1
|
Jiang T, Wang A, Wen G, Qi H, Gu Y, Tang W, Xu C, Ren S, Zhang S, Liu S, He Y. Calycosin promotes axon growth by inhibiting PTPRS and alleviates spinal cord injury. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:60. [PMID: 38904846 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Our former studies have identified the alleviating effect of Calycosin (CA) on spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, our purpose is to explore the influence of CA on SCI from the perspective of promoting axon growth. The SCI animal model was constructed by spinal cord compression, wherein rat primary cortex neuronal isolation was performed, and the axonal growth restriction cell model was established via chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) treatment. The expressions of axon regeneration markers were measured via immunofluorescent staining and western blot, and the direct target of CA was examined using silver staining. Finally, the expression of the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type S (PTPRS) was assessed using western blot. CA treatment increased neuronal process outgrowth and the expressions of axon regeneration markers, such as neurofilament H (NF-H), vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGlut1), and synaptophysin (Syn) in both SCI model rats and CSPG-treated primary cortical neurons, and PTPRS levels were elevated after SCI induction. In addition, PTPRS was the direct target of CA, and according to in vivo findings, exposure to CA reduced the PTPRS content. Furthermore, PTPRS overexpression inhibited CA's enhancement of axon regeneration marker content and neuronal axon lengths. CA improves SCI by increasing axon development through regulating PTPRS expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, Hainan Province, China
- Graduate School of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Aitao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot, 010030, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guangyu Wen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, Hainan Province, China
| | - Hao Qi
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yuntao Gu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wenhai Tang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, Hainan Province, China
| | - Chunzhao Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, Hainan Province, China
| | - Shanwu Ren
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, Hainan Province, China
| | - Shunli Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, Hainan Province, China
| | - Shengxing Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Yongxiong He
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, Hainan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Gao S, Lenahan C, Gu Y, Wang X, Fang Y, Xu W, Wu H, Pan Y, Shao A, Zhang J. Melatonin as an Antioxidant Agent in Stroke: An Updated Review. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1823-1844. [PMID: 36465183 PMCID: PMC9662272 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating disease associated with high mortality and disability worldwide, and is generally classified as ischemic or hemorrhagic, which share certain similar pathophysiological processes. Oxidative stress is a critical factor involved in stroke-induced injury, which not only directly damages brain tissue, but also enhances a series of pathological signaling cascades, contributing to inflammation, brain edema, and neuronal death. To alleviate these serious secondary brain injuries, neuroprotective agents targeting oxidative stress inhibition may serve as a promising treatment strategy. Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, and has various properties, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, circadian rhythm modulation, and promotion of tissue regeneration. Numerous animal experiments studying stroke have confirmed that melatonin exerts considerable neuroprotective effects, partially via anti-oxidative stress. In this review, we introduce the possible role of melatonin as an antioxidant in the treatment of stroke based on the latest published studies of animal experiments and clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shiqi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
| | - Yichen Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuanbo Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Javaid MA, Selim M, Ortega-Gutierrez S, Lattanzi S, Zargar S, Alaouieh DA, Hong E, Divani AA. Potential application of intranasal insulin delivery for treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage: A review of the literature. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106489. [PMID: 35489182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating subtype of stroke associated with high morbidity and mortality that is considered a medical emergency, mainly managed with adequate blood pressure control and creating a favorable hemostatic condition. However, to date, none of the randomized clinical trials have led to an effective treatment for ICH. It is vital to better understand the mechanisms underlying brain injury to effectively decrease ICH-associated morbidity and mortality. It is well known that initial hematoma formation and its expansion have detrimental consequences. The literature has recently focused on other pathological processes, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, edema formation, and neurotoxicity, that constitute secondary brain injury. Since conventional management has failed to improve clinical outcomes significantly, various neuroprotective therapies are tested in preclinical and clinical settings. Unlike intravenous administration, intranasal insulin can reach a higher concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid without causing systemic side effects. Intranasal insulin delivery has been introduced as a novel neuroprotective agent for certain neurological diseases, including ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. Since there is an overlap of mechanisms causing neuroinflammation in these neurological diseases and ICH, we believe that preclinical studies testing the role of intranasal insulin therapy in ICH are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdy Selim
- Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Simona Lattanzi
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Shima Zargar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Emily Hong
- School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Afshin A Divani
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mortality prediction by serum melatonin levels of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:1859-1864. [PMID: 34350514 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In one study, higher serum melatonin levels have been reported at diagnosis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in non-surviving than in surviving patients. Now, we carried out this study with the aims to explore whether blood melatonin concentrations in the first 7 days of ICH are different in survivor and non-survivor patients and whether are useful in the prediction of mortality. METHODS Six Spanish hospitals participated in this observational study of patients with severe supratentorial ICH (defining severe as Glasgow Coma Scale < 9). We determined serum melatonin levels during the first, fourth, and eighth day of severe ICH. RESULTS Surviving (n = 64) compared to non-surviving (n = 53) patients showed lower serum melatonin levels during the first (p < 0.001), fourth (p < 0.001), and eighth day (p < 0.001) of severe ICH. We found in multiple logistic regression analysis an association between serum melatonin levels and 30-day mortality (odds ratio = 8.932; 95% CI = 2.442-32.665; p = 0.001) controlling for midline shift, ICH score, early evacuation of ICH, and glycemia. We found an AUC (95% CI) for the mortality prediction of 0.90 (0.83-0.95; p < 0.001), 0.94 (0.87-0.98; p < 0.001), and 0.90 (0.81-0.96; p < 0.001) by serum melatonin concentrations during the first, fourth, and eighth day. CONCLUSIONS In our current study, it appears that novel findings of serum melatonin levels recollected at any moment during the first 7 days of a severe ICH were higher in non-survivor than in survivor patients and could help in mortality prediction.
Collapse
|
5
|
Neuroprotective Therapies for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2021; 35:862-886. [PMID: 34341912 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients who survive the initial ictus of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain vulnerable to subsequent injury of the perilesional parenchyma by molecular and cellular responses to the hematoma. Secondary brain injury after ICH, which contributes to long-term functional impairment and mortality, has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence for neuroprotective therapies targeting secondary injury pathways following ICH. A focus on therapies with pleiotropic antiinflammatory effects that target thrombin-mediated chemotaxis and inflammatory cell migration has led to studies investigating statins, anticholinergics, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonists, and magnesium. Attempts to modulate ICH-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown and perihematomal edema formation has prompted studies of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and complement inhibitors. Iron chelators, such as deferoxamine and albumin, have been used to reduce the free radical injury that ensues from erythrocyte lysis. Stem cell transplantation has been assessed for its potential to enhance subacute neurogenesis and functional recovery. Despite promising preclinical results of numerous agents, their outcomes have not yet translated into positive clinical trials in patients with ICH. Further studies are necessary to improve our understanding of the molecular events that promote damage and inflammation of the perihematomal parenchyma after ICH. Elucidating the temporal and pathophysiologic features of this secondary brain injury could enhance the clinical efficacy of neuroprotective therapies for ICH.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zeng L, Zhu Y, Hu X, Qin H, Tang J, Hu Z, Chen C. Efficacy of melatonin in animal models of intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:3010-3030. [PMID: 33503014 PMCID: PMC7880339 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that is showing promising results in acute brain injury. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the pre-clinical evidence on the effectiveness of melatonin in improving outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We searched mainstream databases from the inception to the end of June 2020. Outcomes were measured by neurobehavioral scores or brain water content. Meta-analyses were performed with Stata 12.0 and Review Manager 5.3. Finally, 8 articles published from 2008 to 2019 met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of pre-clinical data revealed an overall positive effect on neurobehavioral outcome with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of -0.81 (95% CI: -1.47, -0.15; p = 0.016) with significant heterogeneity (Q = 41.49, I2 = 68.7%; p = 0.000). Further subgroup analysis were performed from methodological differences, especially dose and timing of treatments. Furthermore, melatonin reduced cerebral edema by an SMD of -0.78 (95% CI: -1.23, -0.34; p = 0.001) with low heterogeneity. In conclusion, melatonin treatment significantly improves both behavioral and pathological outcomes in animal models of ICH. In addition, the results should be interpreted in light of the limitations in experimental design and methodological quality of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuwang Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangyu Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Haiyun Qin
