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Massé K, Bhamra S, Paroissin C, Maneta-Peyret L, Boué-Grabot E, Jones EA. The enpp4 ectonucleotidase regulates kidney patterning signalling networks in Xenopus embryos. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1158. [PMID: 34620987 PMCID: PMC8497618 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The enpp ectonucleotidases regulate lipidic and purinergic signalling pathways by controlling the extracellular concentrations of purines and bioactive lipids. Although both pathways are key regulators of kidney physiology and linked to human renal pathologies, their roles during nephrogenesis remain poorly understood. We previously showed that the pronephros was a major site of enpp expression and now demonstrate an unsuspected role for the conserved vertebrate enpp4 protein during kidney formation in Xenopus. Enpp4 over-expression results in ectopic renal tissues and, on rare occasion, complete mini-duplication of the entire kidney. Enpp4 is required and sufficient for pronephric markers expression and regulates the expression of RA, Notch and Wnt pathway members. Enpp4 is a membrane protein that binds, without hydrolyzing, phosphatidylserine and its effects are mediated by the receptor s1pr5, although not via the generation of S1P. Finally, we propose a novel and non-catalytic mechanism by which lipidic signalling regulates nephrogenesis. Massé and colleagues identify enpp4 as a key regulator in the development of the kidney in Xenopus. The gene signalling pathways regulated by this ectonucleotidase are described and lipidic signalling regulatory mechanisms are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Massé
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, CV47AL, UK. .,Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Surinder Bhamra
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Christian Paroissin
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Laboratoire de Mathématiques et de leurs Applications-UMR CNRS 5142, 64013, Pau cedex, France
| | - Lilly Maneta-Peyret
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR 5200, F-33800, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
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Birgbauer E. Lysophosphatidic Acid Signalling in Nervous System Development and Function. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:68-85. [PMID: 33151452 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One class of molecules that are now coming to be recognized as essential for our understanding of the nervous system are the lysophospholipids. One of the major signaling lysophospholipids is lysophosphatidic acid, also known as LPA. LPA activates a variety of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) leading to a multitude of physiological responses. In this review, I describe our current understanding of the role of LPA and LPA receptor signaling in the development and function of the nervous system, especially the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, I highlight how aberrant LPA receptor signaling may underlie neuropathological conditions, with important clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Birgbauer
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, USA.
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3
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Genetic deletion of Autotaxin from CD11b+ cells decreases the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226050. [PMID: 32240164 PMCID: PMC7117669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D catalyzing the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth factor-like signaling lysophospholipid. ATX and LPA signaling have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of different chronic inflammatory diseases and various types of cancer. In this report, deregulated ATX and LPA levels were detected in the spinal cord and plasma of mice during the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Among the different sources of ATX expression in the inflamed spinal cord, F4/80+ CD11b+ cells, mostly activated macrophages and microglia, were found to express ATX, further suggesting an autocrine role for ATX/LPA in their activation, an EAE hallmark. Accordingly, ATX genetic deletion from CD11b+ cells attenuated the severity of EAE, thus proposing a pathogenic role for the ATX/LPA axis in neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Deregulated Lysophosphatidic Acid Metabolism and Signaling in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111626. [PMID: 31652837 PMCID: PMC6893780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to late diagnosis and scarcity of treatment options. The major risk factor for liver cancer is cirrhosis with the underlying causes of cirrhosis being viral infection (hepatitis B or C), metabolic deregulation (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the presence of obesity and diabetes), alcohol or cholestatic disorders. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid with numerous effects, most of them compatible with the hallmarks of cancer (proliferation, migration, invasion, survival, evasion of apoptosis, deregulated metabolism, neoangiogenesis, etc.). Autotaxin (ATX) is the enzyme responsible for the bulk of extracellular LPA production, and together with LPA signaling is involved in chronic inflammatory diseases, fibrosis and cancer. This review discusses the most important findings and the mechanisms related to ATX/LPA/LPAR involvement on metabolic, viral and cholestatic liver disorders and their progression to liver cancer in the context of human patients and mouse models. It focuses on the role of ATX/LPA in NAFLD development and its progression to liver cancer as NAFLD has an increasing incidence which is associated with the increasing incidence of liver cancer. Bearing in mind that adipose tissue accounts for the largest amount of LPA production, many studies have implicated LPA in adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation, liver steatosis, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and lipogenesis. At the same time, LPA and ATX play crucial roles in fibrotic diseases. Given that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually developed on the background of liver fibrosis, therapies that both delay the progression of fibrosis and prevent its development to malignancy would be very promising. Therefore, ATX/LPA signaling appears as an attractive therapeutic target as evidenced by the fact that it is involved in both liver fibrosis progression and liver cancer development.
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Magkrioti C, Galaris A, Kanellopoulou P, Stylianaki EA, Kaffe E, Aidinis V. Autotaxin and chronic inflammatory diseases. J Autoimmun 2019; 104:102327. [PMID: 31471142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein, widely present in biological fluids including blood. ATX catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth factor-like, signaling phospholipid. LPA exerts pleiotropic effects mediated by its G-protein-coupled receptors that are widely expressed and exhibit overlapping specificities. Although ATX also possesses matricellular properties, the majority of ATX reported functions in adulthood are thought to be mediated through the extracellular production of LPA. ATX-mediated LPA synthesis is likely localized at the cell surface through the possible interaction of ATX with integrins or other molecules, while LPA levels are further controlled by a group of membrane-associated lipid-phosphate phosphatases. ATX expression was shown to be necessary for embryonic development, and ATX deficient embryos exhibit defective vascular homeostasis and aberrant neuronal system development. In adult life, ATX is highly expressed in the adipose tissue and has been implicated in diet-induced obesity and glucose homeostasis with multiple implications in metabolic disorders. Additionally, LPA has been shown to affect multiple cell types, including stromal and immune cells in various ways. Therefore, LPA participates in many processes that are intricately involved in the pathogenesis of different chronic inflammatory diseases such as vascular homeostasis, skeletal and stromal remodeling, lymphocyte trafficking and immune regulation. Accordingly, increased ATX and LPA levels have been detected, locally and/or systemically, in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, most notably idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic liver diseases, and rheumatoid arthritis. Genetic and pharmacological studies in mice have confirmed a pathogenetic role for ATX expression and LPA signaling in chronic inflammatory diseases, and provided the proof of principle for therapeutic interventions, as exemplified by the ongoing clinical trials for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Apostolos Galaris
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Athens, Greece.
