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Zhang TX, Li MR, Liu C, Wang SP, Yan ZG. A review of the toxic effects of ammonia on invertebrates in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122374. [PMID: 37634564 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic invertebrates are the organisms most susceptible to ammonia toxicity. However, the toxic effects of ammonia on invertebrates are still poorly understood. This study reviews the research progress in ammonia toxicology for the period from 1986 to 2023, focusing on the effects on invertebrates. Through examining the toxic effects of ammonia at different levels of organization (community, individual, tissue and physiology, and molecular) as well as the results from omics studies, we determined that the most significant effects were on the reproductive capacity of invertebrates and the growth of offspring, although different populations show variation in their tolerance to ammonia, and tissues have varied potential to respond to ammonia stress. A multicomponent analysis is an in-depth technique employed in toxicological studies, as it can be used to explore the enrichment pathways and functional genes expressed under ammonia stress. This study comprehensively discusses ammonia toxicity from multiple aspects in order to provide new insights into the toxic effects of ammonia on aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ming-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shu-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhen-Guang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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2
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Molina-Salinas G, Langley E, Cerbon M. Prolactin-induced neuroprotection against excitotoxicity is mediated via PI3K/AKT and GSK3β/NF-κB in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. Peptides 2023; 166:171037. [PMID: 37301481 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone that has been reported to play a significant role in neuroprotection against neuronal excitotoxicity produced by glutamate (Glu) or kainic acid (KA) in both, in vitro and in vivo models. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in PRL's neuroprotective effects in the hippocampus have not been completely elucidated. The aim of the present study was to assess the signaling pathways involved in PRL neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. Primary rat hippocampal neuronal cell cultures were used to assess PRL-induced signaling pathway activation. The effects of PRL on neuronal viability, as well as its effects on activation of key regulatory pathways, phosphoinositide 3-kinases/Protein Kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β / nuclear factor kappa B (GSK3β/NF-κB), were evaluated under conditions of Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Additionally, the effect on downstream regulated genes such as Bcl-2 and Nrf2, was assessed. Here, we show that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is activated by PRL treatment during excitotoxicity, promoting neuronal survival through upregulation of active AKT and GSK3β/NF-κB, resulting in induction of Bcl-2 and Nrf2 gene expression. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway abrogated the protective effect of PRL against Glu-induced neuronal death. Overall, results indicate that the neuroprotective actions of PRL are mediated in part, by the activation of the AKT pathway and survival genes. Our data support the idea that PRL could be useful as a potential neuroprotective agent in different neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Molina-Salinas
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México 04510, Mexico
| | - E Langley
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, CDMX, México 14080, Mexico
| | - M Cerbon
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México 04510, Mexico.
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3
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Szychowski KA, Skóra B, Tabęcka-Łonczyńska A. Calcium channel antagonists interfere with the mechanism of action of elastin-derived peptide VGVAPG in mouse cortical astrocytes in vitro. Neurochem Int 2022; 159:105405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Grabowska A, Sas-Nowosielska H, Wojtas B, Holm-Kaczmarek D, Januszewicz E, Yushkevich Y, Czaban I, Trzaskoma P, Krawczyk K, Gielniewski B, Martin-Gonzalez A, Filipkowski RK, Olszynski KH, Bernas T, Szczepankiewicz AA, Sliwinska MA, Kanhema T, Bramham CR, Bokota G, Plewczynski D, Wilczynski GM, Magalska A. Activation-induced chromatin reorganization in neurons depends on HDAC1 activity. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110352. [PMID: 35172152 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial chromatin organization is crucial for transcriptional regulation and might be particularly important in neurons since they dramatically change their transcriptome in response to external stimuli. We show that stimulation of neurons causes condensation of large chromatin domains. This phenomenon can be observed in vitro in cultured rat hippocampal neurons as well as in vivo in the amygdala and hippocampal neurons. Activity-induced chromatin condensation is an active, rapid, energy-dependent, and reversible process. It involves calcium-dependent pathways but is independent of active transcription. It is accompanied by the redistribution of posttranslational histone modifications and rearrangements in the spatial organization of chromosome territories. Moreover, it leads to the reorganization of nuclear speckles and active domains located in their proximity. Finally, we find that the histone deacetylase HDAC1 is the key regulator of this process. Our results suggest that HDAC1-dependent chromatin reorganization constitutes an important level of transcriptional regulation in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Grabowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Sas-Nowosielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wojtas
- Laboratory of Sequencing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Holm-Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Januszewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yana Yushkevich
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Czaban
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Trzaskoma
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Gielniewski
- Laboratory of Sequencing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ana Martin-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Robert Kuba Filipkowski
- Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Hubert Olszynski
- Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tytus Bernas
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Anatomy and Neurology, VCU School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Andrzej Antoni Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Alicja Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tambudzai Kanhema
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Clive R Bramham
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Grzegorz Bokota
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Informatics, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Plewczynski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Marek Wilczynski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana Magalska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Reviewing the Benefits of Grazing/Browsing Semiarid Rangeland Feed Resources and the Transference of Bioactivity and Pro-Healthy Properties to Goat Milk and Cheese: Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Inflammation and Hepatic Steatosis Prevention. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102942. [PMID: 34679963 PMCID: PMC8532773 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rangeland is an ecological resource that provides multiple benefits for environment and agriculture. Grazing/browsing on rangelands is a useful and inexpensive means to produce food derived from animal products. The aim of this study was to review the benefits of producing milk and cheese under this system in terms of bioactivity and the health benefits of their consumption in model animals. To conduct this review, we particularly considered the experiments that our research group carried out along the last fifteen years at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán in Mexico. Firstly, we examined the forages consumed by goats on the rangelands in terms of plant bioactive compound occurrence and their concentration. Further, goat milk and cheese coming from (1) grazing animals, (2) animals managed indoors, and from (3) animals managed indoor supplemented with rich plant bioactive compounds, were analyzed. Milk was discussed to modulate the negative effects of high-fat diets in mice. Forages consumed by goats on the rangelands showed a close correlation between antioxidant activity assessed by the DPPH+ radical with total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents (TPC). Milk concentration of PUFA, MUFA, and n-3 fatty acids from grazing goats (4.7%, 25.2%, and 0.94% of FAME) was higher than milk from goats fed indoor diets (ID). Similar results were shown in cheese. TPC was higher in cheese manufactured with milk from grazing goats (300 mg of GAE/kg of cheese) when compared to cheese from milk goats fed ID (60 mg of GAE/of cheese). Acacia pods are a semiarid rangeland feed resource that transfers pro-healthy activity, inhibited in vitro lipid peroxidation (inhibition of TBARS formation) and diminished the damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, in vivo assessment revealed that Acacia species increased free radical scavenging (DPPH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity. The results highlight that grazing/browsing practices are superior to indoor feeding in order to promote the transference of bioactive compounds from vegetation to animal tissue, and finally to animal products. Grazing management represents a better option than indoor feeding to enhance bioactivity of milk and cheese. Supplementation with rich-bioactive compound forages increased total polyphenol, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoid concentrations in milk and cheese. The consumption of goat milk prevents obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, and hepatic steatosis while on a high-fat diet induced obesity in mice.