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jiayu Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Chunli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lorente L, Martín MM, Pérez-Cejas A, González-Rivero AF, Sabatel R, Ramos-Gómez L, Argueso M, Solé-Violán J, Cáceres JJ, Jiménez A, García-Marín V. High serum levels of TAC and early mortality in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. Neurol Sci 2020; 42:1491-1497. [PMID: 32870458 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidation contributes to secondary brain injury after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (SIH). One study found lower levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the blood in patients with SIH than in healthy subjects. However, there are no data on blood TAC levels and survival in patients with SIH. Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine if an association exists between serum TAC levels and mortality in patients with SIH. METHODS We included patients with severe supratentorial SIH. We considered severe when Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) < 9. Patients from 6 Spanish hospitals were included in this observational and prospective study. Serum TAC levels at days 1, 4 and 8 of SIH were determined. Thirty-day mortality was our end-point study. RESULTS Non-surviving patients compared with surviving patients showed higher serum TAC levels at day 1 (p < 0.001), 4 (p < 0.001) and 8 (p = 0.001). An area under the curve was found for the prediction of 30-day mortality by serum TAC levels of 0.92 (95% CI = 0.85-96%; p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an association of serum TAC levels with 30-day mortality (odds ratio = 16.513; 95% CI = 2.548-107.015; p = 0.003) controlling for midline shift, glycemia, early evacuation of SIH, intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) score, age and volume of SIH. CONCLUSIONS The new findings of this study are that serum TAC levels are higher in non-surviving than in surviving patients, and that they are associated with mortality and could be used to predict mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lorente
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra s/n., 38320, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - María M Martín
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Crta del Rosario s/n., 38010, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonia Pérez-Cejas
- Laboratory Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra, s/n., 38320, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Agustín F González-Rivero
- Laboratory Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra, s/n., 38320, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rafael Sabatel
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra, s/n., 38320, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Luis Ramos-Gómez
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital General La Palma, Buenavista de Arriba s/n, 38713, Breña Alta, La Palma, Spain
| | - Mónica Argueso
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez no. 17-19, 46004, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Solé-Violán
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, CIBERES, Barranco de la Ballena s/n., 35010, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juan J Cáceres
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Insular, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n., 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jiménez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra s/n., 38320, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Victor García-Marín
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra, s/n., 38320, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Serum Melatonin Levels and Mortality of Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9100263. [PMID: 31581589 PMCID: PMC6826740 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Providing melatonin in animal models with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SIH) has been associated with beneficial effects. However, to our knowledge, there are no published data on circulating melatonin levels regarding the prognosis of SIH patients. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine whether serum melatonin levels in SIH patients were associated with early mortality and whether they could be used as prognostic biomarkers. Methods: This observational and prospective study included patients with supratentorial and clinically severe SIH (defined as Glasgow Coma Scale GCS <9) admitted to the Intensive Care Units of six Spanish hospitals. Serum melatonin levels were determined at the time of severe SIH diagnosis. Mortality at 30 days was the study end-point. Results: Non-surviving patients (n = 46) showed higher serum melatonin levels (p < 0.001) than surviving (n = 54) patients. An area under the curve was found for the prediction of 30-day mortality by serum melatonin levels of 0.89 (95% CI = 0.81-0.94; p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an association of serum melatonin levels with 30-day mortality (Odds Ratio = 8.16; 95% CI = 2.30-28.95; p = 0.001) after controlling for midline shift, glycemia, early evacuation of SIH, and Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH) score. Conclusions: The novel findings by our study were the presence of higher serum melatonin levels in non-surviving patients than in surviving patients and the association of these levels with mortality.
