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Zhang Y, Shen X, He L, Zhao F, Yan S. Association of sarcopenia and muscle mass with both peripheral neuropathy and nerve function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 162:108096. [PMID: 32109517 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the association of sarcopenia and muscle mass with both peripheral neuropathy and nerve function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS A total of 1794 patients (937 men and 857 women) with type 2 diabetes, with a mean age of 60.22 years, were enrolled for a cross-sectional study; of these, 183 patients were enrolled for a follow-up study with a median follow-up of 2.7 years. All participants underwent nerve conduction studies and muscle mass index (ASM/HT2) measurements. The composite Z scores for the sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV) and the motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) were calculated. The changes in ASM/HT2, SCV, and MCV were calculated from the measurements nearly 2 years apart and classified into three groups: a decrease in ASM/HT2 of >3%, a minor change within ±3%, and an increase in ASM/HT2 of >3%. RESULTS The ASM/HT2 of men was positively associated with the composite Z scores of MCV and SCV, and sarcopenia highly correlated with DPN after adjusting for confounding factors. The optimal cutoff point for ASM/HT2 that indicated DPN was 7.09 kg/m2. Furthermore, increases in ASM/HT2 independently predicted a greater benefit of MCV and SCV increment outcomes, whereas a minor change in ASM/HT2 only significantly associated with lower benefit in terms of SCV increment. However, this phenomenon was not observed in women. CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia and DPN exhibited a close association. The increased muscle mass improved the partial MCVs and SCVs. However, a sex-related discrepancy was observed in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongze Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China; Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Ximei Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China; Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Lanlan He
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China; Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China; Graduate Student of Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Fengying Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China; Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Sunjie Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China; Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China.
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Gayà-Vidal M, Albà MM. Uncovering adaptive evolution in the human lineage. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:599. [PMID: 25030307 PMCID: PMC4124166 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent increase in human polymorphism data, together with the availability of genome sequences from several primate species, provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate how natural selection has shaped human evolution. RESULTS We compared human branch-specific substitutions with variation data in the current human population to measure the impact of adaptive evolution on human protein coding genes. The use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with high derived allele frequencies (DAFs) minimized the influence of segregating slightly deleterious mutations and improved the estimation of the number of adaptive sites. Using DAF ≥ 60% we showed that the proportion of adaptive substitutions is 0.2% in the complete gene set. However, the percentage rose to 40% when we focused on genes that are specifically accelerated in the human branch with respect to the chimpanzee branch, or on genes that show signatures of adaptive selection at the codon level by the maximum likelihood based branch-site test. In general, neural genes are enriched in positive selection signatures. Genes with multiple lines of evidence of positive selection include taxilin beta, which is involved in motor nerve regeneration and syntabulin, and is required for the formation of new presynaptic boutons. CONCLUSIONS We combined several methods to detect adaptive evolution in human coding sequences at a genome-wide level. The use of variation data, in addition to sequence divergence information, uncovered previously undetected positive selection signatures in neural genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Mar Albà
- Evolutionary Genomics Group IMIM-UPF Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Lee N, Spearry RP, Leahy KM, Robitz R, Trinh DS, Mason CO, Zurbrugg RJ, Batt MK, Paul RJ, Maclennan AJ. Muscle ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor α promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery following peripheral nerve lesion. J Comp Neurol 2014; 521:2947-65. [PMID: 23504871 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) administration maintains, protects, and promotes the regeneration of both motor neurons (MNs) and skeletal muscle in a wide variety of models. Expression of CNTF receptor α (CNTFRα), an essential CNTF receptor component, is greatly increased in skeletal muscle following neuromuscular insult. Together the data suggest that muscle CNTFRα may contribute to neuromuscular maintenance, protection, and/or regeneration in vivo. To directly address the role of muscle CNTFRα, we selectively-depleted it in vivo by using a "floxed" CNTFRα mouse line and a gene construct (mlc1f-Cre) that drives the expression of Cre specifically in skeletal muscle. The resulting mice were challenged with sciatic nerve crush. Counting of nerve axons and retrograde tracing of MNs indicated that muscle CNTFRα contributes to MN axonal regeneration across the lesion site. Walking track analysis indicated that muscle CNTFRα is also required for normal recovery of motor function. However, the same muscle CNTFRα depletion unexpectedly had no detected effect on the maintenance or regeneration of the muscle itself, even though exogenous CNTF has been shown to affect these functions. Similarly, MN survival and lesion-induced terminal sprouting were unaffected. Therefore, muscle CNTFRα is an interesting new example of a muscle growth factor receptor that, in vivo under physiological conditions, contributes much more to neuronal regeneration than to the maintenance or regeneration of the muscle itself. This novel form of muscle-neuron interaction also has implications in the therapeutic targeting of the neuromuscular system in MN disorders and following nerve injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 521: 2947-2965, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Lee
