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Xie Z, Zhao M, Yan C, Kong W, Lan F, Zhao S, Yang Q, Bai Z, Qing H, Ni J. Cathepsin B in programmed cell death machinery: mechanisms of execution and regulatory pathways. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:255. [PMID: 37031185 PMCID: PMC10082344 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CatB), a cysteine protease, is primarily localized within subcellular endosomal and lysosomal compartments. It is involved in the turnover of intracellular and extracellular proteins. Interest is growing in CatB due to its diverse roles in physiological and pathological processes. In functional defective tissues, programmed cell death (PCD) is one of the regulable fundamental mechanisms mediated by CatB, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and autophagic cell death. However, CatB-mediated PCD is responsible for disease progression under pathological conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of the critical roles and regulatory pathways of CatB in different types of PCD, and discuss the possibility of CatB as an attractive target in multiple diseases. We also summarize current gaps in the understanding of the involvement of CatB in PCD to highlight future avenues for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxiang Yan
- Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Lan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghu Yang
- Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Zhantao Bai
- Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China.
- Yan'an Key Laboratory for Neural Immuno-Tumor and Stem Cell and Engineering and Technological Research Center for Natural Peptide Drugs, Yan'an, 716000, China.
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China.
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China.
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2
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Cell Death Mechanisms in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3525-3542. [PMID: 35976487 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of people worldwide. Inevitably, the interruption of cerebral blood supply after ischemia may promote a cascade of pathophysiological processes. Moreover, the subsequent restoration of blood flow and reoxygenation may further aggravate brain tissue injury. Although recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only approved therapy for restoring blood perfusion, the reperfusion injury and the narrow therapeutic time window restrict its application for most stroke patients. Increasing evidence indicates that multiple cell death mechanisms are relevant to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and so on. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend various cell death mechanisms and their interactions. In this review, we summarize the various signaling pathways underlying cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and elaborate on the crosstalk between the different mechanisms.
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3
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Zenón-Meléndez CN, Carrasquillo Carrión K, Cantres Rosario Y, Roche Lima A, Meléndez LM. Inhibition of Cathepsin B and SAPC Secreted by HIV-Infected Macrophages Reverses Common and Unique Apoptosis Pathways. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:301-312. [PMID: 34994563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infects blood monocytes that cross the blood-brain barrier to the central nervous system, inducing neuronal damage. This is prompted by the secretion of viral and neurotoxic factors by HIV-infected macrophages, resulting in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. One of these neurotoxic factors is cathepsin B (CATB), a lysosomal cysteine protease that plays an important role in neurodegeneration. CATB interacts with the serum amyloid P component (SAPC), contributing to HIV-induced neurotoxicity. However, the neuronal apoptosis pathways triggered by CATB and the SAPC remain unknown. We aimed to elucidate these pathways in neurons exposed to HIV-infected macrophage-conditioned media before and after the inhibition of CATB or the SAPC with antibodies using tandem mass tag proteomics labeling. Based on the significant fold change (FC) ≥ |2| and p-value < 0.05 criteria, a total of 10, 48, and 13 proteins were deregulated after inhibiting CATB, SAPC antibodies, and the CATB inhibitor CA-074, respectively. We found that neurons exposed to the CATB antibody and SAPC antibody modulate similar proteins (TUBA1A and CYPA/PPIA) and unique proteins (LMNA and HSPH1 for the CATB antibody) or (CFL1 and PFN1 for the SAPC antibody). CATB, SAPC, or apoptosis-related proteins could become potential targets against HIV-induced neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille N Zenón-Meléndez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico
| | - Kelvin Carrasquillo Carrión
- Bioinformatics and Health Informatics, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico
| | - Yadira Cantres Rosario
- Translational Proteomics Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico
| | - Abiel Roche Lima
- Bioinformatics and Health Informatics, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico
| | - Loyda M Meléndez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico.,Translational Proteomics Center, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico
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Hernandez ML, Marone M, Gorse KM, Lafrenaye AD. Cathepsin B Relocalization in Late Membrane Disrupted Neurons Following Diffuse Brain Injury in Rats. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221099112. [PMID: 35503242 PMCID: PMC9069603 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221099112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has consequences that last for years following injury. While TBI can precipitate a variety of diffuse pathologies, the mechanisms involved in injury-induced neuronal membrane disruption remain elusive. The lysosomal cysteine protease, Cathepsin B (Cath B), and specifically its redistribution into the cytosol has been implicated in cell death. Little is known about Cath B or neuronal membrane disruption chronically following diffuse TBI. Therefore, the current study evaluated Cath B and diffuse neuronal membrane disruption over a more chronic post-injury window (6 h-4 w). We evaluated Cath B in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats following central fluid percussion injury (CFPI). Expression of Cath B, as well as Cath B-associated pro (Bak and AIF) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-xl) proteins, were assessed using western blot analysis. Cath B activity was also assessed. Localization of Cath B was evaluated in the membrane disrupted and non-disrupted population following CFPI using immunohistochemistry paired with quantitative image analysis and ultrastructural verification. There was no difference in expression or activity of Cath B or any of the associated proteins between sham and CFPI at any time post-injury. Immunohistological studies, however, showed a sub-cellular re-localization of Cath B at 2 w and 4 w post-injury in the membrane disrupted neuronal population as compared to the time-point matched non-disrupted neurons. Both membrane disruption and Cath B relocalization appear linked to neuronal atrophy. These observations are indicative of a late secondary pathology that represents an opportunity for therapeutic treatment of these neurons following diffuse TBI. Summary Statement Lysosomal cathepsin B relocalizes to the cytosol in neurons with disrupted plasmalemmal membranes weeks following diffuse brain injury. Both the membrane disrupted and cathepsin B relocalized neuronal subpopulations displayed smaller soma and nucleus size compared to non-pathological neurons, indicating atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina L. Hernandez
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Marone
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Karen M. Gorse
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Audrey D. Lafrenaye
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Generation and Release of Neurogranin, Vimentin, and MBP Proteolytic Peptides, Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:731-747. [PMID: 34762230 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major neurological disorder without FDA-approved therapies. In this study, we have examined the concept that TBI might trigger global brain proteolysis in the acute post-injury phase. Thus, we conducted a systemic proteolytic peptidomics analysis using acute cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from TBI patients and normal control samples. We employed ultrafiltration-based low molecular weight (LMW; < 10 kDa) peptide enrichment, coupled with nano-reversed-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis, followed with orthogonal quantitative immunoblotting-based protein degradation analysis. We indeed identified novel patterns of injury-dependent proteolytic peptides derived from neuronal components (pre- and post-synaptic terminal, dendrites, axons), extracellular matrix, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, and astrocytes. Among these, post-synaptic protein neurogranin was identified for the first time converted to neurogranin peptides including neurogranin peptide (aa 16-64) that is phosphorylated at Ser-36/48 (P-NG-fragment) in acute human TBI CSF samples vs. normal control with a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.957. We also identified detailed processing of astroglia protein (vimentin) and oligodendrocyte protein (MBP and Golli-MBP) to protein breakdown products (BDPs) and/or LMW proteolytic peptides after TBI. In addition, using MS/MS selected reaction monitoring method, two C-terminally released MBP peptides TQDENPVVHFF and TQDENPVVHF were found to be elevated in acute and subacute TBI CSF samples as compared to their normal control counterparts. These findings imply that future therapeutic strategies might be placed on the suppression of brain proteolysis as a target. The endogenous proteolytic peptides discovered in human TBI biofluid could represent useful diagnostic and monitoring tools for TBI.