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Wu R, Zhong S, Ni M, Zhu X, Chen Y, Chen X, Zhang L, Chen J. Effects of Malania oleifera Chun Oil on the Improvement of Learning and Memory Function in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:8617143. [PMID: 33014116 PMCID: PMC7519201 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8617143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fruits of Malania oleifera Chun & S. K. Lee have been highly sought after medically because its seeds have high oil content (>60%), especially the highest known proportion of nervonic acid (>55%). Objective of the Study. The objective was to explore the effects of different doses of Malania oleifera Chun oil (MOC oil) on the learning and memory of mice and to evaluate whether additional DHA algae oil and vitamin E could help MOC oil improve learning and memory and its possible mechanisms. METHODS After 30 days of oral administration of the relevant agents to mice, behavioral tests were conducted as well as detection of oxidative stress parameters (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxidase) and biochemical indicators (acetylcholine, acetyl cholinesterase, and choline acetyltransferase) in the hippocampus. RESULTS Experimental results demonstrated that MOC oil treatment could markedly improve learning and memory of mouse models in behavioral experiments and increase the activity of GSH-PX in hippocampus and reduce the content of MDA, especially the dose of 46.27 mg/kg. The addition of DHA and VE could better assist MOC oil to improve the learning and memory, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and restrain the activity of AChE and also increase the content of ACh. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that MOC oil treatment could improve learning and memory impairments. Therefore, we suggest that MOC oil is a potentially important resource for the development of nervonic acid products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoqi Zhong
- West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengmei Ni
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuxi Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Gao G, Li C, Zhu J, Wang Y, Huang Y, Zhao S, Sheng S, Song Y, Ji C, Li C, Yang X, Ye L, Qi X, Zhang Y, Xia X, Zheng JC. Glutaminase 1 Regulates Neuroinflammation After Cerebral Ischemia Through Enhancing Microglial Activation and Pro-Inflammatory Exosome Release. Front Immunol 2020; 11:161. [PMID: 32117296 PMCID: PMC7020613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia induces a robust neuroinflammatory response that is largely mediated by the activation of CNS resident microglia. Activated microglia produce pro-inflammatory molecules to cause neuronal damage. Identifying regulators of microglial activation bears great potential in discovering promising candidates for neuroprotection post cerebral ischemia. Previous studies demonstrate abnormal elevation of glutaminase 1 (GLS1) in microglia in chronic CNS disorders including Alzheimer's disease and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Ectopic expression of GLS1 induced microglia polarization into pro-inflammatory phenotype and exosome release in vitro. However, whether GLS1 is involved in neuroinflammation in acute brain injury remains unknown. Here, we observed activation of microglia, elevation of GLS1 expression, and accumulation of pro-inflammatory exosomes in rat brains 72 h post focal cerebral ischemia. Treatment with CB839, a glutaminase inhibitor, reversed ischemia-induced microglial activation, inflammatory response, and exosome release. Furthermore, we found that the application of exosome secretion inhibitor, GW4869, displayed similar anti-inflammatory effects to that of CB839, suggesting GLS1-mediated exosome release may play an important role in the formation of neuroinflammatory microenvironment. Therefore, GLS1 may serve as a key mediator and promising target of neuroinflammatory response in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Gao
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunlong Huang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shu Zhao
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyang Sheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Song
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhui Ji
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Ye
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinrui Qi
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Fernández-Rojas B, Vázquez-Cervantes GI, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Gutiérrez-Venegas G. Lipoteichoic acid reduces antioxidant enzymes in H9c2 cells. Toxicol Rep 2019; 7:101-108. [PMID: 31921600 PMCID: PMC6948251 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is an illness where the heart is invaded by bacteria, like Streptococcal and Staphylococcal species that contain lipoteichoic acid (LTA) related to an essential role in this disease. This study is the first in evaluating antioxidant enzyme levels in embryonic cardiomyocyte cell line (H9c2) induced by LTA from Streptococcus sanguinis. LTA increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced the levels of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1 and catalase (CAT) but did not affect glutathione content. At the highest LTA concentration (15 μg/ml), SOD-1 and CAT levels did not change, and this effect was related to the induction of mRNA levels of Nrf2 induced by LTA. These results suggest that low antioxidant enzyme levels and ROS production could be related to IE.
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Key Words
- AKT, protein kinase B
- Antioxidant enzymes
- CAT, catalase
- Carboxy-H2DCFDA, 6-carboxy-2´,7´ dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- DHE, dihydroethidium
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- FDA, fluorescein diacetate
- GPx-1, glutathione peroxidase-1
- GSH, glutathione
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IE, infective endocarditis
- Infective endocarditis
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinases
- LTA, lipoteichoic acid
- Lipoteichoic acid
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2
- O2•¯, superoxide radical
- OH•, hydroxyl radical
- ONOO¯, peroxynitrite anion
- Oxidative stress
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS production
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD-1, superoxide dismutase-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Fernández-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gustavo I. Vázquez-Cervantes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito interior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito interior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gloria Gutiérrez-Venegas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
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9
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Szychowski KA, Gmiński J. Specific role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in elastin-derived VGVAPG peptide-dependent calcium homeostasis in mouse cortical astrocytes in vitro. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20165. [PMID: 31882909 PMCID: PMC6934688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological and pathological conditions, elastin is degraded to produce elastin-derived peptides (EDPs). EDPs are detected in the healthy human brain, and its concentration significantly increases after ischemic stroke. Both elastin and EDPs contains replications of the soluble VGVAPG hexapeptide, which has a broad range of biological activities. Effects of VGVAPG action are mainly mediated by elastin-binding protein (EBP), which is alternatively spliced, enzymatically inactive form of the GLB1 gene. This study was conducted to elucidate the activation and role of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in elastin-derived VGVAPG peptide-dependent calcium homeostasis in mouse cortical astrocytes in vitro. Cells were exposed to 10 nM VGVAPG peptide and co-treated with MK-801, nifedipine, verapamil, or Src kinase inhibitor I. After cell stimulation, we measured Ca2+ level, ROS production, and mRNA expression. Moreover, the Glb1 and NMDAR subunits (GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B) siRNA gene knockdown were applied. We found the VGVAPG peptide causes Ca2+ influx through the NMDA receptor in mouse astrocytes in vitro. Silencing of the Glb1, GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B gene prevented VGVAPG peptide-induced increase in Ca2+. Nifedipine does not completely reduce VGVAPG peptide-activated ROS production, whereas MK-801, verapamil, and Src inhibitor reduce VGVAPG peptide-activated Ca2+ influx and ROS production. These data suggest the role of Src kinase signal transduction from EBP to NMDAR. Moreover, the VGVAPG peptide affects the expression of NMDA receptor subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland.
| | - Jan Gmiński
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052, Opole, Poland
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Oyarzabal A, Marin-Valencia I. Synaptic energy metabolism and neuronal excitability, in sickness and health. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:220-236. [PMID: 30734319 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most of the energy produced in the brain is dedicated to supporting synaptic transmission. Glucose is the main fuel, providing energy and carbon skeletons to the cells that execute and support synaptic function: neurons and astrocytes, respectively. It is unclear, however, how glucose is provided to and used by these cells under different levels of synaptic activity. It is even more unclear how diseases that impair glucose uptake and oxidation in the brain alter metabolism in neurons and astrocytes, disrupt synaptic activity, and cause neurological dysfunction, of which seizures are one of the most common clinical manifestations. Poor mechanistic understanding of diseases involving synaptic energy metabolism has prevented the expansion of therapeutic options, which, in most cases, are limited to symptomatic treatments. To shed light on the intersections between metabolism, synaptic transmission, and neuronal excitability, we briefly review current knowledge of compartmentalized metabolism in neurons and astrocytes, the biochemical pathways that fuel synaptic transmission at resting and active states, and the mechanisms by which disorders of brain glucose metabolism disrupt neuronal excitability and synaptic function and cause neurological disease in the form of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Oyarzabal
- Synaptic Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Marin-Valencia
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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11
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Hamidi N, Nozad A, Sheikhkanloui Milan H, Amani M. Okadaic acid attenuates short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity of hippocampal dentate gyrus neurons in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 158:24-31. [PMID: 30630043 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation states have a pivotal role in regulation of synaptic plasticity and long-term modulation of synaptic transmission. Serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) have a critical effect on various regulatory mechanisms involved in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Okadaic acid (OKA), a potent inhibitor of PP1 and PP2A, reportedly leads to cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of OKA on electrophysiological characteristics of hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) neurons in vivo. Male Wistar rats were divided into two control and OKA groups. OKA was injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) into lateral ventricles and after two weeks the long-term potentiation (LTP) and paired-pulse responses recorded from hippocampal perforant path-DG synapses in order to assess short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity. Results of this study revealed that OKA-induced inhibition of PP1 and PP2A activity drastically attenuates the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slope and population spike (PS) amplitude following paired pulse and high frequency stimulation (HFS) of hippocampal DG neurons indicating pre- and post-synaptic involvement in electrical activity of these neurons. Administration of OKA impaired the short-term and long-term spatial memories conducted by Y-maze and passive avoidance tests, respectively. OKA-induced attenuation in electrophysiological activity and consequent memory deficits also provide a beneficial tool for studying neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Hamidi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abdollah Nozad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Amani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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12
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Jung ME, Mallet RT. Intermittent hypoxia training: Powerful, non-invasive cerebroprotection against ethanol withdrawal excitotoxicity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 256:67-78. [PMID: 28811138 PMCID: PMC5825251 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol intoxication and withdrawal exact a devastating toll on the central nervous system. Abrupt ethanol withdrawal provokes massive release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, which over-activates its postsynaptic receptors, causing intense Ca2+ loading, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase activation and oxidative stress, culminating in ATP depletion, mitochondrial injury, amyloid β deposition and neuronal death. Collectively, these mechanisms produce neurocognitive and sensorimotor dysfunction that discourages continued abstinence. Although the brain is heavily dependent on blood-borne O2 to sustain its aerobic ATP production, brief, cyclic episodes of moderate hypoxia and reoxygenation, when judiciously applied over the course of days or weeks, evoke adaptations that protect the brain from ethanol withdrawal-induced glutamate excitotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and amyloid β accumulation. This review summarizes evidence from ongoing preclinical research that demonstrates intermittent hypoxia training to be a potentially powerful yet non-invasive intervention capable of affording robust, sustained neuroprotection during ethanol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
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13
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Claudia DP, Mario CH, Arturo NO, Omar Noel MC, Antonio NC, Teresa RA, Zenón Gerardo LT, Margarita DM, Marsela Alejandra ÁI, Yessica Rosalina CM, Vanessa SQ, Francisco Enrique G, Iván TV, Janette FC, María Del Rayo CC, José PC. Phenolic Compounds in Organic and Aqueous Extracts from Acacia farnesiana Pods Analyzed by ULPS-ESI-Q-oa/TOF-MS. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Inflammatory Response in CD-1 Mice. Molecules 2018; 23:E2386. [PMID: 30231503 PMCID: PMC6225385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acacia farnesiana (AF) pods have been traditionally used to treat dyspepsia, diarrhea and topically for dermal inflammation. Main objectives: (1) investigate the antioxidant activity and protection against oxidative-induced damage of six extracts from AF pods and (2) their capacity to curb the inflammation process as well as to down-regulate the pro-inflammatory mediators. METHODS Five organic extracts (chloroformic, hexanic, ketonic, methanolic, methanolic:aqueous and one aqueous extract) were obtained and analyzed by UPLC-ESI-Q-oa/TOF-MS. Antioxidant activity (DPPH•, ORAC and FRAP assays) and lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay) were performed. Assessment of anti-inflammatory properties was made by the ear edema induced model in CD-1 mice and MPO activity assay. Likewise, histological analysis, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, COX measurements plus nitrite and immunohistochemistry analysis were carried out. RESULTS Methyl gallate, gallic acid, galloyl glucose isomer 1, galloyl glucose isomer 2, galloyl glucose isomer 3, digalloyl glucose isomer 1, digalloyl glucose isomer 2, digalloyl glucose isomer 3, digalloyl glucose isomer 4, hydroxytyrosol acetate, quinic acid, and caffeoylmalic acid were identified. Both organic and aqueous extracts displayed antioxidant activity. All extracts exhibited a positive effect on the interleukins, COX and immunohistochemistry assays. CONCLUSION All AF pod extracts can be effective as antioxidant and topical anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delgadillo Puga Claudia
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal Dr. Fernando Pérez-Gil Romo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), CDMX 14080, Mexico.
