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McLaurin KA, Li H, Khalili K, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. HIV-1 mRNA knockdown with CRISPR/CAS9 enhances neurocognitive function. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:71-85. [PMID: 38355914 PMCID: PMC11035469 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Mixed glia are infiltrated with HIV-1 virus early in the course of infection leading to the development of a persistent viral reservoir in the central nervous system. Modification of the HIV-1 genome using gene editing techniques, including CRISPR/Cas9, has shown great promise towards eliminating HIV-1 viral reservoirs; whether these techniques are capable of removing HIV-1 viral proteins from mixed glia, however, has not been systematically evaluated. Herein, the efficacy of adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing for eliminating HIV-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) from cortical mixed glia was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, a within-subjects experimental design was utilized to treat mixed glia isolated from neonatal HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats with varying doses (0, 0.9, 1.8, 2.7, 3.6, 4.5, or 5.4 µL corresponding to a physical titer of 0, 4.23 × 109, 8.46 × 109, 1.269 × 1010, 1.692 × 1010, 2.115 × 1010, and 2.538 × 1010 gc/µL) of CRISPR/Cas9 for 72 h. Dose-dependent decreases in the number of HIV-1 mRNA, quantified using an innovative in situ hybridization technique, were observed in a subset (i.e., n = 5 out of 8) of primary mixed glia. In vivo, HIV-1 Tg rats were retro-orbitally inoculated with CRISPR/Cas9 for two weeks, whereby treatment resulted in profound excision (i.e., approximately 53.2%) of HIV-1 mRNA from the medial prefrontal cortex. Given incomplete excision of the HIV-1 viral genome, the clinical relevance of HIV-1 mRNA knockdown for eliminating neurocognitive impairments was evaluated via examination of temporal processing, a putative neurobehavioral mechanism underlying HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Indeed, treatment with CRISPR/Cas9 protractedly, albeit not permanently, restored the developmental trajectory of temporal processing. Proof-of-concept studies, therefore, support the susceptibility of mixed glia to gene editing and the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for HAND, even in the absence of full viral eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A McLaurin
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA
| | - Hailong Li
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Carolina Trustees Professor and Bicentennial Endowed Chair of Behavioral Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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McLaurin KA, Li H, Khalili K, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. HIV-1 mRNA Knockdown with CRISPR/Cas9 Enhances Neurocognitive Function. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3266933. [PMID: 37886577 PMCID: PMC10602171 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3266933/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Mixed glia are infiltrated with HIV-1 virus early in the course of infection leading to the development of a persistent viral reservoir in the central nervous system. Modification of the HIV-1 genome using gene editing techniques, including CRISPR/Cas9, has shown great promise towards eliminating HIV-1 viral reservoirs; whether these techniques are capable of removing HIV-1 viral proteins from mixed glia, however, has not been systematically evaluated. Herein, the efficacy of adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing for eliminating HIV-1 mRNA from cortical mixed glia was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, a within-subjects experimental design was utilized to treat mixed glia isolated from neonatal HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats with varying doses (0, 0.9, 1.8, 2.7, 3.6, 4.5, or 5.4 μL) of CRISPR/Cas9 for 72 hours. Dose-dependent decreases in the number of HIV-1 mRNA, quantified using an innovative in situ hybridization technique, were observed in a subset (i.e., n=5 out of 8) of primary mixed glia. In vivo, HIV-1 Tg rats were retro-orbitally inoculated with CRISPR/Cas9 for two weeks, whereby treatment resulted in profound excision (i.e., approximately 53.2%) of HIV-1 mRNA from the mPFC. Given incomplete excision of the HIV-1 viral genome, the clinical relevance of HIV-1 mRNA knockdown for eliminating neurocognitive impairments was evaluated via examination of temporal processing, a putative neurobehavioral mechanism underlying HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Indeed, treatment with CRISPR/Cas9 partially restored the developmental trajectory of temporal processing. Proof-of-concept studies, therefore, support the susceptibility of mixed glia to gene editing and the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for HAND, even in the absence of full viral eradication.