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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Hasenbein M, Werner I, Deanovic LA, Geist J, Fritsch EB, Javidmehr A, Foe C, Fangue NA, Connon RE. Transcriptomic profiling permits the identification of pollutant sources and effects in ambient water samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:688-698. [PMID: 24061060 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Contaminant exposure is one possible contributor to population declines of endangered fish species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California, including the endangered delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus). Herein we investigated transcriptional responses in larval delta smelt resulting from exposure to water samples collected at the Department of Water Resources Field Station at Hood, a site of concern, situated upstream of known delta smelt habitat and spawning sites and downstream of the Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant (SRWTP). Microarray assessments indicate impacts on energy metabolism, DNA repair mechanisms and RNA processing, the immune system, development and muscle function. Transcription responses of fish exposed to water samples from Hood were compared with exposures to 9% effluent samples from SRWTP, water from the Sacramento River at Garcia Bend (SRGB), upstream of the effluent discharge, and SRGB water spiked with 2mg/L total ammonium (9% effluent equivalent). Results indicate that transcriptomic profiles from Hood are similar to 9% SRWTP effluent and ammonium spiked SRGB water, but significantly different from SRGB. SRGB samples however were also significantly different from laboratory controls, suggesting that SRWTP effluent is not solely responsible for the responses determined at Hood, that ammonium exposure likely enhances the effect of multiple-contaminant exposures, and that the observed mortality at Hood is due to the combination of both effluent discharge and contaminants arising from upstream of the tested sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hasenbein
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Mühlenweg 22, D-85354 Freising, Germany; Department of Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Lu MC, Ho CY, Hsu SF, Lee HC, Lin JH, Yao CH, Chen YS. Effects of electrical stimulation at different frequencies on regeneration of transected peripheral nerve. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008; 22:367-73. [PMID: 18663248 DOI: 10.1177/1545968307313507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical stimulation of damaged peripheral nerve may aid regeneration. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether 1 mA of percutaneous electrical stimulation at 1, 2, 20, or 200 Hz augments regeneration between the proximal and distal nerve stumps. METHODS A10-mm gap was made in rat sciatic nerve by suturing the stumps into silicone rubber tubes. A control group received no stimulation. Starting 1 week after transection, electrical stimulation was applied between the cathode placed at the distal stump and the anode at the proximal stump every other day for 6 weeks. RESULTS Higher frequency stimulation led to less regeneration compared to lower frequencies. Quantitative histology of the successfully regenerated nerves revealed that the groups receiving electrical treatment, especially at 2 Hz, had a more mature structure with a smaller cross-sectional area, more myelinated fibers, higher axon density, and higher ratio of blood vessel to total nerve area compared with the controls. Electrophysiology showed significantly shorter latency, longer duration, and faster conduction velocity. CONCLUSION Electrical stimulation can have either a positive or negative impact on peripheral nerve regeneration. Clinical trials that combine stimulation with rehabilitation must determine the parameters that are most likely to be safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chin Lu
- School of Post Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Peripheral nerves are essential connections between the central nervous system and muscles, autonomic structures and sensory organs. Their injury is one of the major causes for severe and longstanding impairment in limb function. Acute peripheral nerve lesion has an important inflammatory component and is considered as ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Surgical repair has been the standard of care in peripheral nerve lesion. It has reached optimal technical development but the end results still remain unpredictable and complete functional recovery is rare. Nevertheless, nerve repair is not primarily a mechanical problem and microsurgery is not the only key to success. Lately, there have been efforts to develop alternatives to nerve graft. Work has been carried out in basal lamina scaffolds, biologic and non-biologic structures in combination with neurotrophic factors and/or Schwann cells, tissues, immunosuppressive agents, growth factors, cell transplantation, principles of artificial sensory function, gene technology, gangliosides, implantation of microchips, hormones, electromagnetic fields and hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO). HBO appears to be a beneficial adjunctive treatment for surgical repair in the acute peripheral nerve lesion, when used at lower pressures and in a timely fashion (<6 hours).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cuauhtemoc Sanchez
- Hyperbaric Medicine Department, Hospital Angeles del Pedregal, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
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Amr SM, Moharram AN, Abdel-Meguid KMS. Augmentation of partially regenerated nerves by end-to-side side-to-side grafting neurotization: experience based on eight late obstetric brachial plexus cases. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj 2006; 1:6. [PMID: 17147803 PMCID: PMC1764873 DOI: 10.1186/1749-7221-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of end-to-side neurotization of partially regenerated recipient nerves on improving motor power in late obstetric brachial plexus lesions, so-called nerve augmentation, was investigated. METHODS Eight cases aged 3-7 years were operated upon and followed up for 4 years (C5,6 rupture C7,8 T1 avulsion: 5; C5,6,7,8 rupture T1 avulsion: 1; C5,6,8 T1 rupture C7 avulsion: 1; C5,6,7 rupture C8 T1 compression: one 3 year presentation after former neurotization at 3 months). Grade 1-3 muscles were neurotized. Grade 0 muscles were neurotized, if the electromyogram showed scattered motor unit action potentials on voluntary contraction without interference pattern. Donor nerves included: the phrenic, accessory, descending and ascending loops of the ansa cervicalis, 3rd and 4th intercostals and contralateral C7. RESULTS Superior proximal to distal regeneration was observed firstly. Differential regeneration of muscles supplied by the same nerve was observed secondly (superior supraspinatus to infraspinatus regeneration). Differential regeneration of antagonistic muscles was observed thirdly (superior biceps to triceps and pronator teres to supinator recovery). Differential regeneration of fibres within the same muscle was observed fourthly (superior anterior and middle to posterior deltoid regeneration). Differential regeneration of muscles having different preoperative motor powers was noted fifthly; improvement to Grade 3 or more occurred more in Grade 2 than in Grade 0 or Grade 1 muscles. Improvements of cocontractions and of shoulder, forearm and wrist deformities were noted sixthly. The shoulder, elbow and hand scores improved in 4 cases. LIMITATIONS The sample size is small. Controls are necessary to rule out any natural improvement of the lesion. There is intra- and interobserver variability in testing muscle power and cocontractions. CONCLUSION Nerve augmentation improves cocontractions and muscle power in the biceps, pectoral muscles, supraspinatus, anterior and lateral deltoids, triceps and in Grade 2 or more forearm muscles. As it is less expected to improve infraspinatus power, it should be associated with a humeral derotation osteotomy and tendon transfer. Function to non improving Grade 0 or 1 forearm muscles should be restored by muscle transplantation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, prospective case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif M Amr
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf N Moharram
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kamal MS Abdel-Meguid
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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