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Jiang X, Han X, Kong T, Wu Y, Shan L, Yang Z, Liu Y, Wang F. Association of impulsive behavior and cerebrospinal fluid/plasma oxidation and antioxidation ratio in Chinese men. Brain Res 2024; 1835:148935. [PMID: 38609031 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impulsive behavior is the precursor of many psychiatric and neurological conditions. High levels of impulsive behavior will increase health risk behavior and related injuries. Impulsive behavior is produced and regulated by central and peripheral biological factors, and oxidative stress (OS) can aggravate it. However, previous studies only showed that impulsive behavior was related to the level of the peripheral OS. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the relationship between OS and impulsive behavior in the brain and peripheral blood. METHODS We recruited 64 Chinese men. We measured superoxide dismutase (SOD) (including copper, zinc and manganese) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (including total, inducible and constitutive) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 (BIS-11) was used to evaluate impulsive behavior. The relationship between OS and impulsive behavior was evaluated by partial correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Partial correlation analysis showed that the ratio of total NOS-to-MnSOD and iNOS-to-MnSOD in CSF were negatively correlated with the BIS-11 motor scores (r = -0.431, p = -0.001; r = -0.434, p = -0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the ratio of CSF iNOS-to-MnSOD was the most influential variable on the BIS-11 motor scores(β = -0.434, t = -3.433, 95 %CI(-0.374, -0.098), p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The imbalance of central oxidation and antioxidation is related to impulsive behavior, which broadens our understanding of the correlation between impulsive behavior and OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Jiang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100096, China; Medical Neurobiology Lab, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010110, China
| | - Xiaoli Han
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Friendship Hospital of Urumqi, Urumqi 830049, China
| | - Tiantian Kong
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorder Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830063, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Ligang Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhuqing Yang
- Medical Neurobiology Lab, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010110, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Fan Wang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100096, China.
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Sakai Y, Egawa D, Hattori J, Morikawa Y, Suenami K, Takayama T, Nagai A, Michiue T, Ikari A, Matsunaga T. α-Pyrrolidinononanophenone derivatives induce differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell apoptosis via reduction of antioxidant capacity: Involvement of NO depletion and inactivation of Nrf2/HO1 signaling pathway. Neurotoxicology 2024; 100:3-15. [PMID: 38040126 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
α-Pyrrolidinononanophenone (α-PNP) derivatives are known to be one of the hazardous new psychoactive substances due to the most extended hydrocarbon chains of any pyrrolidinophenones on the illicit drug market. Our previous report showed that 4'-iodo-α-PNP (I-α-PNP) is the most potent cytotoxic compound among α-PNP derivatives and induces apoptosis due to mitochondrial dysfunction and suppression of nitric oxide (NO) production in differentiated human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. In this study, to clarify the detailed action mechanisms by I-α-PNP, we investigated the mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) -dependent apoptosis by I-α-PNP in differentiated SH-SY5Y with a focus on the antioxidant activities. Treatment with I-α-PNP elicits overproduction of ROS such as H2O2, hydroxyl radical, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine is attenuated the SH-SY5Y cells apoptosis by I-α-PNP. These results suggested that the overproduction of ROS is related to SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis by I-α-PNP. In addition, I-α-PNP markedly decreased antioxidant capacity in differentiated cells than in undifferentiated cells and inhibited the upregulation of hemeoxygenase 1 (HO1) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression caused by induction of differentiation. Furthermore, the treatment with I-α-PNP increased the nuclear expression level of BTB Domain And CNC Homolog 1 (Bach1), a transcriptional repressor of Nrf2, only in differentiated cells, suggesting that the marked decrease in antioxidant capacity in differentiated cells was due to suppression of Nrf2/HO1 signaling by Bach1. Additionally, pretreatment with an NO donor suppresses the I-α-PNP-evoked ROS overproduction, HO1 down-regulation, increased nuclear Bach1 expression and reduced antioxidant activity in the differentiated cells. These findings suggest that the ROS-dependent apoptosis by I-α-PNP in differentiated cells is attributed to the inactivation of the Nrf2/HO1 signaling pathway triggered by NO depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sakai
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu 500-8501, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Egawa
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| | - Junta Hattori
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu 500-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Suenami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu 500-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takayama
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu 500-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Tomomi Michiue
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
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Blood-brain barrier integrity in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 59:100857. [PMID: 32781194 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) tightly controls the molecular exchange between the brain parenchyma and blood. Accumulated evidence from transgenic animal Alzheimer's disease (AD) models and human AD patients have demonstrated that BBB dysfunction is a major player in AD pathology. In this review, we discuss the role of the BBB in maintaining brain integrity and how this is mediated by crosstalk between BBB-associated cells within the neurovascular unit (NVU). We then discuss the role of the NVU, in particular its endothelial cell, pericyte, and glial cell constituents, in AD pathogenesis. The effect of substances released by the neuroendocrine system in modulating BBB function and AD pathogenesis is also discussed. We perform a systematic review of currently available AD treatments specifically targeting pericytes and BBB glial cells. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of BBB dysfunction in AD and a new perspective on the development of therapeutics for AD.
