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Liu MC, Guo QF, Zhang WW, Luo HL, Zhang WJ, Hu HJ. Olfactory ensheathing cells as candidate cells for chronic pain treatment. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 137:102413. [PMID: 38492895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Chronic pain is often accompanied by tissue damage and pain hypersensitivity. It easily relapses and is challenging to cure, which seriously affects the patients' quality of life and is an urgent problem to be solved. Current treatment methods primarily rely on morphine drugs, which do not address the underlying nerve injury and may cause adverse reactions. Therefore, in recent years, scientists have shifted their focus from chronic pain treatment to cell transplantation. This review describes the classification and mechanism of chronic pain through the introduction of the characteristics of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), an in-depth discussion of special glial cells through the phagocytosis of nerve debris, receptor-ligand interactions, providing nutrition, and other inhibition of neuroinflammation, and ultimately supporting axon regeneration and mitigation of chronic pain. This review summarizes the potential and limitations of OECs for treating chronic pain by objectively analyzing relevant clinical trials and methods to enhance efficacy and future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chen Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Qing-Fa Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Hong-Liang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hai-Jun Hu
- Anesthesiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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Tseng YT, Chen M, Lai R, Oieni F, Smyth G, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, St John J, Ekberg J. Liraglutide modulates olfactory ensheathing cell migration with activation of ERK and alteration of the extracellular matrix. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111819. [PMID: 34126351 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) is a promising approach for repairing the injured nervous system that has been extensively trialed for nervous system repair. However, the method still needs improvement and optimization. One avenue of improving outcomes is to stimulate OEC migration into the injury site. Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist used for management of diabetes and obesity. It has been shown to be neuroprotective and to promote cell migration, but whether it can stimulate glial cells remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated the effects of liraglutide on OEC migration and explored the involved mechanisms. We showed that liraglutide at low concentration (100 nM) overall promoted OEC migration over time. Liraglutide modulated the migratory behavior of OECs by reducing time in arrest, and promoted random rather than straight migration. Liraglutide also induced a morphological change of primary OECs towards a bipolar shape consistent with improved migration. We found that liraglutide activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which has key roles in cell migration; the timing of ERK activation correlated with stimulation of migration. Furthermore, liraglutide also modulated the extracellular matrix by upregulating laminin-1 and down-regulating collagen IV. In summary, we found that liraglutide can stimulate OEC migration and re-model the extracellular matrix to better promote cell migration, and possibly also to become more conducive for axonal regeneration. Thus, liraglutide may improve OEC transplantation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Tseng
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Mo Chen
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Richard Lai
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Francesca Oieni
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Graham Smyth
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | - James St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Jenny Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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Wood R, Durali P, Wall I. Impact of Dual Cell Co-culture and Cell-conditioned Media on Yield and Function of a Human Olfactory Cell Line for Regenerative Medicine. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7020037. [PMID: 32290611 PMCID: PMC7355638 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a promising candidate therapy for neuronal tissue repair. However, appropriate priming conditions to drive a regenerative phenotype are yet to be determined. We first assessed the effect of using a human fibroblast feeder layer and fibroblast conditioned media on primary rat olfactory mucosal cells (OMCs). We found that OMCs cultured on fibroblast feeders had greater expression of the key OEC marker p75NTR (25.1 ± 10.7 cells/mm2) compared with OMCs cultured on laminin (4.0 ± 0.8 cells/mm2, p = 0.001). However, the addition of fibroblast-conditioned media (CM) resulted in a significant increase in Thy1.1 (45.9 ± 9.0 cells/mm2 versus 12.5 ± 2.5 cells/mm2 on laminin, p = 0.006), an undesirable cell marker as it is regarded to be a marker of contaminating fibroblasts. A direct comparison between human feeders and GMP cell line Ms3T3 was then undertaken. Ms3T3 cells supported similar p75NTR levels (10.7 ± 5.3 cells/mm2) with significantly reduced Thy1.1 expression (4.8 ± 2.1 cells/mm2). Ms3T3 cells were used as feeder layers for human OECs to determine whether observations made in the rat model were conserved. Examination of the OEC phenotype (S100β expression and neurite outgrowth from NG108-15 cells) revealed that co-culture with fibroblast feeders had a negative effect on human OECs, contrary to observations of rat OECs. CM negatively affected rat and human OECs equally. When the best and worst conditions in terms of supporting S100β expression were used in NG108-15 neuron co-cultures, those with the highest S100β expression resulted in longer and more numerous neurites (22.8 ± 2.4 μm neurite length/neuron for laminin) compared with the lowest S100β expression (17.9 ± 1.1 μm for Ms3T3 feeders with CM). In conclusion, this work revealed that neither dual co-culture nor fibroblast-conditioned media support the regenerative OEC phenotype. In our case, a preliminary rat model was not predictive of human cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Wood
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (R.W.); (P.D.)
