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Simonenko SY, Bogdanova DA, Kuldyushev NA. Emerging Roles of Vitamin B 12 in Aging and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5044. [PMID: 38732262 PMCID: PMC11084641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential nutrient for humans and animals. Metabolically active forms of B12-methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin are cofactors for the enzymes methionine synthase and mitochondrial methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Malfunction of these enzymes due to a scarcity of vitamin B12 leads to disturbance of one-carbon metabolism and impaired mitochondrial function. A significant fraction of the population (up to 20%) is deficient in vitamin B12, with a higher rate of deficiency among elderly people. B12 deficiency is associated with numerous hallmarks of aging at the cellular and organismal levels. Cellular senescence is characterized by high levels of DNA damage by metabolic abnormalities, increased mitochondrial dysfunction, and disturbance of epigenetic regulation. B12 deficiency could be responsible for or play a crucial part in these disorders. In this review, we focus on a comprehensive analysis of molecular mechanisms through which vitamin B12 influences aging. We review new data about how deficiency in vitamin B12 may accelerate cellular aging. Despite indications that vitamin B12 has an important role in health and healthy aging, knowledge of the influence of vitamin B12 on aging is still limited and requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yu. Simonenko
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia;
| | - Daria A. Bogdanova
- Division of Immunobiology and Biomedicine, Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Nikita A. Kuldyushev
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia;
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Mathew AR, Di Matteo G, La Rosa P, Barbati SA, Mannina L, Moreno S, Tata AM, Cavallucci V, Fidaleo M. Vitamin B12 Deficiency and the Nervous System: Beyond Metabolic Decompensation-Comparing Biological Models and Gaining New Insights into Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:590. [PMID: 38203763 PMCID: PMC10778862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (VitB12) is a micronutrient and acts as a cofactor for fundamental biochemical reactions: the synthesis of succinyl-CoA from methylmalonyl-CoA and biotin, and the synthesis of methionine from folic acid and homocysteine. VitB12 deficiency can determine a wide range of diseases, including nervous system impairments. Although clinical evidence shows a direct role of VitB12 in neuronal homeostasis, the molecular mechanisms are yet to be characterized in depth. Earlier investigations focused on exploring the biochemical shifts resulting from a deficiency in the function of VitB12 as a coenzyme, while more recent studies propose a broader mechanism, encompassing changes at the molecular/cellular levels. Here, we explore existing study models employed to investigate the role of VitB12 in the nervous system, including the challenges inherent in replicating deficiency/supplementation in experimental settings. Moreover, we discuss the potential biochemical alterations and ensuing mechanisms that might be modified at the molecular/cellular level (such as epigenetic modifications or changes in lysosomal activity). We also address the role of VitB12 deficiency in initiating processes that contribute to nervous system deterioration, including ROS accumulation, inflammation, and demyelination. Consequently, a complex biological landscape emerges, requiring further investigative efforts to grasp the intricacies involved and identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Rachel Mathew
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.M.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Giacomo Di Matteo
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Piergiorgio La Rosa
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Saviana Antonella Barbati
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy;
- Laboratory of Neurodevelopment, Neurogenetics and Neuromolecular Biology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.M.); (A.M.T.)
- Research Centre of Neurobiology “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Virve Cavallucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fidaleo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.M.); (A.M.T.)
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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3
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The effects of vitamin B12 on the TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway in ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury-related inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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4
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Scalabrino G. Newly Identified Deficiencies in the Multiple Sclerosis Central Nervous System and Their Impact on the Remyelination Failure. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040815. [PMID: 35453565 PMCID: PMC9026986 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains enigmatic and controversial. Myelin sheaths in the central nervous system (CNS) insulate axons and allow saltatory nerve conduction. MS brings about the destruction of myelin sheaths and the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (ODCs). The conundrum of remyelination failure is, therefore, crucial in MS. In this review, the roles of epidermal growth factor (EGF), normal prions, and cobalamin in CNS myelinogenesis are briefly summarized. Thereafter, some findings of other authors and ourselves on MS and MS-like models are recapitulated, because they have shown that: (a) EGF is significantly decreased in the CNS of living or deceased MS patients; (b) its repeated administration to mice in various MS-models prevents demyelination and inflammatory reaction; (c) as was the case for EGF, normal prion levels are decreased in the MS CNS, with a strong correspondence between liquid and tissue levels; and (d) MS cobalamin levels are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid, but decreased in the spinal cord. In fact, no remyelination can occur in MS if these molecules (essential for any form of CNS myelination) are lacking. Lastly, other non-immunological MS abnormalities are reviewed. Together, these results have led to a critical reassessment of MS pathogenesis, partly because EGF has little or no role in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scalabrino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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5
