showed the N-terminal truncation of canine CASA1. Both immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy showed that amyloid deposits or fibrils in MTAA cases were positive for CASA1. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed the complete mRNA sequence encoding CASA1, whose expression was significantly higher in the amyloid-positive group. The recombinant protein of the N-terminal-truncated canine CASA1 and the synthetic peptides derived from canine and human CASA1 formed amyloid-like fibrils in vitro. Structural prediction suggested that the N-terminal region of CASA1 was disordered. Previously, full-length CASA1 was reported to inhibit the amyloidogenesis of other proteins; however, we demonstrated that CASA1 acquires amyloidogenicity via excessive synthesis followed by truncation of its disordered N-terminal region. By identifying a novel in vivo amyloidogenic protein in animals and revealing key mechanistic details of its associated pathology, this study provides valuable insights into the integrated understanding of related proteopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Murakami
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Japan
| | - Toshisuke Kaku
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi, Japan
| | - Kaori Tsukakoshi
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi, Japan
| | - Susumu Iwaide
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Itoh
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Japan
| | - Miki Hisada
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Japan
| | | | - Rikako Kubo
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi, Japan
| | | | | | - Fuyuki Kametani
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Fišar Z. Linking the Amyloid, Tau, and Mitochondrial Hypotheses of Alzheimer's Disease and Identifying Promising Drug Targets. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1676. [PMID: 36421690 PMCID: PMC9687482 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage or loss of brain cells and impaired neurochemistry, neurogenesis, and synaptic and nonsynaptic plasticity of the brain lead to dementia in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Injury to synapses and neurons and accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles are considered the main morphological and neuropathological features of AD. Age, genetic and epigenetic factors, environmental stressors, and lifestyle contribute to the risk of AD onset and progression. These risk factors are associated with structural and functional changes in the brain, leading to cognitive decline. Biomarkers of AD reflect or cause specific changes in brain function, especially changes in pathways associated with neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, bioenergetics, apoptosis, and oxidative and nitrosative stress. Even in the initial stages, AD is associated with Aβ neurotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and tau neurotoxicity. The integrative amyloid-tau-mitochondrial hypothesis assumes that the primary cause of AD is the neurotoxicity of Aβ oligomers and tau oligomers, mitochondrial dysfunction, and their mutual synergy. For the development of new efficient AD drugs, targeting the elimination of neurotoxicity, mutual potentiation of effects, and unwanted protein interactions of risk factors and biomarkers (mainly Aβ oligomers, tau oligomers, and mitochondrial dysfunction) in the early stage of the disease seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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The Cytotoxicity and Clearance of Mutant Huntingtin and Other Misfolded Proteins. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112835. [PMID: 34831058 PMCID: PMC8616338 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation are implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. One of these diseases is Huntington's, which is caused by increased glutamine-encoding trinucleotide repeats within the Huntingtin gene. Like other misfolded proteins, mutated Huntingtin proteins with polyglutamine expansions are prone to aggregation. Misfolded proteins exist as soluble monomers, small aggregates, or as large insoluble inclusion bodies. Misfolded protein aggregates are believed to be cytotoxic by stressing the protein degradation machinery, disrupting membrane structure, or sequestering other proteins. We recently showed that expression of misfolded proteins lowers cellular free ubiquitin levels, which compromises the protein degradation machinery. Therefore, the efficient degradation of misfolded proteins is critical to preserve cell health. Cells employ two major mechanisms to degrade misfolded proteins. The first is the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which ubiquitinates and degrades misfolded proteins with the assistance of segregase Cdc48/p97. The UPS pathway is mainly responsible for the clearance of misfolded proteins present as monomers or smaller aggregates. The second pathway is macroautophagy/autophagy, in which protein aggregates or inclusion bodies are recruited into an autophagosome before transport to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation. This review is focused on the current understanding of the cytotoxicity of misfolded proteins as well as their clearance pathways, with a particular emphasis on mutant Huntingtin.
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Jia K, Du H. Mitochondrial Permeability Transition: A Pore Intertwines Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:649. [PMID: 33804048 PMCID: PMC8001058 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is the greatest risk factor for aging-related brain disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the detailed mechanisms that mechanistically link aging and AD remain elusive. In recent years, a mitochondrial hypothesis of brain aging and AD has been accentuated. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is a mitochondrial response to intramitochondrial and intracellular stresses. mPTP overactivation has been implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and AD brains. This review summarizes the up-to-date progress in the study of mPTP in aging and AD and attempts to establish a link between brain aging and AD from a perspective of mPTP-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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9
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Araújo AR, Reis RL, Pires RA. Natural Polyphenols as Modulators of the Fibrillization of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1250:159-176. [PMID: 32601944 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3262-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (type-2 diabetes) is a metabolic disorder characterized by the increased blood glucose concentration and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues (e.g., muscles and adipose tissue). The initiation of the pathological cascade of events that lead to type-2 diabetes has been subject of debate; however, it has been commonly accepted that the oversecretion of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP, a hormone co-secreted with insulin) by the pancreatic 𝛽-cells is the main trigger of type-2 diabetes. In fact, 90% of the type-2 diabetes patients present hIAPP deposits in the extracellular space of the 𝛽-cells. These hIAPP supramolecular arrangements (both fibrillar and oligomeric) have been reported to be the origin of cytotoxicity, which leads to 𝛽-cell dysfunction through a series of different mechanisms, including the interaction of hIAPP oligomers with the cell membrane that leads to the influx of Ca2+ and increase in the cellular oxidative stress, among others. This overview shows the importance of developing type-2 diabetes treatment strategies able to (1) remodel of the secondary structure of cytotoxic hIAPP oligomers entrapping them into off-pathway nontoxic species and (2) reestablish physiological levels of oxidative stress. Natural polyphenols are a class of antioxidant compounds that are able to perform both functions. Herein we review the published literature of the most studied polyphenols, in particular for their ability to remodel the hIAPP aggregation pathway, to rescue the in vitro pancreatic 𝛽-cell viability and function, as well as to perform under a complex biological environment, i.e., in vivo animal models and clinical trials. Overall, natural polyphenols are able to control the cytotoxic hIAPP aggregation and minimize hIAPP-mediated cellular dysfunction and can be considered as important lead compounds for the treatment of type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Araújo
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A Pires