Collapse
|
9
|
Luo C, Yang Q, Liu Y, Zhou S, Jiang J, Reiter RJ, Bhattacharya P, Cui Y, Yang H, Ma H, Yao J, Lawler SE, Zhang X, Fu J, Rozental R, Aly H, Johnson MD, Chiocca EA, Wang X. The multiple protective roles and molecular mechanisms of melatonin and its precursor N-acetylserotonin in targeting brain injury and liver damage and in maintaining bone health. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:215-233. [PMID: 30315933 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone associated with sleep and wakefulness and is mainly produced by the pineal gland. Numerous physiological functions of melatonin have been demonstrated including anti-inflammation, suppressing neoplastic growth, circadian and endocrine rhythm regulation, and its potent antioxidant activity as well as its role in regeneration of various tissues including the nervous system, liver, bone, kidney, bladder, skin, and muscle, among others. In this review, we summarize the recent advances related to the multiple protective roles of melatonin receptor agonists, melatonin and N-acetylserotonin (NAS), in brain injury, liver damage, and bone health. Brain injury, including traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and newborn perinatal hypoxia-ischemia encephalopathy, is a major cause of mortality and disability. Liver disease causes serious public health problems and various factors including alcohol, chemical pollutants, and drugs induce hepatic damage. Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease in humans. Due in part to an aging population, both the cost of care of fracture patients and the annual fracture rate have increased steadily. Despite the discrepancy in the pathophysiological processes of these disorders, time frames and severity, they may share several common molecular mechanisms. Oxidative stress is considered to be a critical factor in these pathogeneses. We update the current state of knowledge related to the molecular processes, mainly including anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, autophagy dysfunction, and anti-inflammation as well as other properties of melatonin and NAS. Particularly, the abilities of melatonin and NAS to directly scavenge oxygen-centered radicals and toxic reactive oxygen species, and indirectly act through antioxidant enzymes are disscussed. In this review, we summarize the similarities and differences in the protection provided by melatonin and/or NAS in brain, liver and bone damage. We analyze the involvement of melatonin receptor 1A (MT1), melatonin receptor 1B (MT2), and melatonin receptor 1C (MT3) in the protection of melatonin and/or NAS. Additionally, we evaluate their potential clinical applications. The multiple mechanisms of action and multiple organ-targeted properties of melatonin and NAS may contribute to development of promising therapies for clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiang Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Lab for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Daye, Hubei, China
| | - Yuancai Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Lab for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Daye, Hubei, China
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiying Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Histology and Embryology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Yongchun Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - He Ma
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiemin Yao
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sean E Lawler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinmu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianfang Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Renato Rozental
- Lab Neuroproteção & Estratégias Regenerativas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hany Aly
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mark D Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lorente L, Martín MM, Abreu-González P, Sabatel R, Ramos L, Argueso M, Solé-Violán J, Riaño-Ruiz M, Jiménez A, García-Marín V. Serum Malondialdehyde Levels and Mortality in Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 2018; 113:e542-e547. [PMID: 29477698 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress has been associated with secondary brain injury after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SIH). Malondialdehyde (MDA) appears in blood during lipid oxidation. Higher serum MDA levels have been found in patients with SIH than in healthy controls; however, we have not found data indicating an association between elevated serum MDA and early mortality in this population. This was the main objective of our study. METHODS MDA levels were measured in serum samples obtained from 100 patients at diagnosis of severe SIH (Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤8) and 80 healthy controls. The endpoint of the study was mortality at 30 days. RESULTS Serum MDA levels were significantly higher in patients with severe SIH than in healthy controls (1.46 [1.18-2.2] vs. 1.11 [0.72-1.51]; P < 0.001), and in nonsurviving (n = 46) than in surviving (n = 54) patients (1.68 [1.23-4.02] vs. 1.37 [0.99-1.92]; P = 0.002). The area under the receiving operating characteristic curve of serum MDA levels to predict 30-day mortality was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.58-0.77; P < 0.001). Serum MDA levels were associated with 30-day mortality (OR, 6.279; 95% CI, 1.940-20.319; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The most important new finding of our study is that there is an association between serum MDA levels at diagnosis of severe SIH and early mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lorente