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Pelin Durali
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (R.W.); (P.D.)
| | - Ivan Wall
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (R.W.); (P.D.)
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Carvalho LA, Teng J, Fleming RL, Tabet EI, Zinter M, de Melo Reis RA, Tannous BA. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells: A Trojan Horse for Glioma Gene Therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 111:283-291. [PMID: 30257000 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) migrate from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system (CNS), a critical process for the development of the olfactory system and axonal extension after injury in neural regeneration. Because of their ability to migrate to the injury site and anti-inflammatory properties, OECs were tested against different neurological pathologies, but were never studied in the context of cancer. Here, we evaluated OEC tropism to gliomas and their potential as a "Trojan horse" to deliver therapeutic transgenes through the nasal pathway, their natural route to CNS. METHODS OECs were purified from the mouse olfactory bulb and engineered to express a fusion protein between cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (CU), which convert the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into cytotoxic metabolite 5-fluorouracil, leading to a bystander killing of tumor cells. These cells were injected into the nasal cavity of mice bearing glioblastoma tumors and OEC-mediated gene therapy was monitored by bioluminescence imaging and confirmed with survival and ex vivo histological analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS OECs migrated from the nasal pathway to the primary glioma site, tracked infiltrative glioma stemlike cells, and delivered therapeutic transgene, leading to a slower tumor growth and increased mice survival. At day 28, bioluminescence imaging revealed that mice treated with a single injection of OEC-expressing CU and 5-FC had tumor-associated photons (mean [SD]) of 1.08E + 08 [9.7E + 07] vs 4.1E + 08 [2.3E + 08] for control group (P < .001), with a median survival of 41 days vs 34 days, respectively (ratio = 0.8293, 95% confidence interval = 0.4323 to 1.226, P < .001) (n = 9 mice per group). CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that autologous transplantation of OECs can target and deliver therapeutic transgenes to brain tumors upon intranasal delivery, the natural route of OECs to the CNS, which could be extended to other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litia A Carvalho
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jian Teng
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Renata L Fleming
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elie I Tabet
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Max Zinter
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ricardo A de Melo Reis
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bakhos A Tannous
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Salazar I, Sanchez-Quinteiro P, Barrios AW, López Amado M, Vega JA. Anatomy of the olfactory mucosa. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:47-65. [PMID: 31604563 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The classic notion that humans are microsmatic animals was born from comparative anatomy studies showing the reduction in the size of both the olfactory bulbs and the limbic brain relative to the whole brain. However, the human olfactory system contains a number of neurons comparable to that of most other mammals, and humans have exquisite olfactory abilities. Major advances in molecular and genetic research have resulted in the identification of extremely large gene families that express receptors for sensing odors. Such advances have led to a renaissance of studies focused on both human and nonhuman aspects of olfactory physiology and function. Evidence that olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest signs of a number of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders has led to considerable interest in the use of olfactory epithelial biopsies for potentially identifying such disorders. Moreover, the unique features of the olfactory ensheathing cells have made the olfactory mucosa a promising and unexpected source of cells for treating spinal cord injuries and other neural injuries in which cell guidance is critical. The olfactory system of humans and other primates differs in many ways from that of other species. In this chapter we provide an overview of the anatomy of not only the human olfactory mucosa but of mucosae from a range of mammals from which more detailed information is available. Basic information regarding the general organization of the olfactory mucosa, including its receptor cells and the large number of other cell types critical for their maintenance and function, is provided. Cross-species comparisons are made when appropriate. The polemic issue of the human vomeronasal organ in both the adult and fetus is discussed, along with recent findings regarding olfactory subsystems within the nose of a number of mammals (e.g., the septal organ and Grüneberg ganglion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Salazar
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Arthur W Barrios
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Nacional Mayor of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel López Amado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - José A Vega
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Georgiou M, Reis JND, Wood R, Esteban PP, Roberton V, Mason C, Li D, Li Y, Choi D, Wall I. Bioprocessing strategies to enhance the challenging isolation of neuro-regenerative cells from olfactory mucosa. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14440. [PMID: 30262897 PMCID: PMC6160430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32748-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a promising potential cell therapy to aid regeneration. However, there are significant challenges in isolating and characterizing them. In the current study, we have explored methods to enhance the recovery of cells expressing OEC marker p75NTR from rat mucosa. With the addition of a 24-hour differential adhesion step, the expression of p75NTR was significantly increased to 73 ± 5% and 46 ± 18% on PDL and laminin matrices respectively. Additionally, the introduction of neurotrophic factor NT-3 and the decrease in serum concentration to 2% FBS resulted in enrichment of OECs, with p75NTR at nearly 100% (100 ± 0% and 98 ± 2% on PDL and laminin respectively), and candidate fibroblast marker Thy1.1 decreased to zero. Culturing OECs at physiologically relevant oxygen tension (2-8%) had a negative impact on p75NTR expression and overall cell survival. Regarding cell potency, co-culture of OECs with NG108-15 neurons resulted in more neuronal growth and potential migration at atmospheric oxygen. Moreover, OECs behaved similarly to a Schwann cell line positive control. In conclusion, this work identified key bioprocessing fundamentals that will underpin future development of OEC-based cell therapies for potential use in spinal cord injury repair. However, there is still much work to do to create optimized isolation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Georgiou