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Garhöfer G, Schmetterer L. Nitric oxide: a drug target for glaucoma revisited. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1614-1620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Stankowska DL, Dibas A, Li L, Zhang W, Krishnamoorthy VR, Chavala SH, Nguyen TP, Yorio T, Ellis DZ, Acharya S. Hybrid Compound SA-2 is Neuroprotective in Animal Models of Retinal Ganglion Cell Death. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3064-3073. [PMID: 31348824 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Determine the toxicity, bioavailability in the retina, and neuroprotective effects of a hybrid antioxidant-nitric oxide donor compound SA-2 against oxidative stress-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in neurodegenerative animal models. Methods Optic nerve crush (ONC) and ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury models were used in 12-week-old C57BL/6J mice to mimic conditions of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Mice were treated intravitreally with either vehicle or SA-2. Retinal thickness was measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The electroretinogram and pattern ERG (PERG) were used to assess retinal function. RGC survival was determined by counting RBPMS-positive RGCs and immunohistochemical analysis of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) levels was carried out in the retina sections. Concentrations of SA-2 in the retina and choroid were determined using HPLC and MS. In addition, the direct effect of SA-2 treatment on RGC survival was assessed in ex vivo rat retinal explants under hypoxic (0.5% O2) conditions. Results Compound SA-2 did not induce any appreciable change in retinal thickness, or in a- or b-wave amplitude in naive animals. SA-2 was found to be bioavailable in both the retina and choroid after a single intravitreal injection (2% wt/vol). An increase in SOD1 levels in the retina of mice subjected to ONC and SA-2 treatment, suggests an enhancement in antioxidant activity. SA-2 provided significant (P < 0.05) RGC protection in all three of the tested RGC injury models in rodents. PERG amplitudes were significantly higher in both I/R and ONC mouse eyes following SA-2 treatment (P ≤ 0.001) in comparison with the vehicle and control groups. Conclusions Compound SA-2 was effective in preventing RGC death and loss of function in three different rodent models of acute RGC injury: ONC, I/R, and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota L Stankowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Adnan Dibas
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Linya Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Vignesh R Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Sai H Chavala
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Tam Phung Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - Thomas Yorio
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Dorette Z Ellis
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Suchismita Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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Shi Y, Wang Y, Wei H. Dantrolene : From Malignant Hyperthermia to Alzheimer's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2019; 18:668-676. [PMID: 29921212 PMCID: PMC7754833 DOI: 10.2174/1871527317666180619162649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dantrolene, a ryanodine receptor antagonist, is primarily known as the only clinically acceptable and effective treatment for Malignant Hyperthermia (MH). Inhibition of Ryanodine Receptor (RyR) by dantrolene decreases the abnormal calcium release from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) or Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), where RyR is located. Recently, emerging researches on dissociated cells, brains slices, live animal models and patients have demonstrated that altered RyR expression and function can also play a vital role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Therefore, dantrolene is now widely studied as a novel treatment for AD, targeting the blockade of RyR channels or another alternative pathway, such as the inhibitory effects of NMDA glutamate receptors and the effects of ER-mitochondria connection. However, the therapeutic effects are not consistent. In this review, we focus on the relationship between the altered RyR expression and function and the pathogenesis of AD, and the potential application of dantrolene as a novel treatment for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 305 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 305 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Huafeng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 305 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Polis B, Srikanth KD, Elliott E, Gil-Henn H, Samson AO. L-Norvaline Reverses Cognitive Decline and Synaptic Loss in a Murine Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:1036-1054. [PMID: 30288668 PMCID: PMC6277292 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The urea cycle is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Arginase-I (ARGI) accumulation at sites of amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition is associated with L-arginine deprivation and neurodegeneration. An interaction between the arginase II (ARGII) and mTOR-ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1 (S6K1) pathways