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Machado-Pereira M, Saraiva C, Bernardino L, Cristóvão AC, Ferreira R. Argonaute-2 protects the neurovascular unit from damage caused by systemic inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:11. [PMID: 34991639 PMCID: PMC8740421 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain vasculature plays a pivotal role in the inflammatory process by modulating the interaction between blood cells and the neurovascular unit. Argonaute-2 (Ago2) has been suggested as essential for endothelial survival but its role in the brain vasculature or in the endothelial-glial crosstalk has not been addressed. Thus, our aim was to clarify the significance of Ago2 in the inflammatory responses elicited by these cell types. METHODS Mouse primary cultures of brain endothelial cells, astrocytes and microglia were used to evaluate cellular responses to the modulation of Ago2. Exposure of microglia to endothelial cell-conditioned media was used to assess the potential for in vivo studies. Adult mice were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (2 mg/kg) followed by three daily intraperitoneal injections of Ago2 (0.4 nM) to assess markers of endothelial disruption, glial reactivity and neuronal function. RESULTS Herein, we demonstrated that LPS activation disturbed the integrity of adherens junctions and downregulated Ago2 in primary brain endothelial cells. Exogenous treatment recovered intracellular Ago2 above control levels and recuperated vascular endothelial-cadherin expression, while downregulating LPS-induced nitric oxide release. Primary astrocytes did not show a significant change in Ago2 levels or response to the modulation of the Ago2 system, although endogenous Ago2 was shown to be critical in the maintenance of tumor necrosis factor-α basal levels. LPS-activated primary microglia overexpressed Ago2, and Ago2 silencing contained the inflammatory response to some extent, preventing interleukin-6 and nitric oxide release. Moreover, the secretome of Ago2-modulated brain endothelial cells had a protective effect over microglia. The intraperitoneal injection of LPS impaired blood-brain barrier and neuronal function, while triggering inflammation, and the subsequent systemic administration of Ago2 reduced or normalized endothelial, glial and neuronal markers of LPS damage. This outcome likely resulted from the direct action of Ago2 over the brain endothelium, which reestablished glial and neuronal function. CONCLUSIONS Ago2 could be regarded as a putative therapeutic agent, or target, in the recuperation of the neurovascular unit in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Machado-Pereira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Saraiva
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Present Address: Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Cristóvão
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- NeuroSoV, UBImedical, EM506, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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Pulido-Salgado M, Vidal-Taboada JM, Barriga GGD, Solà C, Saura J. RNA-Seq transcriptomic profiling of primary murine microglia treated with LPS or LPS + IFNγ. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16096. [PMID: 30382133 PMCID: PMC6208373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the main resident immune cells in the CNS, are thought to participate in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders. LPS and LPS + IFNγ are stimuli that are widely used to activate microglia. However, the transcriptomic profiles of microglia treated with LPS and LPS + IFNγ have not been properly compared. Here, we treated murine primary microglial cultures with LPS or LPS + IFNγ for 6 hours and then performed RNA-Sequencing. Gene expression patterns induced by the treatments were obtained by WGCNA and 11 different expression profiles were found, showing differential responses to LPS and LPS + IFNγ in many genes. Interestingly, a subset of genes involved in Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease were downregulated by both treatments. By DESeq analysis we found differentially upregulated and downregulated genes that confirmed LPS and LPS + IFNγ as inducers of microglial pro-inflammatory responses, but also highlighted their involvement in specific cell functions. In response to LPS, microglia tended to be more proliferative, pro-inflammatory and phagocytic; whereas LPS + IFNγ inhibited genes were involved in pain, cell division and, unexpectedly, production of some inflammatory mediators. In summary, this study provides a detailed description of the transcriptome of LPS- and LPS + IFNγ treated primary microglial cultures. It may be useful to determine whether these in vitro phenotypes resemble microglia in in vivo pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pulido-Salgado
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Vidal-Taboada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Peripheral Nervous System, Neuroscience Dept, VHIR- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gerardo Garcia-Diaz Barriga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Histology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Saura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Caldeira C, Cunha C, Vaz AR, Falcão AS, Barateiro A, Seixas E, Fernandes A, Brites D. Key Aging-Associated Alterations in Primary Microglia Response to Beta-Amyloid Stimulation. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:277. [PMID: 28912710 PMCID: PMC5583148 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive cognitive decline and believed to be driven by the self-aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide into oligomers and fibrils that accumulate as senile plaques. It is widely accepted that microglia-mediated inflammation is a significant contributor to disease pathogenesis; however, different microglia phenotypes were identified along AD progression and excessive Aβ production was shown to dysregulate cell function. As so, the contribution of microglia to AD pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. In this study, we wondered if isolated microglia cultured for 16 days in vitro (DIV) would react differentially from the 2 DIV cells upon treatment with 1000 nM Aβ1-42 for 24 h. No changes in cell viability were observed and morphometric alterations associated to microglia activation, such as volume increase and process shortening, were obvious in 2 DIV microglia, but less evident in 16 DIV cells. These cells showed lower phagocytic, migration and autophagic properties after Aβ treatment than the 2 DIV cultured microglia. Reduced phagocytosis may derive from increased CD33 expression, reduced triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein (MFG-E8) levels, which were mainly observed in 16 DIV cells. Activation of inflammatory mediators, such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as increased expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4 and fractalkine/CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) cell surface receptors were prominent in 2 DIV microglia, while elevation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) was marked in 16 DIV cells. Increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and upregulated miR-146a expression that were observed in 16 DIV cells showed to increase by Aβ in 2 DIV microglia. Additionally, Aβ downregulated miR-155 and miR-124, and reduced the CD11b+ subpopulation in 2 DIV microglia, while increased the number of CD86+ cells in 16 DIV microglia. Simultaneous M1 and M2 markers were found after Aβ treatment, but at lower expression in the in vitro aged microglia. Data show key-aging associated responses by microglia when incubated with Aβ, with a loss of reactivity from the 2 DIV to the 16 DIV cells, which course with a reduced phagocytosis, migration and lower expression of inflammatory miRNAs. These findings help to improve our understanding on the heterogeneous responses that microglia can have along the progression of AD disease and imply that therapeutic approaches may differ from early to late stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Caldeira
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Cunha
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana R Vaz
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana S Falcão
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Barateiro
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Seixas
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeiras, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
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Rocha SM, Saraiva T, Cristóvão AC, Ferreira R, Santos T, Esteves M, Saraiva C, Je G, Cortes L, Valero J, Alves G, Klibanov A, Kim YS, Bernardino L. Histamine induces microglia activation and dopaminergic neuronal toxicity via H1 receptor activation. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:137. [PMID: 27260166 PMCID: PMC4893260 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histamine is an amine widely known as a peripheral inflammatory mediator and as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Recently, it has been suggested that histamine acts as an innate modulator of microglial activity. Herein, we aimed to disclose the role of histamine in microglial phagocytic activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and to explore the consequences of histamine-induced neuroinflammation in dopaminergic (DA) neuronal survival. Methods The effect of histamine on phagocytosis was assessed both in vitro by using a murine N9 microglial cell line and primary microglial cell cultures and in vivo. Cells were exposed to IgG-opsonized latex beads or phosphatidylserine (PS) liposomes to evaluate Fcγ or PS receptor-mediated microglial phagocytosis, respectively. ROS production and protein levels of NADPH oxidases and Rac1 were assessed as a measure of oxidative stress. DA neuronal survival was evaluated in vivo by counting the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of mice. Results We found that histamine triggers microglial phagocytosis via histamine receptor 1 (H1R) activation and ROS production via H1R and H4R activation. By using apocynin, a broad NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor, and Nox1 knockout mice, we found that the Nox1 signaling pathway is involved in both phagocytosis and ROS production induced by histamine in vitro. Interestingly, both apocynin and annexin V (used as inhibitor of PS-induced phagocytosis) fully abolished the DA neurotoxicity induced by the injection of histamine in the SN of adult mice in vivo. Blockade of H1R protected against histamine-induced Nox1 expression and death of DA neurons in vivo. Conclusions Overall, our results highlight the relevance of histamine in the modulation of microglial activity that ultimately may interfere with neuronal survival in the context of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and, eventually, other neurodegenerative diseases which are accompanied by microglia-induced neuroinflammation. Importantly, our results also open promising new perspectives for the therapeutic use of H1R antagonists to treat or ameliorate neurodegenerative processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0600-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Rocha
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Saraiva
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana C Cristóvão
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marta Esteves
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Saraiva
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Goun Je
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Luísa Cortes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Valero
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Alexander Klibanov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yoon-Seong Kim