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.,Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Joana Neves Dos Reis
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Rachael Wood
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.,Aston Medical Research Institute and School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Patricia Perez Esteban
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.,Aston Medical Research Institute and School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Victoria Roberton
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Chris Mason
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Daqing Li
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ying Li
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Choi
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ivan Wall
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK. .,Aston Medical Research Institute and School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK. .,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Crespo C, Liberia T, Blasco-Ibáñez JM, Nácher J, Varea E. Cranial Pair I: The Olfactory Nerve. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:405-427. [PMID: 29659152 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory nerve constitutes the first cranial pair. Compared with other cranial nerves, it depicts some atypical features. First, the olfactory nerve does not form a unique bundle. The olfactory axons join other axons and form several small bundles or fascicles: the fila olfactoria. These fascicles leave the nasal cavity, pass through the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid bone and enter the brain. The whole of these fascicles is what is known as the olfactory nerve. Second, the olfactory sensory neurons, whose axons integrate the olfactory nerve, connect the nasal cavity and the brain without any relay. Third, the olfactory nerve is composed by unmyelinated axons. Fourth, the olfactory nerve contains neither Schwann cells nor oligodendrocytes wrapping its axons. But it contains olfactory ensheathing glia, which is a type of glia unique to this nerve. Fifth, the olfactory axons participate in the circuitry of certain spherical structures of neuropil that are unique in the brain: the olfactory glomeruli. Sixth, the axons of the olfactory nerve are continuously replaced and their connections in the central nervous system are remodeled continuously. Therefore, the olfactory nerve is subject to lifelong plasticity. Finally seventh, the olfactory nerve can be a gateway for the direct entrance of viruses, neurotoxins and other xenobiotics to the brain. In the same way, it can be used as a portal of entry to the brain for therapeutic substances, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. In this article, we analyze some features of the anatomy and physiology of the first cranial pair. Anat Rec, 302:405-427, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Crespo
- Department of Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Liberia
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - José Miguel Blasco-Ibáñez
- Department of Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Nácher
- Department of Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio Varea
- Department of Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Spain
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Cataltepe S, Arikan MC, Liang X, Smith TW, Cataltepe O. Fatty acid binding protein 4 expression in cerebral vascular malformations: implications for vascular remodelling. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:646-56. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sule Cataltepe
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston USA
| | - Meltem Cevik Arikan
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center and University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA USA
| | - Xiaoliang Liang
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston USA
| | - Thomas W. Smith
- Department of Pathology; University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center and University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA USA
| | - Oguz Cataltepe
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center and University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester MA USA
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9
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Chou RH, Lu CY, Fan JR, Yu YL, Shyu WC. The potential therapeutic applications of olfactory ensheathing cells in regenerative medicine. Cell Transplant 2015; 23:567-71. [PMID: 24816451 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are unique glia cells restricted to the primary olfactory system including the olfactory mucosa, olfactory nerve, and the outer nerve layer of the olfactory bulb. OECs guide growing olfactory axons from the neurons of the nasal cavity olfactory mucosa to the olfactory bulb to connect both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). Based on these specialized abilities of OECs, transplantation of OECs to injury sites has been widely investigated for their potential therapeutic applications in neural repair in different injuries. In this article, we reviewed the properties of OECs and their roles in olfactory regeneration and in treatment of different injuries including spinal cord injury, PNS injury, and stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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10
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Scar-modulating treatments for central nervous system injury. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:967-984. [PMID: 24957881 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) leads to complex cellular responses. Among them, the scar tissue formed is generally recognized as a major obstacle to CNS repair, both by the production of inhibitory molecules and by the physical impedance of axon regrowth. Therefore, scar-modulating treatments have become a leading therapeutic intervention for CNS injury. To date, a variety of biological and pharmaceutical treatments, targeting scar modulation, have been tested in animal models of CNS injury, and a few are likely to enter clinical trials. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the scar-modulating treatments according to their specific aims: (1) inhibition of glial and fibrotic scar formation, and (2) blockade of the production of scar-associated inhibitory molecules. The removal of existing scar tissue is also discussed as a treatment of choice. It is believed that only a combinatorial strategy is likely to help eliminate the detrimental effects of scar tissue on CNS repair.