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Grković I, Drakulić D, Martinović J, Mitrović N. Role of Ectonucleotidases in Synapse Formation During Brain Development: Physiological and Pathological Implications. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:84-98. [PMID: 28521702 PMCID: PMC6341498 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170518151541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Extracellular adenine nucleotides and nucleosides, such as ATP and adenosine, are among the most recently identified and least investigated diffusible signaling factors that contribute to the structural and functional remodeling of the brain, both during embryonic and postnatal development. Their levels in the extracellular milieu are tightly controlled by various ectonucleotidases: ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (E-NPP), alkaline phosphatases (AP), ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (E-NTPDases) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (eN). Methods
Studies related to the expression patterns of ectonucleotidases and their known features during brain development are reviewed, highlighting involvement of these enzymes in synapse formation and maturation in physiological as well as in pathological states. Results
During brain development and in adulthood all ectonucleotidases have diverse expression pattern, cell specific localization and function. NPPs are expressed at early embryonic days, but the expression of NPP3 is reduced and restricted to ependymal area in adult brain. NTPDase2 is dominant ectonucleotidase existing in the progenitor cells as well as main astrocytic NTPDase in the adult brain, while NTPDase3 is fully expressed after third postnatal week, almost exclusively on varicose fibers. Specific brain AP is functionally associated with synapse formation and this enzyme is sufficient for adenosine production during neurite growth and peak of synaptogenesis. eN is transiently associated with synapses during synaptogenesis, however in adult brain it is more glial than neuronal enzyme. Conclusion
Control of extracellular adenine nucleotide levels by ectonucleotidases are important for understanding the role of purinergic signaling in developing tissues and potential targets in developmental disorders such as autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Grković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dunja Drakulić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Martinović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Mitrović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
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Shimada IS, Mukhopadhyay S. G-protein-coupled receptor signaling and neural tube closure defects. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:129-139. [PMID: 27731925 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the normal mechanisms that mediate neural tube closure can result in neural tube defects (NTDs) with devastating consequences in affected patients. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, we are increasingly detecting mutations in multiple genes in NTD cases. However, our ability to determine which of these genes contribute to the malformation is limited by our understanding of the pathways controlling neural tube closure. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of transmembrane receptors in humans and have been historically favored as drug targets. Recent studies implicate several GPCRs and downstream signaling pathways in neural tube development and closure. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of GPCR signaling pathways in pathogenesis of NTDs. Notable examples include the orphan primary cilia-localized GPCR, Gpr161 that regulates the basal suppression machinery of sonic hedgehog pathway by means of activation of cAMP-protein kinase A signaling in the neural tube, and protease-activated receptors that are activated by a local network of membrane-tethered proteases during neural tube closure involving the surface ectoderm. Understanding the role of these GPCR-regulated pathways in neural tube development and closure is essential toward identification of underlying genetic causes to prevent NTDs. Birth Defects Research 109:129-139, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei S Shimada
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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8
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Welsh TG, Kucenas S. Purinergic signaling in oligodendrocyte development and function. J Neurochem 2018; 145:6-18. [PMID: 29377124 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myelin, an insulating membrane that enables rapid action potential propagation, is an essential component of an efficient, functional vertebrate nervous system. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glia of the central nervous system (CNS), produce myelin throughout the CNS, which requires continuous proliferation, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Because myelination is essential for efficient neurotransmission, researchers hypothesize that neuronal signals may regulate the cascade of events necessary for this process. The ability of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to detect and respond to neuronal activity is becoming increasingly appreciated, although the specific signals involved are still a matter of debate. Recent evidence from multiple studies points to purinergic signaling as a potential regulator of oligodendrocyte development and differentiation. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its derivatives are potent signaling ligands with receptors expressed on many populations of cells in the nervous system, including cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Release of ATP into the extracellular space can initiate a multitude of signaling events, and these downstream signals are specific to the particular purinergic receptor (or receptors) expressed, and whether enzymes are present to hydrolyze ATP to its derivatives adenosine diphosphate and adenosine, each of which can activate their own unique downstream signaling cascades. This review will introduce purinergic signaling in the CNS and discuss evidence for its effects on oligodendrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and myelination. We will review sources of extracellular purines in the nervous system and how changes in purinergic receptor expression may be coupled to oligodendrocyte differentiation. We will also briefly discuss purinergic signaling in injury and diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor G Welsh
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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9
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Wheeler NA, Fuss B, Knapp PE, Zou S. HIV-1 Tat Inhibits Autotaxin Lysophospholipase D Activity and Modulates Oligodendrocyte Differentiation. ASN Neuro 2016; 8:8/5/1759091416669618. [PMID: 27659560 PMCID: PMC5036141 DOI: 10.1177/1759091416669618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter injury has been frequently reported in HIV+ patients. Previous studies showed that HIV-1 Tat (transactivator of transcription), a viral protein that is produced and secreted by HIV-infected cells, is toxic to young, immature oligodendrocytes (OLGs). Adding Tat to the culture medium reduced the viability of immature OLGs, and the surviving OLGs exhibited reduced process networks. OLGs produce and secrete autotaxin (ATX), an ecto-enzyme containing a lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity that converts lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a lipid signaling molecule that stimulates OLG differentiation. We hypothesized that Tat affects OLG development by interfering with the ATX-LPA signaling pathway. Our data show that Tat treatment leads to changes in the expression of OLG differentiation genes and the area of OLG process networks, both of which can be rescued by LPA. Tat-treated OLGs showed no change in LPA receptor expression but significantly decreased extracellular ATX levels and lysoPLD activity. In Tat transgenic mice, expression of Tat in vivo leads to decreased OLG ATX secretion. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed a potential physical interaction between Tat and ATX. Together, these data strongly suggest two functional implications of Tat blocking ATX’s lysoPLD activity. On one hand, it attenuates OLG differentiation, and on the other hand it interferes with the protective effects of LPA on OLG process morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Wheeler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - ShiPing Zou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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Federico L, Jeong KJ, Vellano CP, Mills GB. Autotaxin, a lysophospholipase D with pleomorphic effects in oncogenesis and cancer progression. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:25-35. [PMID: 25977291 PMCID: PMC4689343 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r060020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase type 2, more commonly known as autotaxin (ATX), is an ecto-lysophospholipase D encoded by the human ENNP2 gene. ATX is expressed in multiple tissues and participates in numerous key physiologic and pathologic processes, including neural development, obesity, inflammation, and oncogenesis, through the generation of the bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid. Overwhelming evidence indicates that altered ATX activity leads to oncogenesis and cancer progression through the modulation of multiple hallmarks of cancer pathobiology. Here, we review the structural and catalytic characteristics of the ectoenzyme, how its expression and maturation processes are regulated, and how the systemic integration of its pleomorphic effects on cells and tissues may contribute to cancer initiation, progression, and therapy. Additionally, the up-to-date spectrum of the most frequent ATX genomic alterations from The Cancer Genome Atlas project is reported for a subset of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Federico
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kang Jin Jeong
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher P Vellano
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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The Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid Axis Modulates Histone Acetylation and Gene Expression during Oligodendrocyte Differentiation. J Neurosci 2015; 35:11399-414. [PMID: 26269646 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0345-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED During development, oligodendrocytes (OLGs), the myelinating cells of the CNS, undergo a stepwise progression during which OLG progenitors, specified from neural stem/progenitor cells, differentiate into fully mature myelinating OLGs. This progression along the OLG lineage is characterized by well synchronized changes in morphology and gene expression patterns. The latter have been found to be particularly critical during the early stages of the lineage, and they have been well described to be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, especially by the activity of the histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2. The data presented here identify the extracellular factor autotaxin (ATX) as a novel upstream signal modulating HDAC1/2 activity and gene expression in cells of the OLG lineage. Using the zebrafish as an in vivo model system as well as rodent primary OLG cultures, this functional property of ATX was found to be mediated by its lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity, which has been well characterized to generate the lipid signaling molecule lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). More specifically, the lysoPLD activity of ATX was found to modulate HDAC1/2 regulated gene expression during a time window coinciding with the transition from OLG progenitor to early differentiating OLG. In contrast, HDAC1/2 regulated gene expression during the transition from neural stem/progenitor to OLG progenitor appeared unaffected by ATX and its lysoPLD activity. Thus, together, our data suggest that an ATX-LPA-HDAC1/2 axis regulates OLG differentiation specifically during the transition from OLG progenitor to early differentiating OLG and via a molecular mechanism that is evolutionarily conserved from at least zebrafish to rodent. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The formation of the axon insulating and supporting myelin sheath by differentiating oligodendrocytes (OLGs) in the CNS is considered an essential step during vertebrate development. In addition, loss and/or dysfunction of the myelin sheath has been associated with a variety of neurologic diseases in which repair is limited, despite the presence of progenitor cells with the potential to differentiate into myelinating OLGs. This study characterizes the autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid signaling axis as a modulator of OLG differentiation in vivo in the developing zebrafish and in vitro in rodent OLGs in culture. These findings provide novel insight into the regulation of developmental myelination, and they are likely to lead to advancing studies related to the stimulation of myelin repair under pathologic conditions.
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12
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The role and therapeutic potential of the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate signalling axis in breast cancer. Biochem J 2014; 463:157-65. [PMID: 25195735 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ATX (autotaxin) is a secreted lysophospholipase capable of catalysing the formation of the bioactive lipid mediator LPA (lysophosphatidate) from LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine). The ATX-LPA signalling axis plays an important role in both normal physiology and disease pathogenesis, including cancer. In a number of different human cancers, expression of ATX and the G-protein-coupled LPARs (lysophosphatidic acid receptors) have been shown to be elevated and their activation regulates many processes central to tumorigenesis, including proliferation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis. The present review provides an overview of the ATX-LPA signalling axis and collates current knowledge regarding its specific role in breast cancer. The potential manipulation of this pathway to facilitate diagnosis and treatment is also discussed.
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Autotaxin in the crosshairs: taking aim at cancer and other inflammatory conditions. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2712-27. [PMID: 24560789 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin is a secreted enzyme that produces most of the extracellular lysophosphatidate from lysophosphatidylcholine, the most abundant phospholipid in blood plasma. Lysophosphatidate mediates many physiological and pathological processes by signaling through at least six G-protein coupled receptors to promote cell survival, proliferation and migration. The autotaxin/lysophosphatidate signaling axis is involved in wound healing and tissue remodeling, and it drives many chronic inflammatory conditions from fibrosis to colitis, asthma and cancer. In cancer, lysophosphatidate signaling promotes resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and increases both angiogenesis and metastasis. Research into autotaxin inhibitors is accelerating, both as primary and adjuvant therapy. Historically, autotaxin inhibitors had poor bioavailability profiles and thus had limited efficacy in vivo. This situation is now changing, especially since the recent crystal structure of autotaxin is now enabling rational inhibitor design. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on autotaxin-mediated disease processes including cancer, and discuss recent advancements in the development of autotaxin-targeting strategies. We will also provide new insights into autotaxin as an inflammatory mediator in the tumor microenvironment that promotes cancer progression and therapy resistance.