| | - Cuchillo-Hilario Mario
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal Dr. Fernando Pérez-Gil Romo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), CDMX 14080, Mexico.
| | - Navarro Ocaña Arturo
- Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CDMX 04510, Mexico.
| | - Medina-Campos Omar Noel
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CDMX 04510, Mexico.
| | - Nieto Camacho Antonio
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CDMX 04510, Mexico.
| | - Ramírez Apan Teresa
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CDMX 04510, Mexico.
| | | | - Díaz Martínez Margarita
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal Dr. Fernando Pérez-Gil Romo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), CDMX 14080, Mexico.
| | - Álvarez-Izazaga Marsela Alejandra
- Departamento de Nutrición Aplicada y Educación Nutricional, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), CDMX 14080, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Gómez Francisco Enrique
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), CDMX 14080, Mexico.
| | - Torre-Villalvazo Iván
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), CDMX 14080, Mexico.
| | - Furuzawa Carballeda Janette
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), CDMX 14080, Mexico.
| | | | - Pedraza-Chaverri José
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CDMX 04510, Mexico.
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Wu H, Wang X, Gao J, Liang S, Hao Y, Sun C, Xia W, Cao Y, Wu L. Fingolimod (FTY720) attenuates social deficits, learning and memory impairments, neuronal loss and neuroinflammation in the rat model of autism. Life Sci 2017; 173:43-54. [PMID: 28161158 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of FTY720 on the valproic acid (VPA) rat model of autism. MAIN METHODS As an animal model of autism, we used intraperitoneal injection of VPA on embryonic day 12.5 in Wistar rats. The pups were given FTY720 orally at doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1mg/kg daily from postnatal day 15 to 35. Social behavior, spatial learning and memory were assessed at the end of FTY720 treatment. The histological change, oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory responses, and apoptosis-related proteins in the hippocampus were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS FTY720 (1mg/kg) administration to VPA-exposed rats (1) improved social behavior, spatial learning and memory impairment; (2) resulted in a reduction in neuronal loss and apoptosis of pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 regions; (3) inhibited activation of microglial cells, in turn lowering the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 in the hippocampus; (4) changed Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, Glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the hippocampus; (6) inhibited the elevated Bax and caspase-3 protein levels and enhanced the relative expression level of Bcl-2 in the hippocampus; and (7) increased phospho-Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (p-CaMKII), phospho-cAMP-response element binding protein (p-CREB) and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) protein expression in the hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE FTY720 rescues social deficit, spatial learning and memory impairment in VPA-exposed rats. FTY720 exerts both a direct protection for neurons and an indirect modulation of inflammation-mediated neuron loss as a possible mechanism of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Wu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Xuelai Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Jingquan Gao
- Department of Nursing, Harbin Medical University in Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yanqiu Hao
- Department of pediatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Caihong Sun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yonggang Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University in Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, China.
| | - Lijie Wu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China.
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Gromova OA, Torshin IY, Stelmashuk EV, Alexandrova OP, Pronin AV, Gogoleva IV, Haspekov LG. A study of the neuroprotective effect of mexidol on the cell model of glutamate stress. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 117:71-77. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201711712171-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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16
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Böhme A, Laqua A, Schüürmann G. Chemoavailability of Organic Electrophiles: Impact of Hydrophobicity and Reactivity on Their Aquatic Excess Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:952-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Böhme
- UFZ
Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Laqua
- UFZ
Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ
Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
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17
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Jeong CH, Gao L, Dettro T, Wagner ED, Ricke WA, Plewa MJ, Flaws JA. Monohaloacetic acid drinking water disinfection by-products inhibit follicle growth and steroidogenesis in mouse ovarian antral follicles in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 62:71-6. [PMID: 27151372 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Water disinfection greatly reduced the incidence of waterborne diseases, but the reaction between disinfectants and natural organic matter in water leads to the formation of drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs). DBPs have been shown to be toxic, but their effects on the ovary are not well defined. This study tested the hypothesis that monohalogenated DBPs (chloroacetic acid, CAA; bromoacetic acid, BAA; iodoacetic acid, IAA) inhibit antral follicle growth and steroidogenesis in mouse ovarian follicles. Antral follicles were isolated and cultured with either vehicle or DBPs (0.25-1.00mM of CAA; 2-15μM of BAA or IAA) for 48 and 96h. Follicle growth was measured every 24h and the media were analyzed for estradiol levels at 96h. Exposure to DBPs significantly inhibited antral follicle growth and reduced estradiol levels compared to controls. These data demonstrate that DBP exposure caused ovarian toxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara H Jeong
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Liying Gao
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tyler Dettro
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Pals JA, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Energy of the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital, Thiol Reactivity, and Toxicity of Three Monobrominated Water Disinfection Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3215-21. [PMID: 26854864 PMCID: PMC4800005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection of drinking water protects public health against waterborne pathogens. However, during disinfection, toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed. Exposure to DBPs was associated with increased risk of bladder cancer in humans. DBPs are generated at concentrations below their carcinogenic potencies; it is unclear how exposure leads to adverse health outcomes. We used computational estimates of the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO) to predict thiol reactivity and additive toxicity among soft electrophile DBPs. Bromoacetic acid (BAA) was identified as non-thiol-reactive, which was supported by in chemico and in vitro data. Bromoacetonitrile (BAN) and bromoacetamide (BAM) were thiol-reactive. Genotoxicity induced by these compounds was reduced by increasing the thiol pool with N-acetyl L-cysteine (NAC), while NAC had little effect on BAA. BAN and BAM shared depletion of glutathione (GSH) or cellular thiols as a molecular initiating event (MIE), whereas BAA induces toxicity through another pathway. Binary mixtures of BAM and BAN expressed a potentiating effect in genotoxicity. We found that soft electrophile DBPs could be an important predictor of common mechanism groups that demonstrated additive toxicity. In silico estimates of ELUMO could be used to identify the most relevant DBPs that are the forcing factors of the toxicity of finished drinking waters.