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11
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Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Crucial roles for olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory mucosal cells in the repair of damaged neural tracts. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:121-8. [PMID: 24293406 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells, the glial cells of the olfactory nervous system, exhibit unique growth-promoting and migratory properties that make them interesting candidates for cell therapies targeting neuronal injuries such as spinal cord injury. Transplantation of olfactory cells is feasible and safe in humans; however, functional outcomes are highly variable with some studies showing dramatic improvements and some no improvements at all. We propose that the reason for this is that the identity and purity of the cells is different in each individual study. We have shown that olfactory ensheathing cells are not a uniform cell population and that individual subpopulations of OECs are present in different regions of the olfactory nervous system, with strikingly different behaviors. Furthermore, the presence of fibroblasts and other cell types in the transplant can dramatically alter the behavior of the transplanted glial cells. Thus, a thorough characterization of the differences between olfactory ensheathing cell subpopulations and how the behavior of these cells is affected by the presence of other cell types is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A K Ekberg
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Li HP, Komuta Y, Kimura-Kuroda J, van Kuppevelt TH, Kawano H. Roles of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate in the formation of a lesion scar and axonal regeneration after traumatic injury of the mouse brain. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:413-25. [PMID: 23438307 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) is synthesized from chondroitin sulfate (CS) by epimerization of glucuronic acid of CS to yield iduronic acid. In the present study, the role of CS and DS was examined in mice that received transection of nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway followed by injection of glycosaminoglycan degrading enzymes into the lesion site. Two weeks after injury, fibrotic and glial scars were formed around the lesion, and transected axons did not regenerate beyond the fibrotic scar. Injection of chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), which degrades both CS and DS, completely suppressed the fibrotic scar formation, reduced the glial scar, and promoted the regeneration of dopaminergic axons. Injection of the DS-degrading enzyme chondroitinase B (ChB) also yielded similar results. By contrast, injection of chondroitinase AC (ChAC), a CS-degrading enzyme, did not suppress the fibrotic and glial scar formation, but reduced CS immunoreactivity and promoted the axonal regeneration. Addition of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) to a co-culture of meningeal fibroblasts and cerebral astrocytes induces a fibrotic scar-like cell cluster. The effect of TGF-β1 on cluster formation was suppressed by treatment with ChABC or ChB, but not by ChAC. TGF-β1-induced cell cluster repelled neurites of neonatal cerebellar neurons, but addition of ChABC or ChAC suppressed the inhibitory property of clusters on neurite outgrowth. The present study is the first to demonstrate that DS and CS play different functions after brain injury: DS is involved in the lesion scar formation, and CS inhibits axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Peng Li
- Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya City, Tokyo, Japan
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Toft A, Tome M, Barnett SC, Riddell JS. A comparative study of glial and non-neural cell properties for transplant-mediated repair of the injured spinal cord. Glia 2013; 61:513-28. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Ekberg JAK, Amaya D, Mackay-Sim A, St John JA. The migration of olfactory ensheathing cells during development and regeneration. Neurosignals 2012; 20:147-58. [PMID: 22456085 DOI: 10.1159/000330895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary olfactory nervous system is unique in that it continuously renews itself and regenerates after injury. These properties are attributed to the presence of olfactory glia, termed olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). Evidence is now emerging that individual OEC populations exist with distinct anatomical localisations and physiological properties, but their differential roles have not been determined. Unlike other glia, OECs can migrate from the periphery into the central nervous system, and organised OEC migration can enhance axonal extension after injury. Despite this, the mechanisms regulating OEC migration are largely unknown. Here, we provide an overview of the roles of OECs in development and adulthood. We review the latest research describing the differences between individual OEC subpopulations and discuss potential regulatory mechanisms for OEC guidance and migration. Using advanced time lapse techniques, we have obtained novel insights into how OECs behave in a complex multicellular environment which we discuss here with particular focus on cell-cell interactions. Significantly, transplantation of OECs constitutes a promising novel therapy for nerve injuries, but results are highly variable and the method needs improvement. We here review the roles of transplanted OECs in neural repair of damaged neuronal tracts distinct from the primary olfactory nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A K Ekberg
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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15