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Significance of autotaxin activity and overexpression in comparison to soluble intercellular adhesion molecule in thyroid cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2013; 28:84-91. [PMID: 23558934 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2013.10780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of autotaxin (ATX) activity and gene expression compared to soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in thyroid carcinoma.
PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-five patients with thyroid swelling were included. There were 20 cases of simple multinodular goiter (group I), 15 cases of follicular adenoma (group II) and 30 cases of thyroid cancer (group III). Group III was further subdivided into negative and positive lymph nodes (group IIIa and IIIb; 22 and 8 cases, respectively). sICAM-1 concentration and ATX activity were measured using colorimetric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while ATX gene expression was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
RESULTS sICAM-1 level, ATX activity and gene expression were significantly elevated in patients with thyroid carcinoma compared to other groups. The ATX activity showed significantly higher sensitivity and specificity than sICAM-1 (100% and 97.1% vs 93.3% and 88.6%, respectively). Both sICAM-1 and ATX values were significantly higher in patients with positive lymph nodes compared to those without lymph node involvement (p<0.001). Higher levels of ATX activity and gene expression were significantly correlated with larger tumor size and undifferentiated pathological subtype in thyroid carcinoma. In this respect, ATX was superior to sICAM-1.
CONCLUSION Our data suggest that ATX activity and gene expression are reliable diagnostic and prognostic tools in thyroid carcinoma compared to sICAM-1.
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15
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Zimmermann H, Zebisch M, Sträter N. Cellular function and molecular structure of ecto-nucleotidases. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:437-502. [PMID: 22555564 PMCID: PMC3360096 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 763] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotidases play a pivotal role in purinergic signal transmission. They hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides and thus can control their availability at purinergic P2 receptors. They generate extracellular nucleosides for cellular reuptake and salvage via nucleoside transporters of the plasma membrane. The extracellular adenosine formed acts as an agonist of purinergic P1 receptors. They also can produce and hydrolyze extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate that is of major relevance in the control of bone mineralization. This review discusses and compares four major groups of ecto-nucleotidases: the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, ecto-5'-nucleotidase, ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases, and alkaline phosphatases. Only recently and based on crystal structures, detailed information regarding the spatial structures and catalytic mechanisms has become available for members of these four ecto-nucleotidase families. This permits detailed predictions of their catalytic mechanisms and a comparison between the individual enzyme groups. The review focuses on the principal biochemical, cell biological, catalytic, and structural properties of the enzymes and provides brief reference to tissue distribution, and physiological and pathophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Biologicum, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Colognato H, Tzvetanova ID. Glia unglued: how signals from the extracellular matrix regulate the development of myelinating glia. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 71:924-55. [PMID: 21834081 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The health and function of the nervous system relies on glial cells that ensheath neuronal axons with a specialized plasma membrane termed myelin. The molecular mechanisms by which glial cells target and enwrap axons with myelin are only beginning to be elucidated, yet several studies have implicated extracellular matrix proteins and their receptors as being important extrinsic regulators. This review provides an overview of the extracellular matrix proteins and their receptors that regulate multiple steps in the cellular development of Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glia of the PNS and CNS, respectively, as well as in the construction and maintenance of the myelin sheath itself. The first part describes the relevant cellular events that are influenced by particular extracellular matrix proteins and receptors, including laminins, collagens, integrins, and dystroglycan. The second part describes the signaling pathways and effector molecules that have been demonstrated to be downstream of Schwann cell and oligodendroglial extracellular matrix receptors, including FAK, small Rho GTPases, ILK, and the PI3K/Akt pathway, and the roles that have been ascribed to these signaling mediators. Throughout, we emphasize the concept of extracellular matrix proteins as environmental sensors that act to integrate, or match, cellular responses, in particular to those downstream of growth factors, to appropriate matrix attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Colognato
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
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Goldshmit Y, Matteo R, Sztal T, Ellett F, Frisca F, Moreno K, Crombie D, Lieschke GJ, Currie PD, Sabbadini RA, Pébay A. Blockage of lysophosphatidic acid signaling improves spinal cord injury outcomes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:978-92. [PMID: 22819724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests a proinflammatory role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in various pathologic abnormalities, including in the central nervous system. Herein, we describe LPA as an important mediator of inflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI) in zebrafish and mice. Furthermore, we describe a novel monoclonal blocking antibody raised against LPA that potently inhibits LPA's effect in vitro and in vivo. This antibody, B3, specifically binds LPA, prevents it from interacting with its complement of receptors, and blocks LPA's effects on the neuronal differentiation of human neural stem/progenitor cells, demonstrating its specificity toward LPA signaling. When administered systemically to mice subjected to SCI, B3 substantially reduced glial inflammation and neuronal death. B3-treated animals demonstrated significantly more neuronal survival upstream of the lesion site, with some functional improvement. This study describes the use of anti-LPA monoclonal antibody as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of SCI.
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Bekele RT, Brindley DN. Role of autotaxin and lysophosphatidate in cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Neuron-astroglial interactions in cell-fate commitment and maturation in the central nervous system. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2402-18. [PMID: 22614925 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuron-astroglia interactions play a key role in several events of brain development, such as neuronal generation, migration, survival, and differentiation; axonal growth; and synapse formation and function. While there is compelling evidence of the effects of astrocyte factors on neurons, their effects on astrocytes have not been fully determined. In this review, we will focus on the role of neurons in astrocyte generation and maturation. Further, we highlight the great heterogeneity and diversity of astroglial and neural progenitors such as radial glia cells, and discuss the importance of the variety of cellular interactions in controlling the structural and functional organization of the brain. Finally, we present recent data on a new role of astrocytes in neuronal maturation, as mediators of the action of biolipids in the cerebral cortex. We will argue that the functional architecture of the brain depends on an intimate neuron-glia partnership, by briefly discussing the emerging view of how neuron-astrocyte dysfunctions might be associated with neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders.
