1
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Chen X, Jiang M, Li H, Wang Y, Shen H, Li X, Zhang Y, Wu J, Yu Z, Chen G. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis attenuates early brain injury via promoting the delivery of exosomal microRNA-124 from neuron to microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:209. [PMID: 32664984 PMCID: PMC7362528 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation is a major contributor to early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). MicroRNA-124 (miR-124) is the most abundant miRNAs in the central nervous system (CNS) and plays a vital role in microglial activation by targeting protein CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα). It has been reported that the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis is involved in the delivery of miR-124 from neurons to microglia. METHODS An experimental rat SAH model was established by injecting autologous arterial blood into the prechiasmatic cistern, and cultured primary neurons and microglia were exposed to oxyhemoglobin to mimic SAH in vitro. We additionally exploited specific expression plasmids encoding CX3CL1 and CX3CR1. RESULTS We observed significant decreases in CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in the brain tissues of SAH patients. We also observed decreases in the levels of CX3CL1 in neurons and CX3CR1 in microglia after SAH in rats. Moreover, microglia exhibited an activated phenotype with macrophage-like morphology and high levels of CD45 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II after SAH. After overexpression of CX3CL1/CX3CR1, the level of CD45 and MHC class II and the release of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1α and complement 1q were significantly decreased. There was also increased neuronal degeneration and behavior dysfunction after SAH, both of which were inhibited by CX3CL1/CX3CR1 overexpression. Additionally, we found that the delivery of exosomal miR-124 from neurons to microglia was significantly reduced after SAH, accompanied by an increase in C/EBPα expression, and was inhibited by CX3CL1/CX3CR1 overexpression. In conclusion, the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis may play protective roles after SAH by promoting the delivery of exosomal miR-124 to microglia and attenuate microglial activation and neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis may be a potential intervention target for the inhibition of SAH-induced EBI by promoting exosome transport of miR-124 to microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.
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2
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Mirzaei R, Mohammadzadeh R, Mirzaei H, Sholeh M, Karampoor S, Abdi M, Alikhani MY, Kazemi S, Ahmadyousefi Y, Jalalifar S, Yousefimashouf R. Role of
microRNAs
in
Staphylococcus aureus
infection: Potential biomarkers and mechanism. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1856-1869. [PMID: 32516518 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineHamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
| | - Rokhsareh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic SciencesKashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Milad Abdi
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of MedicineIran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineHamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
| | - Sima Kazemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineHamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
| | - Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and TechnologiesHamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
- Research Center for Molecular MedicineHamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
| | - Saba Jalalifar
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineHamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
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3
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de Kerckhove M, Tanaka K, Umehara T, Okamoto M, Kanematsu S, Hayashi H, Yano H, Nishiura S, Tooyama S, Matsubayashi Y, Komatsu T, Park S, Okada Y, Takahashi R, Kawano Y, Hanawa T, Iwasaki K, Nozaki T, Torigoe H, Ikematsu K, Suzuki Y, Tanaka K, Martin P, Shimokawa I, Mori R. Targeting miR-223 in neutrophils enhances the clearance of Staphylococcus aureus in infected wounds. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201809024. [PMID: 30171089 PMCID: PMC6180296 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Argonaute 2 bound mature microRNA (Ago2-miRNA) complexes are key regulators of the wound inflammatory response and function in the translational processing of target mRNAs. In this study, we identified four wound inflammation-related Ago2-miRNAs (miR-139-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-142-5p, and miR-223) and show that miR-223 is critical for infection control. miR-223 Y/- mice exhibited delayed sterile healing with prolonged neutrophil activation and interleukin-6 expression, and markedly improved repair of Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds. We also showed that the expression of miR-223 was regulated by CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha in human neutrophils after exposure to S. aureus peptides. Treatment with miR-223 Y/--derived neutrophils, or miR-223 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides in S. aureus-infected wild-type wounds markedly improved the healing of these otherwise chronic, slow healing wounds. This study reveals how miR-223 regulates the bactericidal capacity of neutrophils at wound sites and indicates that targeting miR-223 might be of therapeutic benefit for infected wounds in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko de Kerckhove
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ehime Prefectural Center Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takahiro Umehara
- Department of Forensic Pathology and Science, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Momoko Okamoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sotaro Kanematsu
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Soushi Nishiura