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Kawano H, Kimura-Kuroda J, Komuta Y, Yoshioka N, Li HP, Kawamura K, Li Y, Raisman G. Role of the lesion scar in the response to damage and repair of the central nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:169-80. [PMID: 22362507 PMCID: PMC3375417 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic damage to the central nervous system (CNS) destroys the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and provokes the invasion of hematogenous cells into the neural tissue. Invading leukocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes secrete various cytokines that induce an inflammatory reaction in the injured CNS and result in local neural degeneration, formation of a cystic cavity and activation of glial cells around the lesion site. As a consequence of these processes, two types of scarring tissue are formed in the lesion site. One is a glial scar that consists in reactive astrocytes, reactive microglia and glial precursor cells. The other is a fibrotic scar formed by fibroblasts, which have invaded the lesion site from adjacent meningeal and perivascular cells. At the interface, the reactive astrocytes and the fibroblasts interact to form an organized tissue, the glia limitans. The astrocytic reaction has a protective role by reconstituting the BBB, preventing neuronal degeneration and limiting the spread of damage. While much attention has been paid to the inhibitory effects of the astrocytic component of the scars on axon regeneration, this review will cover a number of recent studies in which manipulations of the fibroblastic component of the scar by reagents, such as blockers of collagen synthesis have been found to be beneficial for axon regeneration. To what extent these changes in the fibroblasts act via subsequent downstream actions on the astrocytes remains for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kawano
- Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya City, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Fawcett JW, Schwab ME, Montani L, Brazda N, Müller HW. Defeating inhibition of regeneration by scar and myelin components. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 109:503-22. [PMID: 23098733 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Axon regeneration and the sprouting processes that underlie plasticity are blocked by inhibitory factors in the central nervous system (CNS) environment, several of which are upregulated after injury. The major inhibitory molecules are those associated with myelin and those associated with the glial scar. In myelin, NogoA, MAG, and OMgp are present on normal oligodendrocytes and on myelin debris. They act partly via the Nogo receptor, partly via an unidentified amino-Nogo receptor. In the glial scar, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans, semaphorins, and the formation of a collagen-based membrane are all inhibitory. Methods to counteract these forms of inhibition have been identified, and these treatments promote axon regeneration in the damaged spinal cord, and in some cases recovery of function through enhanced plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Fawcett
- Cambridge University Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK.
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17
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Khoo MLM, Tao H, Meedeniya ACB, Mackay-Sim A, Ma DDF. Transplantation of neuronal-primed human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in hemiparkinsonian rodents. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19025. [PMID: 21625433 PMCID: PMC3100305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have shown promise in in vitro neuronal differentiation and in cellular therapy for neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson' disease. However, the effects of intracerebral transplantation are not well defined, and studies do not agreed on the optimal neuronal differentiation method. Here, we investigated three growth factor-based neuronal differentiation procedures (using FGF-2/EGF/PDGF/SHH/FGF-8/GDNF), and found all to be capable of eliciting an immature neural phenotype, in terms of cell morphology and gene/protein expression. The neuronal-priming (FGF-2/EGF) method induced neurosphere-like formation and the highest NES and NR4A2 expression by hMSCs. Transplantation of undifferentiated and neuronal-primed hMSCs into the striatum and substantia nigra of 6-OHDA-lesioned hemiparkinsonian rats revealed transient graft survival of 7 days, despite the reported immunosuppressive properties of MSCs and cyclosporine-immunosuppression of rats. Neither differentiation of hMSCs nor induction of host neurogenesis was observed at injection sites, and hMSCs continued producing mesodermal fibronectin. Strategies for improving engraftment and differentiation post-transplantation, such as prior in vitro neuronal-priming, nigral and striatal grafting, and co-transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells that promote neural regeneration, were unable to provide advantages. Innate inflammatory responses (Iba-1-positive microglia/macrophage and GFAP-positive astrocyte activation and accumulation) were detected around grafts within 7 days. Our findings indicate that growth factor-based methods allow hMSC differentiation toward immature neuronal-like cells, and contrary to previous reports, only transient survival and engraftment of hMSCs occurs following transplantation in immunosuppressed hemiparkinsonian rats. In addition, suppression of host innate inflammatory responses may be a key factor for improving hMSC survival and engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. M. Khoo
- Blood Stem Cells and Cancer Research, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Tao
- Blood Stem Cells and Cancer Research, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adrian C. B. Meedeniya
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David D. F. Ma
- Blood Stem Cells and Cancer Research, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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18
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Ramón-Cueto A, Muñoz-Quiles C. Clinical application of adult olfactory bulb ensheathing glia for nervous system repair. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:181-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yoshioka N, Kimura-Kuroda J, Saito T, Kawamura K, Hisanaga SI, Kawano H. Small molecule inhibitor of type I transforming growth factor-β receptor kinase ameliorates the inhibitory milieu in injured brain and promotes regeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic axons. J Neurosci Res 2010; 89:381-93. [PMID: 21259325 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a multifunctional cytokine, plays a crucial role in wound healing in the damaged central nervous system. To examine effects of the TGF-β signaling inhibition on formation of scar tissue and axonal regeneration, the small molecule inhibitor of type I TGF-β receptor kinase LY-364947 was continuously infused in the lesion site of mouse brain after a unilateral transection of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. At 2 weeks after injury, the fibrotic scar comprising extracellular matrix molecules including fibronectin, type IV collagen, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans was formed in the lesion center, and reactive astrocytes were increased around the fibrotic scar. In the brain injured and infused with LY-364947, fibrotic scar formation was suppressed and decreased numbers of reactive astrocytes occupied the lesion site. Although leukocytes and serum IgG were observed within the fibrotic scar in the injured brain, they were almost absent in the injured and LY-364947-treated brain. At 2 weeks after injury, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive fibers barely extended beyond the fibrotic scar in the injured brain, but numerous TH-immunoreactive fibers regenerated over the lesion site in the LY-364947-treated brain. These results indicate that inhibition of TGF-β signaling suppresses formation of the fibrotic scar and creates a permissive environment for axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yoshioka
- Department of Developmental Morphology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Yoshioka N, Hisanaga SI, Kawano H. Suppression of fibrotic scar formation promotes axonal regeneration without disturbing blood-brain barrier repair and withdrawal of leukocytes after traumatic brain injury. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:3867-81. [PMID: 20653039 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The fibrotic scar containing type IV collagen (Col IV) formed in a lesion site is considered as an obstacle to axonal regeneration, because intracerebral injection of 2,2'-dipyridyl (DPY), an inhibitor of Col IV triple-helix formation, suppresses fibrotic scar formation in the lesion site and promotes axonal regeneration. To determine the role of the fibrotic scar on the healing process of injured central nervous system (CNS), the restoration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and withdrawal of inflammatory leukocytes were examined in mice subjected to unilateral transection of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and intracerebral DPY injection. At 5 days after injury, destruction of BBB represented by leakage of Evans blue (EB) and widespread infiltration of CD45-immunoreactive leukocytes was observed around the lesion site, whereas reactive astrocytes increased surrounding the BBB-destroyed area. By 2 weeks after injury, the region of EB leakage and the diffusion of leukocytes were restricted to the inside of the fibrotic scar, and reactive astrocytes gathered around the fibrotic scar. In the DPY-treated lesion site, formation of the fibrotic scar was suppressed (84% decrease in Col IV-deposited area), reactive astrocytes occupied the lesion center, and areas of both EB leakage and leukocyte infiltration decreased by 86%. DPY treatment increased the number of regenerated dopaminergic axons by 2.53-fold. These results indicate that suppression of fibrotic scar formation does not disturb the healing process in damaged CNS, and suggest that this strategy is a reliable tool to promote axonal regeneration after traumatic injury in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yoshioka
- Department of Developmental Morphology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
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21
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Remahl S, Angeria M, Remahl IN, Carlstedt T, Risling M. Observations at the CNS-PNS Border of Ventral Roots Connected to a Neuroma. Front Neurol 2010; 1:136. [PMID: 21188264 PMCID: PMC3008941 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2010.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that numerous sprouts originating from a neuroma, after nerve injury in neonatal animals, can invade spinal nerve roots. However, no study with a focus on how such sprouts behave when they reach the border between the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS–PNS border) has been published. In this study we have in detail examined the CNS–PNS border of ventral roots in kittens with light and electron microscopy after early postnatal sciatic nerve resection. A transient ingrowth of substance P positive axons was observed into the CNS, but no spouts remained 6 weeks after the injury. Using serial sections and electron microscopy it was possible to identify small bundles of unmyelinated axons that penetrated from the root fascicles for a short distance into the CNS. These axons ended blindly, sometimes with a growth cone-like terminal swelling filled with vesicles. The axon bundles were accompanied by p75 positive cells in both the root fascicles and the pia mater, but not in the CNS. It may thus be suggested that neurotrophin presenting p75 positive cells could facilitate axonal growth into the pia mater and that the lack of such cells in the CNS compartment might contribute to the failure of growth into the CNS. A maldevelopment of myelin sheaths at the CNS–PNS border of motor axons was observed and it seems possible that this could have consequences for the propagation of action potential across this region after neonatal nerve injury. Thus, in this first detailed study on the behavior of recurrent sprouts at the CNS–PNS border.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten Remahl
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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22
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Hale DM, Ray S, Leung JY, Holloway AF, Chung RS, West AK, Chuah MI. Olfactory ensheathing cells moderate nuclear factor kappaB translocation in astrocytes. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 46:213-21. [PMID: 20840869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappaB (NFκB) is a key transcriptional regulator of inflammatory genes. We investigated the modulatory effects of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), microglia and meningeal fibroblasts on translocation of NFκB to astrocyte nuclei. The percentage of activated astrocytes in co-cultures with OECs was significantly less than for co-cultures with microglia (p<0.001) and fibroblasts (p<0.05). Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore stimulation of p65 NFκB translocation to nuclei provided an in vitro model of astrocyte inflammatory activation. Soluble factors released by OECs significantly moderated the astrocytic NFκB translocation induced by either PMA/calcium ionophore or microglia-derived factors (p<0.001). Insulin-like growth factor-1 may contribute to these effects, since it is expressed by OECs and also significantly moderated the astrocytic NFκB translocation (p<0.05), albeit insufficiently to fully account for the OEC-induced moderation (p<0.01). Olfactory ensheathing cells significantly moderated the increased transcription of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in the activated astrocytes (p<0.01). These results suggest that transplanted OECs could improve neural repair after CNS injury by moderating astrocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hale