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Adhikari K, Dolma S, Mamidi T, Roy A, Pathak Z, Kumar H. Tomographic Imaging and Correlation to Quantify Vascular and Inflammatory Changes in an Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3864-3872. [PMID: 34628864 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition causing the loss of sensory and motor functions. SCI pathology is multifaceted, encompassing inflammation, scarring, neuronal damage, and vascular and tissue remodeling. The dynamics of SCI rapidly transform from acute, sub-acute, and chronic phases. The rapidly changing environment necessitates the real-time monitoring of disease severity. Therefore, in this study, we used the IVIS spectrum, a noninvasive fluorescence imaging modality, to monitor the disease pathology in live animals. We used near-infrared fluorescence imaging agents including Angiosense 750 EX, a probe that detects vascular changes, and Cat B 680 FAST, a probe that detects inflammation at various day points post injury (DPI), that is, DPI-1, DPI-14, and DPI-28. We quantified the pathophysiological changes after SCI using IVIS in live animals. As a result, we observed distinct differences in the disease progression between injured and sham mice. Moreover, live imaging showed a good correlation with behavioral studies, protein expression, and immunohistological analysis. Hence, the goal of this study was to introduce a new optical imaging modality that offers a determination of disease severity and the advantage of accelerated imaging of the correlated biomarkers in a real-time and dynamic manner. This study concluded that Cat B 680 Fast and Angiosense 750 EX could be used to assess the disease severity after SCI. Furthermore, our study suggests that the noninvasive fluorescence optical imaging modality offers a unique approach in monitoring neuroinflammatory diseases in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Adhikari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Sonam Dolma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Teena Mamidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Abhishek Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Zarna Pathak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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Unchiti K, Leurcharusmee P, Samerchua A, Pipanmekaporn T, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The potential role of dexmedetomidine on neuroprotection and its possible mechanisms: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:7006-7047. [PMID: 34561931 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders following brain injuries and neurodegeneration are on the rise worldwide and cause disability and suffering in patients. It is crucial to explore novel neuroprotectants. Dexmedetomidine, a selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist, is commonly used for anxiolysis, sedation and analgesia in clinical anaesthesia and critical care. Recent studies have shown that dexmedetomidine exerts protective effects on multiple organs. This review summarized and discussed the current neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine, as well as the underlying mechanisms. In preclinical studies, dexmedetomidine reduced neuronal injury and improved functional outcomes in several models, including hypoxia-induced neuronal injury, ischaemic-reperfusion injury, intracerebral haemorrhage, post-traumatic brain injury, anaesthetic-induced neuronal injury, substance-induced neuronal injury, neuroinflammation, epilepsy and neurodegeneration. Several mechanisms are associated with the neuroprotective function of dexmedetomidine, including neurotransmitter regulation, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptotic pathway, autophagy, mitochondrial function and other cell signalling pathways. In summary, dexmedetomidine has the potential to be a novel neuroprotective agent for a wide range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantarakorn Unchiti
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Prangmalee Leurcharusmee
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Artid Samerchua
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tanyong Pipanmekaporn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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8
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Zou Z, Li L, Schäfer N, Huang Q, Maegele M, Gu Z. Endothelial glycocalyx in traumatic brain injury associated coagulopathy: potential mechanisms and impact. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:134. [PMID: 34126995 PMCID: PMC8204552 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide; more than 10 million people are hospitalized for TBI every year around the globe. While the primary injury remains unavoidable and not accessible to treatment, the secondary injury which includes oxidative stress, inflammation, excitotoxicity, but also complicating coagulation abnormalities, is potentially avoidable and profoundly affects the therapeutic process and prognosis of TBI patients. The endothelial glycocalyx, the first line of defense against endothelial injury, plays a vital role in maintaining the delicate balance between blood coagulation and anticoagulation. However, this component is highly vulnerable to damage and also difficult to examine. Recent advances in analytical techniques have enabled biochemical, visual, and computational investigation of this vascular component. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on (i) structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx, (ii) its potential role in the development of TBI associated coagulopathy, and (iii) the options available at present for detecting and protecting the endothelial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Zou
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China.,Department of Treatment Center for Traumatic Injuries, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li Li
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China.,Department of Treatment Center for Traumatic Injuries, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China
| | - Nadine Schäfer
- Institute for Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), University Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Campus Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimerstr. 200, D-51109, Köln, Germany
| | - Qiaobing Huang
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China.,Department of Treatment Center for Traumatic Injuries, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Marc Maegele
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China. .,Department of Treatment Center for Traumatic Injuries, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China. .,Institute for Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), University Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Campus Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimerstr. 200, D-51109, Köln, Germany. .,Department for Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), University Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Campus Cologne-Merheim, Ostmerheimerstr. 200, D-51109, Köln, Germany.
| | - Zhengtao Gu
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China. .,Department of Treatment Center for Traumatic Injuries, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 515630, China.
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Santoni G, Amantini C, Nabissi M, Maggi F, Arcella A, Marinelli O, Eleuteri AM, Santoni M, Morelli MB. Knock-Down of Mucolipin 1 Channel Promotes Tumor Progression and Invasion in Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines. Front Oncol 2021; 11:578928. [PMID: 33954107 PMCID: PMC8092188 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.578928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among cancers that affect the central nervous system, glioblastoma is the most common. Given the negative prognostic significance of transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) channel reduction in patients with glioblastoma, as discussed in previous publications, the aim of the current study was to investigate the biological advantage of TRPML1 loss for glioma cells. Human glioblastoma primary cancer cells (FSL and FCL) and glioblastoma cell lines (T98 and U251) were used for that purpose. TRPML1 silencing in T98 cells induces defective autophagy, nitric oxide (NO) production, and cathepsin B-dependent apoptosis in the first 48 h and then apoptotic-resistant cells proliferate with a high growth rate with respect to control cells. In U251 cells, knock-down of TRPML1 stimulates NO generation and protein oxidation, arrests cell cycle at G2/M phase, and induces autophagy leading to cathepsin B-dependent senescence. Finally, in both cell lines, the long-term effects of TRPML1 silencing promote survival and invasion capacity with respect to control cells. Silencing of TRPML1 also affects the phenotype of glioblastoma primary cells. FSL cells show increased proliferation ability, while FCL cells enter into senescence associated with an increased invasion ability. In conclusion, although the molecular heterogeneity among different glioblastoma cell lines mirrors the intercellular heterogeneity in cancer cells, our data support TRPML1 downregulation as a negative prognostic factor in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Consuelo Amantini
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Federica Maggi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Arcella
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Oliviero Marinelli
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital of Macerata, Macerata, Italy
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10
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Quantitative iTRAQ LC-MS/MS reveals muscular proteome profiles of deep pressure ulcers. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225016. [PMID: 32458987 PMCID: PMC7295623 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure ulcers (PUs) are a common clinical issue lacking effective treatment and validated pharmacological therapy in hospital settings. Ischemia-reperfusion injury of deep tissue, especially muscle, plays a vital role in the formation and development of the overwhelming majority of PUs. However, muscular protein expression study in PUs has not been reported. Herein, we aimed to investigate the muscular proteins profiles in PUs and to explore the pathological mechanism of PUs. The iTRAQ LC-MS/MS was conducted to detect the protein profiles in clinical muscle samples of PUs. The GO and KEGG pathways analyses were performed for annotation of differentially expressed proteins. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by STRING online database, and hub proteins were validated by the immunoblotting. Based on proteomics results, we found a number of proteins that were differentially expressed in PU muscle samples compared with the normal and identified unique proteins expression patterns between these two groups, suggesting that they might involve in pathological process of the disease. Importantly, cathepsin B and D, as well as other autophagy-lysosome and apoptosis associated proteins were identified. Further experiments characterize the expression of these proteins and their regulation in the process of apoptosis and autophagy. These findings may provide novel insights into the mechanisms of lysosome-associated pathways involved in the initiation of PUs. This is the first study linking proteomics to PUs muscle tissues, which indicated cathepsin B and D might be key drug target for PUs.