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Delgadillo Puga C, Cuchillo Hilario M, Espinosa Mendoza JG, Medina Campos O, Molina Jijón E, Díaz Martínez M, Álvarez Izazaga MA, Ledesma Solano JÁ, Pedraza Chaverri J. Antioxidant activity and protection against oxidative-induced damage of Acacia shaffneri and Acacia farnesiana pods extracts: in vitro and in vivo assays. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:435. [PMID: 26669565 PMCID: PMC4678613 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0959-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a worldwide public health issue, reaching epidemic condition in developing countries associated to chronic diseases. Oxidative damage is another side effect of obesity. Antioxidant activity from plant components regulates at some extent this imbalance. Main goal of the present study was to determine the antioxidant activity and protection against oxidative-induced damage of Acacia shaffneri (AS) and Acacia farnesiana (AF) pods extracts. METHODS To evaluated antioxidant activity and radical scavenging capacity of AS and AF extracts, two experiments were performed: 1) pods extracts were challenged against H2O2 using kidney cells in an in vitro assay; and 2) (Meriones unguiculatus) was employed in an in vivo assay to observe the effect of pods extracts on scavenging properties in plasma. RESULTS Both pods extracts presented an important protective effect on radical scavenging capacity against ABTS• + and DPPH(+), and also in TBARS formation in vitro. Vegetal pods extracts did not induce any pro-oxidative effect when added to kidney cells in DMEM. Cells damage in DMEM with addition of H2O2 was significantly higher than those when vegetal pods extracts were added at 50 (P < 0.05) or 200 ppm (P < 0.001). Plasma scavenging properties presented an important dose-dependent positive effect in those groups where pods extracts were administered. CONCLUSIONS The antioxidant protection of the acacia pods extracts reported in this study suggests the possible transference of antioxidant components and protective effects to animal products (milk, meat, and by-products) from Acacia pods when this vegetation is included in the diet. In order to evaluate, the possible transference of theirs antioxidant components to animal products, the incorporation of these non-conventional resources to ruminant feeding is a good opportunity of study. Profiling of Acacia farnesiana pods extract is necessary to identify the responsible bioactive compounds of protective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Delgadillo Puga
- National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15., Mexico City, 14000, Mexico.
| | - Mario Cuchillo Hilario
- National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15., Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | | | - Omar Medina Campos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Molina Jijón
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Margarita Díaz Martínez
- National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15., Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | | | - José Ángel Ledesma Solano
- National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15., Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza Chaverri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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20
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Osborne DM, Pearson-Leary J, McNay EC. The neuroenergetics of stress hormones in the hippocampus and implications for memory. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:164. [PMID: 25999811 PMCID: PMC4422005 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute stress causes rapid release of norepinephrine (NE) and glucocorticoids (GCs), both of which bind to hippocampal receptors. This release continues, at varying concentrations, for several hours following the stressful event, and has powerful effects on hippocampally-dependent memory that generally promote acquisition and consolidation while impairing retrieval. Several studies have characterized the brain's energy usage both at baseline and during memory processing, but there are few data on energy requirements of memory processes under stressful conditions. Because memory is enhanced by emotional arousal such as during stress, it is likely that molecular memory processes under these conditions differ from those under non-stressful conditions that do not activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Mobilization of peripheral and central energy stores during stress may increase hippocampal glucose metabolism that enhances salience and detail to facilitate memory enhancement. Several pathways activated by the HPA axis affect neural energy supply and metabolism, and may also prevent detrimental damage associated with chronic stress. We hypothesize that alterations in hippocampal metabolism during stress are key to understanding the effects of stress hormones on hippocampally-dependent memory formation. Second, we suggest that the effects of stress on hippocampal metabolism are bi-directional: within minutes, NE promotes glucose metabolism, while hours into the stress response GCs act to suppress metabolism. These bi-directional effects of NE and GCs on glucose metabolism may occur at least in part through direct modulation of glucose transporter-4. In contrast, chronic stress and prolonged elevation of hippocampal GCs cause chronically suppressed glucose metabolism, excitotoxicity and subsequent memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiah Pearson-Leary
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany Albany, NY, USA ; Biology, University at Albany Albany, NY, USA
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21
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Drougard A, Fournel A, Valet P, Knauf C. Impact of hypothalamic reactive oxygen species in the regulation of energy metabolism and food intake. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:56. [PMID: 25759638 PMCID: PMC4338676 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamus is a key area involved in the control of metabolism and food intake via the integrations of numerous signals (hormones, neurotransmitters, metabolites) from various origins. These factors modify hypothalamic neurons activity and generate adequate molecular and behavioral responses to control energy balance. In this complex integrative system, a new concept has been developed in recent years, that includes reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a critical player in energy balance. ROS are known to act in many signaling pathways in different peripheral organs, but also in hypothalamus where they regulate food intake and metabolism by acting on different types of neurons, including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related protein (AgRP)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons. Hypothalamic ROS release is under the influence of different factors such as pancreatic and gut hormones, adipokines (leptin, apelin,…), neurotransmitters and nutrients (glucose, lipids,…). The sources of ROS production are multiple including NADPH oxidase, but also the mitochondria which is considered as the main ROS producer in the brain. ROS are considered as signaling molecules, but conversely impairment of this neuronal signaling ROS pathway contributes to alterations of autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine function, leading to metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this review we focus our attention on factors that are able to modulate hypothalamic ROS release in order to control food intake and energy metabolism, and whose deregulations could participate to the development of pathological conditions. This novel insight reveals an original mechanism in the hypothalamus that controls energy balance and identify hypothalamic ROS signaling as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Drougard
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory, INSERM/UCL, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), CHU Rangueil, Université Paul SabatierToulouse, France
| | | | | | - Claude Knauf
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory, INSERM/UCL, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), CHU Rangueil, Université Paul SabatierToulouse, France
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Cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibits glutamate-induced Zn2+ signaling and neuronal cell death in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by inhibiting Ca2+-induced mitochondrial depolarization and formation of reactive oxygen species. Brain Res 2015; 1606:9-20. [PMID: 25721794 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a member of the anthocyanin family, is a potent natural antioxidant. However, effects of C3G on glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i increase and neuronal cell death remain unknown. We studied the effects of C3G on glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i increase and cell death in cultured rat hippocampal neurons from embryonic day 17 maternal Sprague-Dawley rats using digital imaging methods for Zn(2+), Ca(2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential and a MTT assay for cell survival. Treatment with glutamate (100 µM) for 7 min induces reproducible [Zn(2+)]i increase at 35 min interval in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The intracellular Zn(2+)-chelator TPEN markedly blocked glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i increase, but the extracellular Zn(2+) chelator CaEDTA did not affect glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i increase. C3G inhibited the glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i response in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 of 14.1 ± 1.1 µg/ml). C3G also significantly inhibited glutamate-induced [Ca(2+)]i increase. Two antioxidants such as Trolox and DTT significantly inhibited the glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i response, but they did not affect the [Ca(2+)]i responses. C3G blocked glutamate-induced formation of ROS. Trolox and DTT also inhibited the formation of ROS. C3G significantly inhibited glutamate-induced mitochondrial depolarization. However, TPEN, Trolox and DTT did not affect the mitochondrial depolarization. C3G, Trolox and DTT attenuated glutamate-induced neuronal cell death in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, respectively. Taken together, all these results suggest that cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibits glutamate-induced [Zn(2+)]i increase through a release of Zn(2+) from intracellular sources in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by inhibiting Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial depolarization and formation of ROS, which is involved in neuroprotection against glutamate-induced cell death.
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Reactive oxygen species initiate a metabolic collapse in hippocampal slices: potential trigger of cortical spreading depression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1540-9. [PMID: 25027308 PMCID: PMC4158675 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) underlies oxidative damage. We find that in hippocampal slices, decreased activity of glucose-based antioxidant system induces a massive, abrupt, and detrimental change in cellular functions. We call this phenomenon metabolic collapse (MC). This collapse manifested in long-lasting silencing of synaptic transmission, abnormal oxidation of NAD(P)H and FADH2 associated with immense oxygen consumption, and massive neuronal depolarization. MC occurred without any preceding deficiency in neuronal energy supply or disturbances of ionic homeostasis and spread throughout the hippocampus. It was associated with a preceding accumulation of ROS and was largely prevented by application of an efficient antioxidant Tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl). The consequences of MC resemble cortical spreading depression (CSD), a wave of neuronal depolarization that occurs in migraine, brain trauma, and stroke, the cellular initiation mechanisms of which are poorly understood. We suggest that ROS accumulation might also be the primary trigger of CSD. Indeed, we found that Tempol strongly reduced occurrence of CSD in vivo, suggesting that ROS accumulation may be a key mechanism of CSD initiation.