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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23
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Olfactory ensheathing cells from the nose: clinical application in human spinal cord injuries. Exp Neurol 2010; 229:174-80. [PMID: 20832402 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory mucosa, the sense organ of smell, is an adult tissue that is regenerated and repaired throughout life to maintain the integrity of the sense of smell. When the sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium die they are replaced by proliferation of stem cells and their axons grow from the nose to brain assisted by olfactory ensheathing cells located in the lamina propria beneath the sensory epithelium. When transplanted into the site of traumatic spinal cord injury in rat, olfactory lamina propria or purified olfactory ensheathing cells promote behavioural recovery and assist regrowth of some nerves in the spinal cord. A Phase I clinical trial demonstrated that autologous olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation is safe, with no adverse outcomes recorded for three years following transplantation. Autologous olfactory mucosa transplantation is also being investigated in traumatic spinal cord injury although this whole tissue contains many cells in addition to olfactory ensheathing cells, including stem cells. If olfactory ensheathing cells are proven therapeutic for human spinal cord injury there are several important practical issues that will need to be solved before they reach general clinical application. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Understanding olfactory ensheathing glia and their prospect for nervous system repair.
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24
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Abstract
Chronic unilateral hemisection (HX) of the adult rat spinal cord diminishes conduction through intact fibers in the ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) contralateral to HX. This is associated with a partial loss of myelination from fibers in the VLF (Arvanian et al., 2009). Here, we again measured conduction through the VLF using electrical stimulation while recording the resulting volley and synaptic potentials in target motoneurons. We found that intraspinal injection of chondroitinase-ABC, known to digest chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), prevented the decline of axonal conduction through intact VLF fibers across from chronic T10 HX. Chondroitinase treatment was also associated with behavior suggestive of an improvement of locomotor function after chronic HX. To further study the role of CSPGs in axonal conduction, we injected three purified CSPGs, NG2 and neurocan, which increase in the vicinity of a spinal injury, and aggrecan, which decreases, into the lateral column of the uninjured cord at T10 in separate experiments. Intraspinal injection of NG2 acutely depressed axonal conduction through the injected region in a dose-dependent manner. Similar injections of saline, aggrecan, or neurocan had no significant effect. Immunofluorescence staining experiments revealed the presence of endogenous and exogenous NG2 at some nodes of Ranvier. These results identify a novel acute action of CSPGs on axonal conduction in the spinal cord and suggest that antagonism of proteoglycans reverses or prevents the decline of axonal conduction, in addition to stimulating axonal growth.
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Nakayama J, Takao T, Kiuchi H, Yamamoto K, Fukuhara S, Miyagawa Y, Aoki M, Iwatsuki K, Yoshimine T, Ueno M, Yamashita T, Nonomura N, Tsujimura A, Okuyama A. Olfactory mucosal transplantation after spinal cord injury improves voiding efficiency by suppressing detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in rats. J Urol 2010; 184:775-82. [PMID: 20639055 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several recent studies showed that olfactory mucosal transplantation after spinal cord injury promotes extensive regeneration of the injured spinal cord. We examined the efficacy of olfactory mucosal transplantation for bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In adult female rats the Th9-10 spinal cord was completely transected, followed by olfactory mucosal transplantation or gelatin sponge filling as the control. Each group was examined by cystometrogram and external urethral sphincter electromyogram. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and growth associated protein 43 double positive expression in the L6/S1 dorsal horn was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Transplant sites were examined by immunohistochemistry with antibodies against neurofilament M and neuronal class III beta-tubulin. RESULTS On cystometrogram voiding efficiency was significantly higher in the transplantation group than in controls. On external urethral sphincter electromyogram with simultaneous cystometrogram the transplantation group showed a larger ratio of interburst silent periods to burst activity duration and a greater number of high frequency oscillations. In the transplantation group calcitonin gene-related peptide and growth associated protein 43 double positive expression in the L6/S1 dorsal horn was less dense than in controls. The transplantation group showed strong neurofilament M and neuronal class III beta-tubulin expression at the transplant site. CONCLUSIONS Olfactory mucosal transplantation after spinal cord injury weakened external urethral sphincter excessive bursting and increased the urethral opening to improve voiding efficiency. Olfactory mucosal transplantation may modify emergence of the spinal micturition reflex after spinal cord injury. Transplantation resulted in new axons growing at the transplant site, implying the possible existence of interneuron bridging across the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Nakayama
