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Rezaul Islam M, Akash S, Murshedul Islam M, Sarkar N, Kumer A, Chakraborty S, Dhama K, Ahmed Al-Shaeri M, Anwar Y, Wilairatana P, Rauf A, Halawani IF, Alzahrani FM, Khan H. Alkaloids as drug leads in Alzheimer's treatment: Mechanistic and therapeutic insights. Brain Res 2024; 1834:148886. [PMID: 38582413 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has few effective treatment options and continues to be a major global health concern. AD is a neurodegenerative disease that typically affects elderly people. Alkaloids have potential sources for novel drug discovery due to their diverse chemical structures and pharmacological activities. Alkaloids, natural products with heterocyclic nitrogen-containing structures, are considered potential treatments for AD. This review explores the neuroprotective properties of alkaloids in AD, focusing on their ability to regulate pathways such as amyloid-beta aggregation, oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. The FDA has approved alkaloids such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like galantamine and rivastigmine. This article explores AD's origins, current market medications, and clinical applications of alkaloids in AD therapy. This review explores the development of alkaloid-based drugs for AD, focusing on pharmacokinetics, blood-brain barrier penetration, and potential adverse effects. Future research should focus on the clinical evaluation of promising alkaloids, developing recently discovered alkaloids, and the ongoing search for novel alkaloids for medical treatment. A pharmaceutical option containing an alkaloid may potentially slow down the progression of AD while enhancing its symptoms. This review highlights the potential of alkaloids as valuable drug leads in treating AD, providing a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Shopnil Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Murshedul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Nadia Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Ajoy Kumer
- Laboratory of Computational Research for Drug Design and Material Science, Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, 4 Embankment Drive Road, Sector 10, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- State Disease Investigation Laboratory, ARDD, Abhoynagar, Agartala, West Tripura, Pin-799005, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Izatnagar-243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Majed Ahmed Al-Shaeri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim F Halawani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad M Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200 Mardan, Pakistan.
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Disease-Modifying Activity of Huperzine A on Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence from Preclinical Studies on Rodent Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315238. [PMID: 36499562 PMCID: PMC9738397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Huperzine A, a natural cholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor isolated from the Chinese herb Huperzia Serrata, has been used as a dietary supplement in the United States and a drug in China for therapeutic intervention on Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review aims to determine whether Huperzine A exerts disease-modifying activity through systematic analysis of preclinical studies on rodent AD models. (2) Methods: Sixteen preclinical studies were included based on specific criteria, and the methodological qualities were analyzed by SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Some outcomes were meta-analyzed: latencies and time spent in quadrant of Morris water maze, soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) level measured by ELISA in the cortex and hippocampus, Aβ plaque numbers measured by immunohistochemistry in hippocampus, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and AChE activity. Finally, the mechanisms of Huperzine A on AD models were summarized. (3) Conclusions: The outcomes showed that Huperzine A displayed AChE inhibition, ChAT activity enhancement, memory improvement, and Aβ decreasing activity, indicating the disease-modifying effect of Huperzine A. However, due to the uneven methodological quality, the results need to be rationally viewed, and extensively repeated.
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Li RL, Wang LY, Duan HX, Zhang Q, Guo X, Wu C, Peng W. Regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction induced cell apoptosis is a potential therapeutic strategy for herbal medicine to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:937289. [PMID: 36210852 PMCID: PMC9535092 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.937289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is a progressive neurodegeneration caused by genetic and environmental factors. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD) are the three most common neurodegenerative diseases clinically. Unfortunately, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing year by year. However, the current available drugs have poor efficacy and large side effects, which brings a great burden to the patients and the society. Increasing evidence suggests that occurrence and development of the neurodegenerative diseases is closely related to the mitochondrial dysfunction, which can affect mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, as well as mitochondrial mitophagy. Through the disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis, nerve cells undergo varying degrees of apoptosis. Interestingly, it has been shown in recent years that the natural agents derived from herbal medicines are beneficial for prevention/treatment of neurodegenerative diseases via regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on the potential therapeutic agents from herbal medicines for treating neurodegenerative diseases via suppressing apoptosis through regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, in order to provide a foundation for the development of more candidate drugs for neurodegenerative diseases from herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu-Xinyue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Guo, ; Chunjie Wu, ; Wei Peng,
| | - Chunjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Guo, ; Chunjie Wu, ; Wei Peng,
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Guo, ; Chunjie Wu, ; Wei Peng,
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Kumar R, Kumar R, Sharma N, Khurana N, Singh SK, Satija S, Mehta M, Vyas M. Pharmacological evaluation of bromelain in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:19-34. [PMID: 35219781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study elucidates pharmacological evaluation of bromelain as a bioactive compound obtain from pineapple stem belongs to family Bromeliaceae in AlCl3 and D - galactose induced mice. In mice, co-administration of AlCl3 at dose 5 mg/kg b.w., via the oral route, and D - galactose at dose 60 mg/kg b.w., via intraperitoneal route for 90 days resulted in cognitive impairment, spatial learning, and memory deficits, as well as neurotoxicity. However, 30 consecutive days, treatments via an intraperitoneal route with bromelain low dose (Brm L) at dose 10 mg/kg b.w., bromelain high dose (Brm H) at dose 20 mg/kg b.w., donepezil (Dnpz) at dose 2 mg/kg b.w., and Brm L + Dnpz at doses 10, 2 mg/kg b.w. were considerably reversed the effect of AlCl3 and D - galactose induced AD mice. Consequences of behavioral parameters (Morris water maze, elevated plus maze and locomotor), biochemical estimation (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, Nitrite and AChE), and ELISA tests (mouse BACE, Aβ1 - 42, TNF-α, IL-6, and BDNF) confirmed significant (p < 0.05) neuroprotective effect of treatments in AlCl3 and D - galactose induced mice. Additionally, hematoxylin and eosin staining of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus exposed eosinophilic lesions and hyperchromatic nuclei in AD mice, but these neurodegenerative effects were eliminated by Brm L, Brm H, Dnpz, and Brm L + Dnpz treatments. Thus, bromelain alone and in combination with donepezil prevent AlCl3 and D - galactose induced spatial learning and memory deficits, as well as cognitive impairment, by increasing cholinergic activity and synaptic plasticity, as well as reducing oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, Aβ 1-42 aggregations, and histopathological damage, according to our findings. The present study consequences indicate that bromelain alone and in combination with donepezil appears to have neuroprotective properties. Henceforward, this may be a promising treatment option for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Rajan Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Vyas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
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A Synopsis of Multitarget Potential Therapeutic Effects of Huperzine A in Diverse Pathologies-Emphasis on Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1166-1182. [PMID: 35122609 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous challenges are confronted when it comes to the recognition of therapeutic agents for treating complex neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The perplexing pathogenicity of AD embodies cholinergic dysfunction, amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation, neurofibrillary tangle formation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial disruption along with vicious production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating oxidative stress. In this frame of reference, drugs with multi target components could prove more advantageous to counter complex pathological mechanisms that are responsible for AD progression. For as much as, medicinal plant based pharmaco-therapies are emerging as potential candidates for AD treatment keeping the efficacy and safety parameters in terms of toxicity and side effects into consideration. Huperzine A (Hup A) is a purified alkaloid compound extracted from a club moss called Huperzia serrata. Several studies have reported both cholinergic and non-cholinergic effects of this compound on AD with significant neuroprotective properties. The present review convenes cumulative demonstrations of neuroprotection provided by Hup A in in vitro, in vivo, and human studies in various pathologies. The underlying molecular mechanisms of its actions have also been discussed. However, more profound evidence would certainly promote the therapeutic implementation of this drug thus furnishing decisive insights into AD therapeutics and various other pathologies along with preventive and curative management.