promotes inflammation and oxidative stress. In this study, we treated triple-transgenic (3×Tg) mice exhibiting increased S6K1 activity and wild-type (WT) mice with L-norvaline, which inhibits both arginase and S6K1. The acquisition of spatial memory was significantly improved in the treated 3×Tg mice, and the improvement was associated with a substantial reduction in microgliosis. In these mice, increases in the density of dendritic spines and expression levels of neuroplasticity-related proteins were followed by a decline in the levels of Aβ toxic oligomeric and fibrillar species in the hippocampus. The findings point to an association of local Aβ-driven and immune-mediated responses with altered L-arginine metabolism, and they suggest that arginase and S6K1 inhibition by L-norvaline may delay the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruh Polis
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502, Safed, Israel.
- Laboratory of Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502, Safed, Israel.
| | - Kolluru D Srikanth
- Laboratory of Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502, Safed, Israel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8th Henrietta Szold Street, P.O. Box 1589, 1311502, Safed, Israel
| | - Evan Elliott
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 8th Henrietta Szold Street, P.O. Box 1589, 1311502, Safed, Israel
| | - Hava Gil-Henn
- Laboratory of Cell Migration and Invasion, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502, Safed, Israel
| | - Abraham O Samson
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502, Safed, Israel
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Wareham LK, Dordea AC, Schleifer G, Yao V, Batten A, Fei F, Mertz J, Gregory-Ksander M, Pasquale LR, Buys ES, Sappington RM. Increased bioavailability of cyclic guanylate monophosphate prevents retinal ganglion cell degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 121:65-75. [PMID: 30213732 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nitric oxide - guanylyl cyclase-1 - cyclic guanylate monophosphate (NO-GC-1-cGMP) pathway has emerged as a potential pathogenic mechanism for glaucoma, a common intraocular pressure (IOP)-related optic neuropathy characterized by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons in the optic nerve. NO activates GC-1 to increase cGMP levels, which are lowered by cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. This pathway appears to play a role in both the regulation of IOP, where reduced cGMP levels in mice leads to elevated IOP and subsequent RGC degeneration. Here, we investigated whether potentiation of cGMP signaling could protect RGCs from glaucomatous degeneration. We administered the PDE5 inhibitor tadalafil orally (10 mg/kg/day) in murine models of two forms of glaucoma - primary open angle glaucoma (POAG; GC-1-/- mice) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG; Microbead Occlusion Model) - and measured RGC viability at both the soma and axon level. To determine the direct effect of increased cGMP on RGCs in vitro, we treated axotomized whole retina and primary RGC cultures with the cGMP analogue 8-Br-cGMP. Tadalafil treatment increased plasma cGMP levels in both models, but did not alter IOP or mean arterial pressure. Nonetheless, tadalafil treatment prevented degeneration of RGC soma and axons in both disease models. Treatment of whole, axotomized retina and primary RGC cultures with 8-Br-cGMP markedly attenuated both necrotic and apoptotic cell death pathways in RGCs. Our findings suggest that enhancement of the NO-GC-1-cGMP pathway protects the RGC body and axon in murine models of POAG and PACG, and that enhanced signaling through this pathway may serve as a novel glaucoma treatment, acting independently of IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Ana C Dordea
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grigorij Schleifer
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vincent Yao
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Annabelle Batten
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fei Fei
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Joseph Mertz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Meredith Gregory-Ksander
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United Sates
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Buys
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca M Sappington
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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Wareham LK, Buys ES, Sappington RM. The nitric oxide-guanylate cyclase pathway and glaucoma. Nitric Oxide 2018; 77:75-87. [PMID: 29723581 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a prevalent optic neuropathy characterized by the progressive dysfunction and loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their optic nerve axons, which leads to irreversible visual field loss. Multiple risk factors for the disease have been identified, but elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the primary risk factor amenable to treatment. Reducing IOP however does not always prevent glaucomatous neurodegeneration, and many patients progress with the disease despite having IOP in the normal range. There is increasing evidence that nitric oxide (NO) is a direct regulator of IOP and that dysfunction of the NO-Guanylate Cyclase (GC) pathway is associated with glaucoma