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Windus LCE, Lineburg KE, Scott SE, Claxton C, Mackay-Sim A, Key B, St John JA. Lamellipodia mediate the heterogeneity of central olfactory ensheathing cell interactions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1735-50. [PMID: 20143249 PMCID: PMC11115728 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The growth and guidance of primary olfactory axons are partly attributed to the presence of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). However, little is understood about the differences between the subpopulations of OECs and what regulates their interactions. We used OEC-axon assays and determined that axons respond differently to peripheral and central OECs. We then further purified OECs from anatomically distinct regions of the olfactory bulb. Cell behaviour assays revealed that OECs from the olfactory bulb were a functionally heterogeneous population with distinct differences which is consistent with their proposed roles in vivo. We found that the heterogeneity was regulated by motile lamellipodial waves along the shaft of the OECs and that inhibition of lamellipodial wave activity via Mek1 abolished the ability of the cells to distinguish between each other. These results demonstrate that OECs from the olfactory bulb are a heterogeneous population that use lamellipodial waves to regulate cell-cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa C. E. Windus
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Brisbane, QLD Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Katie E. Lineburg
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Susan E. Scott
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Christina Claxton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Brian Key
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - James A. St John
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Brisbane, QLD Australia
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27
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Kimura-Kuroda J, Teng X, Komuta Y, Yoshioka N, Sango K, Kawamura K, Raisman G, Kawano H. An in vitro model of the inhibition of axon growth in the lesion scar formed after central nervous system injury. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 43:177-87. [PMID: 19897043 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After central nervous system (CNS) injury, meningeal fibroblasts migrate in the lesion center to form a fibrotic scar which is surrounded by end feet of reactive astrocytes. The fibrotic scar expresses various axonal growth-inhibitory molecules and creates a major impediment for axonal regeneration. We developed an in vitro model of the scar using coculture of cerebral astrocytes and meningeal fibroblasts by adding transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), a potent fibrogenic factor. Addition of TGF-beta1 to this coculture resulted in enhanced proliferation of fibroblasts and the formation of cell clusters which consisted of fibroblasts inside and surrounded by astrocytes. The cell cluster in culture densely accumulated the extracellular matrix molecules and axonal growth-inhibitory molecules similar to the fibrotic scar, and remarkably inhibited the neurite outgrowth of cerebellar neurons. Therefore, this culture system can be available to analyze the inhibitory property in the lesion site of CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kimura-Kuroda
- Department of Developmental Morphology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Abstract
Successful treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and CNS trauma are the most intractable problems in modern medicine. Numerous reports have shown the strong role that laminins have on the survival, regeneration and development of various types of cells, including neural cells. It would be desirable to take advantage of laminin activities for therapeutic purposes. However, there are at least ten laminin variants and the trimeric molecules are of the order of 800,000 molecular weight. Furthermore, human laminins are not available in quantity. Therefore, we and others have taken the approach of determining which domains of the laminin molecules are functional in the CNS, and whether short peptides from these regions exhibit biological activities with the intent of testing their potential for therapeutic use. Understanding the role of laminins and their small biologically active peptide domains, such as the KDI (lysine–aspartic acid–isoleucine) peptide from γ1 laminin, in neuronal development, CNS trauma (spinal cord injury and stroke) and neurodegenerative disorders (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease) may help to develop clinically applicable methods to treat the presently untreatable CNS diseases and trauma even in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Liesi
- The Brain Laboratory, Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Brazda N, Müller HW. Pharmacological modification of the extracellular matrix to promote regeneration of the injured brain and spinal cord. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 175:269-81. [PMID: 19660662 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of the fibrous lesion scar as a major impediment for axonal regeneration in the injured central nervous system (CNS). We describe the appearance and complementary distribution of the glial and fibrous scar components in spinal cord lesions focusing on the morphology as well as on axon growth inhibitory molecular components accumulating in the collagenous and basement membrane-rich fibrous scar. We further report on the differential responses to fibrous scar of distinct fiber tracts in the injured spinal cord including the rubrospinal and corticospinal tracts as well as serotonergic, dopaminergic, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) systems. Finally, we discuss therapeutic strategies to suppress fibrous scarring in traumatic CNS injury with particular emphasis on a unique pharmacological treatment using iron chelators and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to inhibit collagen biosynthesis. The latter treatment has been shown to promote long-distance axon growth, retrograde protection of injured neurons, and significant functional improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brazda
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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