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González LF, Bevilacqua LE, Naves R. Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Strategies to Repair the Mitochondrial Function in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2055. [PMID: 34959337 PMCID: PMC8707316 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles in eukaryotic cells that control diverse physiological processes related to energy production, calcium homeostasis, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and cell death. Several studies have demonstrated that structural and functional mitochondrial disturbances are involved in the development of different neuroinflammatory (NI) and neurodegenerative (ND) diseases (NI&NDDs) such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Remarkably, counteracting mitochondrial impairment by genetic or pharmacologic treatment ameliorates neurodegeneration and clinical disability in animal models of these diseases. Therefore, the development of nanosystems enabling the sustained and selective delivery of mitochondria-targeted drugs is a novel and effective strategy to tackle NI&NDDs. In this review, we outline the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with unbalanced mitochondrial dynamics, altered mitophagy, oxidative stress, energy deficit, and proteinopathies in NI&NDDs. In addition, we review different strategies for selective mitochondria-specific ligand targeting and discuss novel nanomaterials, nanozymes, and drug-loaded nanosystems developed to repair mitochondrial function and their therapeutic benefits protecting against oxidative stress, restoring cell energy production, preventing cell death, inhibiting protein aggregates, and improving motor and cognitive disability in cellular and animal models of different NI&NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodrigo Naves
- Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (L.F.G.); (L.E.B.)
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Dorman G, Flores I, Gutiérrez C, Castaño RF, Aldecoa M, Kim L. Medicinal herbs and nutritional supplements for dementia therapy: potential therapeutic targets and clinical evidence. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:26-51. [PMID: 34370647 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210809121230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spices and herbs have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries. Also, in the last decades, the use of different nutritional supplements has been implemented to treat all kinds of diseases, including those that present an alteration in cognitive functioning. Dementia is a clinical syndrome in which a person's mental and cognitive capacities gradually decline. As the disease progresses, the person's autonomy diminishes. As there is not an effective treatment to prevent progressive deterioration in many of these pathologies, nutritional interventions have been, and still are, one of the most widely explored therapeutic possibilities. In this review, we have discussed a great number of potentially interesting plants, nutritional derivatives and probiotics for the treatment of dementia around the world. Their action mechanisms generally involve neuroprotective effects via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, b-amyloid and tau anti-aggregate actions; brain blood flow improvement, and effects on synaptic cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, which may optimize cognitive performance in patients with cognitive impairment. As for their efficacy in patients with cognitive impairment and/or dementias, evidence is still scarce and/or their outcomes are controversial. We consider that many of these substances have promising therapeutic properties. Therefore, the scientific community has to continue with a more complete research focused on both identifying possible action mechanisms and carrying out clinical trials, preferably randomized double-blind ones, with a greater number of patients, a long-term follow-up, dose standardization and the use of current diagnosis criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Dorman
- Division of Neurology, Ramos Mejia Hospital. Argentina
| | - Ignacio Flores
- Neuroscience Institute, Favaloro Foundation Hospital. Argentina
| | | | | | - Mayra Aldecoa
- Division of Neurology, Ramos Mejia Hospital. Argentina
| | - Leandro Kim
- Division of Neurology, Ramos Mejia Hospital. Argentina
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Jin X, Guo JL, Wang L, Zhong X, Yao WF, Gao H, Liu MY. Natural products as pharmacological modulators of mitochondrial dysfunctions for the treatments of Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 218:113401. [PMID: 33831779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss and cognitive impairment that harshly affect the elderly individuals. Currently, the available anti-AD pharmacological approaches are purely symptomatic to alleviate AD symptoms, and the curative effects of novel anti-AD drugs focused on Aβ target are disappointing. Hence, there is a tremendous need to adjust AD therapeutic targets and discover novel anti-AD agents. In AD, mitochondrial dysfunction gradually triggers neuronal death from different aspects and worsens the occurrence and progress of AD. Consequently, it has been proposed that the intervention of impaired mitochondria represents an attractive breakthrough point for AD treatments. Due to chemical diversity, poly-pharmacological activities, few adverse effects and multiple targeting, natural products (NPs) have been identified as a valuable treasure for drug discovery and development. Multiple lines of studies have scientifically proven that NPs display ameliorative benefits in AD treatment in relation to mitochondrial dysfunction. This review surveys the complicated implications for mitochondrial dysregulation and AD, and then summarizes the potentials of NPs and their underlying molecular mechanisms against AD via reducing or improving mitochondrial dysfunction. It is expected that this work may open the window to speed up the development of innovative anti-AD drugs originated from NPs and improve upcoming AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Ling Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Fan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Division of Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Peng Y, Gao P, Shi L, Chen L, Liu J, Long J. Central and Peripheral Metabolic Defects Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease: Targeting Mitochondria for Diagnosis and Prevention. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:1188-1236. [PMID: 32050773 PMCID: PMC7196371 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Epidemiological studies indicate that metabolic disorders are associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metabolic remodeling occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, even in the early stages of AD. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been widely accepted as a molecular mechanism underlying metabolic disorders. Therefore, focusing on early metabolic changes, especially from the perspective of mitochondria, could be of interest for early AD diagnosis and intervention. Recent Advances: We and others have identified that the levels of several metabolites are fluctuated in the periphery before their accumulation in the CNS, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Mitochondrial remodeling is likely one of the earliest signs of AD, linking nutritional imbalance to cognitive deficits. Notably, by improving mitochondrial function, mitochondrial nutrients efficiently rescue cellular metabolic dysfunction in the CNS and periphery in individuals with AD. Critical Issues: Peripheral metabolic disorders should be intensively explored and evaluated for the early diagnosis of AD. The circulating metabolites derived from mitochondrial remodeling represent novel potential diagnostic biomarkers for AD that are more readily detected than CNS-oriented biomarkers. Moreover, mitochondrial nutrients provide a promising approach to preventing and delaying AD progression. Future Directions: Abnormal mitochondrial metabolism in the CNS and periphery is involved in AD pathogenesis. More clinical studies provide evidence for the suitability and reliability of circulating metabolites and cytokines for the early diagnosis of AD. Targeting mitochondria to rewire cellular metabolism is a promising approach to preventing AD and ameliorating AD-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Peng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peipei Gao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Shi