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Girish BN, Rajesh G, Vaidyanathan K. Deficiency of folate and vitamin B 12 increases oxidative stress in chronic pancreatitis patients. Indian J Gastroenterol 2022; 41:77-83. [PMID: 35015200 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-021-01210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate and vitamin B12 are involved in metabolic reactions for combating oxidative stress. We measured erythrocyte folate and plasma vitamin B12 and compared these with blood antioxidants - erythrocyte glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and plasma vitamin C - and marker of lipid peroxidation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), in chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients. METHODS One hundred and seventy-five CP patients (91 tropical, 84 alcoholic) and 113 healthy controls were recruited. Erythrocyte folate and plasma vitamin B12 were measured using microbiological assay, and antioxidant levels and erythrocyte TBARS by spectrophotometry. RESULTS Erythrocyte folate and plasma vitamin B12 were significantly lower in CP patients than controls (225.4 ± 9.13 vs. 380.38 ± 17.29 nmol/L, p < 0.001 and 233.23 ± 10.4 vs. 338.84 ± 19.01 pmol/L, p < 0.001), and in diabetic- vs. non-diabetic CP patients. Blood antioxidant levels were significantly lower and TBARS was higher in CP patients as compared to controls. Low folate level correlated with low GSH levels (r = 0.314, p < 0.001). CP patients with low folate and vitamin B12 had low GSH and GPx levels as compared to patients with normal folate and vitamin B12 levels. Low vitamin B12 level was associated with 3.24 (95% CI 1.11-9.46, p < 0.05) fold increased risk of pancreatic insufficiency. Smoking was associated with 9.82 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.3-29.22, p < 0.05) fold increased risk of having low folate levels. CONCLUSION Low folate and vitamin B12 levels were associated with increased oxidative stress in CP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gopalakrishna Rajesh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara P.O, Kochi, 682 041, India.
| | - Kannan Vaidyanathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682 041, India
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The Potential Role of Vitamin B12 in the Prevention of COVID-19 Complications: A Narrative Review. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.4.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly are more prone to mortality from COVID-19 infection, as they are susceptible to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). For COVID-19 patients with ARDS caused by sepsis or septic shock, high-dose parenteral vitamin B12 appears to be a potential new treatment option. Vitamin B12 may play a substantial impact in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality reduction owing to its function in DNA synthesis, cellular control, improvement of anti-inflammatory immune responses, and decrease of pro-inflammatory responses. This review aims to assess the functional role of Vitamin B12 in COVID-19 in terms of its immunomodulatory effect, role in cellular and humoral immunity and maintaining the gut microbe homeostasis. From data inception to June 2021, accessible electronic databases were searched for research/review articles reporting on the function of Vitamin B12 in COVID-19. Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, WHO worldwide research on COVID-19 and the clinical trials registration “https://clinicaltrials.gov/” were used to conduct the systematic search by using keywords: “COVID-19 and “Vitamin B12”. Also, based on these outcomes, it can be concluded that Vitamin B12 may have a potential role in preventing COVID-19 complications. Further, studies evaluating the role of Vitamin B12 in COVID-19 may open a new array of ideas on the optimal and the well-tolerated dose and timing of its administration in COVID-19 patients.
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Is Inflammation Status in Postbariatric Patients Predictive for Their Response to Vitamin B12 Supplementation Therapy? Int Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.9738/intsurg-d-16-00263.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Several studies indicate that there is a relationship between vitamin B12 levels and inflammatory status. Some studies showed a significantly correlation between vitamin B12 status and inflammation. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of inflammatory status on the effect of different vitamin B12 supplementation regimes.
Methods
We selected patients with a vitamin B12 deficiency based on methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels. A moderate vitamin B12 deficiency was defined as an MMA blood level between ≥300 and 430 nmol/L. In included patients, C-reactive protein (CRP), leukocytes, serum vitamin B12, and MMA levels were measured at baseline and after 6 months of follow-up.
Results
A total of 63 patients were included, treated with 3, 6, or no intramuscular vitamin B12 injections. In the 6 intramuscular injections group, the presupplementation CRP levels significantly predicted the response in terms of vitamin B12 increase (P = 0.015). Also, there was a significant reduction in CRP levels (P = 0.03) after 6 injections. There was a significant correlation between presupplementation MMA and presupplementation CRP (r = 0.127, P = 0.049).
Conclusion
This study showed that presupplementation CRP levels significantly predicted the response on 6 intramuscular vitamin B12 injections in patients after bariatric surgery. Second, the 6 intramuscular injection regimen showed a significant reduction in CRP levels. Third, there was a significant correlation between MMA and presupplementation CRP. This might indicate that there is interplay between the vitamin B12 supplementation and inflammatory levels in patients after bariatric surgery.