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. .,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Huin C, Cronier S, Guégan P, Béringue V, Rezaei H, Noinville S. Conformation-dependent membrane permeabilization by neurotoxic PrP oligomers: The role of the H2H3 oligomerization domain. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 692:108517. [PMID: 32738196 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between prion propagation and the generation of neurotoxic species and clinical onset remains unclear. Several converging lines of evidence suggest that interactions with lipids promote various precursors to form aggregation-prone states that are involved in amyloid fibrils. Here, we compared the cytotoxicities of different soluble isolated oligomeric constructs from murine full-length PrP and from the restricted helical H2H3 domain with their effects on lipid vesicles. The helical H2H3 domain is suggested to be the minimal region of PrP involved in the oligomerization process. The discrete PrP oligomers of both the full-length sequence and the H2H3 domain have de novo β-sheeted structure when interacting with the membrane. They were shown to permeabilize synthetic negatively charged vesicles in a dose-dependent manner. Restricting the polymerization domain of the full-length PrP to the H2H3 helices strongly diminished the ability of the corresponding oligomers to associate with the lipid vesicles. Furthermore, the membrane impairment mechanism occurs differently for the full-length PrP oligomers and the H2H3 helices, as shown by dye-release and black lipid membrane experiments. The membrane damage caused by the full-length PrP oligomers is correlated to their neuronal toxicity at submicromolar concentrations, as shown by cell culture assays. Although oligomers of synthetic H2H3 could compromise in vitro cell homeostasis, they followed a membrane-disruptive pattern that was different from the full-length oligomers, as revealed by the role of PrPC in cell viability assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Huin
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France; University of Evry, F-91025, Evry, France
| | - Sabrina Cronier
- UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Guégan
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Human Rezaei
- UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sylvie Noinville
- UR892, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR8233, MONARIS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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11
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Manouchehri N, Khodagholi F, Dargahi L, Ahmadiani A. Mitochondrial Complex I Is an Essential Player in LPS-Induced Preconditioning in Differentiated PC12 Cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 18:1445-1455. [PMID: 32641953 PMCID: PMC6934967 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning (PC) as a protective strategy against noxious insults can decline cell death and apoptosis. It has been approved that mitochondria play a key role in PC mechanism. The critical role of complex I (CI) in oxidative phosphorylation machinery and intracellular ROS production, particularly in the brain, accentuates its possible role in PC-induced neuroprotection. Here, differentiated PC12 cells were preconditioned with ultra-low dose LPS (ULD, 3 μg/mL) prior to exposure to high concentration of LPS (HD, 750 μg/mL). Our results showed that HD LPS treatment reduces cell viability and CI activity, and intensifies expression of cleaved caspase 3 compared to the control group. Intriguingly, PC induction resulted in enhancement of cell viability and CI activity and reduction of caspase3 cleavage compared to HD LPS group. In order to explore the role of CI in PC, we combined the ULD LPS with rotenone, a CI inhibitor. Following rotenone administration, cell viability significantly reduced while caspase3 cleavage increased compared to PC induction group. Taken together, cell survival and reduction of apoptosis followed by PC can be at least partially attributed to the preservation of mitochondrial CI function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Manouchehri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Chu L, Xiao L, Xu B, Xu J. Dissociation of HKII in retinal epithelial cells induces oxidative stress injury in the retina. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1377-1387. [PMID: 31432102 PMCID: PMC6713434 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is sensitive to injury resulting from oxidative stress (OS) due to its high oxygen consumption. Patients with retinitis pigmentosa suffer from excessive OS. N‑acetylcysteine (NAC) is used as a mucolytic agent for the clinical treatment of disorders, such as chronic bronchitis and other pulmonary diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of hexokinase 2 (HKII) in retinal OS injury. Amyloid β (Aβ)1‑40 was used to establish a cellular model of OS. Cell viability was measured with a Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay, and the apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of cells were analyzed via flow cytometry with corresponding kits. The mRNA and protein levels were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blot analyses, respectively. It was observed that Aβ1‑40 reduced the expression of HKII in the mitochondria of retinal pigment epithelial ARPE cells and impaired mitochondrial antioxidant functions. Additionally, knockdown of HKII promoted apoptosis, and increased ROS levels and the MMP. NAC attenuated the inhibition of mitochondrial functions induced by Aβ1‑40. The knockdown of HKII was revealed to decrease the levels of Bcl‑2, manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD) and copper‑zinc‑SOD, and increase the levels of cleaved caspase‑3, Bax and cytochrome c. The present findings suggested that the dissociation of HKII induced by OS induces apoptosis and mitochondrial damage. This study provided improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of OS on retinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, CMU, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, CMU, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Jingmei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, CMU, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
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Clarke JR, Ribeiro FC, Frozza RL, De Felice FG, Lourenco MV. Metabolic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: From Basic Neurobiology to Clinical Approaches. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S405-S426. [PMID: 29562518 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials have extensively failed to find effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) so far. Even after decades of AD research, there are still limited options for treating dementia. Mounting evidence has indicated that AD patients develop central and peripheral metabolic dysfunction, and the underpinnings of such events have recently begun to emerge. Basic and preclinical studies have unveiled key pathophysiological mechanisms that include aberrant brain stress signaling, inflammation, and impaired insulin sensitivity. These findings are in accordance with clinical and neuropathological data suggesting that AD patients undergo central and peripheral metabolic deregulation. Here, we review recent basic and clinical findings indicating that metabolic defects are central to AD pathophysiology. We further propose a view for future therapeutics that incorporates metabolic defects as a core feature of AD pathogenesis. This approach could improve disease understanding and therapy development through drug repurposing and/or identification of novel metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Clarke
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Ribeiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rudimar L Frozza
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Mitochondria: the indispensable players in innate immunity and guardians of the inflammatory response. J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 13:303-318. [PMID: 30719617 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-019-00507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the dynamic organelles and power house of eukaryotic cells function as metabolic hubs of cells undergoing continuous cycles of fusion and fission. Recent findings have made it increasingly apparent that mitochondria essentially involved in energy production have evolved as principal intracellular signaling platforms regulating not only innate immunity but also inflammatory responses. Perturbations in mitochondrial dynamics, including fusion/fission, electron transport chain (ETC) architecture and cristae organization have now been actively correlated to modulate metabolic activity and immune function of innate and adaptive immune cells. Several newly identified mitochondrial proteins in mitochondrial outer membrane such as mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and with mitochondrial DNA acting as danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and mitochondrial ROS generated from mitochondrial sources have potentially established mitochondria as key signaling platforms in antiviral immunity in vertebrates and thereby orchestrating adaptive immune cell activations respectively. A thorough understanding of emerging and intervening role of mitochondria in toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses and NLRP3 inflammasome complex activation has gained lucidity in recent years that advocates the imposing functions of mitochondria in innate immunity. Fascinatingly, also how the signals stemming from the endoplasmic reticulum co-operate with the mitochondria to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome is now looked ahead as a stage to unravel as to how different mitochondrial and associated organelle stress responses co-operate to bring about inflammatory consequences. This has also opened avenues of research for revealing mitochondrial targets that could be exploited for development of novel therapeutics to treat various infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders. Thus, this review explores our current understanding of intricate interplay between mitochondria and other cellular processes like autophagy in controlling mitochondrial homeostasis and regulation of innate immunity and inflammatory responses.