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20
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López-Juárez A, Morales-Lázaro S, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Sunkara M, Lomelí H, Velasco I, Morris AJ, Escalante-Alcalde D. Expression of LPP3 in Bergmann glia is required for proper cerebellar sphingosine-1-phosphate metabolism/signaling and development. Glia 2011; 59:577-89. [PMID: 21319224 PMCID: PMC3196773 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive lipids serve as intracellular and extracellular mediators in cell signaling in normal and pathological conditions. Here we describe that an important regulator of some of these lipids, the lipid phosphate phosphatase-3 (LPP3), is abundantly expressed in specific plasma membrane domains of Bergmann glia (BG), a specialized type of astrocyte with key roles in cerebellum development and physiology. Mice selectively lacking expression of LPP3/Ppap2b in the nervous system are viable and fertile but exhibit defects in postnatal cerebellum development and modifications in the cytoarchitecture and arrangement of BG with a mild non-progressive motor coordination defect. Lipid and gene profiling studies in combination with pharmacological treatments suggest that most of these effects are associated with alterations in sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) metabolism and signaling. Altogether our data indicate that LPP3 participates in several aspects of neuron-glia communication required for proper cerebellum development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Juárez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Sara Morales-Lázaro
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | | | - Hilda Lomelí
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | | | - Diana Escalante-Alcalde
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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21
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Frugier T, Crombie D, Conquest A, Tjhong F, Taylor C, Kulkarni T, McLean C, Pébay A. Modulation of LPA Receptor Expression in the Human Brain Following Neurotrauma. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:569-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Tigyi G. Aiming drug discovery at lysophosphatidic acid targets. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:241-70. [PMID: 20735414 PMCID: PMC2989581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1-radyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate) is the prototype member of a family of lipid mediators and second messengers. LPA and its naturally occurring analogues interact with G protein-coupled receptors on the cell surface and a nuclear hormone receptor within the cell. In addition, there are several enzymes that utilize LPA as a substrate or generate it as a product and are under its regulatory control. LPA is present in biological fluids, and attempts have been made to link changes in its concentration and molecular composition to specific disease conditions. Through their many targets, members of the LPA family regulate cell survival, apoptosis, motility, shape, differentiation, gene transcription, malignant transformation and more. The present review depicts arbitrary aspects of the physiological and pathophysiological actions of LPA and attempts to link them with select targets. Many of us are now convinced that therapies targeting LPA biosynthesis and signalling are feasible for the treatment of devastating human diseases such as cancer, fibrosis and degenerative conditions. However, successful targeting of the pathways associated with this pleiotropic lipid will depend on the future development of as yet undeveloped pharmacons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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23
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Samadi N, Bekele R, Capatos D, Venkatraman G, Sariahmetoglu M, Brindley DN. Regulation of lysophosphatidate signaling by autotaxin and lipid phosphate phosphatases with respect to tumor progression, angiogenesis, metastasis and chemo-resistance. Biochimie 2010; 93:61-70. [PMID: 20709140 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from clinical, animal and cell culture studies demonstrates that increased autotaxin (ATX) expression is responsible for enhancing tumor progression, cell migration, metastases, angiogenesis and chemo-resistance. These effects depend mainly on the rapid formation of lysophosphatidate (LPA) by ATX. Circulating LPA has a half-life of about 3 min in mice and it is degraded by the ecto-activities of lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). These enzymes also hydrolyze extracellular sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a potent signal for cell division, survival and angiogenesis. Many aggressive tumor cells express high ATX levels and low LPP activities. This favors the formation of locally high LPA and S1P concentrations. Furthermore, LPPs attenuate signaling downstream of the activation of G-protein coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Therefore, we propose that the low expression of LPPs in many tumor cells makes them hypersensitive to growth promoting and survival signals that are provided by LPA, S1P, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). One of the key signaling pathways in this respect appears to be activation of phospholipase D (PLD) and phosphatidate (PA) production. This is required for the transactivations of the EGFR and PDGFR and also for LPA-induced cell migration. PA also increases the activities of ERK, mTOR, myc and sphingosine kinase-1 (SK-1), which provide individual signals for cells division, survival, chemo-resistance and angiogenesis. This review focuses on the balance of signaling by bioactive lipids including LPA, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, PA and S1P versus the action of ceramides. We will discuss how these lipid mediators interact to produce an aggressive neoplastic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Samadi
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2S2 Alberta, Canada
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24
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Wu JM, Xu Y, Skill NJ, Sheng H, Zhao Z, Yu M, Saxena R, Maluccio MA. Autotaxin expression and its connection with the TNF-alpha-NF-kappaB axis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:71. [PMID: 20356387 PMCID: PMC2867819 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autotaxin (ATX) is an extracellular lysophospholipase D that generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Both ATX and LPA have been shown to be involved in many cancers. However, the functional role of ATX and the regulation of ATX expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain elusive. RESULTS In this study, ATX expression was evaluated in tissues from 38 human HCC and 10 normal control subjects. ATX was detected mainly in tumor cells within tissue sections and its over-expression in HCC was specifically correlated with inflammation and liver cirrhosis. In addition, ATX expression was examined in normal human hepatocytes and liver cancer cell lines. Hepatoma Hep3B and Huh7 cells displayed stronger ATX expression than hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells and normal hepatocytes did. Proinflammtory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) promoted ATX expression and secretion selectively in Hep3B and Huh7 cells, which led to a corresponding increase in lysophospholipase-D activity. Moreover, we explored the mechanism governing the expression of ATX in hepatoma cells and established a critical role of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) in basal and TNF-alpha induced ATX expression. Further study showed that secreted enzymatically active ATX stimulated Hep3B cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS This report highlights for the first time the clinical and biological evidence for the involvement of ATX in human HCC. Our observation that links the TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB axis and the ATX-LPA signaling pathway suggests that ATX is likely playing an important role in inflammation related liver tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Wu