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8
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Kaplan S, Türk A. Effects of vitamin B12 on rat ovary with ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biotech Histochem 2021; 97:284-289. [PMID: 34353191 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2021.1961863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the histopathological and biochemical effects of vitamin B12 on ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury using a rat ovarian torsion-detorsion model. We used four groups of female Wistar albino rats. Group 1 (sham group): both ovaries were removed. Group 2 (torsion group): ovarian torsion was established. Group 3 (torsion-detorsion group) perfusion was retored after ischemia for 2 h. Group 4 (torsion-detorsion-vitamin B12 group): after 2 h ovarian torsion, perfusion was re-established and 4 mg/kg vitamin B12 was administered for 2 h. Follicular degeneration, vascular congestion, hemorrhage, edema and infiltration were evaluated histologically. Tissue damage was decreased in group 4 compared to groups 2 and 3. Total antioxidant status TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were measured. The values for TOS and MDA for groups 1 and 4 were similar. We found a significant increase in MDA and TOS levels in group 3 compared to group 2. MDA and TAS levels decreased and TOS levels were increased in group 4 compared to groups 2 and 3. MDA, TAS and TOS values were increased in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1. We found that vitamin B12 reduced I-R damage in the rat ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selçuk Kaplan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Adıyaman Univercity School of Medicine, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Türk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Adıyaman Univercity School of Medicine, Adıyaman, Turkey
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9
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Precision Nutrition for Alzheimer's Prevention in ApoE4 Carriers. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041362. [PMID: 33921683 PMCID: PMC8073598 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ApoE4 allele is the most well-studied genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease, a condition that is increasing in prevalence and remains without a cure. Precision nutrition targeting metabolic pathways altered by ApoE4 provides a tool for the potential prevention of disease. However, no long-term human studies have been conducted to determine effective nutritional protocols for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease in ApoE4 carriers. This may be because relatively little is yet known about the precise mechanisms by which the genetic variant confers an increased risk of dementia. Fortunately, recent research is beginning to shine a spotlight on these mechanisms. These new data open up the opportunity for speculation as to how carriers might ameliorate risk through lifestyle and nutrition. Herein, we review recent discoveries about how ApoE4 differentially impacts microglia and inflammatory pathways, astrocytes and lipid metabolism, pericytes and blood–brain barrier integrity, and insulin resistance and glucose metabolism. We use these data as a basis to speculate a precision nutrition approach for ApoE4 carriers, including a low-glycemic index diet with a ketogenic option, specific Mediterranean-style food choices, and a panel of seven nutritional supplements. Where possible, we integrate basic scientific mechanisms with human observational studies to create a more complete and convincing rationale for this precision nutrition approach. Until recent research discoveries can be translated into long-term human studies, a mechanism-informed practical clinical approach may be useful for clinicians and patients with ApoE4 to adopt a lifestyle and nutrition plan geared towards Alzheimer’s risk reduction.
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10
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Wei X, Sun C, Zhou RP, Ma GG, Yang Y, Lu C, Hu W. Nerve growth factor promotes ASIC1a expression via the NF-κB pathway and enhances acid-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106340. [PMID: 32146316 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor that is thought to have a broad role in the nervous system and tumors, and has recently been described as a mediator of inflammation. It is not clear whether or not NGF participates in apoptosis of articular chondrocytes. In this study, we determined if NGF affects ASIC1a expression and NF-κB P65 activation in rat chondrocytes, and measured the effectiveness of NGF on apoptotic protein expression in acid-induced chondrocytes. NGF was shown to up-regulate the level of ASIC1a in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Simultaneously, NGF activated NF-κB P65 in chondrocytes. Additionally, the elevated ASIC1a expression induced by NGF was eliminated by the NF-κB inhibitor (PDTC) in chondrocytes. Moreover, NGF reduced cell viability and induced LDH release under the premise of acid-induced articular chondrocytes. Furthermore, NGF could enhance cleaved-caspase 9 and cleaved-PARP expression in acid-pretreated chondrocytes, and which could be inhibited by using psalmotoxin 1(PcTX1) or PDTC. Together, these results indicated that NGF may up-regulate ASIC1a expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway, and further promote acid-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ren-Peng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Gang-Gang Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
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11
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Wang M, Xu T. Methyl B12 protects PC12 cells against cytotoxicity induced by Aβ 25-35. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11921-11930. [PMID: 30793354 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common aging-associated dementia. The population of AD patients is increasing as the world age grows. Currently, there is no cure for AD. Given that methyl vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin) deficiency is related to AD and Aβ-induced oxidative damage and that methylcobalamin can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) by direct or indirect ways, we studied the effect of methylcobalamin on the cytotoxicity of Aβ. PC12 cells were chronically exposed (24 hours) to Aβ25-35 (25 μM) to establish an AD cell model. The cells were pretreated with or without methylcobalamin (1-100 μM) to investigate the role of methylcobalamin. Cell viability and apoptosis were tested, followed by testing of mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial calcium concentration. We observed that methylcobalamin improved the cell viability by decreasing the ratio of apoptosis cells in this AD cell model. Further experiments suggested that methylcobalamin functioned as an antioxidant to scavenge ROS, reducing the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria calcium flux through IP3R, preventing mitochondria dysfunction, ultimately protecting cells against apoptosis and cell death. Taken together, our results presented, for the first time, that methyl vitamin B12 can protect cells from Aβ-induced cytotoxicity and the mechanism was mainly relevant to the antioxidative function of methyl B12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of MOH, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Wang Z, Mi Z, Wang H, Sun L, Yu G, Fu X, Wang C, Bao F, Yue Z, Zhao Q, Wang N, Cheng X, Liu H, Zhang F. Discovery of 4 exonic and 1 intergenic novel susceptibility loci for leprosy. Clin Genet 2018; 94:259-263. [PMID: 29722023 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seven new risk coding variants have been identified through an exome-wide association study (EWAS), which studied the contributions of protein-coding variants to leprosy susceptibility. But some potential susceptibility loci were not studied in the previous EWAS study because of the project consideration. Seventeen unstudied potential susceptibility loci of the previous EWAS were validated in 3169 cases and 9814 controls in this study. Four disease-associated exonic loci were identified: rs671 in ALDH2 (P = 2.0 × 10-20 , odds ratio [OR] = 1.35), rs13259978 in SLC7A2 (P = 1.74 × 10-8 , OR = 1.28), rs925368 in GIT2 (P = 9.18 × 10-17 , OR = 1.44), and rs75680863 in TCN2 (P = 8.37 × 10-21 , OR = 0.74). Potentially implicating ZFP36L1 as a new susceptibility gene, 1 intergenic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1465788 (P = 7.81 × 10-6 , OR = 0.88), was also suggested to be associated with leprosy. A luciferase reporter assay showed that the rs1465788 risk allele notably decreased the transcription activity of the flanking sequence. These findings suggest the possible involvement of lipid metabolism, NF-κB homeostasis and macrophage antimicrobial pathways in leprosy pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - Z Mi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - H Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - L Sun
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - G Yu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - X Fu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - C Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - F Bao
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - Z Yue
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Q Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - N Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - X Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - H Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - F Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China.,School of Medicine and Life Science, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,National Clinical Key Project of Dermatology and Venereology, Jinan, China
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Chan W, Almasieh M, Catrinescu MM, Levin LA. Cobalamin-Associated Superoxide Scavenging in Neuronal Cells Is a Potential Mechanism for Vitamin B 12-Deprivation Optic Neuropathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:160-172. [PMID: 29037851 PMCID: PMC5745528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic deficiency of vitamin B12 is the only nutritional deficiency definitively proved to cause optic neuropathy and loss of vision. The mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. Optic neuropathies are associated with death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), neurons that project their axons along the optic nerve to the brain. Injury to RGC axons causes a burst of intracellular superoxide, which then signals RGC apoptosis. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) was recently shown to be a superoxide scavenger, with a rate constant similar to superoxide dismutase. Given that vitamin B12 deficiency causes an optic neuropathy through unknown mechanisms and that it is a potent superoxide scavenger, we tested whether cobalamin, a vitamin B12 vitamer, would be neuroprotective in vitro and in vivo. We found that cobalamin scavenged superoxide in neuronal cells in vitro treated with the reduction-oxidation cycling agent menadione. In vivo confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy demonstrated that optic nerve transection in Long-Evans rats increased superoxide levels in RGCs. The RGC superoxide burst was significantly reduced by intravitreal cobalamin and resulted in increased RGC survival. These data demonstrate that cobalamin may function as an endogenous neuroprotectant for RGCs through a superoxide-associated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Chan
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohammadali Almasieh
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria-Magdalena Catrinescu
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Leonard A Levin
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
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Associations between Vitamin B-12 Status and Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Diabetic Vegetarians and Omnivores. Nutrients 2016; 8:118. [PMID: 26927168 PMCID: PMC4808848 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is considered an oxidative stress and a chronic inflammatory disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations between vitamin B-12 status and oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic vegetarians and omnivores. We enrolled 154 patients with type 2 diabetes (54 vegetarians and 100 omnivores). Levels of fasting glucose, glycohemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profiles, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes activity, and inflammatory makers were measured. Diabetic vegetarians with higher levels of vitamin B-12 (>250 pmol/L) had significantly lower levels of fasting glucose, HbA1c and higher antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase) than those with lower levels of vitamin B-12 (≤250 pmol/L). A significant association was found between vitamin B-12 status and fasting glucose (r = −0.17, p = 0.03), HbA1c (r = −0.33, p = 0.02), oxidative stress (oxidized low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, r = −0.19, p = 0.03), and antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, r = 0.28, p = 0.01) in the diabetic vegetarians; vitamin B-12 status was significantly correlated with inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, r = −0.33, p < 0.01) in diabetic omnivores. As a result, we suggest that it is necessary to monitor the levels of vitamin B-12 in patients with diabetes, particularly those adhering to a vegetarian diet.