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shiho Tooyama
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsubayashi
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Toshimitsu Komatsu
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Seongjoon Park
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Rina Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kawano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takehisa Hanawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Iwasaki
- Department of Pathology, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tadashige Nozaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Torigoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ikematsu
- Department of Forensic Pathology and Science, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Tanaka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Paul Martin
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Isao Shimokawa
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Mori
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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4
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Zhou J, Li H, Xia X, Herrera A, Pollock N, Reebye V, Sodergren MH, Dorman S, Littman BH, Doogan D, Huang KW, Habib R, Blakey D, Habib NA, Rossi JJ. Anti-inflammatory Activity of MTL-CEBPA, a Small Activating RNA Drug, in LPS-Stimulated Monocytes and Humanized Mice. Mol Ther 2019; 27:999-1016. [PMID: 30852139 PMCID: PMC6520465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive or inappropriate inflammatory responses can cause serious and even fatal diseases. The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA) gene encodes C/EBPα, a transcription factor that plays a fundamental role in controlling maturation of the myeloid lineage and is also expressed during the late phase of inflammatory responses when signs of inflammation are decreasing. MTL-CEBPA, a small activating RNA targeting for upregulation of C/EBPα, is currently being evaluated in a phase 1b trial for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. After dosing, subjects had reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and we therefore hypothesized that MTL-CEBPA has anti-inflammatory potential. The current study was conducted to determine the effects of C/EBPα saRNA - CEBPA-51 - on inflammation in vitro and in vivo after endotoxin challenge. CEBPA-51 led to increased expression of the C/EBPα gene and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines in THP-1 monocytes previously stimulated by E. coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment with MTL-CEBPA in an LPS-challenged humanized mouse model upregulated C/EBPα mRNA, increased neutrophils, and attenuated production of several key pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ. In addition, a Luminex analysis of mouse serum revealed that MTL-CEBPA reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Collectively, the data support further investigation of MTL-CEBPA in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases where this mechanism has pathogenic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Haitang Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Alberto Herrera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Nicolette Pollock
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Vikash Reebye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 5NH, UK
| | - Mikael H Sodergren
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 5NH, UK
| | - Stephanie Dorman
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 5NH, UK
| | - Bruce H Littman
- Translational Medicine Associates, LLC, Savannah, GA 31302, USA
| | | | - Kai-Wen Huang
- Department of Surgery and Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Nagy A Habib
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 5NH, UK; MiNA Therapeutics, Ltd., London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - John J Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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5
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Li Y, Østerhus S, Johnsen IB. Human Metapneumovirus Infection Inhibits Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in Human Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:902. [PMID: 29780383 PMCID: PMC5946005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cathelicidin antimicriobial peptide (CAMP) is a critical component of host innate immunity with both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions. Several pathogens have been shown to downregulate CAMP expression, yet it is unclear if such modulation occurs during a viral infection. In this study, we showed that infection with human metapneumovirus (hMPV), one of the leading causes of respiratory tract infections in young children, strongly suppressed basal and vitamin-D induced CAMP expression in human macrophages. hMPV-mediated suppression of CAMP did not correlate with reduced transcriptional expression of key vitamin D signaling components, such as CYP27B1 or vitamin D receptor, suggesting a vitamin D-independent mechanism. Blocking interferon-signaling pathways did not reverse hMVP-mediated suppression of CAMP, indicating that the suppressive effect is largely interferon-independent. Instead, we identified C/EBPα as the key modulator of hMPV-mediated suppression of CAMP. hMPV infection strongly repressed the expression of C/EBPα, and a knockdown study confirmed that C/EBPα is critical for CAMP expression in human macrophages. Such modulation of CAMP (and C/EBPα) could be reproduced by TLR1/2 ligand treatment in human macrophages, suggesting a common mechanism underlying pathogen-mediated downregulation of CAMP through C/EBPα. This study opens up a new understanding of altered human antimicrobial responses following infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxian Li
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stine Østerhus