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Perveen S, Yang JS, Ha TJ, Yoon SH. Cyanidin-3-glucoside Inhibits ATP-induced Intracellular Free Ca(2+) Concentration, ROS Formation and Mitochondrial Depolarization in PC12 Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:297-305. [PMID: 25177161 PMCID: PMC4146631 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.4.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids have an ability to suppress various ion channels. We determined whether one of flavonoids, cyanidin-3-glucoside, affects adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-induced calcium signaling using digital imaging methods for intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential in PC12 cells. Treatment with ATP (100µM) for 90 sec induced [Ca(2+)]i increases in PC12 cells. Pretreatment with cyanidin-3-glucoside (1µ g/ml to 100µg/ml) for 30 min inhibited the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50=15.3µg/ml). Pretreatment with cyanidin-3-glucoside (15µg/ml) for 30 min significantly inhibited the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)]i responses following removal of extracellular Ca(2+) or depletion of intracellular [Ca(2+)]i stores. Cyanidin-3-glucoside also significantly inhibited the relatively specific P2X2 receptor agonist 2-MeSATP-induced [Ca(2+)]i responses. Cyanidin-3-glucoside significantly inhibited the thapsigargin or ATP-induced store-operated calcium entry. Cyanidin-3-glucoside significantly inhibited the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)]i responses in the presence of nimodipine and ω-conotoxin. Cyanidin-3-glucoside also significantly inhibited KCl (50 mM)-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases. Cyanidin-3-glucoside significantly inhibited ATP-induced mitochondrial depolarization. The intracellular Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM or the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter inhibitor RU360 blocked the ATP-induced mitochondrial depolarization in the presence of cyanidin-3-glucoside. Cyanidin-3-glucoside blocked ATP-induced formation of ROS. BAPTA-AM further decreased the formation of ROS in the presence of cyanidin-3-glucoside. All these results suggest that cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibits ATP-induced calcium signaling in PC12 cells by inhibiting multiple pathways which are the influx of extracellular Ca(2+) through the nimodipine and ω-conotoxin-sensitive and -insensitive pathways and the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. In addition, cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibits ATP-induced formation of ROS by inhibiting Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Perveen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Ji Seon Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Tae Joung Ha
- Department of Functional Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 627-803, Korea
| | - Shin Hee Yoon
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
- Catholic Agro-Medical Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Cuadrado A, Martín-Moldes Z, Ye J, Lastres-Becker I. Transcription factors NRF2 and NF-κB are coordinated effectors of the Rho family, GTP-binding protein RAC1 during inflammation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15244-58. [PMID: 24759106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.540633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase protein RAC1 participates in innate immunity by activating a complex program that includes cytoskeleton remodeling, chemotaxis, activation of NADPH oxidase, and modulation of gene expression. However, its role in regulating the transcriptional signatures that in term control the cellular inflammatory profiles are not well defined. Here we investigated the functional and mechanistic connection between RAC1 and the transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), master regulator of the anti-oxidant response. Lipopolysaccharide and constitutively active RAC1(Q61L) mutant induced the anti-oxidant enzyme heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) through activation of NRF2. The use of KEAP1-insensitive NRF2 mutants indicated that RAC1 regulation of NRF2 is KEAP1-independent. Interestingly, NRF2 overexpression inhibited, whereas a dominant-negative mutant of NRF2 exacerbated RAC1-dependent activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), suggesting that NRF2 has an antagonistic effect on the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, we found that RAC1 acts through NF-κB to induce NRF2 because either expression of a dominant negative mutant of IκBα that leads to NF-κB degradation or the use of p65-NF-κB-deficient cells demonstrated lower NRF2 protein levels and basally impaired NRF2 signature compared with control cells. In contrast, NRF2-deficient cells showed increased p65-NF-κB protein levels, although the mRNA levels remain unchanged, indicating post-translational alterations. Our results demonstrate a new mechanism of modulation of RAC1 inflammatory pathway through a cross-talk between NF-κB and NRF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cuadrado
- From the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ), Departamento de Bioquímica e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zaira Martín-Moldes
- From the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ), Departamento de Bioquímica e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain, and
| | - Jianping Ye
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisianna 70808
| | - Isabel Lastres-Becker
- From the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ), Departamento de Bioquímica e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain,
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Savage S, Ma D. The neurotoxicity of nitrous oxide: the facts and "putative" mechanisms. Brain Sci 2014; 4:73-90. [PMID: 24961701 PMCID: PMC4066238 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci4010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrous oxide is a widely used analgesic agent, used also in combination with anaesthetics during surgery. Recent research has raised concerns about possible neurotoxicity of nitrous oxide, particularly in the developing brain. Nitrous oxide is an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-antagonist drug, similar in nature to ketamine, another anaesthetic agent. It has been linked to post-operative cardiovascular problems in clinical studies. It is also widely known that exposure to nitrous oxide during surgery results in elevated homocysteine levels in many patients, but very little work has investigated the long term effect of these increased homocysteine levels. Now research in rodent models has found that homocysteine can be linked to neuronal death and possibly even cognitive deficits. This review aims to examine the current knowledge of mechanisms of action of nitrous oxide, and to describe some pathways by which it may have neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Savage
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine & Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Daqing Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine & Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK.
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Dad A, Jeong CH, Pals JA, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Pyruvate remediation of cell stress and genotoxicity induced by haloacetic acid drinking water disinfection by-products. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2013; 54:629-37. [PMID: 23893730 PMCID: PMC4014312 DOI: 10.1002/em.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Monohaloacetic acids (monoHAAs) are a major class of drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) and are cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. We propose a model of toxic action based on monoHAA-mediated inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a target cytosolic enzyme. This model predicts that GAPDH inhibition by the monoHAAs will lead to a severe reduction of cellular ATP levels and repress the generation of pyruvate. A loss of pyruvate will lead to mitochondrial stress and genomic DNA damage. We found a concentration-dependent reduction of ATP in Chinese hamster ovary cells after monoHAA treatment. ATP reduction per pmol monoHAA followed the pattern of iodoacetic acid (IAA) > bromoacetic acid (BAA) >> chloroacetic acid (CAA), which is the pattern of potency observed with many toxicological endpoints. Exogenous supplementation with pyruvate enhanced ATP levels and attenuated monoHAA-induced genomic DNA damage as measured with single cell gel electrophoresis. These data were highly correlated with the SN 2 alkylating potentials of the monoHAAs and with the induction of toxicity. The results from this study strongly support the hypothesis that GAPDH inhibition and the possible subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species is linked with the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, teratogenicity, and neurotoxicity of these DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Dad
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Comsats Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Clara H. Jeong
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Justin A. Pals
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth D. Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Safe Global Water Institute and NSF Science and Technology, Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Michael J. Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Safe Global Water Institute and NSF Science and Technology, Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Correspondence to: Michael J. Plewa, 364 NSRL, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 W. Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Ip YK, Hou Z, Chen XL, Ong JLY, Chng YR, Ching B, Hiong KC, Chew SF. High brain ammonia tolerance and down-regulation of Na+:K+:2Cl(-) Cotransporter 1b mRNA and protein expression in the brain of the Swamp Eel, Monopterus albus, exposed to environmental ammonia or terrestrial conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69512. [PMID: 24069137 PMCID: PMC3777983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Na(+):K(+):2Cl(-) cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) has been implicated in mediating ischemia-, trauma- or ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling/brain edema in mammals. This study aimed to determine the effects of ammonia or terrestrial exposure on ammonia concentrations in the plasma and brain, and the mRNA expression and protein abundance of nkcc/Nkcc in the brain, of the swamp eel Monopterusalbus. Ammonia exposure led to a greater increase in the ammonia concentration in the brain of M. albus than terrestrial exposure. The brain ammonia concentration of M. albus reached 4.5 µmol g(-1) and 2.7 µmol g(-1) after 6 days of exposure to 50 mmol l(-1) NH4Cl and terrestrial conditions, respectively. The full cDNA coding sequence of nkcc1b from M. albus brain comprised 3276 bp and coded for 1092 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 119.6 kDa. A molecular characterization indicated that it could be activated through phosphorylation and/or glycosylation by osmotic and/or oxidative stresses. Ammonia exposure for 1 day or 6 days led to significant decreases in the nkcc1b mRNA expression and Nkcc1b protein abundance in the brain of M. albus. In comparison, a significant decrease in nkcc1b mRNA expression was observed in the brain of M. albus only after 6 days of terrestrial exposure, but both 1 day and 6 days of terrestrial exposure resulted in significant decreases in the protein abundance of Nkcc1b. These results are novel because it has been established in mammals that ammonia up-regulates NKCC1 expression in astrocytes and NKCC1 plays an important role in ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling and brain edema. By contrast, our results indicate for the first time that M. albus is able to down-regulate the mRNA and protein expression of nkcc1b/Nkcc1b in the brain when confronted with ammonia toxicity, which could be one of the contributing factors to its extraordinarily high brain ammonia tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen K. Ip
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiu L. Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jasmine L. Y. Ong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - You R. Chng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Biyun Ching
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kum C. Hiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shit F. Chew