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Veber D, Scalabrino G. Are PrPCs involved in some human myelin diseases? Relating experimental studies to human pathology. J Neurol Sci 2015; 359:396-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.09.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Guest J, Bilgin A, Hokin B, Mori TA, Croft KD, Grant R. Novel relationships between B12, folate and markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and NAD(H) levels, systemically and in the CNS of a healthy human cohort. Nutr Neurosci 2015; 18:355-64. [PMID: 26263423 DOI: 10.1179/1476830515y.0000000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between folate, cobalamin (Cbl), and homocysteine (Hcy), and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress within the periphery and central nervous system (CNS) of a healthy human cohort. METHODS Thirty-five matched cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples were collected from consenting participants who required a spinal tap for the administration of anaesthetic. Plasma concentrations of Hcy and both plasma and CSF levels of folate, Cbl, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(H)) and markers of inflammation (interleukin-6, IL-6), and oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) were quantified. RESULTS In the peripheral circulation, positive associations were observed between plasma folate and Cbl, and plasma TAC (P ≤ 0.01; P ≤ 0.01) and plasma NAD(H) (P ≤ 0.05; P ≤ 0.05) levels, respectively. Plasma folate was inversely associated with plasma Hcy concentrations (P ≤ 0.05); however, no statistically significant relationships were observed between plasma Hcy and plasma markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, or [NAD(H)]. Within the CNS plasma Hcy correlated positively with CSF IL-6 (P ≤ 0.01) and negatively with CSF NAD(H) (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations. An inverse association was observed between CSF folate and CSF levels of IL-6 (P ≤ 0.05). Unexpectedly, a positive association between CSF Cbl and CSF 8-OHdG levels was also found (P ≤ 0.01). DISCUSSION These results indicate that folate and Cbl concentrations may influence the levels of oxidative damage, inflammation, and NAD(H), both systemically and within the CNS.
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Scalabrino G, Veber D, Tredici G. Relationships between cobalamin, epidermal growth factor, and normal prions in the myelin maintenance of central nervous system. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 55:232-41. [PMID: 25239885 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cobalamin (Cbl), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and prions (PrPs) are key molecules for myelin maintenance in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Cbl and EGF increase normal prion (PrP(C)) synthesis and PrP(C) levels in rat spinal cord (SC) and elsewhere. Cbl deficiency increases PrP(C) levels in rat SC and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and decreases PrP(C)-mRNA levels in rat SC. The administration of anti-octapeptide repeat PrP(C) region antibodies (Abs) to Cbl-deficient (Cbl-D) rats prevents SC myelin lesions and a local increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels, whereas anti-TNF-α Abs prevent SC myelin lesions and the increase in SC and CSF PrP(C) levels. As it is known that both Cbl and EGF regulate SC PrP(C) synthesis independently, and that Cbl regulates SC EGF synthesis, EGF may play both Cbl-independent and Cbl-dependent roles. When Cbl-D rats undergo Cbl replacement therapy, SC PrP(C) levels are similar to those observed in Cbl-D rats. In rat frontal cortex (which is marginally affected by Cbl deficiency in histological terms), Cbl deficiency decreases PrP(C) levels and the increase induced by Cbl replacement leads to their normalization. Increased nerve PrP(C) levels are detected in the myelin lesions of the peripheral neuropathy of Cbl-D rats, and CSF PrP(C) levels are also increased in Cbl-D patients (but not in patients with Cbl-unrelated neurological diseases). Various common steps in the downstream signaling pathway of Cbl, EGF, and PrP(C) underlines the close relationship between the three molecules in keeping myelin normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scalabrino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neuropathology, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Daniela Veber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neuropathology, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tredici
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20052 Monza, Italy
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Myelin damage due to local quantitative abnormalities in normal prion levels: evidence from subacute combined degeneration and multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2013; 261:1451-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Walker DT, Dassanayake RS, Garcia KA, Mukherjee R, Brasch NE. Mechanistic Studies on the Reaction of Nitrocobalamin with Glutathione: Kinetic evidence for formation of an aquacobalamin intermediate. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013; 2013:10.1002/ejic.201300254. [PMID: 24415907 PMCID: PMC3885173 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The essential but also toxic gaseous signaling molecule nitric oxide is scavenged by the reduced vitamin B12 complex cob(II)alamin. The resulting complex, nitroxylcobalamin (NO--Cbl(III)), is rapidly oxidized to nitrocobalamin (NO2Cbl) in the presence of oxygen; however it is unlikely that nitrocobalamin is itself stable in biological systems. Kinetic studies on the reaction between NO2Cbl and the important intracellular antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), are reported. In this study, a reaction pathway is proposed in which the β-axial ligand of NO2Cbl is first substituted by water to give aquacobalamin (H2OCbl+), which then reacts further with GSH to form glutathionylcobalamin (GSCbl). Independent measurements of the four associated rate constants k1, k-1, k2, and k-2 support the proposed mechanism. These findings provide insight into the fundamental mechanism of ligand substitution reactions of cob(III)alamins with inorganic ligands at the β-axial site.