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11
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Sun J, Li X, Gu X, Du H, Zhang G, Wu J, Wang F. Neuroprotective effect of hydrogen sulfide against glutamate-induced oxidative stress is mediated via the p53/glutaminase 2 pathway after traumatic brain injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7180-7189. [PMID: 33640879 PMCID: PMC7993660 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several reports suggest that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exerts multiple biological and physiological effects on the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the exact molecular mechanism involved in this effect is not yet fully known. In this study, we found that H2S alleviated TBI-induced motor and spatial memory deficits, brain pathology, and brain edema. Moreover, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), an H2S donor, treatment markedly increased the expression of Bcl-2, while inhibited the expression of Bax and Cleaved caspase-3 in TBI-challenged rats. Tunnel staining also demonstrated these results. Treatment with NaHS significantly reduced the glutamate and glutaminase 2 (GLS-2) protein levels, and glutamate-mediated oxidative stress in TBI-challenged rats. Furthermore, we demonstrated that H2S treatment inhibited glutamate-mediated oxidative stress through the p53/GLS-2 pathway. Therefore, our results suggested that H2S protects brain injury induced by TBI through modulation of the glutamate-mediated oxidative stress in the p53/GLS-2 pathway-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Gengshen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Jianliang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
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12
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Mathew AS, Gorick CM, Price RJ. Single-cell mapping of focused ultrasound-transfected brain. Gene Ther 2021; 30:255-263. [PMID: 33526842 PMCID: PMC8325700 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery via focused ultrasound (FUS) mediated blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening is a disruptive therapeutic modality. Unlocking its full potential will require an understanding of how FUS parameters (e.g., peak-negative pressure (PNP)) affect transfected cell populations. Following plasmid (mRuby) delivery across the BBB with 1 MHz FUS, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing to ascertain that distributions of transfected cell types were highly dependent on PNP. Cells of the BBB (i.e., endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes) were enriched at 0.2 MPa PNP, while transfection of cells distal to the BBB (i.e., neurons, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) was augmented at 0.4 MPa PNP. PNP-dependent differential gene expression was observed for multiple cell types. Cell stress genes were upregulated proportional to PNP, independent of cell type. Our results underscore how FUS may be tuned to bias transfection toward specific brain cell types in vivo and predict how those cells will respond to transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - C M Gorick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R J Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Department of Radiology & Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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13
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Hook V, Yoon M, Mosier C, Ito G, Podvin S, Head BP, Rissman R, O'Donoghue AJ, Hook G. Cathepsin B in neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, and related brain disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140428. [PMID: 32305689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of Alzheimer's disease (AD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and related brain disorders have provided extensive evidence for involvement of cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, in mediating the behavioral deficits and neuropathology of these neurodegenerative diseases. This review integrates findings of cathepsin B regulation in clinical biomarker studies, animal model genetic and inhibitor evaluations, structural studies, and lysosomal cell biological mechanisms in AD, TBI, and related brain disorders. The results together indicate the role of cathepsin B in the behavioral deficits and neuropathology of these disorders. Lysosomal leakage occurs in AD and TBI, and related neurodegeneration, which leads to the hypothesis that cathepsin B is redistributed from the lysosome to the cytosol where it initiates cell death and inflammation processes associated with neurodegeneration. These results together implicate cathepsin B as a major contributor to these neuropathological changes and behavioral deficits. These findings support the investigation of cathepsin B as a potential drug target for therapeutic discovery and treatment of AD, TBI, and TBI-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America.
| | - Michael Yoon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gen Ito
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian P Head
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gregory Hook
- American Life Sciences Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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14
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Boutté AM, Hook V, Thangavelu B, Sarkis GA, Abbatiello BN, Hook G, Jacobsen JS, Robertson CS, Gilsdorf J, Yang Z, Wang KKW, Shear DA. Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury Triggers Dysregulation of Cathepsin B Protein Levels Independent of Cysteine Protease Activity in Brain and Cerebral Spinal Fluid. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1574-1586. [PMID: 31973644 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CatB), a lysosomal cysteine protease, is important to brain function and may have dual utility as a peripheral biomarker of moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study determined levels of pro- and mature (mat) CatB protein as well as cysteine protease activity within the frontal cortex (FC; proximal injury site), hippocampus (HC; distal injury site), and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) collected 1-7 days after craniotomy and penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) in rats. Values were compared with naïve controls. Further, the utility of CatB protein as a translational biomarker was determined in CSF derived from patients with severe TBI. Craniotomy increased matCatB levels in the FC and HC, and led to elevation of HC activity at day 7. PBBI caused an even greater elevation in matCatB within the FC and HC within 3-7 days. After PBBI, cysteine protease activity peaked at 3 days in the FC and was elevated at 1 day and 7 days, but not 3 days, in the HC. In rat CSF, proCatB, matCatB, and cysteine protease activity peaked at 3 days after craniotomy and PBBI. Addition of CA-074, a CatB-specific inhibitor, confirmed that protease activity was due to active matCatB in rat brain tissues and CSF at all time-points. In patients, CatB protein was detectable from 6 h through 10 days after TBI. Notably, CatB levels were significantly higher in CSF collected within 3 days after TBI compared with non-TBI controls. Collectively, this work indicates that CatB and its cysteine protease activity may serve as collective molecular signatures of TBI progression that differentially vary within both proximal and distal brain regions. CatB and its protease activity may have utility as a surrogate, translational biomarker of acute-subacute TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Boutté
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bharani Thangavelu
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - George Anis Sarkis
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussets, USA
| | - Brittany N Abbatiello
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, California, USA
| | - J Steven Jacobsen
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Claudia S Robertson
- The Center for Neurosurgical Intensive Care, Ben Taub General Hospital Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Janice Gilsdorf
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Deborah A Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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15
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Gao C, Wang H, Wang T, Luo C, Wang Z, Zhang M, Chen X, Tao L. Platelet regulates neuroinflammation and restores blood-brain barrier integrity in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2020; 154:190-204. [PMID: 32048302 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation accompanied by microglial activation triggers multiple cell death after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The secondary injury caused by inflammation may persist for a long time. Recently, platelet C-type lectin-like 2 receptor (CLEC-2) has been shown to regulate inflammation in certain diseases. However, its possible effects on TBI remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of platelet CLEC-2 in the pathological process of neuroinflammation after TBI. In this study, mice were subjected to sham or controlled cortical impact injury, and arbitrarily received recombinant platelet CLEC-2. In parallel, BV2 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic microglial activation after TBI. Primary endothelial cells were also subjected to LPS in order to replicate the inflammatory damage caused by TBI. We used western blot analysis, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunostaining to evaluate the role of platelet CLEC-2 in TBI. In conditional knock out platelet CLEC-2 mice, trauma worsened the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and amplified the release of inflammatory cytokines. In wild type mice subjected to controlled cortical impact injury, recombinant platelet CLEC-2 administration altered the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, reduced brain edema, and improved neurological function. In vitro, the polarization phenotype of microglia induced by LPS was transformed by recombinant platelet CLEC-2, and this conversion depended on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Endothelial cell injury by LPS was ameliorated when microglia expressed mostly M2 phenotype markers. In conclusion, platelet CLEC-2 regulates trauma-induced neuroinflammation and restores blood-brain barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haochen Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zufeng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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16
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Zheng Z, Wu Y, Li Z, Ye L, Lu Q, Zhou Y, Yuan Y, Jiang T, Xie L, Liu Y, Chen D, Ye J, Nimlamool W, Zhang H, Xiao J. Valproic acid affects neuronal fate and microglial function via enhancing autophagic flux in mice after traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2019; 154:284-300. [PMID: 31602651 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have focused on autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that relies on lysosomes to achieve cellular metabolic requirements and organelle turnover, and revealed its important role in animal models of traumatic injury. Autophagy is a double-edged sword. Appropriate levels of autophagy can promote the removal of abnormal proteins or damaged organelles, while hyperactivated autophagy can induce autophagic apoptosis. However, recent studies suggest that autophagic flux seems to be blocked after traumatic brain injury (TBI), which contributes to the apoptosis of brain cells. In this study, valproic acid (VPA), which was clinically used for epilepsy treatment, was used to treat TBI. The Morris water maze test, hematoxylin & eosin staining and Nissl staining were first conducted to confirm that VPA treatment had a therapeutic effect on mice after TBI. Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence staining were then performed to reveal that VPA treatment reversed TBI-induced blockade of autophagic flux, which was accompanied by a reduced inflammatory response. In addition, the variations in activation and phenotypic polarization of microglia were observed after VPA treatment. Nevertheless, the use of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine partially abolished VPA-induced neuroprotection and the regulation of microglial function after TBI, resulting in the deterioration of the central nervous system microenvironment and neurological function. Collectively, VPA treatment reversed the TBI-induced blockade of autophagic flux in the mouse brain cortex, subsequently inhibiting brain cell apoptosis and affecting microglial function to achieve the promotion of functional recovery in mice after TBI. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14755.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zheng