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingvild B Johnsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Chan SH, Liang PH, Guh JH. An integrated approach to elucidate signaling pathways of dioscin-induced apoptosis, energy metabolism and differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:587-602. [PMID: 29594316 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the therapeutics have improved the rates of remission and cure of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in recent decades, there is still an unmet medical need for AML therapies because disease relapses are a major obstacle in patients who become refractory to salvage therapy. The development of therapeutic agents promoting both cytotoxicity and cell differentiation may provide opportunities to improve the clinical outcome. Dioscin-induced apoptosis in leukemic cells was identified through death receptor-mediated extrinsic apoptosis pathway. The formation of Bak and tBid, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential were induced by dioscin suggesting the activation of intrinsic apoptotsis pathway. A functional analysis of transcription factors using transcription factor-DNA interaction array and IPA analysis demonstrated that dioscin induced a profound increase of protein expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), a critical factor for myeloid differentiation. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis assay confirmed the increase of C/EBPα expression. Dioscin-induced differentiation was substantiated by an increase of CD11b protein expression and the induction of differentiation toward myelomonocytic/granulocytic lineages using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Moreover, both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis assay and IPA network enrichment analysis were proposed to dioscin action. In conclusion, the data suggest that dioscin exerts its antileukemic effect through the upregulation of both death ligands and death receptors and a crosstalk activation of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway with the collaboration of tBid and Bak formation. In addition, proteomics approach reveals an altered metabolic signature of dioscin-treated cells and the induction of differentiation of promyelocytes to granulocytes and monocytes in which the C/EBPα plays a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- She-Hung Chan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu Dist, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan.
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No.33, Linsen S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Hwa Guh
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, No.33, Linsen S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
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7
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Rajamani D, Singh PK, Rottmann BG, Singh N, Bhasin MK, Kumar A. Temporal retinal transcriptome and systems biology analysis identifies key pathways and hub genes in Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21502. [PMID: 26865111 PMCID: PMC4749995 DOI: 10.1038/srep21502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endophthalmitis remains a devastating inflammatory condition associated with permanent vision loss. Hence, assessing the host response in this disease may provide new targets for intervention. Using a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) endophthalmitis and performing retinal transcriptome analysis, we discovered progressive changes in the expression of 1,234 genes. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses revealed the major pathways impacted in endophthalmitis includes: metabolism, inflammatory/immune, antimicrobial, cell trafficking, and lipid biosynthesis. Among the immune/inflammation pathways, JAK/Stat and IL-17A signaling were the most significantly affected. Interactive network-based analyses identified 13 focus hub genes (IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL2, STAT3, NUPR1, Jun, CSF1, CYR61, CEBPB, IGF-1, EGFR1, SPP1, and TGM2) within these important pathways. The expression of hub genes confirmed by qRT-PCR, ELISA (IL-6, IL-1β, and CXCL2), and Western blot or immunostaining (CEBP, STAT3, NUPR1, and IGF1) showed strong correlation with transcriptome data. Since TLR2 plays an important role in SA endophthalmitis, counter regulation analysis of TLR2 ligand pretreated retina or the use of retinas from TLR2 knockout mice showed the down-regulation of inflammatory regulatory genes. Collectively, our study provides, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptomic response and identifies key pathways regulating retinal innate responses in staphylococcal endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rajamani
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Bruce G Rottmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Natasha Singh
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Manoj K Bhasin
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
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8
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Pulido-Salgado M, Vidal-Taboada JM, Saura J. C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ transcription factors: Basic biology and roles in the CNS. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 132:1-33. [PMID: 26143335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) β and C/EBPδ are transcription factors of the basic-leucine zipper class which share phylogenetic, structural and functional features. In this review we first describe in depth their basic molecular biology which includes fascinating aspects such as the regulated use of alternative initiation codons in the C/EBPβ mRNA. The physical interactions with multiple transcription factors which greatly opens the number of potentially regulated genes or the presence of at least five different types of post-translational modifications are also remarkable molecular mechanisms that modulate C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ function. In the second part, we review the present knowledge on the localization, expression changes and physiological roles of C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. We conclude that C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ share two unique features related to their role in the CNS: whereas in neurons they participate in memory formation and synaptic plasticity, in glial cells they regulate the pro-inflammatory program. Because of their role in neuroinflammation, C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ in microglia are potential targets for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Any strategy to reduce C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ activity in neuroinflammation needs to take into account its potential side-effects in neurons. Therefore, cell-specific treatments will be required for the successful application of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pulido-Salgado