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Rohan S. Dassanayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Kamille A. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Riya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Nicola E. Brasch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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Biphasic modulation of NOS expression, protein and nitrite products by hydroxocobalamin underlies its protective effect in endotoxemic shock: downstream regulation of COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and HMGB1 expression. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:741804. [PMID: 23781123 PMCID: PMC3679756 DOI: 10.1155/2013/741804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. NOS/•NO inhibitors are potential therapeutics for sepsis, yet they increase clinical mortality. However, there has been no in vivo investigation of the (in vitro) •NO scavenger, cobalamin's (Cbl) endogenous effects on NOS/•NO/inflammatory mediators during the immune response to sepsis. Methods. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), ELISA, Western blot, and NOS Griess assays, in a C57BL/6 mouse, acute endotoxaemia model. Results. During the immune response, pro-inflammatory phase, parenteral hydroxocobalamin (HOCbl) treatment partially inhibits hepatic, but not lung, iNOS mRNA and promotes lung eNOS mRNA, but attenuates the LPS hepatic rise in eNOS mRNA, whilst paradoxically promoting high iNOS/eNOS protein translation, but relatively moderate •NO production. HOCbl/NOS/•NO regulation is reciprocally associated with lower 4 h expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, and lower circulating TNF-α, but not IL-6. In resolution, 24 h after LPS, HOCbl completely abrogates a major late mediator of sepsis mortality, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) mRNA, inhibits iNOS mRNA, and attenuates LPS-induced hepatic inhibition of eNOS mRNA, whilst showing increased, but still moderate, NOS activity, relative to LPS only. experiments (LPS+D-Galactosamine) HOCbl afforded significant, dose-dependent protection in
mice Conclusions. HOCbl produces a complex, time- and organ-dependent, selective regulation of NOS/•NO during endotoxaemia, corollary regulation of downstream inflammatory mediators, and increased survival. This merits clinical evaluation.
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Scalabrino G, Veber D. Cobalamin and normal prions: a new horizon for cobalamin neurotrophism. Biochimie 2013; 95:1041-6. [PMID: 23328344 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It is known that cobalamin (Cbl) deficiency damages myelin by increasing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and decreasing epidermal growth factor (EGF) levels in rat central nervous system (CNS), and affects the peripheral nervous system (PNS) morphologically and functionally. It is also known that some polyneuropathies not due to Cbl deficiency are connected with increased TNF-α levels, and that various cytokines (including TNF-α) and growth factors regulate the in vitro synthesis of normal prions (PrP(C)s). Given that there is extensive evidence that PrP(C)s play a key role in the maintenance of CNS and PNS myelin, we investigated whether the PrP(C) octapeptide repeat (OR) region is involved in the pathogenesis of rat Cbl-deficient (Cbl-D) polyneuropathy. After intracerebroventricularly administering antibodies (Abs) against the OR region (OR-Abs) to Cbl-D rats to prevent myelin damage and maximum nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) abnormalities, and PrP(C)s to otherwise normal rats to reproduce PNS Cbl-D-like lesions, we measured PrP(C) levels and MNCV of the sciatic and tibial nerves. PrP(C) and TNF-α levels were increased in sciatic and tibial nerves of Cbl-D and saline-treated rats, and the OR-Abs normalized the myelin ultrastructure, TNF-α levels, and MNCV values of the sciatic and tibial nerves of Cbl-D rats. The same peripheral nerves of the otherwise normal PrP(C)-treated rats showed typical Cbl-D myelin lesions, significantly increased TNF-α levels, and significantly decreased MNCV values. These findings demonstrate that Cbl deficiency induces excess PrP(C)s and thereby excess OR regions, which seem to be responsible for the PNS myelin damage, as has recently been found in the case of CNS myelin damage [66]. Furthermore, excess TNF-α is also involved in the pathogenesis of Cbl-D polyneuropathy. In conclusion, we have extended the list of prion diseases by adding one caused by excess PrP(C)s and the polyneuropathies related to excess TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scalabrino