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15
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Region-specific depletion of synaptic mitochondria in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:747-757. [PMID: 30191401 PMCID: PMC6208730 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Of all of the neuropathological changes observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the loss of synapses correlates most strongly with cognitive decline. The precise mechanisms of synapse degeneration in AD remain unclear, although strong evidence indicates that pathological forms of both amyloid beta and tau contribute to synaptic dysfunction and loss. Synaptic mitochondria play a potentially important role in synapse degeneration in AD. Many studies in model systems indicate that amyloid beta and tau both impair mitochondrial function and impair transport of mitochondria to synapses. To date, much less is known about whether synaptic mitochondria are affected in human AD brain. Here, we used transmission electron microscopy to examine synapses and synaptic mitochondria in two cortical regions (BA41/42 and BA46) from eight AD and nine control cases. In this study, we observed 3000 synapses and find region-specific differences in synaptic mitochondria in AD cases compared to controls. In BA41/42, we observe a fourfold reduction in the proportion of presynaptic terminals that contain multiple mitochondria profiles in AD. We also observe ultrastructural changes including abnormal mitochondrial morphology, the presence of multivesicular bodies in synapses, and reduced synapse apposition length near plaques in AD. Together, our data show region-specific changes in synaptic mitochondria in AD and support the idea that the transport of mitochondria to presynaptic terminals or synaptic mitochondrial dynamics may be altered in AD.
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16
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Stem Cells as Potential Targets of Polyphenols in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1483791. [PMID: 30112360 PMCID: PMC6077677 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1483791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis are major neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal pathogenic proteins due to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and pathogens, leading to neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits. Herein, we reviewed the utility of plant polyphenols in regulating proliferation and differentiation of stem cells for inducing brain self-repair in AD and multiple sclerosis. Firstly, we discussed the genetic, physiological, and environmental factors involved in the pathophysiology of both the disorders. Next, we reviewed various stem cell therapies available and how they have proved useful in animal models of AD and multiple sclerosis. Lastly, we discussed how polyphenols utilize the potential of stem cells, either complementing their therapeutic effects or stimulating endogenous and exogenous neurogenesis, against these diseases. We suggest that polyphenols could be a potential candidate for stem cell therapy against neurodegenerative disorders.
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17
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Guo L, Tian J, Du H. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Synaptic Transmission Failure in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:1071-1086. [PMID: 27662318 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder, in which multiple risk factors converge. Despite the complexity of the etiology of the disease, synaptic failure is the pathological basis of cognitive impairment, the cardinal sign of AD. Decreased synaptic density, compromised synaptic transmission, and defected synaptic plasticity are hallmark synaptic pathologies accompanying AD. However, the mechanisms by which synapses are injured in AD-related conditions have not been fully elucidated. Mitochondria are a critical organelle in neurons. The pivotal role of mitochondria in supporting synaptic function and the concomitant occurrence of mitochondrial dysfunction with synaptic stress in postmortem AD brains as well as AD animal models seem to lend the credibility to the hypothesis that mitochondrial defects underlie synaptic failure in AD. This concept is further strengthened by the protective effect of mitochondrial medicine on synaptic function against the toxicity of amyloid-β, a key player in the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we focus on the association between mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic transmission deficits in AD. Impaired mitochondrial energy production, deregulated mitochondrial calcium handling, excess mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and release play a crucial role in mediating synaptic transmission deregulation in AD. The understanding of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in synaptic stress may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD through the protection of synaptic transmission by targeting to mitochondrial deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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18
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Angelova PR, Abramov AY. Alpha-synuclein and beta-amyloid – different targets, same players: calcium, free radicals and mitochondria in the mechanism of neurodegeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:1110-1115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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19
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Arrázola MS, Ramos-Fernández E, Cisternas P, Ordenes D, Inestrosa NC. Wnt Signaling Prevents the Aβ Oligomer-Induced Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Opening Preserving Mitochondrial Structure in Hippocampal Neurons. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168840. [PMID: 28060833 PMCID: PMC5218554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder mainly known for synaptic impairment and neuronal cell loss, affecting memory processes. Beside these damages, mitochondria have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD through the induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). The mPTP is a non-selective pore that is formed under apoptotic conditions, disturbing mitochondrial structure and thus, neuronal viability. In AD, Aβ oligomers (Aβos) favor the opening of the pore, activating mitochondria-dependent neuronal cell death cascades. The Wnt signaling activated through the ligand Wnt3a has been described as a neuroprotective signaling pathway against amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide toxicity in AD. However, the mechanisms by which Wnt signaling prevents Aβos-induced neuronal cell death are unclear. We proposed here to study whether Wnt signaling protects neurons earlier than the late damages in the progression of the disease, through the preservation of the mitochondrial structure by the mPTP inhibition. To study specific events related to mitochondrial permeabilization we performed live-cell imaging from primary rat hippocampal neurons, and electron microscopy to analyze the mitochondrial morphology and structure. We report here that Wnt3a prevents an Aβos-induced cascade of mitochondrial events that leads to neuronal cell death. This cascade involves (a) mPTP opening, (b) mitochondrial swelling, (c) mitochondrial membrane potential loss and (d) cytochrome c release, thus leading to neuronal cell death. Furthermore, our results suggest that the activation of the Wnt signaling prevents mPTP opening by two possible mechanisms, which involve the inhibition of mitochondrial GSK-3β and/or the modulation of mitochondrial hexokinase II levels and activity. This study suggests a possible new approach for the treatment of AD from a mitochondrial perspective, and will also open new lines of study in the field of Wnt signaling in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena S Arrázola
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva Ramos-Fernández
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Universidad de Atacama, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Departamento de Química y Biología, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Daniela Ordenes
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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20
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Sandhir R, Halder A, Sunkaria A. Mitochondria as a centrally positioned hub in the innate immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1090-1097. [PMID: 27794419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles involved in numerous cellular functions ranging from energy metabolism to cell survival. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondria provide a platform for signaling pathways involved in innate immune response. Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) are key triggers in the activation of innate immune response following variety of stress signals that include infection, tissue damage and metabolic dysregulation. The process is mediated through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that consist of retinoic acid inducible gene like receptors (RLRs), c-type lectin receptors (CLRs), toll type receptors (TLRs) and nuclear oligomerization-domain like receptors (NLRs). These signals converge to form a multiprotein complex called inflammasome that leads to caspase-1 activation to promote processing of precursor cytokines (pro-IL1β and pro-IL-18) to active cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18). It appears that mitochondria induced inflammasome activation contributes to inflammatory process in many diverse disorders. Therefore, strategies aimed at modulating mitochondria mediated inflammasome activation might be beneficial in many pathophysiological conditions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality in Diabetes/Obesity and Critical Illness Spectrum of Diseases - edited by P. Hemachandra Reddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Avishek Halder
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aditya Sunkaria
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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21