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengmao Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luxia Ye
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yajiao Zhou
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Xie
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junming Ye
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gangnan Medical University Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wutigri Nimlamool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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17
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HIV Infection Induces Extracellular Cathepsin B Uptake and Damage to Neurons. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8006. [PMID: 31142756 PMCID: PMC6541605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders prevail in 20-50 percent of infected individuals. Macrophages transmigrate through the blood brain barrier during HIV-1 infection, triggering neuronal dysfunction. HIV-infected macrophages secrete cathepsin B (CATB), and serum amyloid p component (SAPC), inducing neuronal apoptosis by an unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that HIV infection facilitates CATB/SAPC secretion from macrophages followed by neuronal internalization, promoting dysfunction. SK-N-SH neuronal cells were exposed to active recombinant histidine-tagged cathepsin B (His-CATB). His-CATB entry was tracked by intracellular flow cytometry, and neuronal dysfunction was verified by western blot. Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) were tested for the presence of CATB and SAPC. Neurons internalized His-CATB, an effect that was partially decreased by pre-treatment with anti-CATB antibody. Pre-treatment with CATB and SAPC antibodies decreased cleavage of caspase-3 and restored synaptophysin in neurons. Neurons exposed to macrophage-conditioned media differentially internalized His-CATB, dependent on the HIV replication levels. Finally, CATB and SAPC were secreted in EVs. We report for the first time that CATB is secreted from macrophages both free and in EVs, and is internalized by neurons. Moreover, HIV-replication levels modulate the amount of CATB neuronal uptake, and neuronal dysfunction can be decreased with CATB antibodies. In conclusion, the CATB/SAPC complex represents a novel target against HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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18
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Wu HH, Huang CC, Chang CP, Lin MT, Niu KC, Tian YF. Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) Reduces Hepatic Inflammatory and Oxidative Damage in a Rat Model of Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury with Hyperbaric Oxygen Preconditioning. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:8096-8104. [PMID: 30417859 PMCID: PMC6243869 DOI: 10.12659/msm.911641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several clinical conditions can cause hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study aimed to determine the mechanism of the protective effect of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBO2P) on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in a rat model, and to investigate the effects on HBO2P and I/R injury of blocking HSP70 using antibody (Ab) pretreatment. Material/Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent HBO2P for 60 min at 2.0 atmosphere absolute (ATA) pressure for five consecutive days before surgical hepatic I/R injury, performed by clamping the portal vein and hepatic lobe. Four groups studied included: the non-HBO2P+ non-I/R group, which underwent sham surgery (N=10); the non-HBO2P + I/R group (N=10); the HBO2P + I/R group (N=10); and the HBO2P + HSP70-Ab + I/R group (N=10) received one dose of HSP70 antibody one day before hepatic I/R injury. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured biochemically. Rat liver tissues were examined histologically. Results In rats with hepatic I/R injury without HSP70 antibody pre-treatment, HBO2P significantly reduced hepatic injury and levels of LDH, AST, ALT, TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, and MPO levels; in comparison, the group pre-treated with an antibody to inhibit HSP70 (the HBO2P + HSP70-Ab + I/R group) showed significant reversal of the beneficial effects of HBO2P on hepatic I/R injury (p<0.05). Conclusions In a rat model of hepatic I/R injury with HBO2P, HSP70 reduced hepatic inflammatory and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Hsien Wu
- Department of Surgery, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Senior Services, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chi Niu
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Tian
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan.,Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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19
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Zhang F, Dong H, Lv T, Jin K, Jin Y, Zhang X, Jiang J. Moderate hypothermia inhibits microglial activation after traumatic brain injury by modulating autophagy/apoptosis and the MyD88-dependent TLR4 signaling pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:273. [PMID: 30236124 PMCID: PMC6146525 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complex mechanisms participate in microglial activation after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI can induce autophagy and apoptosis in neurons and glial cells, and moderate hypothermia plays a protective role in the acute phase of TBI. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of TBI and moderate hypothermia on microglial activation and investigated the possible roles of autophagy/apoptosis and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Methods The TBI model was induced with a fluid percussion TBI device. Moderate hypothermia was achieved under general anesthesia by partial immersion in a water bath for 4 h. All rats were killed 24 h after the TBI. Results Our results showed downregulation of the microglial activation and autophagy, but upregulation of microglial apoptosis, upon post-TBI hypothermia treatment. The expression of TLR4 and downstream myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) was attenuated. Moderate hypothermia reduced neural cell death post-TBI. Conclusions Moderate hypothermia can reduce the number of activated microglia by inhibiting autophagy and promoting apoptosis, probably through a negative modulation between autophagy and apoptosis. Moderate hypothermia may attenuate the pro-inflammatory function of microglia by inhibiting the MyD88-dependent TLR4 signaling pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1315-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichao Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiyao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
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20
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Liu YW, Li S, Dai SS. Neutrophils in traumatic brain injury (TBI): friend or foe? J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:146. [PMID: 29776443 PMCID: PMC5960133 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the pathophysiology about traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still limited. Neutrophils, as the most abundant leukocytes in circulation and the first-line transmigrated immune cells at the sites of injury, are highly involved in the initiation, development, and recovery of TBI. Nonetheless, our understanding about neutrophils in TBI is obsolete, and mounting evidences from recent studies have challenged the conventional views. This review summarizes what is known about the relationships between neutrophils and pathophysiology of TBI. In addition, discussions are made on the complex roles as well as the controversial views of neutrophils in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Wuyue Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.,Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Shuang-Shuang Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China. .,Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Gao Y, Zhang MY, Wang T, Fan YY, Yu LS, Ye GH, Wang ZF, Gao C, Wang HC, Luo CL, Tao LY. IL-33/ST2L Signaling Provides Neuroprotection Through Inhibiting Autophagy, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:95. [PMID: 29922130 PMCID: PMC5996884 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokine family and an extracellular ligand for the orphan IL-1 receptor ST2. Accumulated evidence shows that the IL-33/ST2 axis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injury, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the roles and molecular mechanisms of the IL-33/ST2 axis after TBI remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in mouse TBI-induced brain edema and neurobehavioral deficits, and further exploited underlying mechanisms, using salubrinal (SAL), the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor and anti-ST2L. The increase in IL-33 level and the decrease in ST2L level at injured cortex were first observed at 24 h post-TBI. By immunofluorescent double-labeled staining, IL-33 co-localized in GFAP-positive astrocytes, and Olig-2-positive oligodendrocytes, and predominantly presented in their nucleus. Additionally, TBI-induced brain water content, motor function outcome, and spatial learning and memory deficits were alleviated by IL-33 treatment. Moreover, IL-33 and SAL alone, or their combination prevented TBI-induced the increase of IL-1β and TNF-α levels, suppressed the up-regulation of ER stress, apoptosis and autophagy after TBI. However, anti-ST2L treatment could significantly invert the above effects of IL-33. Together, these data demonstrate that IL-33/ST2 signaling mitigates TBI-induced brain edema, motor function outcome, spatial learning and memory deficits, at least in part, by a mechanism involving suppressing autophagy, ER stress, apoptosis and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming-Yang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Fan
- Department of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lin-Sheng Yu
- Department of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hua Ye
- Department of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zu-Feng Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao-Chen Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Liang Luo
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lu-Yang Tao
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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22
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Ahmad S, Siddiqi MI. Insights from molecular modeling into the selective inhibition of cathepsin S by its inhibitor. J Mol Model 2017; 23:92. [PMID: 28236030 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the remodeling of extracellular matrix proteins such as elastin and collagen, which in turn contribute to the structural integrity of the cardiovascular wall. Atherosclerotic lesions, aneurysm formation, plaque rupture, thrombosis, and calcification are some of the cardiovascular disorders related to cathepsin S. A highly selective inhibitor of human as well as animal cathepsin S, RO5444101, was recently reported to attenuate the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Here, we attempted to gain insight into the molecular mechanism of action of RO5444101 on cathepsin S by performing molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. The results of our studies correlate well with relevant reported experimental data and potentially explain the selectivity of this inhibitor for cathepsin S rather than cathepsin L1/L, cathepsin L2/V, and cathepsin K, which share conserved catalytic sites and have sequence similarities of 49%, 50%, and 55%, respectively, with respect to cathepsin S. In contrast to those closely related cathepsins, 20 ns MD simulation data reveal that the overall interaction of cathepsin S with RO5444101 is more stable and involves more protein-molecule interactions than the interactions of the inhibitor with the other cathepsins. This study therefore considerably improves our understanding of the molecular mechanism responsible for cathepsin S inhibition and facilitates the identification of potential novel selective inhibitors of cathepsin S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabahuddin Ahmad
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Campus, Lucknow, 226031, India.