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology & Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Wahid M, Ali A, Saqib F, Aleem A, Bibi S, Afzal K, Ali A, Baig A, Khan SA, Bin Asad MHH. Pharmacological exploration of traditional plants for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Phytother Res 2020; 34:3089-3112. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muqeet Wahid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Anam Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Ambreen Aleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Sumbal Bibi
- Department of Pharmacy COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Pakistan
| | - Khurram Afzal
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Atif Ali
- Department of Pharmacy COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Baig
- Department of Biotechnology COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Pakistan
| | - Shujaat Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacy COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad
- Department of Pharmacy COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Pakistan
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University Kazan Russia
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Yang X, Wei HM, Hu GY, Zhao J, Long LN, Li CJ, Zhao ZJ, Zeng HK, Nie H. Combining antioxidant astaxantin and cholinesterase inhibitor huperzine A boosts neuroprotection. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1043-1050. [PMID: 31922239 PMCID: PMC7003047 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a pathophysiological condition resulting in neurotoxicity, which is possibly associated with neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, the antioxidative effects of the antioxidant astaxanthin (AXT) in combination with huperzine A (HupA), which is used as a cholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, were investigated. PC12 cells were treated with either tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), or with the toxic version of β-amyloid, Aβ25–35, to induce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Cell viability, morphology, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were determined, while neuroprotection was also monitored using an MTT assay. It was found that combining AXT with HupA significantly increased the viability of PC12 cells, prevented membrane damage (as measured by LDH release), attenuated intracellular ROS formation, increased SOD activity and decreased the level of MDA after TBHP exposure when compared to these drugs administered alone. Pretreatment with HupA and AXT decreased toxic damage produced by Aβ25–35. These data indicated that combining an antioxidant with a cholinesterase inhibitor increases the degree of neuroprotection; with future investigation this could be a potential therapy used to decrease neurotoxicity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Han-Mei Wei
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Yan Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Long
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Jian Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Jun Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - He-Kun Zeng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Hong Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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Korábečný J, Nepovimová E, Cikánková T, Špilovská K, Vašková L, Mezeiová E, Kuča K, Hroudová J. Newly Developed Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease in Relation to Energy Metabolism, Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Neurotransmission. Neuroscience 2017; 370:191-206. [PMID: 28673719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Current options for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment are based on administration of cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) and/or memantine, acting as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Therapeutic approaches vary and include novel cholinesterase inhibitors, modulators of NMDA receptors, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, immunotherapeutics, modulators of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTP), amyloid-beta binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) modulators, antioxidant agents, etc. The novel trends of AD therapy are focused on multiple targeted ligands, where mostly ChE inhibition is combined with additional biological properties, positively affecting neuronal energy metabolism as well as mitochondrial functions, and possessing antioxidant properties. The present review summarizes newly developed drugs targeting cholinesterase and MAO, as well as drugs affecting mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korábečný
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimová
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Cikánková
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Špilovská
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Třebešská 1575, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Vašková
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiová
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Han J, Qu Q, Qiao J, Zhang J. Vincamine Alleviates Amyloid-β 25-35 Peptides-induced Cytotoxicity in PC12 Cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:123-128. [PMID: 28216895 PMCID: PMC5307895 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.196309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Vincamine is a plant alkaloid used clinically as a peripheral vasodilator that increases cerebral blood flow and oxygen and glucose utilization by neural tissue to combat the effect of aging. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the influence of vincamine on amyloid-β 25–35 (Aβ25–35) induced cytotoxicity, to gain a better understanding of the neuroprotective effects of this clinically used anti-Alzheimer's disease drug. Materials and Methods: Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell apoptosis detection was performed using an Annexin-V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using an ROS Assay Kit. Western blot detection was carried out to detect the protein expression. Results: Our studies showed that pretreatment with vincamine could reduce Aβ25–35 induced oxidative stress. Vincamine markedly inhibited cell apoptosis dose-dependently. More importantly, vincamine increased the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Bcl-2 family protein ratios on preincubation with cells for 2 h. Conclusion: Above observation led us to assume that one possible mechanism of vincamine protects Aβ25-35-induced cell death could be through upregulation of SOD and activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. SUMMARY Vincamine ameliorates amyloid-β 25–35 (Aβ25–35) peptides induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells Vincamine reduces Aβ 25–35 peptides induced apoptosis of PC12 cells Vincamine activates the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt pathway Vincamine up-regulates the superoxide dismutase.