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Han SH, Park JC, Mook-Jung I. Amyloid β-interacting partners in Alzheimer's disease: From accomplices to possible therapeutic targets. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 137:17-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Mitochondrial FOXO3a is involved in amyloid β peptide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 48:189-96. [PMID: 26782277 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-016-9645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of amyloid β peptide (Aβ)-induced neuronal toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the precise mechanism(s) of Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction has not been fully understood. There is evidence that Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) is normally present in neuronal mitochondria. Using HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells and primary hippocampal neurons, the present study investigated whether mitochondrial FOXO3a was involved in mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Aβ. It was found that Aβ induced dephosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of FOXO3a. In addition, Aβ enhanced association of FOXO3a with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), causing a decrease in the expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) and the activity of COX. In addition, Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, indicated by the decrease in 3- (4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) conversion, mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and COX activity, could be suppressed by knockdown of FOXO3a (FOXO3a-KD). These results provide new insights into the mechanism underlying Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and open up new therapeutic perspectives for AD.
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23
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Hernández-Zimbrón LF, Rivas-Arancibia S. Oxidative stress caused by ozone exposure induces β-amyloid 1-42 overproduction and mitochondrial accumulation by activating the amyloidogenic pathway. Neuroscience 2015. [PMID: 26197225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) that has been suggested to be the trigger of AD pathology. However, whether oxidative damage precedes and contributes directly to the intracellular accumulation of beta amyloid 1-42 (βA42) peptide remains a matter of debate. Chronic exposure to low doses of ozone similar to the levels during a day of high pollution in México City causes a state of oxidative stress that elicits progressive neurodegeneration in the hippocampi of rats. Several reports have demonstrated that the mitochondria are among the first organelles to be affected by oxidative stress and βA42 toxicity and act as sites of the accumulation of βA42, which affects energy metabolism. However, the mechanisms related to the neurodegeneration process and organelle damage that occur in conditions of chronic exposure to low doses of ozone have not been demonstrated. To analyze the effect of chronic ozone chronic exposure on changes in the production and accumulation of the βA42 and βA40 peptides in the mitochondria of hippocampal neurons of rats exposed to ozone, we examined the mitochondrial expression levels of Presenilins 1 and 2 and ADAM10 to detect changes related to the oxidative stress caused by low doses of ozone (0.25ppm). The results revealed significant accumulations of βA42 peptide in the mitochondrial fractions on days 60 and 90 of ozone exposure along with reductions in beta amyloid 1-40 accumulation, significant overexpressions of Pres2 and significant reductions in ADAM10 expression. Beta amyloid immunodetection revealed that there were some intracellular deposits of βA42 and that βA42 and the mitochondrial markers OPA1 and COX1 colocalized. These results indicate that the time of exposure to ozone and the accumulation of βA42 in the mitochondria of the hippocampal cells of rats were correlated. Our results suggest that the accumulation of the βA42 peptide may promote mitochondrial dysfunction due to its accumulation and overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Hernández-Zimbrón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
| | - S Rivas-Arancibia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico.
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24
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Carvalho C, Correia SC, Cardoso S, Plácido AI, Candeias E, Duarte AI, Moreira PI. The role of mitochondrial disturbances in Alzheimer, Parkinson and Huntington diseases. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:867-84. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1058160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Arrázola MS, Silva-Alvarez C, Inestrosa NC. How the Wnt signaling pathway protects from neurodegeneration: the mitochondrial scenario. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:166. [PMID: 25999816 PMCID: PMC4419851 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. One of the hallmarks of AD is the overproduction of amyloid-beta aggregates that range from the toxic soluble oligomer (Aβo) form to extracellular accumulations in the brain. Growing evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases and is observed at an early stage in the pathogenesis of AD. Reports indicate that mitochondrial structure and function are affected by Aβo and can trigger neuronal cell death. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, and the balance between their fusion and fission processes is essential for neuronal function. Interestingly, in AD, the process known as “mitochondrial dynamics” is also impaired by Aβo. On the other hand, the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway has an essential role in synaptic maintenance and neuronal functions, and its deregulation has also been implicated in AD. We have demonstrated that canonical Wnt signaling, through the Wnt3a ligand, prevents the permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes through the inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), induced by Aβo. In addition, we showed that non-canonical Wnt signaling, through the Wnt5a ligand, protects mitochondria from fission-fusion alterations in AD. These results suggest new approaches by which different Wnt signaling pathways protect neurons in AD, and support the idea that mitochondria have become potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Here we discuss the neuroprotective role of the canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways in AD and their differential modulation of mitochondrial processes, associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena S Arrázola
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Silva-Alvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Center for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes Punta Arenas, Chile ; Centro UC Síndrome de Down, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
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26
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Arsalandeh F, Ahmadian S, Foolad F, Khodagholi F, Farimani MM, Shaerzadeh F. Beneficial Effect of Flavone Derivatives on Aβ-Induced Memory Deficit Is Mediated by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Coactivator 1α: A Comparative Study. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:274-83. [PMID: 25972379 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815584165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the neuroprotective effect of 5-hydroxy-6,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (flavone 1), a natural flavone, was investigated in comparison with another flavone, 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone (flavone 2) on the hippocampus of amyloid beta (Aβ)-injected rats. Rats were treated with the 2 flavones (1 mg/kg/d) for 1 week before Aβ injection. Seven days after Aβ administration, memory function of rats was assessed in a passive avoidance test (PAT). Changes in the levels of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α), phospho-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (pAMPK), AMPK, phospho-cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), CREB, and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) proteins were determined by Western blot analysis. Our results showed an improvement in memory in rats pretreated with flavonoids. At the molecular level, phosphorylation of CREB, known as the master modulator of memory processes, increased. On the other hand, the level of mitochondrial biogenesis factors, PGC-1α and its downstream molecules NRF-1 and TFAM significantly increased by dietary administration of 2 flavones. In addition, flavone 1 and flavone 2 prevented mitochondrial swelling and mitochondrial membrane potential reduction. Our results provided evidence that flavone 1 is more effective than flavone 2 presumably due to its O-methylated groups. In conclusion, it seems that in addition to classical antioxidant effect, flavones exert part of their protective effects through mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Arsalandeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Foolad
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi M Farimani
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shaerzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Carvalho C, Correia SC, Perry G, Castellani RJ, Moreira PI. Cerebrovascular and mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease: a brief overview. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 123:107-11. [PMID: 25608860 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that vascular alterations contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. It is also well established that mitochondrial abnormalities occur early in course of AD. Here, we give an overview of the vascular and mitochondrial abnormalities occurring in AD, including mitochondrial alterations in vascular endothelial cells within the brain, which is emerging as a common feature that bridges cerebral vasculature and mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia C Correia
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Division of Neuropathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354, Coimbra, Portugal.