incidence. NO has shown promise as a novel therapeutic with targeted effects that: 1) lower IOP; 2) increase ocular blood flow; and 3) confer neuroprotection. The various effects of NO in the eye appear to be mediated through the activation of the GC- guanosine 3:5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) pathway and its effect on downstream targets, such as protein kinases and Ca2+ channels. Although NO-donor compounds are promising as therapeutics for IOP regulation, they may not be ideal to harness the neuroprotective potential of NO signaling. Here we review evidence that supports direct targeting of GC as a novel pleiotrophic treatment for the disease, without the need for direct NO application. The identification and targeting of other factors that contribute to glaucoma would be beneficial to patients, particularly those that do not respond well to IOP-dependent interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Rebecca M Sappington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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10
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Polis B, Samson AO. Arginase as a Potential Target in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/aad.2018.74009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Balez R, Steiner N, Engel M, Muñoz SS, Lum JS, Wu Y, Wang D, Vallotton P, Sachdev P, O’Connor M, Sidhu K, Münch G, Ooi L. Neuroprotective effects of apigenin against inflammation, neuronal excitability and apoptosis in an induced pluripotent stem cell model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31450. [PMID: 27514990 PMCID: PMC4981845 DOI: 10.1038/srep31450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, yet current therapeutic treatments are inadequate due to a complex disease pathogenesis. The plant polyphenol apigenin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in a number of cell and animal models; however a comprehensive assessment has not been performed in a human model of AD. Here we have used a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model of familial and sporadic AD, in addition to healthy controls, to assess the neuroprotective activity of apigenin. The iPSC-derived AD neurons demonstrated a hyper-excitable calcium signalling phenotype, elevated levels of nitrite, increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis, reduced neurite length and increased susceptibility to inflammatory stress challenge from activated murine microglia, in comparison to control neurons. We identified that apigenin has potent anti-inflammatory properties with the ability to protect neurites and cell viability by promoting a global down-regulation of cytokine and nitric oxide (NO) release in inflammatory cells. In addition, we show that apigenin is able to protect iPSC-derived AD neurons via multiple means by reducing the frequency of spontaneous Ca(2+) signals and significantly reducing caspase-3/7 mediated apoptosis. These data demonstrate the broad neuroprotective action of apigenin against AD pathogenesis in a human disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Balez
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Nicole Steiner
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Engel
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Sonia Sanz Muñoz
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jeremy Stephen Lum
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Yizhen Wu
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Dadong Wang
- CSIRO Informatics and Statistics, Locked Bag 17, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
| | - Pascal Vallotton
- CSIRO Informatics and Statistics, Locked Bag 17, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, High Street, Kensington,. NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Michael O’Connor
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Kuldip Sidhu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, High Street, Kensington,. NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Centre of Complementary Medicine Research (CompleMed), Western Sydney University, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Getting to NO Alzheimer's Disease: Neuroprotection versus Neurotoxicity Mediated by Nitric Oxide. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:3806157. [PMID: 26697132 PMCID: PMC4677236 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3806157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder involving the loss of neurons in the brain which leads to progressive memory loss and behavioral changes. To date, there are only limited medications for AD and no known cure. Nitric oxide (NO) has long been considered part of the neurotoxic insult caused by neuroinflammation in the Alzheimer's brain. However, focusing on early developments, prior to the appearance of cognitive symptoms, is changing that perception. This has highlighted a compensatory, neuroprotective role for NO that protects synapses by increasing neuronal excitability. A potential mechanism for augmentation of excitability by NO is via modulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity (Kv7 and Kv2). Identification of the ionic mechanisms and signaling pathways that mediate this protection is an important next step for the field. Harnessing the protective role of NO and related signaling pathways could provide a therapeutic avenue that prevents synapse loss early in disease.