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Gyengesi E, Paxinos G, Andrews ZB. Oxidative Stress in the Hypothalamus: the Importance of Calcium Signaling and Mitochondrial ROS in Body Weight Regulation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 10:344-53. [PMID: 23730258 PMCID: PMC3520044 DOI: 10.2174/157015912804143496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable amount of evidence shows that reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mammalian brain are directly responsible for cell and tissue function and dysfunction. Excessive reactive oxygen species contribute to various conditions including inflammation, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, tumor formation, and mental disorders such as depression. Increased intracellular calcium levels have toxic roles leading to cell death. However, the exact connection between reactive oxygen production and high calcium stress is not yet fully understood. In this review, we focus on the role of reactive oxygen species and calcium stress in hypothalamic arcuate neurons controlling feeding. We revisit the role of NPY and POMC neurons in the regulation of appetite and energy homeostasis, and consider how ROS and intracellular calcium levels affect these neurons. These novel insights give a new direction to research on hypothalamic mechanisms regulating energy homeostasis and may offer novel treatment strategies for obesity and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gyengesi
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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Chen CC, Wang KY, Shen CKJ. DNA 5-methylcytosine demethylation activities of the mammalian DNA methyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9084-91. [PMID: 23393137 PMCID: PMC3610981 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylation at the 5-position of DNA cytosine on the vertebrate genomes is accomplished by the combined catalytic actions of three DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), the de novo enzymes DNMT3A and DNMT3B and the maintenance enzyme DNMT1. Although several metabolic routes have been suggested for demethylation of the vertebrate DNA, whether active DNA demethylase(s) exist has remained elusive. Surprisingly, we have found that the mammalian DNMTs, and likely the vertebrates DNMTs in general, can also act as Ca(2+) ion- and redox state-dependent active DNA demethylases. This finding suggests new directions for reinvestigation of the structures and functions of these DNMTs, in particular their roles in Ca(2+) ion-dependent biological processes, including the genome-wide/local DNA demethylation during early embryogenesis, cell differentiation, neuronal activity-regulated gene expression, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chang Chen
- From the Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112 and
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Keh-Yang Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Che-Kun James Shen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Isom AM, Gudelsky GA, Benoit SC, Richtand NM. Antipsychotic medications, glutamate, and cell death: A hidden, but common medication side effect? Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:252-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nordihydroguaiaretic acid attenuates the oxidative stress-induced decrease of CD33 expression in human monocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:375893. [PMID: 23533689 PMCID: PMC3596923 DOI: 10.1155/2013/375893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a natural lignan with recognized antioxidant and beneficial properties that is isolated from Larrea tridentata. In this study, we evaluated the effect of NDGA on the downregulation of oxidant stress-induced CD33 in human monocytes (MNs). Oxidative stress was induced by iodoacetate (IAA) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and was evaluated using reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cell viability. NDGA attenuates toxicity, ROS production and the oxidative stress-induced decrease of CD33 expression secondary to IAA or H2O2 in human MNs. It was also shown that NDGA (20 μM) attenuates cell death in the THP-1 cell line that is caused by treatment with either IAA or H2O2. These results suggest that NDGA has a protective effect on CD33 expression, which is associated with its antioxidant activity in human MNs.
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Death by a thousand cuts in Alzheimer's disease: hypoxia--the prodrome. Neurotox Res 2013; 24:216-43. [PMID: 23400634 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of clinical consequences may be associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) including systemic hypertension, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, glucose intolerance, impotence, gastroesophageal reflux, and obesity, to name a few. Despite this, 82 % of men and 93 % of women with OSA remain undiagnosed. OSA affects many body systems, and induces major alterations in metabolic, autonomic, and cerebral functions. Typically, OSA is characterized by recurrent chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), hypercapnia, hypoventilation, sleep fragmentation, peripheral and central inflammation, cerebral hypoperfusion, and cerebral glucose hypometabolism. Upregulation of oxidative stress in OSA plays an important pathogenic role in the milieu of hypoxia-induced cerebral and cardiovascular dysfunctions. Strong evidence underscores that cerebral amyloidogenesis and tau phosphorylation--two cardinal features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), are triggered by hypoxia. Mice subjected to hypoxic conditions unambiguously demonstrated upregulation in cerebral amyloid plaque formation and tau phosphorylation, as well as memory deficit. Hypoxia triggers neuronal degeneration and axonal dysfunction in both cortex and brainstem. Consequently, neurocognitive impairment in apneic/hypoxic patients is attributable to a complex interplay between CIH and stimulation of several pathological trajectories. The framework presented here helps delineate the emergence and progression of cognitive decline, and may yield insight into AD neuropathogenesis. The global impact of CIH should provide a strong rationale for treating OSA and snoring clinically, in order to ameliorate neurocognitive impairment in aged/AD patients.
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Pals J, Attene-Ramos MS, Xia M, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Human cell toxicogenomic analysis linking reactive oxygen species to the toxicity of monohaloacetic acid drinking water disinfection byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12514-23. [PMID: 24050308 PMCID: PMC4014314 DOI: 10.1021/es403171b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to drinking water disinfection byproducts has been linked to adverse health risks. The monohaloacetic acids (monoHAAs) are generated as byproducts during the disinfection of drinking water and are cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. Iodoacetic acid toxicity was mitigated by antioxidants, suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress. Other monoHAAs may share a similar mode of action. Each monoHAA generated a significant concentration-response increase in the expression of a β-lactamase reporter under the control of the antioxidant response element (ARE). The monoHAAs generated oxidative stress with a rank order of iodoacetic acid (IAA) > bromoacetic acid (BAA) ≫ chloroacetic acid (CAA); this rank order was observed with other toxicological end points. Toxicogenomic analysis was conducted with a nontransformed human intestinal epithelial cell line (FHs 74 Int). Exposure to the monoHAAs altered the transcription levels of multiple oxidative stress responsive genes, indicating that each exposure generated oxidative stress. The transcriptome profiles showed an increase in thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) and sulfiredoxin (SRXN1), suggesting peroxiredoxin proteins had been oxidized during monoHAA exposures. Three possible sources of reactive oxygen species were identified, the hypohalous acid generating peroxidase enzymes lactoperoxidase (LPO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent oxidase 5 (NOX5), and PTGS2 (COX-2) mediated arachidonic acid metabolism. Each monoHAA exposure caused an increase in COX-2 mRNA levels. These data provide a functional association between monoHAA exposure and adverse health outcomes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Pals
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
| | - Matias S. Attene-Ramos
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth D. Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
- Safe Global Water Institute and NSF Science and Technology, Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
| | - Michael J. Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
- Safe Global Water Institute and NSF Science and Technology, Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
- Corresponding Author, Phone: 217-333-3614;
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Cano-Ramírez D, Torres-Vargas CE, Guerrero-Castillo S, Uribe-Carvajal S, Hernández-Pando R, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Orozco-Ibarra M. Effect of glycolysis inhibition on mitochondrial function in rat brain. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 26:206-11. [PMID: 22539072 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enhances the neural vulnerability to excitotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro through an unknown mechanism possibly related to mitochondrial failure. However, as the effect of glycolysis inhibition on mitochondrial function in brain has not been studied, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of glycolysis inhibition induced by iodoacetate on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in brain. Mitochondria were isolated from brain cortex, striatum and cerebellum of rats treated systemically with iodoacetate (25 mg/kg/day for 3 days). Oxygen consumption, ATP synthesis, transmembrane potential, reactive oxygen species production, lipoperoxidation, glutathione levels, and aconitase activity were assessed. Oxygen consumption and aconitase activity decreased in the brain cortex and striatum, showing that glycolysis inhibition did not trigger severe mitochondrial impairment, but a slight mitochondrial malfunction and oxidative stress were present.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cano-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, DF, Mexico
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Hernández-Fonseca K, Massieu L, García de la Cadena S, Guzmán C, Camacho-Arroyo I. Neuroprotective role of estradiol against neuronal death induced by glucose deprivation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 96:41-50. [PMID: 22213775 DOI: 10.1159/000334229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported the protective effect of estradiol (E(2)) against neuronal death induced by several insults including oxygen deprivation, mitochondrial toxins and activation of glutamate receptors. Glucose deprivation (GD) is associated with ischemia and hypoglycemia, and to date there is no effective therapeutic agent able to prevent neuronal damage induced by these conditions. In this study, we have investigated the effects of 17β-E(2) and the selective agonists of the alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) estrogen receptors, propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) and diarylpropionitrile (DPN), respectively, on neuronal death induced by GD in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We have also analyzed the expression of both ER isoforms after GD. Results show that GD for 2 and 4 h reduces cell survival by 42 and 55%, respectively. Treatment with 17β-E(2) (10 nM to 10 µM) induces a dose-dependent protective effect that is blocked by ICI 182,780, an ER antagonist, and by 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-[4-(-piperidinylethoxy)phenol]-1H'pyrazole dihydrochloride (MPP) and 4-[2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]phenol (PHTPP), selective ERα and ERβ antagonists, respectively. The ERα and ERβ agonists PPT and DPN show a similar neuroprotective effect to that of 17β-E(2), but DPN is more efficient. In addition, hippocampal neurons under normal conditions show a higher expression of the ERβ isoform. When exposed to GD during 4 h, the expression of both ER isoforms is increased, while only that of the ERβ isoform significantly increases after 2 h of GD. Results demonstrate that E(2) prevents neuronal death induced by GD through its interaction with ER, although the ERβ isoform might have a predominant role. Results also suggest that GD differentially alters the expression of ERα and ERβ in hippocampal neurons.