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23
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Bao HJ, Qiu HY, Kuai JX, Song CJ, Wang SX, Wang CQ, Peng HB, Han WC, Wu YP. Apelin-13 as a novel target for intervention in secondary injury after traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1128-33. [PMID: 27630697 PMCID: PMC4994456 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.187049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipocytokine, apelin-13, is an abundantly expressed peptide in the nervous system. Apelin-13 protects the brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury and attenuates traumatic brain injury by suppressing autophagy. However, secondary apelin-13 effects on traumatic brain injury-induced neural cell death and blood-brain barrier integrity are still not clear. Here, we found that apelin-13 significantly decreases cerebral water content, mitigates blood-brain barrier destruction, reduces aquaporin-4 expression, diminishes caspase-3 and Bax expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and reduces apoptosis. These results show that apelin-13 attenuates secondary injury after traumatic brain injury and exerts a neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-jun Bao
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hai-yang Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin-xia Kuai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cheng-jie Song
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shao-xian Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao-qun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hua-bin Peng
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-can Han
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong-ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China,Correspondence to: Yong-ping Wu, .
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24
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Ni H, Zhang LEL, Ren SY, Sun BL. Long-term expression of zinc transporters in hippocampus following penicillin-induced developmental seizures and its regulation by E-64d. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:208-214. [PMID: 27347040 PMCID: PMC4906967 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of developmental seizure-induced brain damage. The present study aimed to examine whether E-64d, an autophagy inhibitor, was able to facilitate developmental seizure-induced hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting, in particular sprouting-associated zinc transporter signals. Recurrent seizures were induced by penicillin every other day in Sprague-Dawley rats from postnatal day 21 (P21). Rats were randomly assigned into the control group (CONT), recurrent seizure group (RS) and the seizure plus E-64d group (E64D). The expression levels of beclin-1 and B-cell lymphoma 2 were analyzed at 1.5, 3, 6 and 24 h after the last seizures using western blot analysis. At P51, mossy fiber sprouting and the mRNA expression levels of zinc transporter 2 (ZnT-2), ZnT-4, ZnT-5, ZnT-6, ZnT-7, divalent cation transporter 1, Zrt-Irt-like protein 6 (ZIP-6), ZIP-7, cathepsin D and cathepsin L in the rat hippocampus were assessed using Timm staining and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, respectively. Reduced hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting were detected in the E-64d-treated rats compared with the non-treated control. In parallel with these observations, there was a marked reduction in the mRNA expression levels of ZnT-4 at P51 in the E-64d-treated rat hippocampus compared with the non-treated seizure group. Linear correlation analysis showed significant inter-relationship among ZIP-7, ZnT-4, ZnT-5, ZnT-7, cathepsin D and cathepsin L. These results indicate that the ZnT-4/ZIP-7/cathepsin signaling pathway serves a crucial function in the neuroprotective effects of E-64d. Thus, E-64d may offer a novel strategy for the development of therapeutic interventions for developmental seizure-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ni
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - LE-Ling Zhang
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Shou-Yun Ren
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Liang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
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25
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Chung C, Puthanveetil P, Ory DS, Lieberman AP. Genetic and pharmacological evidence implicates cathepsins in Niemann-Pick C cerebellar degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1434-46. [PMID: 26908626 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC) disease, an autosomal recessive lipid trafficking disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the NPC1 gene, is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration resulting in cognitive impairment, ataxia and early death. Little is known about the cellular pathways leading to neuron loss. Here, we studied the effects of diminishing expression of cystatin B, an endogenous inhibitor of cathepsins B, H and L, on the development of NPC neuropathology. We show that decreased expression of cystatin B in patient fibroblasts enhances cathepsin activity. Deletion of the encoding Cstb gene in Npc1-deficient mice resulted in striking deleterious effects, particularly within the cerebellum where diffuse loss of Purkinje cells was observed in young mice. This severe pathology occurred through cell autonomous mechanisms that triggered Purkinje cell death. Moreover, our analyses demonstrated the mislocalization of lysosomal cathepsins within the cytosol of Npc1-deficient Purkinje cells. We provide evidence that this may be a consequence of damage to lysosomal membranes by reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to the leakage of lysosomal contents that culminates in apoptotic cell death. Consistent with this notion, toxicity from ROS was attenuated in an NPC cell model by cystatin B over-expression or pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin B. The observation that Npc1 and Cstb deletion genetically interact to potently enhance the degenerative phenotype of the NPC cerebellum provides strong support for the notion that lysosomal membrane permeabilization contributes to cerebellar degeneration in NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Chung
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and
| | - Prasanth Puthanveetil
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and
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26
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Wang ZG, Cheng Y, Yu XC, Ye LB, Xia QH, Johnson NR, Wei X, Chen DQ, Cao G, Fu XB, Li XK, Zhang HY, Xiao J. bFGF Protects Against Blood-Brain Barrier Damage Through Junction Protein Regulation via PI3K-Akt-Rac1 Pathway Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:7298-7311. [PMID: 26687235 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors sustain neurological disability and cognitive impairments due to the lack of defined therapies to reduce TBI-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been shown to have neuroprotective function in brain injury. The present study therefore investigates the beneficial effects of bFGF on the BBB after TBI and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrate that bFGF reduces neurofunctional deficits and preserves BBB integrity in a mouse model of TBI. bFGF suppresses RhoA and upregulates tight junction proteins, thereby mitigating BBB breakdown. In vitro, bFGF exerts a protective effect on BBB by upregulating tight junction proteins claudin-5, occludin, zonula occludens-1, p120-catenin, and β-catenin under oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD) in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). Both the in vivo and in vitro effects are related to the activation of the downstream signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt/Rac-1. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt or Rac-1 by specific inhibitors LY294002 or si-Rac-1, respectively, partially reduces the protective effect of bFGF on BBB integrity. Overall, our results indicate that the protective role of bFGF on BBB involves the regulation of tight junction proteins and RhoA in the TBI model and OGD-induced HBMECs injury, and that activation of the PI3K/Akt /Rac-1 signaling pathway underlies these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Guang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Longyou People's Hospital, Quzhou, 324400, China
| | - Xi-Chong Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Li-Bing Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Qing-Hai Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Noah R Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Da-Qing Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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27
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Cysteine proteases as therapeutic targets: does selectivity matter? A systematic review of calpain and cathepsin inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:506-19. [PMID: 26713267 PMCID: PMC4675809 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases continue to provide validated targets for treatment of human diseases. In neurodegenerative disorders, multiple cysteine proteases provide targets for enzyme inhibitors, notably caspases, calpains, and cathepsins. The reactive, active-site cysteine provides specificity for many inhibitor designs over other families of proteases, such as aspartate and serine; however, a) inhibitor strategies often use covalent enzyme modification, and b) obtaining selectivity within families of cysteine proteases and their isozymes is problematic. This review provides a general update on strategies for cysteine protease inhibitor design and a focus on cathepsin B and calpain 1 as drug targets for neurodegenerative disorders; the latter focus providing an interesting query for the contemporary assumptions that irreversible, covalent protein modification and low selectivity are anathema to therapeutic safety and efficacy.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer׳s disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- APP/PS1, Aβ overexpressing mice APP (K670N/M671L) and PS1 (M146L) mutants
- Ala, alanine
- Alzheimer׳s disease