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Zhang Y, Chopp M, Liu XS, Kassis H, Wang X, Li C, An G, Zhang ZG. MicroRNAs in the axon locally mediate the effects of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and cGMP on axonal growth. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1402-19. [PMID: 25788427 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Axonal miRNAs locally regulate axonal growth by modulating local protein composition. Whether localized miRNAs in the axon mediate the inhibitory effect of Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) on the axon remains unknown. We showed that in cultured cortical neurons, axonal application of CSPGs inhibited axonal growth and altered axonal miRNA profiles, whereas elevation of axonal cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels by axonal application of sildenafil reversed the effect of CSPGs on inhibition of axonal growth and on miRNA profiles. Specifically, CSPGs elevated and reduced axonal levels of miR-29c and integrin β1 (ITGB1) proteins, respectively, while elevation of cGMP levels overcame these CSPG effects. Gain-of- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that miR-29c in the distal axon mediates axonal growth downstream of CSPGs and cGMP by regulating axonal protein levels of ITGB1, FAK, and RhoA. Together, our data demonstrate that axonal miRNAs play an important role in mediating the inhibitory action of CSPGs on axonal growth and that miR-29c at least partially mediates this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, 48202.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, 48309
| | - Xian Shuang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
| | - Haifa Kassis
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
| | - Xinli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
| | | | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
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14
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Special issue dedicated to Elisabeth Bock. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1089-91. [PMID: 23636805 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Kudryashova IV. Structural and functional modifications of presynaptic afferents: Do they correlate with learning mechanisms? NEUROCHEM J+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971241104009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Paquet-Durand F, Sanges D, McCall J, Silva J, van Veen T, Marigo V, Ekström P. Photoreceptor rescue and toxicity induced by different calpain inhibitors. J Neurochem 2010; 115:930-40. [PMID: 20807308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor degeneration is the hallmark of a group of inherited blinding diseases collectively termed retinitis pigmentosa (RP); a major cause of blindness in humans. RP is at present untreatable and the underlying neurodegenerative mechanisms are largely unknown, even though the genetic causes are often established. The activation of calpain-type proteases may play an important role in cell death in various neuronal tissues, including the retina. We therefore tested the efficacy of two different calpain inhibitors in preventing cell death in the retinal degeneration (rd1) human homologous mouse model for RP. Pharmacological inhibition of calpain activity in rd1 organotypic retinal explants had ambiguous effects on photoreceptor viability. Calpain inhibitor XI had protective effects when applied for short periods of time (16 h) but demonstrated substantial levels of toxicity in both wild-type and rd1 retina when used over several days. In contrast, the highly specific calpain inhibitor calpastatin peptide reduced photoreceptor cell death in vitro after both short and prolonged exposure, an effect that was also evident after in vivo application via intravitreal injection. These findings highlight the importance of calpain activation for photoreceptor cell death but also for photoreceptor survival and propose the use of highly specific calpain inhibitors to prevent or delay RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Paquet-Durand
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Chen Y, Li S, Berezin V, Bock E. The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) agonist FGF1 and the neural cell adhesion molecule-derived peptide FGL activate FGFR substrate 2alpha differently. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1882-9. [PMID: 20175207 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Activation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors (FGFRs) both by FGFs and by the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is crucial in the development and function of the nervous system. We found that FGFR substrate 2alpha (FRS2alpha), Src homologous and collagen A (ShcA), and phospholipase-Cgamma (PLCgamma) were all required for neurite outgrowth from cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) induced by FGF1 and FGL (an NCAM-derived peptide agonist of FGFR1). Like FGF1, FGL induced tyrosine phosphorylation of FGFR1, FRS2alpha, ShcA, and PLCgamma in a time- and dose-dependent manner. However, the activation of FRS2alpha by FGL was significantly lower than the activation by FGF1, indicating a differential signaling profile induced by NCAM compared with the cognate growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuo Chen