Abbreviation used: Aβ25-35: Amyloid-β 25-35; AD: Alzheimer's disease; BCA: Bicinchoninic acid; GSH: glutathione; PBS: Phosphate buffered solution; SDS: Sodium dodecylsulphate; SOD: Superoxide dismutase
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qiumin Qu
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jin Qiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Liver Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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Wong JC, Dutton SBB, Collins SD, Schachter S, Escayg A. Huperzine A Provides Robust and Sustained Protection against Induced Seizures in Scn1a Mutant Mice. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:357. [PMID: 27799911 PMCID: PMC5065986 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo loss-of-function mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) SCN1A (encoding Nav1.1) are the main cause of Dravet syndrome (DS), a catastrophic early-life encephalopathy associated with prolonged and recurrent early-life febrile seizures (FSs), refractory afebrile epilepsy, cognitive and behavioral deficits, and a 15–20% mortality rate. SCN1A mutations also lead to genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), which is an inherited disorder characterized by early-life FSs and the development of a range of adult epilepsy subtypes. Current antiepileptic drugs often fail to protect against the severe seizures and behavioral and cognitive deficits found in patients with SCN1A mutations. To address the need for more efficacious treatments for SCN1A-derived epilepsies, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of Huperzine A, a naturally occurring reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. In CF1 mice, Hup A (0.56 or 1 mg/kg) was found to confer protection against 6 Hz-, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-, and maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures. Robust protection against 6 Hz-, MES-, and hyperthermia-induced seizures was also achieved following Hup A administration in mouse models of DS (Scn1a+/−) and GEFS+ (Scn1aRH/+). Furthermore, Hup A-mediated seizure protection was sustained during 3 weeks of daily injections in Scn1aRH/+ mutants. Finally, we determined that muscarinic and GABAA receptors play a role in Hup A-mediated seizure protection. These findings indicate that Hup A might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for increasing seizure resistance in DS and GEFS+, and more broadly, in other forms of refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Wong
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stacey B B Dutton
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA; Department of Biology, Agnes Scott CollegeAtlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Steven Schachter
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Escayg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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Libro R, Giacoppo S, Soundara Rajan T, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Natural Phytochemicals in the Treatment and Prevention of Dementia: An Overview. Molecules 2016; 21:518. [PMID: 27110749 PMCID: PMC6274085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The word dementia describes a class of heterogeneous diseases which etiopathogenetic mechanisms are not well understood. There are different types of dementia, among which, Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are the more common. Currently approved pharmacological treatments for most forms of dementia seem to act only on symptoms without having profound disease-modifying effects. Thus, alternative strategies capable of preventing the progressive loss of specific neuronal populations are urgently required. In particular, the attention of researchers has been focused on phytochemical compounds that have shown antioxidative, anti-amyloidogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties and that could represent important resources in the discovery of drug candidates against dementia. In this review, we summarize the neuroprotective effects of the main phytochemicals belonging to the polyphenol, isothiocyanate, alkaloid and cannabinoid families in the prevention and treatment of the most common kinds of dementia. We believe that natural phytochemicals may represent a promising sources of alternative medicine, at least in association with therapies approved to date for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaliana Libro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Giacoppo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Thangavelu Soundara Rajan
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
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Damar U, Gersner R, Johnstone JT, Schachter S, Rotenberg A. Huperzine A as a neuroprotective and antiepileptic drug: a review of preclinical research. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:671-80. [PMID: 27086593 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1175303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA) is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor extracted from Huperzia Serrata, a firmoss, which has been used for various diseases in traditional Chinese medicine for fever and inflammation. More recently, it has been used in Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia with a presumed mechanism of action via central nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. HupA is marketed as a dietary supplement in the U.S. This article reviews newly proposed neuroprotective and anticonvulsant HupA properties based on animal studies. HupA exerts its effects mainly via α7nAChRs and α4β2nAChRs, thereby producing a potent anti-inflammatory response by decreasing IL-1β, TNF-α protein expression, and suppressing transcriptional activation of NF-κB signaling. Thus, it provides protection from excitotoxicity and neuronal death as well as increase in GABAergic transmission associated with anticonvulsant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Damar
- a F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - R Gersner
- a F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - J T Johnstone
- b Research and Development - Neurology , Biscayne Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Miami , FL , USA
| | - S Schachter
- c Departments of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - A Rotenberg
- a F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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17
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Towards in vitro DT/DNT testing: Assaying chemical susceptibility in early differentiating NT2 cells. Toxicology 2015; 338:69-76. [PMID: 26498558 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent embryonal carcinoma (NT2) cells are increasingly considered as a suitable model for in vitro toxicity testing, e.g. developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity (DT/DNT) studies, as they undergo neuronal differentiation upon stimulation with retinoic acid (RA) and permit toxicity testing at different stages of maturation. NT2 cells have recently been reported to show specific changes in dielectric resistance profiles during differentiation which can be observed as early as 24h upon RA-stimulation. These observations suggest altered susceptibility to chemicals at an early stage of differentiation. However, chemical susceptibility of early differentiating NT cells has not yet been studied. To address this question, we have established a cell fitness screening assay based on the analysis of intracellular ATP levels and we applied the assay in a large-scale drug screening experiment in NT2 stem cells and early differentiating NT2 cells. Subsequent analysis of ranked fitness phenotypes revealed 19 chemicals with differential toxicity profile in early differentiating NT2 cells. To evaluate whether any of the identified drugs have previously been associated with DT/DNT, we conducted a literature search on the identified molecules and quantified the fraction of chemicals assigned to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) pregnancy risk categories (PRC) N, A, B, C, D, and X in the hit list and the small molecule library. While the fractions of the categories N and B were decreased (0.81 and 0.35-fold), the classes C, D and X were increased (1.35, 1.47 and 3.27-fold) in the hit list compared to the chemical library. From these data as well as from the literature review, identifying large fractions of chemicals being directly (∼42%) and indirectly associated with DT/DNT (∼32%), we conclude that our method may be beneficial to systematic in vitro-based primary screening for developmental toxicants and neurotoxicants and we propose cell fitness screening in early differentiating NT2 cells as a strategy for evaluating chemical susceptibility at different stages of differentiation to reduce animal testing in the context of the 3Rs.
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18
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Ye CY, Lei Y, Tang XC, Zhang HY. Donepezil attenuates Aβ-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and reduces mitochondrial Aβ accumulation in vivo and in vitro. Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative illness associated with dementia and is most prevalent among the elderly population. Current medications can only treat symptoms. Alkaloids are structurally diverse and have been an important source of therapeutics for various brain disorders. Two US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for AD, galantamine and rivastigmine, are in fact alkaloids. In addition, clinical trials of four other extensively studied alkaloids-huperzine A, caffeine, nicotine, and indomethacin-have been conducted but do not convincingly demonstrate their clinical efficacy for AD. Interestingly, rhynchophylline, a known neuroprotective alkaloid, was recently discovered by in silico screening as an inhibitor of EphA4, a novel target for AD. Here, we review the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD, current treatment strategies, and therapeutic potential of several selected plant alkaloids in AD, highlighting their various drug targets and the key supportive preclinical and clinical studies. Future research should include more rigorous clinical studies of the most promising alkaloids, the further development of recently discovered candidate alkaloids, and the continual search for new alkaloids for relevant drug targets. It remains promising that an alkaloid drug candidate could significantly affect the progression of AD in addition to providing symptomatic relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pong Ng
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terry Cho Tsun Or
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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Involvement of Intracellular and Mitochondrial Aβ in the Ameliorative Effects of Huperzine A against Oligomeric Aβ42-Induced Injury in Primary Rat Neurons. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128366. [PMID: 26024517 PMCID: PMC4448999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable studies indicate huperzine A is a promising natural product to suppress neuronal damages induced by β-amyloid (Aβ), a key pathogenic event in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD). As an extension, the present study for the first time explored whether the beneficial profiles of huperzine A against oligomeric Aβ42 induced neurotoxicity are associated with the accumulation and detrimental function of intraneuronal/mitochondrial Aβ, on the basis of the emerging evidence that intracellular Aβ is more relevant to AD progression as compared with extracellular Aβ. Huperzine A treatment was shown to significantly attenuate the neurotoxicity of oligomeric Aβ42, as demonstrated by increased neuronal viability. Interestingly, our results proved that exogenous Aβ42 could accumulate intraneuronally in a dose- and time-dependent manner, while huperzine A treatment markedly reduced the level of intracellular Aβ42. Moreover, huperzine A treatment rescued mitochondrial dysfunction induced by oligomeric Aβ42, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reduction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and membrane potential depolarization. Further study demonstrated that huperzine A also significantly reduced the level of Aβ42 in the mitochondria-enriched subcellular fractions, as well as the Aβ42 fluorescent signals colocalized with mitochondrial marker. This study indicates that interfering intracellular Aβ especially mitochondrial Aβ accumulation, together with ameliorating Aβ-associated mitochondrial dysfunction, may contribute to the protective effects of huperzine A against Aβ neurotoxicity. Above results may shed more light on the pharmacological mechanisms of huperzine A and provide important clues for discovering novel therapeutic strategies for AD.