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Casanova 143, planta 3, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Vidal-Taboada
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Casanova 143, planta 3, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Saura
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Casanova 143, planta 3, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Lin J, Yin YY, Qin T, Zhu LQ, Yu QH, Yang Q. Enhanced immune response of BMDCs pulsed with H9N2 AIV and CpG. Vaccine 2014; 32:6783-90. [PMID: 25454862 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), professional antigen presenting cells, have demonstrated effective in controlling the initial of innate immune, while CpG could improve the performance of immune system. To explore the mechanism of CpG enhancing the immune response, we compared different stimulated mouse DCs with systemic approach microarrays. Analysis revealed 1840 differentially expressed genes in H9N2 stimulated group, more than 1728 altered genes in inactive H9N2 group. Investigation also proved that CpG/inactive H9N2 co-stimulation changed 2140 genes, more than that in H9N2 group, strongly demonstrated that CpG improved the performance of inactive H9N2 vaccination. Pathways analysis founded that DCs response rapid to shift in their maturation state, which involved Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway significantly. Microarrays results were also verified by qRT-PCR with 14 elected representative genes. Further analysis proved that co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC-II), regulatory protein (IRF-7 and TRAF-6) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and IL-12) were all changed and involved in DCs maturation. At last we demonstrated TLR signalling pathway in chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (chBM-DCs) stimulated with CpG. The distinct transcriptional profiles of DCs pulsed with various stimuli expanded our understanding of how DCs respond and recognize influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, China; Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yin Y Yin
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, China; Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tao Qin
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, China; Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Li Q Zhu
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, China; Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qing H Yu
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, China; Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
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10
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Pan HC, Yang CN, Hung YW, Lee WJ, Tien HR, Shen CC, Sheehan J, Chou CT, Sheu ML. Reciprocal modulation of C/EBP-α and C/EBP-β by IL-13 in activated microglia prevents neuronal death. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2854-65. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Chuan Pan
- Faculty of Medicine; School of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Cheng Ning Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience; School of Life Science; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi Wen Hung
- Department of Education and Research; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Wen Jane Lee
- Department of Education and Research; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Hsing Ru Tien
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Life Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chin Chang Shen
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Atomic Energy Council; Longtan Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Jason Sheehan
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Virginia Health System; Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Chiang Ting Chou
- School of Nursing; Chang Gung University of Science and Technology; Chiayi Campus Taiwan
| | - Meei Ling Sheu
- Department of Education and Research; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; College of Life Science; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
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Abstract
An important component of chronic neurodegenerative diseases is the generation of an innate inflammatory response within the CNS. Microglial and astroglial cells play a key role in the development and maintenance of this inflammatory response, showing enhanced proliferation and activation. We studied the time course and regulation of microglial proliferation, using a mouse model of prion disease. Our results show that the proliferation of resident microglial cells accounts for the expansion of the population during the development of the disease. We identify the pathway regulated by the activation of CSF1R and the transcription factors PU.1 and C/EBPα as the molecular regulators of the proliferative response, correlating with the chronic human neurodegenerative conditions variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimer's disease. We show that targeting the activity of CSF1R inhibits microglial proliferation and slows neuronal damage and disease progression. Our results demonstrate that microglial proliferation is a major component in the evolution of chronic neurodegeneration, with direct implications for understanding the contribution of the CNS innate immune response to disease progression.