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Pals JA, Ang JK, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Biological mechanism for the toxicity of haloacetic acid drinking water disinfection byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:5791-7. [PMID: 21671678 DOI: 10.1021/es2008159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The halogenated acetic acids are a major class of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with five haloacetic acids regulated by the U.S. EPA. These agents are cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. The decreasing toxicity rank order of the monohalogenated acetic acids (monoHAAs) is iodo- > bromo- >> chloroacetic acid. We present data that the monoHAAs inhibit glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity in a concentration-dependent manner with the same rank order as above. The rate of inhibition of GAPDH and the toxic potency of the monoHAAs are highly correlated with their alkylating potential and the propensity of the halogen leaving group. This strong association between GAPDH inhibition and the monoHAA toxic potency supports a comprehensive mechanism for the adverse biological effects by this widely occurring class of regulated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Pals
- College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop Sciences, and the NSF WaterCAMPWS Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Emery M, Schorderet DF, Roduit R. Acute hypoglycemia induces retinal cell death in mouse. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21586. [PMID: 21738719 PMCID: PMC3124528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucose is the most important metabolic substrate of the retina and maintenance of normoglycemia is an essential challenge for diabetic patients. Glycemic excursions could lead to cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. A vast body of literature exists on hyperglycemia namely in the field of diabetic retinopathy, but very little is known about the deleterious effect of hypoglycemia. Therefore, we decided to study the role of acute hypoglycemia in mouse retina. Methodology/Principal Findings To test effects of hypoglycemia, we performed a 5-hour hyperinsulinemic/hypoglycemic clamp; to exclude an effect of insulin, we made a hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp as control. We then isolated retinas from each group at different time-points after the clamp to analyze cells apoptosis and genes regulation. In parallel, we used 661W photoreceptor cells to confirm in vivo results. We showed herein that hypoglycemia induced retinal cell death in mouse via caspase 3 activation. We then tested the mRNA expression of glutathione transferase omega 1 (Gsto1) and glutathione peroxidase 3 (Gpx3), two genes involved in glutathione (GSH) homeostasis. The expression of both genes was up-regulated by low glucose, leading to a decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH). In vitro experiments confirmed the low-glucose induction of 661W cell death via superoxide production and activation of caspase 3, which was concomitant with a decrease of GSH content. Moreover, decrease of GSH content by inhibition with buthionine sulphoximine (BSO) at high glucose induced apoptosis, while complementation with extracellular glutathione ethyl ester (GSHee) at low glucose restored GSH level and reduced apoptosis. Conclusions/Significance We showed, for the first time, that acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia leads to caspase 3-dependant retinal cell death with a predominant role of GSH content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Emery
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology (IRO), Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F. Schorderet
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology (IRO), Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Roduit
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology (IRO), Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Glutamate and glutathione interplay in a motor neuronal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis reveals altered energy metabolism. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 43:346-55. [PMID: 21530659 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of mitochondrial function might contribute to oxidative stress associated with neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Glutamate levels in tissues of ALS patients are sometimes altered. In neurons, mitochondrial metabolism of exogenous glutamine is mainly responsible for the net synthesis of glutamate, which is a neurotransmitter, but it is also necessary for the synthesis of glutathione, the main endogenous antioxidant. We investigated glutathione synthesis and glutamine/glutamate metabolism in a motor neuronal model of familial ALS. In standard culture conditions (with glutamine) or restricting glutamine or cystine, the level of glutathione was always lower in the cell line expressing the mutant (G93A) human Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (G93ASOD1) than in the line expressing wild-type SOD1. With glutamine the difference in glutathione was associated with a lower glutamate and impairment of the glutamine/glutamate metabolism as evidenced by lower glutaminase and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase activity. d-β-hydroxybutyrate, as an alternative to glutamine as energy substrate in addition to glucose, reversed the decreases of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase activity and glutamate and glutathione. However, in the G93ASOD1 cell line, in all culture conditions the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase l protein, which down-regulates pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, was induced, together with an increase in lactate release in the medium. These findings suggest that the glutathione decrease associated with mutant SOD1 expression is due to mitochondrial dysfunction caused by the reduction of the flow of glucose-derived pyruvate through the TCA cycle; it implies altered glutamate metabolism and depends on the different mitochondrial energy substrates.
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Riquelme D, Alvarez A, Leal N, Adasme T, Espinoza I, Valdés JA, Troncoso N, Hartel S, Hidalgo J, Hidalgo C, Carrasco MA. High-frequency field stimulation of primary neurons enhances ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca2+ release and generates hydrogen peroxide, which jointly stimulate NF-κB activity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1245-59. [PMID: 20836702 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal electrical activity increases intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and generates reactive oxygen species. Here, we show that high frequency field stimulation of primary hippocampal neurons generated Ca(2+) signals with an early and a late component, and promoted hydrogen peroxide generation via a neuronal NADPH oxidase. Hydrogen peroxide generation required both Ca(2+) entry through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and Ca(2+) release mediated by ryanodine receptors (RyR). Field stimulation also enhanced nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 protein and NF-κB -dependent transcription, and increased c-fos mRNA and type-2 RyR protein content. Preincubation with inhibitory ryanodine or with the antioxidant N-acetyl L-cysteine abolished the increase in hydrogen peroxide generation and the late Ca(2+) signal component induced by electrical stimulation. Primary cortical cells behaved similarly as primary hippocampal cells. Exogenous hydrogen peroxide also activated NF-κB-dependent transcription in hippocampal neurons; inhibitory ryanodine prevented this effect. Selective inhibition of the NADPH oxidase or N-acetyl L-cysteine also prevented the enhanced translocation of p65 in hippocampal cells, while N-acetyl L-cysteine abolished the increase in RyR2 protein content induced by high frequency stimulation. In conclusion, the present results show that electrical stimulation induced reciprocal activation of ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca(2+) signals and hydrogen peroxide generation, which stimulated jointly NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Riquelme
- Center of Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Programs, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Attenuation of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptotic process by verapamil and diltiazem against quinolinic acid induced Huntington like alterations in rats. Brain Res 2011; 1372:115-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Protective effect of sulforaphane against cisplatin-induced mitochondrial alterations and impairment in the activity of NAD(P)H: Quinone oxidoreductase 1 and γ glutamyl cysteine ligase: Studies in mitochondria isolated from rat kidney and in LLC-PK1 cells. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:80-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ip YK, Chew SF. Ammonia production, excretion, toxicity, and defense in fish: a review. Front Physiol 2010; 1:134. [PMID: 21423375 PMCID: PMC3059970 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2010.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fishes are ammonotelic but some species can detoxify ammonia to glutamine or urea. Certain fish species can accumulate high levels of ammonia in the brain or defense against ammonia toxicity by enhancing the effectiveness of ammonia excretion through active NH4+transport, manipulation of ambient pH, or reduction in ammonia permeability through the branchial and cutaneous epithelia. Recent reports on ammonia toxicity in mammalian brain reveal the importance of permeation of ammonia through the blood-brain barrier and passages of ammonia and water through transporters in the plasmalemma of brain cells. Additionally, brain ammonia toxicity could be related to the passage of glutamine through the mitochondrial membranes into the mitochondrial matrix. On the other hand, recent reports on ammonia excretion in fish confirm the involvement of Rhesus glycoproteins in the branchial and cutaneous epithelia. Therefore, this review focuses on both the earlier literature and the up-to-date information on the problems and mechanisms concerning the permeation of ammonia, as NH(3), NH4+ or proton-neutral nitrogenous compounds, across mitochondrial membranes, the blood-brain barrier, the plasmalemma of neurons, and the branchial and cutaneous epithelia of fish. It also addresses how certain fishes with high ammonia tolerance defend against ammonia toxicity through the regulation of the permeation of ammonia and related nitrogenous compounds through various types of membranes. It is hoped that this review would revive the interests in investigations on the passage of ammonia through the mitochondrial membranes and the blood-brain barrier of ammonotelic fishes and fishes with high brain ammonia tolerance, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen K Ip
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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44