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3C, Building 24.2, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
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Kohgami S, Ogata T, Morino T, Yamamoto H, Schubert P. Pharmacological shift of the ambiguous nitric oxide action from neurotoxicity to cyclic GMP-mediated protection. Neurol Res 2010; 32:938-44. [PMID: 20426899 DOI: 10.1179/016164110x12681290831243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) increase on neuronal damage was tested using a newly developed nitric oxide-related injury model of cultured spinal cord neurons. METHODS Neuronal damage after 24-hour-exposure to sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, was evaluated by measuring the activity of released lactate dehydrogenase from injured neurons. RESULTS Oxygen radical scavengers had a protective effect, indicating that the neuronal damage, elicited by 10 μM SNP, was largely due to peroxynitrite formation. Alternatively, a strong inhibition of the NO-induced damage could also be achieved by an intracellular cyclic GMP increase resulting from the addition of 100 μM 8-bromo-cyclic GMP. Propentofylline (PPF, 1-100 μM), a xanthine derivative and rather selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, enhanced intracellular cyclic GMP elevation induced by SNP exposure. The neuronal damage induced by 10 μM SNP exposure for 24 hours was almost completely blocked in the presence of 1 μM PPF. DISCUSSION These results suggest that NO has an ambiguous action, i.e. toxic by favoring the formation of, but protective by intracellular cyclic GMP elevation which can be reinforced by PDE inhibition. Therefore, PDE inhibitors, such as PPF, may be useful therapeutic drugs to limit oxidative neuronal damage in the central nervous system.
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Honoring Dr. Elisabeth Bock. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 663:423-6. [PMID: 20017037 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1170-4_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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20
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Knipp S, Bicker G. A developmental study of enteric neuron migration in the grasshopper using immunological probes. Dev Dyn 2010; 238:2837-49. [PMID: 19842181 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motility of enteric plexus neurons in the grasshopper Locusta migratoria depends critically on the NO/cGMP signaling cascade. This is reflected in a strong NO-dependent cGMP staining in migrating enteric midgut neurons. In contrast, first cGMP immunoreactivity (cGMP-IR) in the foregut enteric ganglia was detected clearly after the main migratory processes have taken place. Thus, expression of cGMP-IR in migrating neurons is a distinct phenomenon restricted to neurons forming midgut and foregut plexus, that does not occur during convergence of neurons forming the enteric ganglia. Analysis of time lapse video microscopy of migrating midgut neurons together with an immunofluorescence study of midgut cellular structures suggests a contribution of the midgut musculature to enteric neuron guidance. Additionally, during midgut plexus formation a fasciculating signal for enteric neuron neurites appears to be provided by the cell adhesion molecule Fasciclin I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Knipp
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Physiology, Hannover, Germany
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21
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Signaling pathways involved in NCAM-induced neurite outgrowth. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 663:151-68. [PMID: 20017021 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1170-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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23