- AppLon, London familial amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (V717I)
- AppSwe, Swedish amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (K670N/M671L)
- Arg, arginine
- Aβ, amyloid β
- Aβ1-42, amyloid β, 42 amino acid protein
- BACE-1, β-amyloid cleaving enzyme
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- CANP, calcium-activated neutral protease
- CNS, central nervous system
- CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein
- CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II
- Calpain
- Cathepsin
- Cdk5/p35, activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5
- Cysteine protease
- DTT, dithioerythritol
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- Enzyme inhibitors
- GSH, glutathione
- Gln, glutamine
- Glu, glutamic acid
- Gly, glutamine
- Hsp70.1, heat shock protein 70.1
- Ile, isoleucine
- KO, knockout
- Leu, leucine
- Lys, lysine
- MAP-2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9
- Met, methionine
- NFT, neurofibrilliary tangles
- Neurodegeneration
- Nle, norleucine
- PD, Parkinson׳s disease
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PTP1B, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B
- Phe, phenylalanine
- Pro, proline
- SP, senile plaques
- TBI, traumatic brain injury
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Thr, threonine
- Tyr, tyrosine
- Val, valine
- WRX, Trp-Arg containing epoxysuccinate cysteine protease inhibitor
- WT, wildtype
- isoAsp, isoaspartate
- pGlu, pyroglutamate
- pyroGluAβ, pyroglutamate-amyloid β
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Hook G, Jacobsen JS, Grabstein K, Kindy M, Hook V. Cathepsin B is a New Drug Target for Traumatic Brain Injury Therapeutics: Evidence for E64d as a Promising Lead Drug Candidate. Front Neurol 2015; 6:178. [PMID: 26388830 PMCID: PMC4557097 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no therapeutic drug treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI) despite decades of experimental clinical trials. This may be because the mechanistic pathways for improving TBI outcomes have yet to be identified and exploited. As such, there remains a need to seek out new molecular targets and their drug candidates to find new treatments for TBI. This review presents supporting evidence for cathepsin B, a cysteine protease, as a potentially important drug target for TBI. Cathepsin B expression is greatly up-regulated in TBI animal models, as well as in trauma patients. Importantly, knockout of the cathepsin B gene in TBI mice results in substantial improvements of TBI-caused deficits in behavior, pathology, and biomarkers, as well as improvements in related injury models. During the process of TBI-induced injury, cathepsin B likely escapes the lysosome, its normal subcellular location, into the cytoplasm or extracellular matrix (ECM) where the unleashed proteolytic power causes destruction via necrotic, apoptotic, autophagic, and activated glia-induced cell death, together with ECM breakdown and inflammation. Significantly, chemical inhibitors of cathepsin B are effective for improving deficits in TBI and related injuries including ischemia, cerebral bleeding, cerebral aneurysm, edema, pain, infection, rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. The inhibitor E64d is unique among cathepsin B inhibitors in being the only compound to have demonstrated oral efficacy in a TBI model and prior safe use in man and as such it is an excellent tool compound for preclinical testing and clinical compound development. These data support the conclusion that drug development of cathepsin B inhibitors for TBI treatment should be accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , San Diego, CA , USA
| | | | - Kenneth Grabstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA ; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA ; Department of Neurosciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
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29
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Luo C, Li Q, Gao Y, Shen X, Ma L, Wu Q, Wang Z, Zhang M, Zhao Z, Chen X, Tao L. Poloxamer 188 Attenuates Cerebral Hypoxia/Ischemia Injury in Parallel with Preventing Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization and Autophagic Activation. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:988-998. [PMID: 25966641 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While the previous studies have shown poloxamer 188 (P188)'s neuroprotection in cultured HT22 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) insults, we investigated whether P188 is a potential neuroprotective agent in primary cortical neurons (PCNs) and in cerebral ischemia in vivo and whether the possible underlying mechanisms correlate with regulating mitochondrial membrane permeability (MMP) and autophagy. The protective effects of P188 were tested in PCNs in vitro exposed to OGD, as well as in cerebral ischemia in vivo. Cell death and viability were detected with LDH and MTT assay, and mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed using fluorescence microscopy. The apoptosis and autophagy of PCNs were investigated by expressions of cyt-c, caspase-3, light chain 3 (LC3), and Beclin-1. In addition, a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was used to produce focal ischemia, and mice were treated with P188 and rapamycin after MCAO 10 min. The infarct volume, neurological scores, and phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were evaluated. The in vitro results showed that P188 prevented OGD-induced primary cerebrocortical neuron death and inhibited loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of mitochondrial apoptogenic factor cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytoplasm, and activation of caspase-3. P188 suppressed the activation of autophagy by decreasing LC3-II and Beclin-1 levels under OGD accordingly. Moreover, the in vivo results showed that P188 and rapamycin remarkably reduced the infarct volume and neurological deficits in the MCAO mouse model of cerebral ischemia, respectively. Both P188 and rapamycin induced phosphorylation of mTOR and reversed the decreased level upon MCAO. These data indicate that P188 prevents neuronal cell death resulting from ischemic brain injury and that its neuroprotective effects are mediated by preventing mitochondrial membrane integrity damage and autophagic activation. Given that it has low toxicity, P188 might become a potential novel therapy for ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zufeng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ziqin Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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30
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Zenón F, Segarra AC, Gonzalez M, Meléndez LM. Cocaine potentiates cathepsin B secretion and neuronal apoptosis from HIV-infected macrophages. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:703-15. [PMID: 25209871 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse is a risk factor for HIV infection and progression to AIDS. Recent evidence establishes that cocaine use promotes brain perivascular macrophage infiltration and microglia activation. The lysosomal protease cathepsin B is increased in monocytes from patients with HIV dementia and its secretion induces 10-15% of neurotoxicity. Here we asked if cocaine potentiates cathepsin B secretion from HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and its effect in neuronal apoptosis. Samples of plasma, CSF, and post-mortem brain tissue from HIV positive patients that used cocaine were tested for cathepsin B and its inhibitors to determine the in vivo relevance of these findings. MDM were inoculated with HIV-1ADA, exposed to cocaine, and the levels of secreted and bioactive cathepsin B and its inhibitors were measured at different time-points. Cathepsin B expression (p < 0.001) and activity (p < 0.05) increased in supernatants from HIV-infected cocaine treated MDM compared with HIV-infected cocaine negative controls. Increased levels of cystatin B expression was also found in supernatants from HIV-cocaine treated MDM (p < 0.05). A significant increase in 30% of apoptotic neurons was obtained that decreased to 5% with the specific cathepsin B inhibitor (CA-074) or with cathepsin B antibody. Cathepsin B was significantly increased in the plasma and post-mortem brain tissue of HIV/cocaine users over non-drug users. Our results demonstrated that cocaine potentiates cathepsin B secretion in HIV-infected MDM and increase neuronal apoptosis. These findings provide new evidence that cocaine synergize with HIV-1 infection in increasing cathepsin B secretion and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Zenón
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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31
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Cystatin C has a dual role in post-traumatic brain injury recovery. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5807-20. [PMID: 24714089 PMCID: PMC4013597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B is one of the major lysosomal cysteine proteases involved in neuronal protein catabolism. This cathepsin is released after traumatic injury and increases neuronal death; however, release of cystatin C, a cathepsin inhibitor, appears to be a self-protective brain response. Here we describe the effect of cystatin C intracerebroventricular administration in rats prior to inducing a traumatic brain injury. We observed that cystatin C injection caused a dual response in post-traumatic brain injury recovery: higher doses (350 fmoles) increased bleeding and mortality, whereas lower doses (3.5 to 35 fmoles) decreased bleeding, neuronal damage and mortality. We also analyzed the expression of cathepsin B and cystatin C in the brains of control rats and of rats after a traumatic brain injury. Cathepsin B was detected in the brain stem, cerebellum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex of control rats. Cystatin C was localized to the choroid plexus, brain stem and cerebellum of control rats. Twenty-four hours after traumatic brain injury, we observed changes in both the expression and localization of both proteins in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and brain stem. An early increase and intralysosomal expression of cystatin C after brain injury was associated with reduced neuronal damage.