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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25
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Birgbauer E, Chun J. Lysophospholipid receptors LPA 1-3 are not required for the inhibitory effects of LPA on mouse retinal growth cones. Eye Brain 2010; 2:1-13. [PMID: 26966392 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s7666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major requirements in the development of the visual system is axonal guidance of retinal ganglion cells toward correct targets in the brain. A novel class of extracellular lipid signaling molecules, lysophospholipids, may serve as potential axon guidance cues. They signal through cognate G protein-coupled receptors, at least some of which are expressed in the visual system. Here we show that in the mouse visual system, a lysophospholipid known as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is inhibitory to retinal neurites in vitro when delivered extracellularly, causing growth cone collapse and neurite retraction. This inhibitory effect of LPA is both active in the nanomolar range and specific compared to the related lysophospholipid, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Knockout mice lacking three of the five known LPA receptors, LPA1-3, continue to display retinal growth cone collapse and neurite retraction in response to LPA, demonstrating that these three receptors are not required for these inhibitory effects and indicating the existence of one or more functional LPA receptors expressed on mouse retinal neurites that can mediate neurite retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Birgbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Helen L Dorris Institute for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Helen L Dorris Institute for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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26
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Teodorczyk M, Martin-Villalba A. Sensing invasion: cell surface receptors driving spreading of glioblastoma. J Cell Physiol 2009; 222:1-10. [PMID: 19688773 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumour in adults. One main source of its high malignancy is the invasion of isolated tumour cells into the surrounding parenchyma, which makes surgical resection an insufficient therapy in nearly all cases. The invasion is triggered by several cell surface receptors including receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), TGF-beta receptor, integrins, immunoglobulins, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family, cytokine receptors, and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptors. The cross-talk between cell-surface receptors and the redundancy of downstream effectors make analysis of invasive signals even more complex. Therapies involving inhibition of single receptors do not give promising outcomes and a thorough knowledge of invasive signals of common and exclusive signalling components is required for design of best combinatory treatment schemes to fight the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Teodorczyk
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Gaetano CG, Samadi N, Tomsig JL, Macdonald TL, Lynch KR, Brindley DN. Inhibition of autotaxin production or activity blocks lysophosphatidylcholine-induced migration of human breast cancer and melanoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2009; 48:801-9. [PMID: 19204929 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of autotaxin in tumors including glioblastoma, breast, renal, ovarian, lung, and thyroid cancers is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness. Autotaxin promotes metastasis as well as cell growth, survival, and migration of cancer cells. These actions could depend on the noncatalytic effects of autotaxin on cell adhesion, or the catalytic activity of autotaxin, which converts lysophosphatidylcholine into lysophosphatidate in the extracellular fluid surrounding the tumor. Both lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lysophosphatidate have been reported to stimulate migration through their respective G-protein coupled receptors. The present study determines the roles of autotaxin, LPC, and lysophosphatidate in controlling the migration of two cancer cell lines: MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, which produce little autotaxin and MDA-MB-435 melanoma cells that secrete significant levels of autotaxin. LPC alone was unable to stimulate the migration of either cell type unless autotaxin was present. Knocking down autotaxin secretion, or inhibiting its catalytic activity, blocked cell migration by preventing lysophosphatidate production and the subsequent activation of LPA(1/3) receptors. We conclude that inhibiting autotaxin production or activity could provide a beneficial adjuvant to chemotherapy for preventing tumor growth and metastasis in patients with high autotaxin expression in their tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristoforo G Gaetano
- Department of Biochemistry, Signal Transduction Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
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Abstract
Autotaxin is a protein of approximately 900 amino acids discovered in the early 1990s. Over the past 15 years, a strong association between cancer cells and autotaxin production has been observed. Recent publications indicate that autotaxin and the capacity of cancer to metastasise are intimately linked. The discovery of new molecular targets in pharmacology is a mixture of pure luck, hard work and industrial strategy. Despite a crucial and desperate need for new therapeutic tools, many targets are approached in oncology, but only a few are validated and end up at the patient bed. Outside the busy domain of kinases, few targets have been discovered that can be useful in treating cancer, particularly metastatic processes. The fortuitous relationship between autotaxin and lysophosphatidic acid renders the results of observations made in the diabetes/obesity context considerably important. The literature provides observations that may aid in redesigning experiments to validate autotaxin as a potential oncology target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Boutin
- Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
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29
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Autotaxin protects MCF-7 breast cancer and MDA-MB-435 melanoma cells against Taxol-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 2008; 28:1028-39. [PMID: 19079345 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) promotes cancer cell survival, growth, migration, invasion and metastasis. ATX converts extracellular lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into lysophosphatidate (LPA). As these lipids have been reported to affect cell signaling through their own G-protein-coupled receptors, ATX could modify the balance of this signaling. Also, ATX affects cell adhesion independently of its catalytic activity. We investigated the interactions of ATX, LPC and LPA on the apoptotic effects of Taxol, which is commonly used in breast cancer treatment. LPC had no significant effect on Taxol-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, which do not secrete significant ATX. Addition of incubation medium from MDA-MB-435 melanoma cells, which secrete ATX, or recombinat ATX enabled LPC to inhibit Taxol-induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. Inhibiting ATX activity blocked this protection against apoptosis. We conclude that LPC has no significant effect in protecting MCF-7 cells against Taxol treatment unless it is converted to LPA by ATX. LPA strongly antagonized Taxol-induced apoptosis through stimulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and inhibiting ceramide formation. LPA also partially reversed the Taxol-induced arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Our results support the hypothesis that therapeutic inhibition of ATX activity could improve the efficacy of Taxol as a chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