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Murray AJ, Peace AG, Shewan DA. cGMP promotes neurite outgrowth and growth cone turning and improves axon regeneration on spinal cord tissue in combination with cAMP. Brain Res 2009; 1294:12-21. [PMID: 19646425 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has been intensively studied in recent years in order to elucidate its contribution in intracellular signalling mechanisms that regulate axon growth and guidance, and also to test if its activation can promote axon regeneration after injury. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), however, has been given considerably less attention even though it too mediates intracellular signalling cascades activated by extracellular guidance cues. cGMP can promote neurite outgrowth in neuronal cell lines but its role in promoting growth and regeneration of primary neurons is not well established. Here, we have examined the effects of elevating cGMP activity on axon growth, guidance and regeneration in vitro. We have found that, like cAMP elevation, activation of cGMP increases rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurite outgrowth on a polylysine substrate and that asymmetric cGMP elevation promotes attractive growth cone turning. When grown in an in vitro model of axon regeneration activation of cGMP alone was not sufficient to promote adult neurite outgrowth. However, when combined with cAMP elevation substantial regeneration of adult neurites is achieved, superior to that achieved with either cAMP or cGMP alone. Regeneration is enhanced still further with simultaneous application of a Nogo receptor blocking peptide, suggesting this combinatorial strategy could achieve far greater axon regeneration in vivo than targeting individual cell signalling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Murray
- School of Medical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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24
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Burgess A, Saini S, Weng YQ, Aubert I. Stimulation of choline acetyltransferase by C3d, a neural cell adhesion molecule ligand. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:609-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Berezin V. WITHDRAWN: Special Issue Honoring Dr. Elisabeth Bock. Neurochem Res 2008. [PMID: 18709550 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Berezin
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark,
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27
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Ditlevsen DK, Povlsen GK, Berezin V, Bock E. NCAM-induced intracellular signaling revisited. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:727-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Ohgami Y, Chung E, Shirachi DY, Quock RM. The effect of hyperbaric oxygen on regional brain and spinal cord levels of nitric oxide metabolites in rat. Brain Res Bull 2007; 75:668-73. [PMID: 18355644 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO(2)) therapy is reported to be beneficial in transient brain ischemia. The present study was conducted to determine the influence of HBO(2) on metabolites of nitric oxide (NO) in brain and spinal cord of rats. Rats were exposed to room air (RA), normobaric air (NBA), normobaric oxygen (NBO(2)), hyperbaric air (HBA) or HBO(2), the last two conditions at 2.5ATA (atmosphere absolute) for 60 min. The results demonstrate that, compared to the NBA control, oxygen alone generally reduced tissue levels of NO(x)(-) (nitrite plus nitrate). On the other hand, 2.5ATA alone tended to have a slight, if any, effect on tissue levels of NO(x)(-). The combination of oxygen and pressure (i.e., HBO(2)) generally led to an increase in tissue levels of NO(x)(-). Based on these findings, it is concluded that HBO(2) appears to markedly increase NO function most notably in the corpus striatum, brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ohgami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6534, USA
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Kiryushko D, Bock E, Berezin V. Pharmacology of cell adhesion molecules of the nervous system. Curr Neuropharmacol 2007; 5:253-67. [PMID: 19305742 PMCID: PMC2644493 DOI: 10.2174/157015907782793658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system under normal conditions. They also are involved in numerous pathological processes such as inflammation, degenerative disorders, and cancer, making them attractive targets for drug development. The majority of CAMs are signal transducing receptors. CAM-induced intracellular signalling is triggered via homophilic (CAM-CAM) and heterophilic (CAM - other counter-receptors) interactions, which both can be targeted pharmacologically. We here describe the progress in the CAM pharmacology focusing on cadherins and CAMs of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, such as NCAM and L1. Structural basis of CAM-mediated cell adhesion and CAM-induced signalling are outlined. Different pharmacological approaches to study functions of CAMs are presented including the use of specific antibodies, recombinant proteins, and synthetic peptides. We also discuss how unravelling of the 3D structure of CAMs provides novel pharmacological tools for dissection of CAM-induced signalling pathways and offers therapeutic opportunities for a range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Kiryushko
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Panum Institute Bld. 6.2, Blegdamsvej 3C, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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