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Rodríguez E, Rivera I, Astorga S, Mendoza E, García F, Hernández-Echeagaray E. Uncoupling oxidative/energy metabolism with low sub chronic doses of 3-nitropropionic acid or iodoacetate in vivo produces striatal cell damage. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 6:199-212. [PMID: 20440403 PMCID: PMC2862394 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of evidence suggests that the failure of cellular metabolism is one of the underlying causes of neurodegenerative diseases. For example, the inhibition of mitochondrial function produces a pattern of cellular pathology in the striatum that resembles that seen in Huntington's disease. However, neurons can also generate ATP through the glycolytic pathway. Recent work has suggested a direct interaction between mutated huntingtin and a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Yet little work has been gone into examination of the cellular pathology that results from the inhibition of this alternative energy source. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to characterize the cellular pathology that results in the striatum of mice after treatment with a toxin (iodoacete, IOA) that compromises anaerobic metabolism. This striatal pathology is compared to that produced by a widely studied blocker of mitochondrial function (3-nitropropionic acid, 3-NP). We found that low doses of either toxin resulted in significant pathology in the mouse striatum. Signs of apoptosis were observed in both experimental groups, although apoptosis triggered by IOA treatment was independent from caspase-3 activation. Importantly, each toxin appears to produce cellular damage through distinct mechanisms; only 3-NP generated clear evidence of oxidative stress as well as inhibition of endogenous antioxidants. Understanding the distinct pathological fingerprints of cell loss produced by blockade of oxidative and anaerobic metabolisms may give us insights into neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES-I, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios # 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, México
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45
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Glycolysis inhibition decreases the levels of glutamate transporters and enhances glutamate neurotoxicity in the R6/2 Huntington's disease mice. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1156-63. [PMID: 20401690 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity has been associated with the loss of medium spiny neurons (MSN) in Huntington's disease (HD). We have previously observed that the content of the glial glutamate transporters, glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST), diminishes in R6/2 mice at 14 weeks of age but not at 10 weeks, and that this change correlates with an increased vulnerability of striatal neurons to glutamate toxicity. We have also reported that inhibition of the glycolytic pathway decreases glutamate uptake and enhances glutamate neurotoxicity in the rat brain. We now show that at 10-weeks of age, glutamate excitotoxicity is precipitated in R6/2 mice, after the treatment with iodoacetate (IOA), an inhibitor of the glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). IOA induces a larger inhibition of GAPDH in R6/2 mice, while it similarly reduces the levels of GLT-1 and GLAST in wild-type and transgenic animals. Results suggest that metabolic failure and altered glutamate uptake are involved in the vulnerability of striatal neurons to glutamate excitotoxicity in HD.
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Páramo B, Hernández-Fonseca K, Estrada-Sánchez AM, Jiménez N, Hernández-Cruz A, Massieu L. Pathways involved in the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during glucose deprivation and its role on the death of cultured hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 2010; 167:1057-69. [PMID: 20226235 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been suggested as a mechanism contributing to neuronal death induced by hypoglycemia, and an early production of reactive species (RS) during the hypoglycemic episode has been observed. However, the sources of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species have not been fully identified. In the present study we have examined the contribution of various enzymatic pathways to RS production and neuronal death induced by glucose deprivation (GD) in hippocampal cultures. We have observed a rapid increase in RS during GD, which depends on the activation of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors and on the influx of calcium from the extracellular space. Accordingly, intracellular calcium concentration [Ca(2+)](i) progressively increases more than 30-fold during the GD period. It was observed that superoxide production through the activation of the calcium-dependent enzymes, phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and xanthine oxidase (XaO), contributes to neuronal damage, while nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is apparently not involved. Inhibition of cPLA(2) decreased RS at early times of GD whereas inhibition of XaO diminished RS at more delayed times. The antioxidants trolox and ebselen also showed a protective effect against neuronal death and diminished RS generation. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase also contributed to the early generation of superoxide. Taking together, the present results suggest that the early activation of calcium-dependent ROS producing pathways is involved in neuronal death associated with glucose deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Páramo
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México, CP 04510, AP 70-253
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Li CT, Zhang WP, Fang SH, Lu YB, Zhang LH, Qi LL, Huang XQ, Huang XJ, Wei EQ. Baicalin attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated 5-lipoxygenase activation in PC12 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:137-44. [PMID: 20139896 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether the flavonoid baicalin attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced injury by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activation in PC12 cells. METHODS The effects of baicalin and the 5-LOX inhibitor zileuton on the changes induced by OGD/recovery or H(2)O(2) (an exogenous reactive oxygen species [ROS]) in green fluorescent protein-5-LOX-transfected PC12 cells were compared. RESULTS Both baicalin and zileuton attenuated OGD/recovery- and H(2)O(2)-induced injury and inhibited OGD/recovery-induced production of 5-LOX metabolites (cysteinyl leukotrienes) in a concentration-dependent manner. However, baicalin did not reduce baseline cysteinyl leukotriene levels. Baicalin also reduced OGD/recovery-induced ROS production and inhibited 5-LOX translocation to the nuclear envelope and p38 phosphorylation induced by OGD/recovery and H(2)O(2). In contrast, zileuton did not show these effects. CONCLUSION Baicalin can inhibit 5-LOX activation after ischemic injury, which may partly result from inhibition of the ROS/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
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Ching B, Chew SF, Wong WP, Ip YK. Environmental ammonia exposure induces oxidative stress in gills and brain of Boleophthalmus boddarti (mudskipper). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 95:203-212. [PMID: 19819034 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate whether exposure to a sublethal concentration (8mmoll(-1)) of NH(4)Cl (pH 7.0) for 12 or 48h would induce oxidative stress in gills and brain of the mudskipper Boleophthalmus boddarti which has high tolerance of environmental and brain ammonia. The gills of B. boddarti experienced a transient oxidative stress after 12h of ammonia exposure as evidenced by an increase in lipid hydroperoxide content, decreases in contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) and total GSH equivalent, and in activities of total glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase. There were also transient increases in protein abundance of p53 and p38 in gills of fish exposed to ammonia for 12h, although the protein abundance of phosphorylated p53 remained unchanged and there was a decrease in the protein abundance of phosphorylated p38, at hour 12. Since the majority of these oxidative parameters returned to control levels at hour 48, the ability of the gills of B. boddarti to recover from ammonia-induced oxidative stress might contribute to its high environmental ammonia tolerance. Ammonia also induced oxidative stress in the brain of B. boddarti at hours 12 and 48 as evidenced by the accumulation of carbonyl proteins, elevation in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content and GSSG/GSH, decreases in activities of glutathione reductase and catalase, and an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase. The capacity to increase glutathione synthesis and GSH content could alleviate severe ammonia-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress in the brain. Furthermore, the ability to decrease the protein abundance of p38 and phosphorylated p53 might prevent cell swelling, contributing in part to the high ammonia tolerance in the brain of B. boddarti. Overall, our results indicate that there could be multiple routes through which ammonia induced oxidative stress in and outside the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Ching
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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49
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Pedraza-Chaverrí J, Reyes-Fermín LM, Nolasco-Amaya EG, Orozco-Ibarra M, Medina-Campos ON, González-Cuahutencos O, Rivero-Cruz I, Mata R. ROS scavenging capacity and neuroprotective effect of α-mangostin against 3-nitropropionic acid in cerebellar granule neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:491-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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50
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Li M, Zhao J, Hu Y, Lu H, Guo J. Oxygen free radicals regulate energy metabolism via AMPK pathway following cerebral ischemia. Neurol Res 2009; 32:779-84. [PMID: 19660198 DOI: 10.1179/174313209x459174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One basic consequence of cerebral ischemia is energy depletion, manifested by falling levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and a concomitant rise of adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Energy sensor AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) can be activated in situations of energy stress to maintain ATP reserves. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying AMPK pathway following cerebral ischemia in rat hippocampus. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 g or so) were subjected to 10 minute four-vessel occlusion, and ketamine or alpha-tocopherol was administered to the rats before ischemia, respectively. The plasma membrane and post-plasma membrane fractions were separated by centrifugation, and protein activity was assessed using immunoblot analysis. RESULTS AMPK was activated and reached its highest level at 1 hour reperfusion post-ischemia. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), a downstream protein of AMPK, was increased in the plasma membrane while decreased in post-plasma membrane during reperfusion. Both N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist (ketamine) and oxygen free radical scavenger (alpha-tocopherol) decreased AMPK activity as well as the content of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane following cerebral ischemia. DISCUSSION Up-regulation of NMDA receptor activity or oxygen free radical production elicited by cerebral ischemia contributes to AMPK activation and increment of glucose uptake through facilitating the transportation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, involving in regulation of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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