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32
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Hook GR, Yu J, Sipes N, Pierschbacher MD, Hook V, Kindy MS. The cysteine protease cathepsin B is a key drug target and cysteine protease inhibitors are potential therapeutics for traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:515-29. [PMID: 24083575 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently no effective therapeutic agents for traumatic brain injury (TBI), but drug treatments for TBI can be developed by validation of new drug targets and demonstration that compounds directed to such targets are efficacious in TBI animal models using a clinically relevant route of drug administration. The cysteine protease, cathepsin B, has been implicated in mediating TBI, but it has not been validated by gene knockout (KO) studies. Therefore, this investigation evaluated mice with deletion of the cathepsin B gene receiving controlled cortical impact TBI trauma. Results indicated that KO of the cathepsin B gene resulted in amelioration of TBI, shown by significant improvement in motor dysfunction, reduced brain lesion volume, greater neuronal density in brain, and lack of increased proapoptotic Bax levels. Notably, oral administration of the small-molecule cysteine protease inhibitor, E64d, immediately after TBI resulted in recovery of TBI-mediated motor dysfunction and reduced the increase in cathepsin B activity induced by TBI. E64d outcomes were as effective as cathepsin B gene deletion for improving TBI. E64d treatment was effective even when administered 8 h after injury, indicating a clinically plausible time period for acute therapeutic intervention. These data demonstrate that a cysteine protease inhibitor can be orally efficacious in a TBI animal model when administered at a clinically relevant time point post-trauma, and that E64d-mediated improvement of TBI is primarily the result of inhibition of cathepsin B activity. These results validate cathepsin B as a new TBI therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Hook
- 1 American Life Science Pharmaceuticals , San Diego, California
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33
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Zhang M, Shan H, Chang P, Wang T, Dong W, Chen X, Tao L. Hydrogen sulfide offers neuroprotection on traumatic brain injury in parallel with reduced apoptosis and autophagy in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87241. [PMID: 24466346 PMCID: PMC3900713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a novel gaseous mediator, has been recognized as an important neuromodulator and neuroprotective agent in the central nervous system. The present study was undertaken to study the effects of exogenous H2S on traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the underlying mechanisms. The effects of exogenous H2S on TBI were examined by using measurement of brain edema, behavior assessment, propidium iodide (PI) staining, and Western blotting, respectively. Compared to TBI groups, H2S pretreatment had reduced brain edema, improved motor performance and ameliorated performance in Morris water maze test after TBI. Immunoblotting results showed that H2S pretreatment reversed TBI-induced cleavage of caspase-3 and decline of Bcl-2, suppressed LC3-II, Beclin-1 and Vps34 activation and maintained p62 level in injured cortex and hippocampus post TBI. The results suggest a protective effect and therapeutic potential of H2S in the treatment of brain injury and the protective effect against TBI may be associated with regulating apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science and Laboratory of Brain Injury, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Haiyan Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North District of Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Pan Chang
- Department of Forensic Science and Laboratory of Brain Injury, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Science and Laboratory of Brain Injury, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Dong
- Department of Forensic Science and Laboratory of Brain Injury, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Department of Forensic Science and Laboratory of Brain Injury, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (LT)
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Science and Laboratory of Brain Injury, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (LT)
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Rivera LE, Colon K, Cantres-Rosario YM, Zenon FM, Melendez LM. Macrophage derived cystatin B/cathepsin B in HIV replication and neuropathogenesis. Curr HIV Res 2014; 12:111-20. [PMID: 24862331 PMCID: PMC4122617 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x12666140526120249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes including monocytes and macrophages, are important defense components of innate immunity, but can be detrimental in HIV-1 infection by serving as the principal reservoirs of virus in brain and triggering a strong immune response. These viral reservoirs represent a challenge to HIV-1 eradication since they continue producing virus in tissue despite antiretroviral therapy. HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) involve alterations to the blood-brain barrier and migration of activated HIV-1 infected monocytes to the brain with subsequent induced immune activation response. Our group recently showed that HIV replication in monocyte-derived macrophages is associated with increased cystatin B. This cysteine protease inhibitor also inhibits the interferon-induced antiviral response by decreasing levels of tyrosine phosphorylated STAT-1. These recent discoveries reveal novel mechanisms of HIV persistence that could be targeted by new therapeutic approaches to eliminate HIV in macrophage reservoirs. However, cystatin B has been also associated with neuroprotection. Cystatin B is an inhibitor of the cysteine protease cathepsin B, a potent neurotoxin. During HIV-1 infection cystatin B and cathepsin B are upregulated in macrophages. Reduction in cystatin/cathepsin interactions in infected macrophages leads to increased cathepsin B secretion and activity which contributes to neuronal apoptosis. Increased intracellular expression of both proteins was recently found in monocytes from Hispanic women with HAND. These findings provide new evidence for the role of cathepsin /cystatin system in the neuropathogenesis induced by HIV-infected macrophages. We summarize recent research on cystatin B and one of its substrates, cathepsin B, in HIV replication in macrophages and neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Loyda M Melendez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, 00935, Puerto Rico.
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Cheng G, Kong RH, Zhang LM, Zhang JN. Mitochondria in traumatic brain injury and mitochondrial-targeted multipotential therapeutic strategies. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:699-719. [PMID: 23003569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health and socioeconomic problem throughout the world. It is a complicated pathological process that consists of primary insults and a secondary insult characterized by a set of biochemical cascades. The imbalance between a higher energy demand for repair of cell damage and decreased energy production led by mitochondrial dysfunction aggravates cell damage. At the cellular level, the main cause of the secondary deleterious cascades is cell damage that is centred in the mitochondria. Excitotoxicity, Ca(2+) overload, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Bcl-2 family, caspases and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) are the main participants in mitochondria-centred cell damage following TBI. Some preclinical and clinical results of mitochondria-targeted therapy show promise. Mitochondria- targeted multipotential therapeutic strategies offer new hope for the successful treatment of TBI and other acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Neurosurgical Department, PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Cathepsin B and cystatin B in HIV-seropositive women are associated with infection and HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. AIDS 2013; 27:347-56. [PMID: 23291538 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835b3e47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is triggered by immune activation of brain cells and remain prevalent during progressive viral infection despite antiretroviral therapy. Cathepsins and cystatins are lysosomal proteins secreted by macrophages and microglia, and may play important roles in neuroregulatory responses. Our laboratory has shown increased secretion and neurotoxicity of cathepsin B from in-vitro HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages, and increased expression in postmortem brain tissue with HIV encephalitis and HAND. We hypothesized that cystatin B and cathepsin B could represent potential biomarkers for HAND. METHODS Monocytes, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from retrospective samples from 63 HIV-seropositive Hispanic women were selected for this study. These were stratified as 27 normal, 14 asymptomatic, and 22 HIV dementia, and as 14 progressors and 17 nonprogressors. Samples were evaluated for cystatins B and C and cathepsin B expression and activity. RESULTS Increased cathepsin B and cystatins B and C were found in plasma of HIV-seropositive women. Higher intracellular expression of cathepsin B and cystatin B were found in monocytes from women with HIV-associated dementia (P < 0.05). Significant increase in cystatin B concentration in CSF was found in women with dementia compared with HIV-seropositive asymptomatic women. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that dysregulation of cystatin B-cathepsin B system is operative in HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment and suggests that intracellular expression of cystatin B and cathepsin B in monocytes could be potential candidate biomarkers for HIV dementia, whereas increased cathepsin B and cystatins B and C in plasma are potential candidate markers of chronic HIV-1 activation.