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21
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Kong M, Ba M, Liang H, Shao P, Yu T, Wang Y. Regulation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels suppresses the toxic effects of amyloid-beta peptide (25-35). Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:56-63. [PMID: 25206372 PMCID: PMC4107498 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we treated PC12 cells with 0-20 μM amyloid-β peptide (25-35) for 24 hours to induce cytotoxicity, and found that 5-20 μM amyloid-β peptide (25-35) decreased PC12 cell viability, but adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel activator diazoxide suppressed the decrease in PC12 cell viability induced by amyloid-β peptide (25-35). Diazoxide protected PC12 cells against amyloid-β peptide (25-35)-induced increases in mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. These protective effects were reversed by the selective mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate. An inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nω-nitro-L-arginine, also protected PC12 cells from amyloid-β peptide (25-35)-induced increases in both mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. However, the H2O2-degrading enzyme catalase could not reverse the amyloid-β peptide (25-35)-induced increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species. A 24-hour exposure to amyloid-β peptide (25-35) did not result in apoptosis or necrosis, suggesting that the increases in both mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species levels preceded cell death. The data suggest that amyloid-β peptide (25-35) cytotoxicity is associated with adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels and nitric oxide. Regulation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels suppresses PC12 cell cytotoxicity induced by amyloid-β peptide (25-35).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kong
- Department of Neurology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Maowen Ba
- Department of Neurology, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao Medical University, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of Neurology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peng Shao
- Department of Neurology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tianxia Yu
- Department of Neurology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China
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Qian ZM, Ke Y. Huperzine A: Is it an Effective Disease-Modifying Drug for Alzheimer's Disease? Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:216. [PMID: 25191267 PMCID: PMC4137276 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no cure. Huperzine A (HupA) is a natural inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) derived from the Chinese folk medicine Huperzia serrata (Qian Ceng Ta). It is a licensed anti-AD drug in China and is available as a nutraceutical in the US. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that HupA has multifaceted pharmacological effects. In addition to the symptomatic, cognitive-enhancing effect via inhibition of AChE, a number of recent studies have reported that this drug has “non-cholinergic” effects on AD. Most important among these is the protective effect of HupA on neurons against amyloid beta-induced oxidative injury and mitochondrial dysfunction as well as via the up-regulation of nerve growth factor and antagonizing N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. The most recent discovery that HupA may reduce brain iron accumulation lends further support to the argument that HupA could serve as a potential disease-modifying agent for AD and also other neurodegenerative disorders by significantly slowing down the course of neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy , Shanghai , China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
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Xanthoceraside ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction contributing to the improvement of learning and memory impairment in mice with intracerebroventricular injection of aβ1-42. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:969342. [PMID: 24976855 PMCID: PMC4058193 DOI: 10.1155/2014/969342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of xanthoceraside on learning and memory impairment were investigated and the possible mechanism associated with the protection of mitochondria was also preliminarily explored in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice model induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ1-42. The results indicated that xanthoceraside (0.08–0.32 mg/kg) significantly improved learning and memory impairment in Morris water maze test and Y-maze test. Xanthoceraside significantly reversed the aberrant decrease of ATP levels and attenuated the abnormal increase of ROS levels both in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in mice injected with Aβ1-42. Moreover, xanthoceraside dose dependently reversed the decrease of COX, PDHC, and KGDHC activity in isolated cerebral cortex mitochondria of the mice compared with Aβ1-42 injected model mice. In conclusion, xanthoceraside could improve learning and memory impairment, promote the function of mitochondria, decrease the production of ROS, and inhibit oxidative stress. The improvement effects on mitochondria may be through withstanding the damage of Aβ to mitochondrial respiratory chain and the key enzymes in Kreb's cycle. Therefore, the results from present study and previous study indicate that xanthoceraside could be a competitive candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Liang W, Lam WP, Tang HC, Leung PC, Yew DT. Current Evidence of Chinese Herbal Constituents with Effects on NMDA Receptor Blockade. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1039-54. [PMID: 24276380 PMCID: PMC3817734 DOI: 10.3390/ph6081039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) is an important molecular entity governing a wide range of functions in the central nervous system. For example, the NMDA-R is involved in memory and cognition, and impairment of both (as in Alzheimer's Disease) is attributed to NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity. With greater understanding of the NMDA-R structure, antagonists with varying degrees of binding-site and subtype selectivity have been developed and put into clinical use. Discovery of target-specific Chinese herbs have also been made in parallel. This article provides an overview of the known active sites on the NMDA-R, followed by a discussion of the relevant herbs and their constituents. Experimental evidence supporting the inhibitory role of the herbal compounds on the NMDA-R is highlighted. For some of the compounds, potential research directions are also proposed to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the herbs. It is envisaged that future investigations based on the present data will allow more clinically relevant herbs to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willmann Liang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; E-Mails: (W.P.L.); (H.C.T.); (P.C.L.)
| | | | | | | | - David T. Yew
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; E-Mails: (W.P.L.); (H.C.T.); (P.C.L.)