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Yuelling LM, Fuss B. Autotaxin (ATX): a multi-functional and multi-modular protein possessing enzymatic lysoPLD activity and matricellular properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1781:525-30. [PMID: 18485925 PMCID: PMC2564869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have established that autotaxin (ATX), also known as phosphodiesterase Ialpha/autotaxin (PD-Ialpha/ATX) or (ecto)nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 [(E)NPP2], represents a multi-functional and multi-modular protein. ATX was initially thought to function exclusively as a phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase. However, it has become apparent that this enzymatically active site, which is ultimately responsible for ATX's originally discovered property of tumor cell motility stimulation, mediates the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). In addition, a separate functionally active domain, here referred to as the Modulator of Oligodendrocyte Remodeling and Focal adhesion Organization (MORFO) domain, was discovered in studies analyzing the role of ATX during the differentiation of myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), namely oligodendrocytes. This novel domain was found to mediate anti-adhesive, i.e. matricellular, properties and to promote morphological maturation of oligodendrocytes. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of ATX's structure-function domains and discuss their contribution to the presently known main functional roles of ATX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larra M Yuelling
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Nogaroli L, Yuelling LM, Dennis J, Gorse K, Payne SG, Fuss B. Lysophosphatidic acid can support the formation of membranous structures and an increase in MBP mRNA levels in differentiating oligodendrocytes. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:182-93. [PMID: 18594965 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During development, differentiating oligodendrocytes progress in distinct maturation steps from premyelinating to myelinating cells. Such maturing oligodendrocytes express both the receptors mediating signaling via extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and the major enzyme generating extracellular LPA, namely phosphodiesterase-Ialpha/autotaxin (PD-Ialpha/ATX). However, the biological role of extracellular LPA during the maturation of differentiating oligodendrocytes is currently unclear. Here, we demonstrate that application of exogenous LPA induced an increase in the area occupied by the oligodendrocytes' process network, but only when PD-Ialpha/ATX expression was down-regulated. This increase in network area was caused primarily by the formation of membranous structures. In addition, LPA increased the number of cells positive for myelin basic protein (MBP). This effect was associated by an increase in the mRNA levels coding for MBP but not myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Taken together, these data suggest that LPA may play a crucial role in regulating the later stages of oligodendrocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Nogaroli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Giganti A, Rodriguez M, Fould B, Moulharat N, Cogé F, Chomarat P, Galizzi JP, Valet P, Saulnier-Blache JS, Boutin JA, Ferry G. Murine and human autotaxin alpha, beta, and gamma isoforms: gene organization, tissue distribution, and biochemical characterization. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:7776-89. [PMID: 18175805 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708705200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin is a type II ectonucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase enzyme. It has been recently discovered that it also has a lysophospholipase D activity. This enzyme probably provides most of the extracellular lysophosphatidic acid from lysophosphatidylcholine. The cloning and tissue distribution of the three isoforms (imaginatively called alpha, beta, and gamma) from human and mouse are reported in this study, as well as their tissue distribution by PCR in the human and mouse. The fate of the alpha isoform from human was also studied after purification and using mass spectrometry. Indeed, this particular isoform expresses the intron 12 in which a cleavage site is present, leading to a rapid catabolism of the isoform. For the human isoform gamma and the total autotaxin mRNA expression, quantitative PCR is presented in 21 tissues. The isoforms were expressed in two different hosts, insect cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells, and were highly purified. The characteristics of the six purified isoforms (pH and temperature dependence, K(m) and V(max) values, and their dependence on metal ions) are presented in this study. Their sensitivity to a small molecule inhibitor, hypericin, is also shown. Finally, the specificity of the isoforms toward a large family of lysophosphatidylcholines is reported. This study is the first complete description of the reported autotaxin isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Giganti
- Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Dennis J, White MA, Forrest AD, Yuelling LM, Nogaroli L, Afshari FS, Fox MA, Fuss B. Phosphodiesterase-Ialpha/autotaxin's MORFO domain regulates oligodendroglial process network formation and focal adhesion organization. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 37:412-24. [PMID: 18164210 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a complex process network by maturing oligodendrocytes is a critical but currently poorly characterized step toward myelination. Here, we demonstrate that the matricellular oligodendrocyte-derived protein phosphodiesterase-Ialpha/autotaxin (PD-Ialpha/ATX) and especially its MORFO domain are able to promote this developmental step. In particular, the single EF hand-like motif located within PD-Ialpha/ATX's MORFO domain was found to stimulate the outgrowth of higher order branches but not process elongation. This motif was also observed to be critical for the stimulatory effect of PD-Ialpha/ATX's MORFO domain on the reorganization of focal adhesions located at the leading edge of oligodendroglial protrusions. Collectively, our data suggest that PD-Ialpha/ATX promotes oligodendroglial process network formation and expansion via the cooperative action of multiple functional sites located within the MORFO domain and more specifically, a novel signaling pathway mediated by the single EF hand-like motif and regulating the correlated events of process outgrowth and focal adhesion organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel Dennis
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Hoelzinger DB, Nakada M, Demuth T, Rosensteel T, Reavie LB, Berens ME. Autotaxin: a secreted autocrine/paracrine factor that promotes glioma invasion. J Neurooncol 2007; 86:297-309. [PMID: 17928955 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-007-9480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is inherently invasive, and it is from the invasive cell population that the tumor recurs. The GBM invasion transcriptome reveals over-expression of various autocrine factors that could act as motility drivers, such as autotaxin (ATX). Some of these factors could also have paracrine roles, modulating the behavior of cells in the peri-tumoral brain parenchyma. ATX generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which signals through LPA receptors expressed by GBM as well as in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes (ODC) and microglia; their activation manifest cell specific effects. ATX stimulates invasion of GBM cells in vitro and ex vivo invasion assays. ATX activity enhances GBM adhesion in cells expressing the LPA1 receptor, as well as stimulating rac activation. GBM secreted ATX can also have paracrine effects: ATX activity results in reduced ODC adhesion. ODC monolayer invasion showed that U87 and U251 GBM cells expressing ATX invaded through an ODC monolayer significantly more than cells depleted of ATX or cells expressing inactive ATX, suggesting that GBM cells secreting ATX find ODCs less of a barrier than cells that do not express ATX. Secreted factors that drive GBM invasion can have autocrine and paracrine roles; one stimulates GBM motility and the other results in ODC dis-adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique B Hoelzinger