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal. .,Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Pires LR, Rocha DN, Ambrosio L, Pêgo AP. The role of the surface on microglia function: implications for central nervous system tissue engineering. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:rsif.2014.1224. [PMID: 25540243 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In tissue engineering, it is well accepted that a scaffold surface has a decisive impact on cell behaviour. Here we focused on microglia-the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS)-and on their response to poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(TMC-CL)) fibrous and flat surfaces obtained by electrospinning and solvent cast, respectively. This study aims to provide cues for the design of instructive surfaces that can contribute to the challenging process of CNS regeneration. Cell morphology was evidently affected by the substrate, mirroring the surface main features. Cells cultured on flat substrates presented a round shape, while cells with elongated processes were observed on the electrospun fibres. A higher concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-α was detected in culture media from microglia on fibres. Still, astrogliosis is not exacerbated when astrocytes are cultured in the presence of microglia-conditioned media obtained from cultures in contact with either substrate. Furthermore, a significant percentage of microglia was found to participate in the process of myelin phagocytosis, with the formation of multinucleated giant cells being observed only on films. Altogether, the results presented suggest that microglia in contact with the tested substrates may contribute to the regeneration process, putting forward P(TMC-CL) substrates as supporting matrices for nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana R Pires
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela N Rocha
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Paula Pêgo
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Caldeira C, Oliveira AF, Cunha C, Vaz AR, Falcão AS, Fernandes A, Brites D. Microglia change from a reactive to an age-like phenotype with the time in culture. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:152. [PMID: 24917789 PMCID: PMC4040822 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with chronic neuroinflammation and microglia activation. However, cumulative evidence supports that inflammation only occurs at an early stage once microglia change the endogenous characteristics with aging and switch to irresponsive/senescent and dystrophic phenotypes with disease progression. Thus, it will be important to have the means to assess the role of reactive and aged microglia when studying advanced brain neurodegeneration processes and age-associated related disorders. Yet, most studies are done with microglia from neonates since there are no adequate means to isolate degenerating microglia for experimentation. Indeed, only a few studies report microglia isolation from aged animals, using either short-term cultures or high concentrations of mitogens in the medium, which trigger microglia reactivity. The purpose of this study was to develop an experimental process to naturally age microglia after isolation from neonatal mice and to characterize the cultured cells at 2 days in vitro (DIV), 10 DIV, and 16 DIV. We found that 2 DIV (young) microglia had predominant amoeboid morphology and markers of stressed/reactive phenotype. In contrast, 16 DIV (aged) microglia evidenced ramified morphology and increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activation, as well as reduced MMP-9, glutamate release and nuclear factor kappa-B activation, in parallel with decreased expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4, capacity to migrate and phagocytose. These findings together with the reduced expression of microRNA (miR)-124, and miR-155, decreased autophagy, enhanced senescence associated beta-galactosidase activity and elevated miR-146a expression, are suggestive that 16 DIV cells mainly correspond to irresponsive/senescent microglia. Data indicate that the model represent an opportunity to understand and control microglial aging, as well as to explore strategies to recover microglia surveillance function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Caldeira
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal ; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz - Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, Campus Universitário Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana F Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina Cunha
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana R Vaz
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S Falcão
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines - iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
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GBE50 Attenuates Inflammatory Response by Inhibiting the p38 MAPK and NF- κ B Pathways in LPS-Stimulated Microglial Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:368598. [PMID: 24782908 PMCID: PMC3982279 DOI: 10.1155/2014/368598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Overactivated microglia contribute to a variety of pathological conditions in the central nervous system. The major goal of the present study is to evaluate the potential suppressing effects of a new type of Ginko biloba extract, GBE50, on activated microglia which causes proinflammatory responses and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Murine BV2 microglia cells, with or without pretreatmentof GBE50 at various concentrations, were activated by incubation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A series of biochemical and microscopic assays were performed to measure cell viability, cell morphology, release of tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ) and interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β ), and signal transduction via the p38 MAPK and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF- κ B) p65 pathways. We found that GBE50 pretreatment suppressed LPS-induced morphological changes in BV2 cells. Moreover, GBE50 treatment significantly reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF- α and IL-1 β , and inhibited the associated signal transduction through the p38 MAPK and NF- κ B p65 pathways. These results demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of GBE50 on LPS-activated BV2 microglia cells, and indicated that GBE50 reduced the LPS-induced proinflammatory TNF- α and IL-1 β release by inhibiting signal transduction through the NF- κ B p65 and p38 MAPK pathways. Our findings reveal, at least in part, the molecular basis underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of GBE50.
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