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Wang YQ, Wang L, Zhang MY, Wang T, Bao HJ, Liu WL, Dai DK, Zhang L, Chang P, Dong WW, Chen XP, Tao LY. Necrostatin-1 suppresses autophagy and apoptosis in mice traumatic brain injury model. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1849-58. [PMID: 22736198 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in neuronal apoptosis, autophagic cell death and necroptosis. Necroptosis is a newly discovered caspases-independent programmed necrosis pathway which can be triggered by activation of death receptor. Previous works identified that necrostatin-1 (NEC-1), a specific necroptosis inhibitor, could reduce tissue damage and functional impairment through inhibiting of necroptosis process following TBI. However, the role of NEC-1 on apoptosis and autophagy after TBI is still not very clear. In this study, the amount of TBI-induced neural cell deaths were counted by PI labeling method as previously described. The expression of autophagic pathway associated proteins (Beclin-1, LC3-II, and P62) and apoptotic pathway associated proteins (Bcl-2 and caspase-3) were also respectively assessed by immunoblotting. The data showed that mice pretreated with NEC-1 reduced the amount of PI-positive cells from 12 to 48 h after TBI. Immunoblotting results showed that NEC-1 suppressed TBI-induced Beclin-1 and LC3-II activation which maintained p62 at high level. NEC-1 pretreatment also reversed TBI-induced Bcl-2 expression and caspase-3 activation, as well as the ratio of Beclin-1/Bcl-2. Both 3-MA and NEC-1 suppressed TBI-induced caspase-3 activation and LC3-II formation, Z-VAD only inhibited caspase-3 activation but increased LC3-II expression at 24 h post-TBI. All these results revealed that multiple cell death pathways participated in the development of TBI, and NEC-1 inhibited apoptosis and autophagy simultaneously. These coactions may further explain how can NEC-1 reduce TBI-induced tissue damage and functional deficits and reflect the interrelationship among necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Qi Wang
- Department of Forensic Science and Laboratory of Neural Injury, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Li Z, Wang B, Kan Z, Zhang B, Yang Z, Chen J, Wang D, Wei H, Zhang JN, Jiang R. Progesterone increases circulating endothelial progenitor cells and induces neural regeneration after traumatic brain injury in aged rats. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:343-53. [PMID: 21534727 PMCID: PMC3261789 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling plays a key role in neural regeneration in the injured brain. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a mediator of the vascular remodeling process. Previous studies have found that progesterone treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) decreases cerebral edema and cellular apoptosis and inhibits inflammation, which in concert promote neuroprotective effects in young adult rats. However, whether progesterone treatment regulates circulating EPC level and fosters vascular remodeling after TBI have not been investigated. In this study, we hypothesize that progesterone treatment following TBI increases circulating EPC levels and promotes vascular remodeling in the injured brain in aged rats. Male Wistar 20-month-old rats were subjected to a moderate unilateral parietal cortical contusion injury and were treated with or without progesterone (n=54/group). Progesterone was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 16mg/kg at 1 h post-TBI and was subsequently injected subcutaneously daily for 14 days. Neurological functional tests and immnunostaining were performed. Circulating EPCs were measured by flow cytometry. Progesterone treatment significantly improved neurological outcome after TBI measured by the modified neurological severity score, Morris Water Maze and the long term potentiation in the hippocampus as well as increased the circulating EPC levels compared to TBI controls (p<0.05). Progesterone treatment also significantly increased CD34 and CD31 positive cell number and vessel density in the injured brain compared to TBI controls (p<0.05). These data indicate that progesterone treatment of TBI improves multiple neurological functional outcomes, increases the circulating EPC level, and facilitates vascular remodeling in the injured brain after TBI in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kailuan Hospital, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhisheng Kan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kailuan Hospital, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China
| | - Baoliang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijie Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-ning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
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Colletti GA, Miedel MT, Quinn J, Andharia N, Weisz OA, Kiselyov K. Loss of lysosomal ion channel transient receptor potential channel mucolipin-1 (TRPML1) leads to cathepsin B-dependent apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8082-91. [PMID: 22262857 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.285536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the gene MCOLN1, which codes for the transient receptor potential family ion channel TRPML1. MLIV has an early onset and is characterized by developmental delays, motor and cognitive deficiencies, gastric abnormalities, retinal degeneration, and corneal cloudiness. The degenerative aspects of MLIV have been attributed to cell death, whose mechanisms remain to be delineated in MLIV and in most other storage diseases. Here we report that an acute siRNA-mediated loss of TRPML1 specifically causes a leak of lysosomal protease cathepsin B (CatB) into the cytoplasm. CatB leak is associated with apoptosis, which can be prevented by CatB inhibition. Inhibition of the proapoptotic protein Bax prevents TRPML1 KD-mediated apoptosis but does not prevent cytosolic release of CatB. This is the first evidence of a mechanistic link between acute TRPML1 loss and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Colletti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Kurland D, Hong C, Aarabi B, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Hemorrhagic progression of a contusion after traumatic brain injury: a review. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:19-31. [PMID: 21988198 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnitude of damage to cerebral tissues following head trauma is determined by the primary injury, caused by the kinetic energy delivered at the time of impact, plus numerous secondary injury responses that almost inevitably worsen the primary injury. When head trauma results in a cerebral contusion, the hemorrhagic lesion often progresses during the first several hours after impact, either expanding or developing new, non-contiguous hemorrhagic lesions, a phenomenon termed hemorrhagic progression of a contusion (HPC). Because a hemorrhagic contusion marks tissues with essentially total unrecoverable loss of function, and because blood is one of the most toxic substances to which the brain can be exposed, HPC is one of the most severe types of secondary injury encountered following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Historically, HPC has been attributed to continued bleeding of microvessels fractured at the time of primary injury. This concept has given rise to the notion that continued bleeding might be due to overt or latent coagulopathy, prompting attempts to normalize coagulation with agents such as recombinant factor VIIa. Recently, a novel mechanism was postulated to account for HPC that involves delayed, progressive microvascular failure initiated by the impact. Here we review the topic of HPC, we examine data relevant to the concept of a coagulopathy, and we detail emerging data elucidating the mechanism of progressive microvascular failure that predisposes to HPC after head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kurland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1595, USA
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Ji J, Tyurina YY, Tang M, Feng W, Stolz DB, Clark RSB, Meaney DF, Kochanek PM, Kagan VE, Bayır H. Mitochondrial injury after mechanical stretch of cortical neurons in vitro: biomarkers of apoptosis and selective peroxidation of anionic phospholipids. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:776-88. [PMID: 21895519 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical injury of neurites accompanied by rupture of mitochondrial membranes may lead to immediate nonspecific release and spreading of pro-apoptotic factors and activation of proteases, that is, execution of apoptotic program. In the current work, we studied the time course of the major biomarkers of apoptosis as they are induced by exposure of rat cortical neurons to mechanical stretch. By using transmission electron microscopy, we found that mitochondria in the neurites were damaged early (1 h) after mechanical stretch injury whereas somal mitochondria were significantly more resistant and demonstrated structural damage and degenerative mitochondrial changes at a later time point after stretch (12 h). We also report that the stretch injury caused immediate activation of reactive oxygen species production followed by selective oxidation of a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin, whose individual peroxidized molecular species have been identified and quantified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis. Most abundant neuronal phospholipids - phosphatidylcholine, phophatidylethanolamine - did not undergo oxidative modification. Simultaneously, a small-scale release of cytochrome c was observed. Notably, caspase activation and phosphatidylserine externalization - two irreversible apoptotic events designating a point of no return - are substantially delayed and do not occur until 6-12 h after the initial impact. The early onset of reactive oxygen species production and cytochrome c release may be relevant to direct stretch-induced damage to mitochondria. The delayed emergence of apoptotic neuronal death after the immediate mechanical damage to mitochondria suggests a possible window of opportunity for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ni H, Yan JZ, Zhang LL, Feng X, Wu XR. Long-term effects of recurrent neonatal seizures on neurobehavioral function and related gene expression and its intervention by inhibitor of cathepsin B. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:31-9. [PMID: 21842268 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are families of proteases that have been reported to play the key roles in neuroexcitotoxicity. The present study was sought to determine the effect of CBI, a cathepsin B inhibitor, in the prevention of neurobehavioral deficits after inhalant flurothyl-induced recurrent neonatal seizures in rats. We examined the expression pattern of autophagy-related genes at acute phase after the last seizures using western blot method, and evaluated behavioral deficits during postnatal day 28 (P28) to P35. The results showed improved neurological scores and learning ability in CBI-treated rats compared with the nontreated control. Flurothyl-induced increases in the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, Beclin-1 and Cathepsin-B were blocked by pre-treatment with CBI at 1.5, 3, 6 and 24 h after the last seizures in hippocampus and cerebral cortex by western blot analysis. Meanwhile, CBI also reversed flurothyl-induced down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein levels. Furthermore, in the long-term time point of 35 days (P35), PRG-1 mRNA and protein level in hippocampus and cerebral cortex of recurrent seizure group were up-regulated when compared to the control rats; meanwhile, the up-regulated expression of PRG-1 were robustly inhibited by CBI. These date demonstrated, for the first time, that lysosomal enzymes participate in neonatal seizure-induced brain damage and that modulation of cathepsin B may offer a new strategy for the development of therapeutic interventions for treatment of developmental seizure-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ni
- Neurology Laboratory, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 303, Jingde Road, 215003 Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
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