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Zhao JK, Guan FL, Duan SR, Zhao JW, Sun RH, Zhang LM, Wang DS. Effect of focal mild hypothermia on expression of MMP-9, TIMP-1, Tau-1 and β-APP in rats with cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Brain Inj 2013; 27:1190-8. [PMID: 23895636 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.804206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Following stroke, hypothermia is reported to reduce both cellular and extracellular damage. This study aimed to examine the effects of focal mild hypothermia on proteins associated with both extracellular (matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of MMP-9 (TIMP-1)) and cellular damage (Tau-1 and β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP)) to characterize the protective effects of hypothermia. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Male Wistar rats received ischaemic damage using a transient, focal ischaemia/reperfusion model. Afterwards, one group (HT) received 6 hours of focal mild hypothermia (33 °C) applied to the head, while another remained at normal temperature (NT). The brains were collected at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after hypothermia to measure infarct volume ratio and to detect cells immunopositive for MMP-9, TIMP-1, Tau-1 and β-APP, while neurological deficits were examined separately after 2 weeks. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Focal mild hypothermia had no effect on infarct volume ratio but expression of MMP-9, TIMP-1 Tau-1 and β-APP was decreased. Furthermore, neurological function in the HT group was better than in the NT group. CONCLUSIONS Focal mild hypothermia has protective effects on cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury characterized by decreased expression of MMP-9, TIMP-1, Tau-1 and β-APP, along with improvement of neurological function despite no changes in infarct volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Kun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, PR China
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Tao Y, Fang L, Yang Y, Jiang H, Yang H, Zhang H, Zhou H. Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals the neuroprotective effects of huperzine A for amyloid beta treated neuroblastoma N2a cells. Proteomics 2013; 13:1314-24. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai; China
| | - Huaiyu Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai; China
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Staurosporine-induced apoptosis presents with unexpected cholinergic effects in a differentiated neuroblastoma cell line. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1011-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang Y, Wei Y, Oguntayo S, Doctor BP, Nambiar MP. A combination of [+] and [-]-Huperzine A improves protection against soman toxicity compared to [+]-Huperzine A in guinea pigs. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 203:120-4. [PMID: 23123250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neuropathologic mechanisms after exposure to lethal doses of nerve agent are complex and involve multiple biochemical pathways. Effective treatment requires drugs that can simultaneously protect by reversible binding to the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and blocking cascades of seizure related brain damage, inflammation, neuronal degeneration as well as promoting induction of neuroregeneration. [-]-Huperzine A ([-]-Hup A), is a naturally occurring potent reversible AChE inhibitor that penetrates the blood-brain barrier. It also has several neuroprotective effects including modification of beta-amyloid peptide, reduction of oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and induction and regulation of nerve growth factor. Toxicities at higher doses restrict the neuroporotective ability of [-]-Hup A for treatment. The synthetic stereoisomer, [+]-Hup A, is less toxic due to poor AChE inhibition and is suitable for both pre-/post-exposure treatments of nerve agent toxicity. [+]-Hup A block the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced seizure in rats, reduce excitatory amino acid induced neurotoxicity and also prevent soman induced toxicity with minimum performance decrement. Unique combinations of two stereo-isomers of Hup A may provide an excellent pre/post-treatment drug for the nerve agent induced seizure/status epilepticus. We investigated a combination of [+]-Hup A with a small dose of [-]-Hup A ([+] and [-]-Hup A) against soman toxicity. Our data showed that pretreatment with a combination [+] and [-]-Hup A significantly increased the survival rate and reduced behavioral abnormalities after exposure to 1.2 × LD(50) soman compared to [+]-Hup A in guinea pigs. In addition, [+] and [-]-Hup A pretreatment inhibited the development of high power of EEG better than [+]-Hup A pretreatment alone. These data suggest that a combination of [+] and [-]-Hup A offers better protection than [+]-Hup A and serves as a potent medical countermeasure against lethal dose nerve agent toxicity in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Protective effects of diazoxide against Aβ₂₅₋₃₅-induced PC12 cell apoptosis due to prevention of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Neuroreport 2012; 23:493-7. [PMID: 22551949 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283537615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated amyloid-β (Aβ) is a well-known cause of neuronal apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease and exerts its action partly by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Previous studies have suggested a neuroprotective role for mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel openers against Aβ damages, but the molecular details were unclear. Recent evidence indicates that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress also plays an important role in the process of cell apoptosis. It remains to be determined whether KATP channel openers mediate their potential neuroprotective role by inhibiting ER stress pathways. The mRNA and protein expression levels of caspase-12, an ER-specific caspase, were observed. Here we showed that in response to the treatment with Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ (10 μM) for 24 h the mRNA and protein expression levels of caspase-12 were significantly upregulated; however, this change could be partly reversed by pretreatment with diazoxide (1 mM) for 1 h. This effect was negated by 5-hydroxydecanoate, a selective mitochondrial KATP channel blocker. Our results indicate that the cytoprotective efficacy of diazoxide under Aβ₂₅₋₃₅-induced insults is mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of ER stress. Demonstration of the neuroprotective action of diazoxide provides additional insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ toxicity and defines possible molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Abstract
Huperzine A, an active Lycopodium alkaloid extracted from traditional Chinese herb, is a potent, selective and reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and has been widely used in China for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accordingly, some new mechanisms of action for huperzine A have been discovered over the past decades. In addition to its AChE inhibitory effect, potent multifaceted neuroprotective effect through activating cholinergic system and directly acting on mitochondria have been explored. Moreover, in order to maximize the efficacy and safety of huperzine A therapy, great efforts have been made to optimize drug delivery system. In the present article, an attempt is made to discuss the current progress and future perspective for huperzine A therapy in AD.