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Role of β-catenin and TCF/LEF family members in transcriptional activity of HIV in astrocytes. J Virol 2011; 86:1911-21. [PMID: 22156527 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06266-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is involved in diverse cell functions governing development and disease. β-Catenin, a central mediator of this pathway, binds to members of the TCF/LEF family of transcription factors to modulate hundreds of genes. Active Wnt/β-catenin/TCF-4 signaling plays a significant role in repression of HIV-1 replication in multiple cell targets, including astrocytes. To determine the mechanism by which active β-catenin/TCF-4 leads to inhibition of HIV replication, we knocked down β-catenin or TCF/LEF members in primary astrocytes and astrocytomas transiently transfected with an HIV long terminal repeat (LTR)-luciferase reporter that contained an integrated copy of the HIV LTR-luciferase construct. Knockdown of either β-catenin or TCF-4 induced LTR activity by 2- to 3-fold under both the episomal and integrated conditions. This knockdown also increased presence of serine 2-phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (Pol II) on the HIV LTR as well as enhanced its processivity. Knockdown of β-catenin/TCF-4 also impacted tethering of other transcription factors on the HIV promoter. Specifically, knockdown of TCF-4 enhanced binding of C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, and NF-κB to the HIV LTR, while β-catenin knockdown increased binding of C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ but had no effect on NF-κB. Approximately 150 genes in astrocytes were impacted by β-catenin knockdown, including genes involved in inflammation/immunity, uptake/transport, vesicular transport/exocytosis, apoptosis/cellular stress, and cytoskeleton/trafficking. These findings indicate that modulation of the β-catenin/TCF-4 axis impacts the basal level of HIV transcription in astrocytes, which may drive low level/persistent HIV in astrocytes that can contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation, and this axis also has profound effects on astrocyte biology.
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Ramberg V, Tracy LM, Samuelsson M, Nilsson LNG, Iverfeldt K. The CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) δ is differently regulated by fibrillar and oligomeric forms of the Alzheimer amyloid-β peptide. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:34. [PMID: 21492414 PMCID: PMC3096570 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP) α, β and δ have been shown to be expressed in brain and to be involved in regulation of inflammatory genes in concert with nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). In general, C/EBPα is down-regulated, whereas both C/EBPβ and δ are up-regulated in response to inflammatory stimuli. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) one of the hallmarks is chronic neuroinflammation mediated by astrocytes and microglial cells, most likely induced by the formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits. The inflammatory response in AD has been ascribed both beneficial and detrimental roles. It is therefore important to delineate the inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways affected by Aβ deposits with the aim of defining new therapeutic targets. Methods Here we have investigated the effects of Aβ on expression of C/EBP family members with a focus on C/EBPδ in rat primary astro-microglial cultures and in a transgenic mouse model with high levels of fibrillar Aβ deposits (tg-ArcSwe) by western blot analysis. Effects on DNA binding activity were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Cross-talk between C/EBPδ and NF-κB was investigated by analyzing binding to a κB site using a biotin streptavidin-agarose pull-down assay. Results We show that exposure to fibril-enriched, but not oligomer-enriched, preparations of Aβ inhibit up-regulation of C/EBPδ expression in interleukin-1β-activated glial cultures. Furthermore, we observed that, in aged transgenic mice, C/EBPα was significantly down-regulated and C/EBPβ was significantly up-regulated. C/EBPδ, on the other hand, was selectively down-regulated in the forebrain, a part of the brain showing high levels of fibrillar Aβ deposits. In contrast, no difference in expression levels of C/EBPδ between wild type and transgenic mice was detected in the relatively spared hindbrain. Finally, we show that interleukin-1β-induced C/EBPδ DNA binding activity to both C/EBP and κB sites is abolished after exposure to Aβ. Conclusions These data suggest that both expression and function of C/EBPδ are dysregulated in Alzheimer's disease. C/EBPδ seems to be differently regulated in response to different conformations of Aβ. We propose that Aβ induces an imbalance between NF-κB and C/EBP transcription factors that may result in abnormal responses to inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ramberg
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Hikima JI, Ohtani M, Kondo H, Hirono I, Jung TS, Aoki T. Characterization and gene expression of transcription factors, PU.1 and C/EBPα driving transcription from the tumor necrosis factor α promoter in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:304-313. [PMID: 20951726 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Both PU.1 and C/EBPα transcription factors play important roles in myeloid development and inflammatory response. These transcripts were cloned from the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and were highly conserved with those of other vertebrates. PU.1 mRNA was mainly expressed in lymphoid tissues while C/EBPα mRNA was widely expressed in all tissues examined. Higher levels of PU.1 mRNA were expressed in the IgM(+) cells of both PBL and KL, while C/EBPα expression was higher only in the IgM(-) cells of KL. The expression of C/EBPα mRNA was induced only in KL stimulated with LPS. Interestingly, PU.1 mRNA expression was induced by Edwardsiella tarda, whereas the expression of C/EBPα mRNA was induced by Streptococcus iniae infection. Both PU.1 and C/EBPα drove transcription from the LPS-responsive region of the Japanese flounder TNFα gene, suggesting that both PU.1 and C/EBPα induced by bacterial infection are involved in inflammation mediated through TNFα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Hikima