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28
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Du H, Guo L, Wu X, Sosunov AA, McKhann GM, Chen JX, Yan SS. Cyclophilin D deficiency rescues Aβ-impaired PKA/CREB signaling and alleviates synaptic degeneration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:2517-27. [PMID: 23507145 PMCID: PMC3868643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coexistence of neuronal mitochondrial pathology and synaptic dysfunction is an early pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cyclophilin D (CypD), an integral part of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), is involved in amyloid beta (Aβ)-instigated mitochondrial dysfunction. Blockade of CypD prevents Aβ-induced mitochondrial malfunction and the consequent cognitive impairments. Here, we showed the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by antioxidants probucol or superoxide dismutase (SOD)/catalase blocks Aβ-mediated inactivation of protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP regulatory-element-binding (CREB) signal transduction pathway and loss of synapse, suggesting the detrimental effects of oxidative stress on neuronal PKA/CREB activity. Notably, neurons lacking CypD significantly attenuate Aβ-induced ROS. Consequently, CypD-deficient neurons are resistant to Aβ-disrupted PKA/CREB signaling by increased PKA activity, phosphorylation of PKA catalytic subunit (PKA C), and CREB. In parallel, lack of CypD protects neurons from Aβ-induced loss of synapses and synaptic dysfunction. Furthermore, compared to the mAPP mice, CypD-deficient mAPP mice reveal less inactivation of PKA-CREB activity and increased synaptic density, attenuate abnormalities in dendritic spine maturation, and improve spontaneous synaptic activity. These findings provide new insights into a mechanism in the crosstalk between the CypD-dependent mitochondrial oxidative stress and signaling cascade, leading to synaptic injury, functioning through the PKA/CREB signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Physicians & Surgeons College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexander A Sosunov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Physicians & Surgeons College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Guy M McKhann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Physicians & Surgeons College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John Xi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 1003, USA
| | - Shirley ShiDu Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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Li X, Zhao W, Yang H, Zhang J, Ma J. S14G-humanin restored cellular homeostasis disturbed by amyloid-beta protein. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2573-80. [PMID: 25206568 PMCID: PMC4145930 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.27.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanin is a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease, and its derivative, S14G-humanin, is 1 000-fold stronger in its neuroprotective effect against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults. Al-though effective, the detailed molecular mechanism through which S14G-humanin exerts its effects remains unclear. Data from this study showed that fibrillar amyloid-beta 40 disturbed cellular ho-meostasis through the cell membrane, increasing intracellular calcium, generating reactive oxygen species, and decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential. S14G-humanin restored these responses. The results suggested that S14G-humanin blocked the effects of amyloid-beta 40 on the neuronal cell membrane, and restored the disturbed cellular homeostasis, thereby exerting a neu-roprotective effect on hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China ; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Wencong Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhengzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zhengzhou 450012, Henan Province, China
| | - Hongqi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China ; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China ; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China ; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
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Shi C, Zhu X, Wang J, Long D. Intromitochondrial IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in amyloid β peptide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 46:371-6. [PMID: 25052843 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of amyloid β peptide (Aβ)-induced neuronal toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanism (s) of Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is still not fully understood. There is evidence that nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is involved in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and is present in mitochondria. Using HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells and isolated mitochondria, the present study investigated whether intramitochondrial inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB)/NF-κB signaling pathway was involved in mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Aβ. It was found that Aβ impaired mitochondrial function through a NF-κB-dependent signaling pathway. Intramitochondrial IκBα/NF-κB pathway, induced by Aβ, decreased the expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit (COXIII) and inhibited COX activity. These results provide new insights into the mechanism underlying the neurotoxic effect of Aβ and open up new therapeutic perspectives for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shi
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China,
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31
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Wang DM, Li SQ, Wu WL, Zhu XY, Wang Y, Yuan HY. Effects of Long-Term Treatment with Quercetin on Cognition and Mitochondrial Function in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1533-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cardoso S, Carvalho C, Marinho R, Simões A, Sena CM, Matafome P, Santos MS, Seiça RM, Moreira PI. Effects of methylglyoxal and pyridoxamine in rat brain mitochondria bioenergetics and oxidative status. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 46:347-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Stančić A, Otašević V, Janković A, Vučetić M, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Filipović MR, Korać A, Markelić M, Veličković K, Golić I, Buzadžić B, Korać B. Molecular basis of hippocampal energy metabolism in diabetic rats: the effects of SOD mimic. Brain Res Bull 2013; 99:27-33. [PMID: 24084255 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal structural changes associated with diabetes-related cognitive impairments are well described, but their molecular background remained vague. We examined whether/how diabetes alters molecular basis of energy metabolism in hippocampus readily after diabetes onset, with special emphasis on its redox-sensitivity. To induce diabetes, adult Mill Hill hybrid hooded rats received a single alloxan dose (120 mg/kg). Both non-diabetic and diabetic groups were further divided in two subgroups receiving (i) or not (ii) superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic, [Mn(II)(pyane)Cl2] for 7 days, i.p. Treatment of the diabetic animals started after blood glucose level ≥12 mM. Diabetes decreased protein levels of oxidative phosphorylation components: complex III and ATP synthase. In contrast, protein amounts of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α - the key regulator of energy metabolism in stress conditions, were higher in diabetic animals. Treatment with SOD mimic restored/increased the levels of oxidative phosphorylation components and returned hypoxia-inducible factor-1α to control level, while diabetes-induced up-regulation of glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, was additionally stimulated. To conclude, our results provide insight into the earliest molecular changes of energy-producing pathways in diabetes that may account for structural/functional disturbance of hippocampus, seen during disease progression. Also, data suggest [Mn(II)(pyane)Cl2] as potential therapeutic agent in cutting-edge approaches to threat this widespread metabolic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Stančić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Physiology, Belgrade, Serbia
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Stefani M, Rigacci S. Protein folding and aggregation into amyloid: the interference by natural phenolic compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12411-57. [PMID: 23765219 PMCID: PMC3709793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid aggregation is a hallmark of several degenerative diseases affecting the brain or peripheral tissues, whose intermediates (oligomers, protofibrils) and final mature fibrils display different toxicity. Consequently, compounds counteracting amyloid aggregation have been investigated for their ability (i) to stabilize toxic amyloid precursors; (ii) to prevent the growth of toxic oligomers or speed that of fibrils; (iii) to inhibit fibril growth and deposition; (iv) to disassemble preformed fibrils; and (v) to favor amyloid clearance. Natural phenols, a wide panel of plant molecules, are one of the most actively investigated categories of potential amyloid inhibitors. They are considered responsible for the beneficial effects of several traditional diets being present in green tea, extra virgin olive oil, red wine, spices, berries and aromatic herbs. Accordingly, it has been proposed that some natural phenols could be exploited to prevent and to treat amyloid diseases, and recent studies have provided significant information on their ability to inhibit peptide/protein aggregation in various ways and to stimulate cell defenses, leading to identify shared or specific mechanisms. In the first part of this review, we will overview the significance and mechanisms of amyloid aggregation and aggregate toxicity; then, we will summarize the recent achievements on protection against amyloid diseases by many natural phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Stefani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy; E-Mail:
- Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration, Viale Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-55-275-8307; Fax: +39-55-275-8905
| | - Stefania Rigacci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy; E-Mail:
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Cardoso S, Santos MS, Moreno A, Moreira PI. UCP2 and ANT differently modulate proton-leak in brain mitochondria of long-term hyperglycemic and recurrent hypoglycemic rats. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2013; 45:397-407. [PMID: 23504111 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-013-9503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondrial proton-leak functions as a regulator of reactive oxygen species production and its modulation may limit oxidative injury to tissues. The main purpose of this work was to characterize the proton-leak of brain cortical mitochondria from long-term hyperglycemic and insulin-induced recurrent hypoglycemic rats through the modulation of the uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT). Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated subcutaneously with twice-daily insulin injections during 2 weeks to induce the hypoglycemic episodes. No differences in the basal proton-leak, UCP2 and ANT protein levels were observed between the experimental groups. Mitochondria from recurrent hypoglycemic rats presented a decrease in proton-leak in the presence of GDP, a specific UCP2 inhibitor, while an increase in proton-leak was observed in the presence of linoleic acid, a proton-leak activator, this effect being reverted by the simultaneous addition of GDP. Mitochondria from long-term hyperglycemic rats showed an enhanced susceptibility to ANT modulation as demonstrated by the complete inhibition of basal and linoleic acid-induced proton-leak caused by the ANT specific inhibitor carboxyatractyloside. Our results show that recurrent-hypoglycemia renders mitochondria more susceptible to UCPs modulation while the proton-leak of long-term hyperglycemic rats is mainly modulated by ANT, which suggest that brain cortical mitochondria have distinct adaptation mechanisms in face of different metabolic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cardoso
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
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36
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No consistent bioenergetic defects in presynaptic nerve terminals isolated from mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2013; 32:16775-84. [PMID: 23175831 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2414-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Depressed cortical energy supply and impaired synaptic function are predominant associations of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To test the hypothesis that presynaptic bioenergetic deficits are associated with the progression of AD pathogenesis, we compared bioenergetic variables of cortical and hippocampal presynaptic nerve terminals (synaptosomes) from commonly used mouse models with AD-like phenotypes (J20 age 6 months, Tg2576 age 16 months, and APP/PS age 9 and 14 months) to age-matched controls. No consistent bioenergetic deficiencies were detected in synaptosomes from the three models; only APP/PS cortical synaptosomes from 14-month-old mice showed an increase in respiration associated with proton leak. J20 mice were chosen for a highly stringent investigation of mitochondrial function and content. There were no significant differences in the quality of the synaptosomal preparations or the mitochondrial volume fraction. Furthermore, respiratory variables, calcium handling, and membrane potentials of synaptosomes from symptomatic J20 mice under calcium-imposed stress were not consistently impaired. The recovery of marker proteins during synaptosome preparation was the same, ruling out the possibility that the lack of functional bioenergetic defects in synaptosomes from J20 mice was due to the selective loss of damaged synaptosomes during sample preparation. Our results support the conclusion that the intrinsic bioenergetic capacities of presynaptic nerve terminals are maintained in these symptomatic AD mouse models.