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 North 5th Street, 5th floor, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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Ohuchi H, Hayashibara Y, Hayashibaral Y, Matsuda H, Onoi M, Mitsumori M, Tanaka M, Aoki J, Arai H, Noji S. Diversified expression patterns of autotaxin, a gene for phospholipid-generating enzyme during mouse and chicken development. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:1134-43. [PMID: 17366625 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), or nucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 2, is a secreted lysophospholipase D that generates bioactive phospholipids that act on G protein-coupled receptors. Here we show the expression patterns of the ATX gene in mouse and chicken embryos. ATX has a dynamic spatial and temporal expression pattern in both species and the expression domains during neural development are quite distinct from each other. Murine ATX (mATX) is expressed immediately rostral to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, whereas chicken ATX (cATX) is expressed in the diencephalon and later in the parencephalon-synencephalon boundary. In the neural tube, cATX is expressed in the alar plate in contrast to mATX in the floor plate. ATX is also expressed in the hindbrain and various organ primordia such as face anlagen and skin appendages of the mouse and chicken. These results suggest conserved and non-conserved roles for ATX during neural development and organogenesis in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
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Davies B, Behnen M, Cappallo-Obermann H, Spiess AN, Theuring F, Kirchhoff C. Novel epididymis-specific mRNAs downregulated by HE6/Gpr64 receptor gene disruption. Mol Reprod Dev 2007; 74:539-53. [PMID: 17034053 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Targeted disruption of the epididymis-specific HE6/Gpr64 receptor gene in mice led to male infertility. In order to characterize the phenotype at a molecular level, we compared the gene expression patterns of wild type (wt) versus knockout (KO) caput epididymides. The caput region of KO males, although morphologically normal, nevertheless showed an aberrant expression pattern. Combining micro array analysis, differential library screening, Northern blot analysis and quantitative RT-PCR, we found that the knockout of the HE6/Gpr64 receptor was mainly associated with the downregulation of genes specific to the initial segment. The list of KO downregulated transcripts comprised Enpp2/autotaxin, the lipocalins 8 and 9, the beta-defensin Defb42, cystatins 8 and 12, as well as the membrane proteins Adam (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease) 28, claudin-10, EAAC1, and the novel Me9. Clusterin/ApoJ and osteopontin/Spp1 mRNAs, on the other hand, were upregulated in the KO tissues. The Me9 transcript was studied in further detail, and we report here a cluster of related epididymis-specific genes. Me9 is specifically expressed in the initial segment and is representative of a novel and highly conserved mammalian gene family. The family consists of single-exon genes only; intron-containing paralogs have not yet been ascertained. The cloned cDNA sequences predicted hydrophobic polytopic membrane proteins containing the DUF716 motif. Protein expression was shown in the rodent caput epididymidis but remained uncertain in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Davies
- CCR Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charite-University Medicine, Berlin, and IHF Institute for Hormone and Fertility Research, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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van Meeteren LA, Ruurs P, Stortelers C, Bouwman P, van Rooijen MA, Pradère JP, Pettit TR, Wakelam MJO, Saulnier-Blache JS, Mummery CL, Moolenaar WH, Jonkers J. Autotaxin, a secreted lysophospholipase D, is essential for blood vessel formation during development. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:5015-22. [PMID: 16782887 PMCID: PMC1489177 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02419-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), or nucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 2, is a secreted lysophospholipase D that promotes cell migration, metastasis, and angiogenesis. ATX generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a lipid mitogen and motility factor that acts on several G protein-coupled receptors. Here we report that ATX-deficient mice die at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) with profound vascular defects in yolk sac and embryo resembling the Galpha13 knockout phenotype. Furthermore, at E8.5, ATX-deficient embryos showed allantois malformation, neural tube defects, and asymmetric headfolds. The onset of these abnormalities coincided with increased expression of ATX and LPA receptors in normal embryos. ATX heterozygous mice appear healthy but show half-normal ATX activity and plasma LPA levels. Our results reveal a critical role for ATX in vascular development, indicate that ATX is the major LPA-producing enzyme in vivo, and suggest that the vascular defects in ATX-deficient embryos may be explained by loss of LPA signaling through Galpha13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens A van Meeteren
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zimmermann H. Nucleotide signaling in nervous system development. Pflugers Arch 2006; 452:573-88. [PMID: 16639549 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-006-0067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of the nervous system requires complex series of cellular programming and intercellular communication events that lead from the early neural induction to the formation of a highly structured central and peripheral nervous system. Neurogenesis continuously takes place also in select regions of the adult mammalian brain. During the past years, a multiplicity of cellular control mechanisms has been identified, ranging from differential transcriptional mediators to inducers or inhibitors of cell specification or neurite outgrowth. While the identification of transcription factors typical for the stage-specific progression has been a topic of key interest for many years, less is known concerning the potential multiplicity of relevant intercellular signaling pathways and the fine tuning of epigenetic gene regulation. Nucleotide receptors can induce a multiplicity of cellular signaling pathways and are involved in multiple molecular interactions, thus opening the possibility of cross talk between several signaling pathways, including growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix components. An increasing number of studies provides evidence for a role of nucleotide signaling in nervous system development. This includes progenitor cell proliferation, cell migration, neuronal and glial cellular interaction and differentiation, and synaptic network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Institut fuer Zellbiologie und Neurowissenschaft, Biozentrum der J.W. Goethe-Universitaet, Max-von-Lane-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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