- Aquatic Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-Dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, South Korea
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Gresa-Arribas N, Serratosa J, Saura J, Solà C. Inhibition of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein δ expression by chrysin in microglial cells results in anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. J Neurochem 2010; 115:526-36. [PMID: 20722966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The control of neuroinflammation is a potential target to be considered in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. It is therefore important to find anti-inflammatory drugs and study new targets that inhibit neuroinflammation. We designed an experimental model of neuroinflammation in vitro to study the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of the flavonoid chrysin and the involvement of nuclear factor-κB p65 and CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) β and δ transcription factors in its mechanism of action. We used primary cultures of mouse embryonic cortical neurons and cultures of BV2 (murine microglial cell line) or mouse primary microglia. We induced neuronal death in neuronal-BV2/microglial co-cultures using lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli and interferon-γ. Chrysin pre-treatment inhibited nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α production, as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in lipopolysaccharide E. coli and interferon-γ-treated microglial cells, but did not affect cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Chrysin pre-treatment also protected neurons against the neurotoxicity induced by reactive microglial cells. These effects were associated to a decrease in C/EBPδ protein level, mRNA expression, and DNA-binding activity, with no effect on C/EBPβ and p65 nuclear protein levels or DNA-binding activity, pointing out C/EBPδ as a possible mediator of chrysin effects. Consequently, C/EBPδ is a possible target to act against neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Gresa-Arribas
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Ejarque-Ortiz A, Gresa-Arribas N, Straccia M, Mancera P, Solà C, Tusell JM, Serratosa J, Saura J. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta in microglial activation. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1113-23. [PMID: 19908286 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (C/EBP delta) regulates transcription of genes that play important roles in glial activation. Previous studies have shown the astroglial expression of C/EBP delta but the microglial expression of C/EBP delta remains virtually unexplored, with the exception of two microarray studies. In this report, using murine primary cultures and BV2 cells we clearly demonstrate that C/EBP delta is expressed by microglia and it is upregulated in microglial activation. Lipopolysaccharide upregulates C/EBP delta both in microglia and in astrocytes. This effect is time-dependent, with a maximum effect at 3 hr at mRNA level and at 4-8 hr at protein level, and concentration-dependent, with a maximum effect at 100 ng/mL. The lipopolysaccharide-induced C/EBP delta upregulation in BV2 microglia is mimicked by agonists of the toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 9 and can be prevented by an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. C/EBP delta from activated BV2 microglia binds to the cyclooxygenase-2 promoter and forms complexes with C/EBP beta isoforms. These results point to C/EBP delta as a putative key regulator of proinflammatory gene expression in microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroa Ejarque-Ortiz
- Department of Cerebral Ischaemia and Neurodegeneration, IIBB, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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Tusell JM, Ejarque-Ortiz A, Mancera P, Solà C, Saura J, Serratosa J. Upregulation of p21Cip1 in activated glial cells. Glia 2009; 57:524-34. [PMID: 18814231 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cdk inhibitor p21(Cip1), also named p21(Cip1/Waf1), is intimately involved in coupling growth arrest to cellular differentiation in several cell types. p21(Cip1) is a multifunctional protein that might regulate cell-cycle progression at different levels. In a recent study, we found no differences in the rate of proliferation between glial cells from wild-type and p21(Cip1-/-) mice. In the present study, we examined differences in glial activation between glial cells from wild-type and p21(Cip1-/-) mice, using mixed glial cultures, microglia-enriched cultures, and astrocyte-enriched cultures. We compared the effect of lipopolysaccharide and two forms (oligomeric and fibrillar) of the 1-42 beta-amyloid peptide on glial activation. We observed an attenuation of nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor kappa-B in p21(Cip1-/-) glial cells, when compared with glial cells from wild-type mice. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor-alpha release was enhanced in p21(Cip1-/-)microglial cells. In addition glial activation induced by lipopolysaccharide and the fibrillar form of the 1-42 beta-amyloid peptide upregulated p21(Cip1). Our results support a role for p21(Cip1) in the activation of glial cells, particularly in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Maria Tusell
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Rosselló 161, Barcelona, Spain
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