- Città Studi Department, Laboratory of Neuropathology, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Mukherjee R, Brasch NE. Mechanistic studies on the reaction between cob(II)alamin and peroxynitrite: evidence for a dual role for cob(II)alamin as a scavenger of peroxynitrous acid and nitrogen dioxide. Chemistry 2011; 17:11805-12. [PMID: 21922568 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite/peroxynitrous acid (ONOO(-)/ONOOH; pK(a(ONOOH)) =6.8) is implicated in multiple chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Both mammalian B(12)-dependent enzymes are inactivated under oxidative stress conditions. We report studies on the kinetics of the reaction between peroxynitrite/peroxynitrous acid and a major intracellular vitamin B(12) form, cob(II)alamin (Cbl(II)), using stopped-flow spectroscopy. The pH dependence of the reaction is consistent with peroxynitrous acid reacting directly with Cbl(II) to give cob(III)alamin (Cbl(III)) and (.)NO(2) , followed by a subsequent rapid reaction between (.)NO(2) and a second molecule of Cbl(II) to primarily form nitrocobalamin. In support of this mechanism, a Cbl(II)/ONOO(H) stoichiometry of 2:1 is observed at pH 7.35 and 12.0. The final major Cbl(III) product observed (nitrocobalamin or hydroxycobalamin) depends on the solution pH. Analysis of the reaction products in the presence of tyrosine-a well-established (.)NO(2) scavenger-reveals that Cbl(II) reacts with (.)NO(2) at least an order of magnitude faster than tyrosine itself. Given that protein-bound Cbl is accessible to small molecules, it is likely that enzyme-bound and free intracellular Cbl(II) molecules are rapidly oxidized to inactive Cbl(III) upon exposure to peroxynitrite or (.)NO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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Sviri S, Khalaila R, Daher S, Bayya A, Linton DM, Stav I, van Heerden PV. Increased Vitamin B12 levels are associated with mortality in critically ill medical patients. Clin Nutr 2011; 31:53-9. [PMID: 21899932 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We describe an observational study in critically ill medical patients showing the association between serum Vitamin B12 levels measured on or near admission and the outcome in these patients. METHODS We used the database of patients admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) at the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center in Jerusalem, Israel, to analyze associations between patient demographics, background, diagnoses and serum Vitamin B12 levels with hospital and 90 day outcomes. RESULTS Higher mean Vitamin B12 levels were found in patients who did not survive their hospital stay (1719 pg/ml vs 1003 pg/ml, p < 0.01). Those who had died by 90 days after admission to the MICU also had higher Vitamin B12 levels than survivors (1593 pg/ml vs 990 pg/ml). Regression analysis showed that elevated Vitamin B12 levels were associated with increased 90 day mortality, even after controlling for other variables. Survival analysis also showed an increased mortality rate in patients with Vitamin B12 levels over 900 pg/ml (p < 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS Our data show that high serum Vitamin B12 levels are associated with increased mortality in critically ill medical patients. We suggest that Vitamin B12 levels should be included in the work-up of all medical intensive care patients, particularly those with a chronic health history and increased severity of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sviri
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Karem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Mizukami H, Ogasawara S, Yamagishi SI, Takahashi K, Yagihashi S. Methylcobalamin effects on diabetic neuropathy and nerve protein kinase C in rats. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41:442-50. [PMID: 21128935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methyl-base-attached cobalamin (Methycobalamin) (MC) has a special affinity for nerve tissues to promote myelination and transport of axonal cytoskeleton. It is not known, however, how MC influences on peripheral nerve in experimental diabetic neuropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the effects of MC on expressions and activities of protein kinase C (PKC) in peripheral nerve of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Wistar rats, 8 weeks of age, were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (40 mg kg(-1), iv) and followed for 16 weeks. A half of diabetic animals were treated with MC (10 mg kg(-1) per every other day, im) after the induction of diabetes. Normal Wistar rats were served as control. RESULTS At the end, untreated diabetic animals developed significant delay of nerve conduction velocity (NCV), and MC treatment normalized the NCV. Nerve PKC activity was significantly suppressed in untreated diabetic rats, while the activity was normalized in treated animals. While PKCα located in Schwann cells, PKCβΙα and βII distributed in axoplasm, vascular walls and macrophages. The decreased PKC activity in diabetic nerve was associated with reduced expression of membrane PKCα and increased membrane expression of PKCβII, and MC treatment corrected these changes. Diabetic nerve contained an increased number of macrophages and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine-positive cells in the endoneurium, the latter of which was significantly suppressed by MC treatment. Elevated nerve polyol levels in diabetic nerve were partially corrected by MC treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that correction of impaired neural signalling of PKC and oxidative stress-induced damage may be a major attribute to the beneficial effects of MC on diabetic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Mutti E, Magnaghi V, Veber D, Faroni A, Pece S, Di Fiore PP, Scalabrino G. Cobalamin deficiency-induced changes of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor expression and EGF levels in rat spinal cord. Brain Res 2011; 1376:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To analyse the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of vitamin B12 and evaluate current evidence on vitamin B12 status in the critically ill with systemic inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Data on vitamin B12 status of intensive care unit patients are scarce. Cobalamins could potentially be useful agents for inhibiting nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production, controlling nuclear factor-kappa B activation, and restoring optimal bacteriostasis and phagocytosis