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Riemer J, Kins S. Axonal Transport and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 12:111-24. [DOI: 10.1159/000342020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Hsiao CW, Peng TI, Peng AC, Reiter RJ, Tanaka M, Lai YK, Jou MJ. Long-term Aβ exposure augments mCa2+-independent mROS-mediated depletion of cardiolipin for the shift of a lethal transient mitochondrial permeability transition to its permanent mode in NARP cybrids: a protective targeting of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:107-25. [PMID: 24446866 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ)-induced neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated whether mtDNA T8993G mutation-induced complex V inhibition, clinically associated with neurological muscle weakness, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP), is a potential risk factor for AD and the pathological link for long-term exposure of Aβ-induced mitochondrial toxicity and apoptosis in NARP cybrids. Using noninvasive fluorescence probe-coupled laser scanning imaging microscopy and NARP cybrids harboring 98% mutant genes along with its parental 143B osteosarcoma cells, we demonstrated that Aβ-augmented mitochondrial Ca(2+) (mCa(2+))-independent mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) formation for a cardiolipin (CL, a major mitochondrial protective phospholipid)-dependent lethal modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Aβ augmented not only the amount but also the propagation rate of mROS-induced mROS formation to significantly depolarize mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψ(m)) and reduce mCa(2+) stress. Aβ-augmented mROS oxidized and depleted CL, thereby enhances mitochondrial fission and movement retardation, which promoted the NARP-augmented lethal transient-MPT (t-MPT) to switch to its irreversible mode of permanent-MPT (p-MPT). Interestingly, melatonin, a multiple mitochondrial protector, markedly reduced Aβ-augmented mROS formation and therefore significantly reduced mROS-mediated depolarization of ∆Ψ(m), fission of mitochondria and retardation of mitochondrial movement to stabilize CL and hence the MPT. In the presence of melatonin, Aβ-promoted p-MPT was reversed to a protective t-MPT, which preserved ∆Ψ(m) and lowered elevated mCa(2+) to sublethal levels for an enhanced mCa(2+)-dependent O(2) consumption. Thus, melatonin may potentially rescue AD patients associated with NARP symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Hsiao
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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39
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Meratan AA, Nemat-Gorgani M. Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization upon interaction with lysozyme fibrillation products: Role of mitochondrial heterogeneity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cardoso S, Santos RX, Correia SC, Carvalho C, Santos MS, Baldeiras I, Oliveira CR, Moreira PI. Insulin-induced recurrent hypoglycemia exacerbates diabetic brain mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative imbalance. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 49:1-12. [PMID: 22940631 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive insulin therapy can prevent or slow the progression of long-term diabetes complications but, at the same time, it increases the risk for episodes of severe hypoglycemia. In our study, we used a protocol intended to mimic the levels of blood glucose that occur in type 1 diabetic patients under an intensive insulin therapy. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were treated subcutaneously with twice-daily insulin injections for 2weeks to induce hypoglycemic episodes. Brain cortical and hippocampal mitochondria were isolated and mitochondrial bioenergetics (respiratory chain and phosphorylation system) and oxidative status parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, mitochondrial aconitase activity and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses) were analyzed. The protein levels of synaptophysin, a marker of synaptic integrity, and caspase 9 activity were also evaluated in cortical and hippocampal homogenates. Brain cortical mitochondria isolated from hyper- and recurrent hypoglycemic animals presented higher levels of MDA and α-tocopherol together with an increased glutathione disulfide reductase activity, lower manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity and glutathione-to-glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratio. No significant alterations were found in cortical mitochondrial respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation system. Hippocampal mitochondria from both experimental groups presented an impaired oxidative phosphorylation system characterized by a decreased mitochondrial energization potential and ATP levels and higher repolarization lag phase. In addition, higher MDA levels and decreased GSH/GSSG, α-tocopherol levels, and aconitase, glutathione peroxidase and MnSOD activities were observed in both groups of animals. Hippocampal mitochondria from recurrent hypoglycemic animals also showed an impairment of the respiratory chain characterized by a lower state 3 of respiration, respiratory control ratio and ADP/O index, and a higher state 4 of respiration. Additionally, a non-statistically significant decrease in synaptophysin protein levels was observed in cortical homogenates from recurrent hypoglycemic rats as well as in hippocampal homogenates from hyperglycemic and recurrent hypoglycemic rats. An increase in caspase 9 activity was also observed in hippocampal homogenates from hyperglycemic and recurrent hypoglycemic animals. Our results show that mitochondrial dysfunction induced by long-term hyperglycemic effects is exacerbated by recurrent hypoglycemia, which may compromise the function and integrity of brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cardoso
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Renato X Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia C Correia
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria S Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Coimbra University Hospital, Portugal; Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina R Oliveira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Hernandez-Zimbron LF, Luna-Muñoz J, Mena R, Vazquez-Ramirez R, Kubli-Garfias C, Cribbs DH, Manoutcharian K, Gevorkian G. Amyloid-β peptide binds to cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42344. [PMID: 22927926 PMCID: PMC3424232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular and intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid-beta aggregates has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the precise mechanism of amyloid-beta neurotoxicity is not completely understood. Previous studies suggest that binding of amyloid-beta to a number of macromolecules has deleterious effects on cellular functions. Mitochondria were found to be the target for amyloid-beta, and mitochondrial dysfunction is well documented in AD. In the present study we have shown for the first time that Aβ 1–42 bound to a peptide comprising the amino-terminal region of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1. Phage clone, selected after screening of a human brain cDNA library expressed on M13 phage and bearing a 61 amino acid fragment of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, bound to Aβ 1–42 in ELISA as well as to Aβ aggregates present in AD brain. Aβ 1–42 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 co-immunoprecipitated from mitochondrial fraction of differentiated human neuroblastoma cells. Likewise, molecular dynamics simulation of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and the Aβ 1–42 peptide complex resulted in a reliable helix-helix interaction, supporting the experimental results. The interaction between Aβ 1–42 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 may explain, in part, the diminished enzymatic activity of respiratory chain complex IV and subsequent neuronal metabolic dysfunction observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Luna-Muñoz
- Department of Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Raul Mena
- Department of Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Vazquez-Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Carlos Kubli-Garfias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - David H. Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Manoutcharian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Gautier CA, Giaime E, Caballero E, Núñez L, Song Z, Chan D, Villalobos C, Shen J. Regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore by PINK1. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:22. [PMID: 22630785 PMCID: PMC3405481 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss-of-function mutations in PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) have been linked to familial Parkinson’s disease, but the underlying pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. We previously reported that loss of PINK1 impairs mitochondrial respiratory activity in mouse brains. Results In this study, we investigate how loss of PINK1 impairs mitochondrial respiration using cultured primary fibroblasts and neurons. We found that intact mitochondria in PINK1−/− cells recapitulate the respiratory defect in isolated mitochondria from PINK1−/− mouse brains, suggesting that these PINK1−/− cells are a valid experimental system to study the underlying mechanisms. Enzymatic activities of the electron transport system complexes are normal in PINK1−/− cells, but mitochondrial transmembrane potential is reduced. Interestingly, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is increased in PINK1−/− cells, and this genotypic difference between PINK1−/− and control cells is eliminated by agonists or inhibitors of the mPTP. Furthermore, inhibition of mPTP opening rescues the defects in transmembrane potential and respiration in PINK1−/− cells. Consistent with our earlier findings in mouse brains, mitochondrial morphology is similar between PINK1−/− and wild-type cells, indicating that the observed mitochondrial functional defects are not due to morphological changes. Following FCCP treatment, calcium increases in the cytosol are higher in PINK1−/− compared to wild-type cells, suggesting that intra-mitochondrial calcium concentration is higher in the absence of PINK1. Conclusions Our findings show that loss of PINK1 causes selective increases in mPTP opening and mitochondrial calcium, and that the excessive mPTP opening may underlie the mitochondrial functional defects observed in PINK1−/− cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement A Gautier