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31
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Gao X, Zheng CY, Qin GW, Tang XC, Zhang HY. S-52, a novel nootropic compound, protects against β-amyloid induced neuronal injury by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1981-8. [PMID: 22714678 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced oxidative DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction may initiate and contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of S-52, a novel nootropic compound, on Aβ-induced mitochondrial failure. In an established paradigm of moderate cellular injury induced by Aβ, S-52 was observed to attenuate the toxicity of Aβ to energy metabolism, mitochondrial membrane structure, and key enzymes in the electron transport chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle. In addition, S-52 also effectively inhibited reactive oxygen species accumulation dose dependently not only in Aβ-harmed cells but also in unharmed, normal cells. The role of S-52 as a scavenger of free radicals is involved in the antioxidative effect of this compound. The beneficial effects on mitochondria and oxidative stress extend the neuroprotective effects of S-52. The present study provides crucial information for better understanding the beneficial profiles of this compound and discovering novel potential drug candidates for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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32
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Guo W, Liu S, Peng J, Wei X, Sun Y, Qiu Y, Gao G, Wang P, Xu Y. Examining the interactome of huperzine A by magnetic biopanning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37098. [PMID: 22615909 PMCID: PMC3353884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huperzine A is a bioactive compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine plant Qian Ceng Ta (Huperzia serrata), and was found to have multiple neuroprotective effects. In addition to being a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it was thought to act through other mechanisms such as antioxidation, antiapoptosis, etc. However, the molecular targets involved with these mechanisms were not identified. In this study, we attempted to exam the interactome of Huperzine A using a cDNA phage display library and also mammalian brain tissue extracts. The drugs were chemically linked on the surface of magnetic particles and the interactive phages or proteins were collected and analyzed. Among the various cDNA expressing phages selected, one was identified to encode the mitochondria NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1. Specific bindings between the drug and the target phages and target proteins were confirmed. Another enriched phage clone was identified as mitochondria ATP synthase, which was also panned out from the proteome of mouse brain tissue lysate. These data indicated the possible involvement of mitochondrial respiratory chain matrix enzymes in Huperzine A's pharmacological effects. Such involvement had been suggested by previous studies based on enzyme activity changes. Our data supported the new mechanism. Overall we demonstrated the feasibility of using magnetic biopanning as a simple and viable method for investigating the complex molecular mechanisms of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shupeng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinliang Peng
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangsheng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangwei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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33
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Protective Effects of Pinostrobin on β-Amyloid-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1223-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Qu M, Li L, Chen C, Li M, Pei L, Chu F, Yang J, Yu Z, Wang D, Zhou Z. Protective effects of lycopene against amyloid β-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons. Neurosci Lett 2011; 505:286-90. [PMID: 22044877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of amyloid β (Aβ) has been implicated as a critical cause in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among antioxidant phytochemicals derived from fruit and vegetables, lycopene has recently received considerable attention for its potent protective properties already demonstrated in several models of oxidative damage. The present study aims to investigate whether lycopene could provide protective effects against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured rat cortical neurons. The cultured cortical neurons were pretreated with different dose of lycopene for 4h, followed by the challenge with 25 μM Aβ(25-35) for 24h. The results showed that pretreatment with lycopene efficiently attenuated Aβ(25-35)-induced neurotoxicity, as evidenced by the improved cell viability and the decreased apoptotic rate. In addition, lycopene inhibited the reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization caused by Aβ(25-35). Lycopene also restored the levels of proapoptotic Bax, antiapoptotic Bcl-2, and inhibited caspase-3 activation. These beneficial effects may contribute to the protection against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Together, our results suggest that the natural antioxidant lycopene has potential for neuroprotection and therefore, may be a promising candidate for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Qu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
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35
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[+]-Huperzine A Protects Against Soman Toxicity in Guinea Pigs. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2381-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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36
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Wu TY, Chen CP, Jinn TR. Traditional Chinese medicines and Alzheimer’s disease. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 50:131-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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37
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Ho YS, So KF, Chang RCC. Drug discovery from Chinese medicine against neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. Chin Med 2011; 6:15. [PMID: 21513513 PMCID: PMC3097009 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia are two major diseases associated with dementia, which is common among the elderly. While the etiology of dementia is multi-factorial and complex, neurodegeneration may be the major cause of these two diseases. Effective drugs for treating dementia are still to be discovered. Current western pharmacological approaches against neurodegeneration in dementia develop symptom-relieving and disease-modifying drugs. Current integrative and holistic approaches of Chinese medicine to discovering drugs for neurodegeneration in dementia include (1) single molecules from the herbs, (2) standardized extracts from a single herb, and (3) herbal formula with definite composition. This article not only reviews the concept of dementia in western medicine and Chinese medicine but also evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen-Shan Ho
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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38
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Ye W, Gong X, Xie J, Wu J, Zhang X, Ouyang Q, Zhao X, Shi Y, Zhang X. AChE deficiency or inhibition decreases apoptosis and p53 expression and protects renal function after ischemia/reperfusion. Apoptosis 2010; 15:474-87. [PMID: 20054652 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that the expression of the synaptic form of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is induced during apoptosis in various cell types in vitro. Here, we provide evidence to confirm that AChE is expressed during ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced apoptosis in vivo. Renal I/R is a major cause of acute renal failure (ARF), resulting in injury and the eventual death of renal cells due to a combination of apoptosis and necrosis. Using AChE-deficient mice and AChE inhibitors, we investigated whether AChE deficiency or inhibition can protect against apoptosis caused by I/R in a murine kidney model. Unilateral clamping of renal pedicles for 90 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h caused significant renal dysfunction and injury. Both genetic AChE deficiency and chemical inhibition of AChE (provided by huperzine A, tacrine and donepezil) significantly reduced the biochemical and histological evidence of renal dysfunction following I/R. Activation of caspases-8, -9, -12, and -3 in vivo were prevented and associated with reduced levels of cell apoptosis and cell death. A further investigation also confirmed that AChE deficiency down-regulated p53 induction and phosphorylation at serine-15, and decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio during I/R. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that AChE may be a pro-apoptotic factor and the inhibition of AChE reduces renal I/R injury. These findings suggest that AChE inhibitors may represent a therapeutic strategy for protection against ischemic acute renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Ye
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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39
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Kumar P, Kumar A. Protective effect of rivastigmine against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington's disease like symptoms: Possible behavioural, biochemical and cellular alterations. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 615:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Gao X, Zheng CY, Yang L, Tang XC, Zhang HY. Huperzine A protects isolated rat brain mitochondria against beta-amyloid peptide. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1454-62. [PMID: 19272446 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work in cells and animals showed that mitochondria are involved in the neuroprotective effect of huperzine A (HupA). In this study, the effects of HupA on isolated rat brain mitochondria were investigated. In addition to inhibiting the Abeta(25-35) (40 microM)-induced decrease in mitochondrial respiration, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, enzyme activity, and transmembrane potential, HupA (0.01 or 0.1 microM) effectively prevented Abeta-induced mitochondrial swelling, reactive oxygen species increase, and cytochrome c release. More interestingly, administration of HupA to isolated mitochondria promoted the rate of ATP production and blocked mitochondrial swelling caused by normal osmosis. These results indicate that HupA protects mitochondria against Abeta at least in part by preserving membrane integrity and improving energy metabolism. These direct effects on mitochondria further extend the noncholinergic functions of HupA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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41