in which transcobalamins play a proven role. The antioxidant properties of vitamin B12, with a glutathione-sparing effect, are secondary to stimulation of methionine synthase activity and reaction with free oxygen or nitrogen radicals. Large parenteral doses are routinely administered for cyanide poisoning, with only mild, reversible side-effects. Current evidence suggests that high-dose parenteral vitamin B12 may prove an innovative approach to treat critically ill systemic inflammatory response syndrome patients, especially those with severe sepsis/septic shock. In this setting, vitamin B12 and transcobalamins could modulate systemic inflammation contributing to the anti-inflammatory cascade and potentially improve outcome. SUMMARY Despite evidence from animal studies, so far there are no clinical intervention trials that have studied vitamin B12 as a pharmaconutrient strategy for critical care. Well designed animal and clinical studies are required to clarify several outstanding questions on the optimal posology, safety, and efficacy of high-dose vitamin B12 in the critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Manzanares
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas, Dr Manuel Quintela, Faculty of Medicine, (University Hospital), Universidad de la República, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Abstract
There is a growing awareness that natural vitamins (with the only exception of pantothenic acid) positively or negatively modulate the synthesis of some cytokines and growth factors in the CNS, and various mammalian cells and organs. As natural vitamins are micronutrients in the human diet, studying their effects can be considered a part of nutritional genomics or nutrigenomics. A given vitamin selectively modifies the synthesis of only a few cytokines and/or growth factors, although the same cytokine and/or growth factor may be regulated by more than one vitamin. These effects seem to be independent of the effects of vitamins as coenzymes and/or reducing agents, and seem to occur mainly at genomic and/or epigenetic level, and/or by modulating NF-kappaB activity. Although most of the studies reviewed here have been based on cultured cell lines, but their findings have been confirmed by some key in vivo studies. The CNS seems to be particularly involved and is severely affected by most avitaminoses, especially in the case of vitamin B(12). However, the vitamin-induced changes in cytokine and growth factor synthesis may initiate a cascade of events that can affect the function, differentiation, and morphology of the cells and/or structures not only in the CNS, but also elsewhere because most natural vitamins, cytokines, and growth factors cross the blood-brain barrier. As cytokines are essential to CNS-immune and CNS-hormone system communications, natural vitamins also interact with these circuits. Further studies of such vitamin-mediated effects could lead to vitamins being used for the treatment of diseases which, although not true avitaminoses, involve an imbalance in cytokine and/or growth factor synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scalabrino
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, 'Città Studi' Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Birch CS, Brasch NE, McCaddon A, Williams JHH. A novel role for vitamin B(12): Cobalamins are intracellular antioxidants in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:184-8. [PMID: 19409980 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a feature of many chronic inflammatory diseases. Such diseases are associated with up-regulation of a vitamin B(12) (cobalamin) blood transport protein and its membrane receptor, suggesting a link between cobalamin and the cellular response to inflammation. The ability of cobalamin to regulate inflammatory cytokines suggests that it may have antioxidative properties. Here we show that cobalamins, including the novel thiolatocobalamins N-acetyl-l-cysteinylcobalamin and glutathionylcobalamin, are remarkably effective antioxidants in vitro. We also show that thiolatocobalamins have superior efficacy compared with other cobalamin forms, other cobalamins in combination with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) or glutathione (GSH), and NAC or GSH alone. Pretreatment of Sk-Hep-1 cells with thiolatocobalamins afforded robust protection (>90% cell survival) against exposure to 30 microM concentrations of the pro-oxidants homocysteine and hydrogen peroxide. The compounds inhibited intracellular peroxide production, maintained intracellular glutathione levels, and prevented apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Moreover, thiolatocobalamins are remarkably nontoxic in vitro at supraphysiological concentrations (>2 mM). Our results demonstrate that thiolatocobalamins act as powerful but benign antioxidants at pharmacological concentrations. Because inflammatory oxidative stress is a component of many conditions, including atherosclerosis, dementia, and trauma, their utility in treating such disorders merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Birch
- Chester Centre for Stress Research, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK
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Scalabrino G. The multi-faceted basis of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) neurotrophism in adult central nervous system: Lessons learned from its deficiency. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 88:203-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Scalabrino G, Veber D, Mutti E. Experimental and clinical evidence of the role of cytokines and growth factors in the pathogenesis of acquired cobalamin-deficient leukoneuropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 59:42-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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