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Verri M, Pastoris O, Dossena M, Aquilani R, Guerriero F, Cuzzoni G, Venturini L, Ricevuti G, Bongiorno A. Mitochondrial Alterations, Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25:345-53. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201202500204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Verri
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - O. Pastoris
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - M. Dossena
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - R. Aquilani
- Servizio di Fisiopatologia Metabolico-Nutrizionale e Nutrizione Clinica, Fondazione S. Maugeri, IRCCS, Istituto Scientifico di Montescano, Montescano (PV), Italy
| | - F. Guerriero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Terapia Medica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Divisione di Geriatria, IDR S. Margherita, ASP Pavia, Italy
| | - G. Cuzzoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Terapia Medica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Divisione di Geriatria, IDR S. Margherita, ASP Pavia, Italy
| | - L. Venturini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Terapia Medica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Divisione di Geriatria, IDR S. Margherita, ASP Pavia, Italy
- Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia Cellulare ed Immunologia Clinica, Università degli Studi di Pavia e Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - G. Ricevuti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Terapia Medica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Divisione di Geriatria, IDR S. Margherita, ASP Pavia, Italy
- Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia Cellulare ed Immunologia Clinica, Università degli Studi di Pavia e Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - A.I. Bongiorno
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Colca JR, Feinstein DL. Altering Mitochondrial Dysfunction as an Approach to Treating Alzheimer’s Disease. CURRENT STATE OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE RESEARCH AND THERAPEUTICS 2012; 64:155-76. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394816-8.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mitochondrial Importance in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 724:205-21. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0653-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Baloyannis SJ. Mitochondria are related to synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:305395. [PMID: 21922047 PMCID: PMC3171689 DOI: 10.4061/2011/305395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological alterations of mitochondria may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, been associated with oxidative stress and Aβ-peptide-induced toxicity. We proceeded to estimation of mitochondria on electron micrographs of autopsy specimens of Alzheimer's disease. We found substantial morphological and morphometric changes of the mitochondria in the neurons of the hippocampus, the neocortex, the cerebellar cortex, the thalamus, the globus pallidus, the red nucleus, the locus coeruleus, and the climbing fibers. The alterations consisted of considerable changes of the cristae, accumulation of osmiophilic material, and modification of the shape and size. Mitochondrial alterations were prominent in neurons, which showed a depletion of dendritic spines and loss of dendritic branches. Mitochondrial alterations are not related with the accumulation of amyloid deposits, but are prominent whenever fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus exists. Morphometric analysis showed also that mitochondria are significantly reduced in neurons, which demonstrated synaptic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros J Baloyannis
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Moreira PI, Custódio JBA, Nunes E, Oliveira PJ, Moreno A, Seiça R, Oliveira CR, Santos MS. Mitochondria from distinct tissues are differently affected by 17β-estradiol and tamoxifen. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 123:8-16. [PMID: 20932907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to analyse and compare the bioenergetics and oxidative status of mitochondria isolated from liver, heart and brain of ovariectomized rat females treated with 17β-estradiol (E2) and/or tamoxifen (TAM). E2 and/or TAM did not alter significantly the respiratory chain of the three types of mitochondria. However, TAM significantly decreased the phosphorylation efficiency of liver mitochondria while E2 significantly decreased the phosphorylation efficiency of heart mitochondria. E2 also significantly decreased the capacity of heart and liver mitochondria to accumulate Ca(2+) this effect being attenuated in liver mitochondria isolated from E2+TAM-treated rat females. TAM treatment increased the ratio of glutathione to glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) of liver mitochondria. Brain mitochondria from TAM- and E2+TAM-treated females showed a significantly lower GSH/GSSG ratio. However, heart mitochondria from TAM- and E2+TAM-treated females presented a significant decrease in GSSG and an increase in GSH/GSSG ratio. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were significantly decreased in liver mitochondria isolated from E2+TAM-treated females. Finally, E2 and/or TAM treatment significantly decreased the levels of hydrogen peroxide produced by brain mitochondria energized with glutamate/malate. These results indicate that E2 and/or TAM have tissue-specific effects suggesting that TAM and hormonal replacement therapies may have some side effects that should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Tillement L, Lecanu L, Papadopoulos V. Alzheimer's disease: effects of β-amyloid on mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2010; 11:13-21. [PMID: 20817045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The impairment of the respiratory chain or defects in the detoxification system can decrease electron transfer efficiency, reduce ATP production, and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by mitochondria. Accumulation of ROS results in oxidative stress, a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). β-amyloid has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD, and its accumulation may lead to degeneration of neuronal or non-neuronal cells. There is evidence that β-amyloid interacts with mitochondria but little is known concerning the significance of this interaction in the physiopathology of AD. This review explores possible mechanisms of β-amyloid-induced mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Tillement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Adam-Vizi V, Starkov AA. Calcium and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation: how to read the facts. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20 Suppl 2:S413-26. [PMID: 20421693 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent discoveries indicate that abnormal Ca2+ signaling, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease. However, the literature on the interactions between these factors is controversial especially in the interpretation of the cause-effect relationship between mitochondrial damage induced by Ca2+ overload and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, we survey the experimental observations on the Ca2+-induced mitochondrial ROS production, explain the sources of controversy in interpreting these results, and discuss the different molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of Ca2+ on the ROS emission by brain mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Adam-Vizi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Neurobiochemical Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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50
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Santos RX, Correia SC, Wang X, Perry G, Smith MA, Moreira PI, Zhu X. A synergistic dysfunction of mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics and mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20 Suppl 2:S401-12. [PMID: 20463393 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in the elderly, can have a late-onset sporadic or an early-onset familial origin. In both cases, the neuropathological hallmarks are the same: senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Despite AD having a proteinopathic nature, there is strong evidence for an organelle dysfunction-related neuropathology, namely dysfunctional mitochondria. In this regard, dysfunctional mitochondria and associated exacerbated generation of reactive oxygen species are among the earliest events in the progression of the disease. Since the maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial pool is essential given the central role of this organelle in several determinant cellular processes, mitochondrial dysfunction in AD would be predicted to have profound pluripotent deleterious consequences. Mechanistically, recent reports suggest that mitochondrial fission/fusion and mitophagy are altered in AD and in in vitro models of disease, and since both processes are reported to be protective, this review will discuss the role of mitochondrial fission/fusion and mitophagy in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato X Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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