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Pan J, Wang Q, Shao Q, Cheng Y, Qu H. Development and Validation of a Column-Switching LC–ESI–MS Assay for Determination of Huperzine A in Rat Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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42
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Zheng CY, Zhang HY, Tang XC. Huperzine A attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2432-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Lee CL, Wang JJ, Pan TM. Red mold rice extract represses amyloid beta peptide-induced neurotoxicity via potent synergism of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effect. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:829-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Wang ZF, Wang J, Zhang HY, Tang XC. Huperzine A exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1594-603. [PMID: 18513368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Huperzine A, a reversible and selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, has been reported to display neuroprotective properties. The present study investigated the protective effects of huperzine A in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia created by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Huperzine A (0.1 mg/kg), administrated intraperitoneally at the onset of occlusion and 6 h later, markedly restored regional cerebral blood flow, reduced infarct size, and decreased neurological deficit score at 24 h after reperfusion. Along with inhibiting AChE activity, huperzine A inhibited nuclear translocation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B, decreased overexpression of proinflammatory factors in both ipsilateral cortex and striatum, and suppressed activation of glial cells in the ischemic penumbra. Neurological deficit and glial cells activation were also reduced by daily administration of huperzine A for 14 days. Mecamylamine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, totally abolished the inhibitory effects of huperzine A on ischemia-induced glial cells activation. Meanwhile, mecamylamine partially reversed the infarct size-reducing effects of huperzine A. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that huperzine A exhibits neuroprotective effects against transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury and suggest that the protection mechanism may involve a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, in which nAChR plays an essential role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, P.R. China
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45
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Zhang HY, Zheng CY, Yan H, Wang ZF, Tang LL, Gao X, Tang XC. Potential therapeutic targets of huperzine A for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 175:396-402. [PMID: 18565502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA), a novel Lycopodium alkaloid isolated from Chinese folk medicine Huperzia serrata (Qian Ceng Ta), is a potent, selective and well-tolerated inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). It has been proven to significantly improve the learning and memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) patients in China. Interestingly, our recent data indicate that HupA also possesses other protective functions. This paper will give an overview on the protective effects of HupA, which includes regulating beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism, protecting against Abeta-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as anti-inflammation. The multiple neuroprotective effects of HupA might yield additional beneficial effects in AD and VaD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, China
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46
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Hemendinger RA, Armstrong EJ, Persinski R, Todd J, Mougeot JL, Volvovitz F, Rosenfeld J. Huperzine a provides neuroprotection against several cell death inducers usingin vitro model systems of motor neuron cell death. Neurotox Res 2008; 13:49-61. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Tang XQ, Yang CT, Chen J, Yin WL, Tian SW, Hu B, Feng JQ, Li YJ. Effect of hydrogen sulphide on beta-amyloid-induced damage in PC12 cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 35:180-6. [PMID: 17892504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) is a well-known cytotoxic gas. Recently, H(2)S has been shown to protect neurons against oxidative stress caused by glutamate, peroxynitrite and HOCl. Considerably lower H(2)S levels have been reported in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with accumulation of beta-amyloid (A beta). 2. The aim of present study was to explore the cytoprotection by H(2)S against A beta(25-35)-induced apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect in PC12 cells. 3. Our findings indicated that A beta(25-35) significantly reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis of PC12 cells, along with dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 4. Sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS), an H(2)S donor, protected PC12 cells against A beta(25-35)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis not only by reducing the loss of MMP, but also by attenuating the increase in intracellular ROS. 5. The results of the present study suggest that the cytoprotection by H(2)S is related to the preservation of MMP and attenuation of A beta(25-35)-induced intracellular ROS generation. These findings could significantly advance therapeutic approaches to the neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with oxidative stress, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Sirk D, Zhu Z, Wadia JS, Shulyakova N, Phan N, Fong J, Mills LR. Chronic exposure to sub-lethal beta-amyloid (Abeta) inhibits the import of nuclear-encoded proteins to mitochondria in differentiated PC12 cells. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1989-2003. [PMID: 17868329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies on amyloid beta (Abeta|), the peptide thought to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, have implicated mitochondria in Abeta-mediated neurotoxicity. We used differentiated PC12 cells stably transfected with an inducible green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein containing an N'-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence (mtGFP), to examine the effects of sub-lethal Abeta on the import of nuclear-encoded proteins to mitochondria. Exposure to sub-lethal Abeta(25-35) (10 mumol/L) for 48 h inhibited mtGFP import to mitochondria; average rates decreased by 20 +/- 4%. Concomitant with the decline in mtGFP, cytoplasmic mtGFP increased significantly while mtGFP expression and intramitochondrial mtGFP turnover were unchanged. Sub-lethal Abeta(1-42) inhibited mtGFP import and increased cytoplasmic mtGFP but only after 96 h. The import of two endogenous nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins, mortalin/mtHsp70 and Tom20 also declined. Prior to the decline in import, mitochondrial membrane potential (mmp), and reactive oxygen species levels were unchanged in Abeta-treated cells versus reverse phase controls. Sustained periods of decreased import were associated with decreased mmp, increased reactive oxygen species, increased vulnerability to oxygen-glucose deprivation and altered mitochondrial morphology. These findings suggest that an Abeta-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial protein import, and the consequent mitochondrial impairment, may contribute to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sirk
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Zhang HY, Yan H, Tang XC. Non-cholinergic Effects of Huperzine A: Beyond Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 28:173-83. [PMID: 17657601 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to decrease the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine has been the main symptomatic therapy for mild to moderate Alzheimer's patients, though the etiology of Alzheimer's disease remains unclear and seems to involve multiple factors. Further evidence has indicated that some of these acetylcholinesterase inhibitors also have non-cholinergic functions on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease including the formation and deposition of beta-amyloid. Huperzine A, a potent and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that was initially isolated from a Chinese herb, has been found to improve cognitive deficits in a broad range of animal models and has been used for Alzheimer's disease treatment in China. The novel neuroprotective effects of huperzine A might yield beneficial effects in Alzheimer's disease therapy and provide a potential template for the design of new selective and powerful anti-Alzheimer's drugs. The present paper gives an overview on the neuroprotective effects of huperzine A beyond its acetylcholinesterase inhibition. These effects include regulating beta-amyloid precursor protein metabolism, protecting against beta-amyloid-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis. The structure-function relationship of huperzine A is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China
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50
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Li RC, Pouranfar F, Lee SK, Morris MW, Wang Y, Gozal D. Neuroglobin protects PC12 cells against beta-amyloid-induced cell injury. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 29:1815-22. [PMID: 17560688 PMCID: PMC2586918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of amyloid beta (Abeta) has been proposed as a pivotal event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Possible mechanisms underlying Abeta-induced neuronal cytotoxicity include excess production of reactive oxidative species (ROS) and apoptosis. Neuroglobin (Ngb), a newly discovered globin in vertebrates that exhibits neuroprotective functions, may have a potential role in scavenging ROS. To examine the potential protective role of Ngb in Abeta-induced cytotoxicity, PC12 cells were treated with Abeta (1-42 fragment) for 24h. Abeta treatments increased ROS production in PC12 cells. Overexpression of Ngb but not Ngb mutant in the PC12 cells significantly attenuated Abeta-induced ROS production and lipids peroxidation. Furthermore, overexpression of Ngb also attenuated Abeta-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, and promoted cell survival in PC12 cells. Therefore, Ngb may act as an intracellular ROS scavenger, and such antioxidant properties may play a protective role against Abeta-induced cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Li
- Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Farzan Pouranfar
- Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Seung Kwan Lee
- Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Matthew W. Morris
- Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Yang Wang
- Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - David Gozal
- Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
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