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - María M Martín
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pedro Abreu-González
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rafael Sabatel
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Luis Ramos
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital General La Palma, La Palma, Spain
| | - Mónica Argueso
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Solé-Violán
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Marta Riaño-Ruiz
- Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jiménez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Victor García-Marín
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Katsuki H, Hijioka M. Intracerebral Hemorrhage as an Axonal Tract Injury Disorder with Inflammatory Reactions. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:564-568. [PMID: 28458342 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a neurological disorder frequently accompanied by severe dysfunction. Critical pathogenic events leading to poor prognosis should be identified for the development of novel effective therapies for ICH. Here we focus on the injury of the axonal tract, particularly of the internal capsule, with reference to its contribution to ICH pathology and potential therapeutic interventions in addition to its cellular mechanisms. Studies on human ICH patients and rodent models of ICH suggest that invasion of hematoma into the internal capsule greatly worsens the severity of post-ICH symptoms. A blood-derived protease thrombin may play an important role in the acute phase of axonal tract injury in the internal capsule that includes compromised axonal transport and fragmentation of axonal structures. Several agents such as clioquinol, melatonin and Am80 (a retinoic acid receptor agonist) have been shown to produce therapeutic effects on rodent models of ICH associated with injury of the internal capsule. In the course of examinations on the effect of Am80, we obtained evidence for the involvement of CXCL2, a neutrophil chemotactic factor, in the pathogenesis of ICH. Accordingly, we also refer to the potential roles of infiltrating neutrophils and inflammatory responses in axonal tract injury and resultant neurological dysfunction in ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Masanori Hijioka
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ueda Y, Misumi S, Suzuki M, Ogawa S, Nishigaki R, Ishida A, Jung CG, Hida H. Disorganization of Oligodendrocyte Development in the Layer II/III of the Sensorimotor Cortex Causes Motor Coordination Dysfunction in a Model of White Matter Injury in Neonatal Rats. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:136-146. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
13
|
Preclinical Studies and Translational Applications of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5135429. [PMID: 28698874 PMCID: PMC5494071 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5135429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) which refers to bleeding in the brain is a very deleterious condition with high mortality and disability rate. Surgery or conservative therapy remains the treatment option. Various studies have divided the disease process of ICH into primary and secondary injury, for which knowledge into these processes has yielded many preclinical and clinical treatment options. The aim of this review is to highlight some of the new experimental drugs as well as other treatment options like stem cell therapy, rehabilitation, and nanomedicine and mention some translational clinical applications that have been done with these treatment options.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ramos E, Patiño P, Reiter RJ, Gil-Martín E, Marco-Contelles J, Parada E, de Los Rios C, Romero A, Egea J. Ischemic brain injury: New insights on the protective role of melatonin. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 104:32-53. [PMID: 28065781 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke represents one of the most common causes of brain's vulnerability for many millions of people worldwide. The plethora of physiopathological events associated with brain ischemia are regulate through multiple signaling pathways leading to the activation of oxidative stress process, Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, proinflammatory mediators, excitotoxicity and/or programmed neuronal cell death. Understanding this cascade of molecular events is mandatory in order to develop new therapeutic strategies for stroke. In this review article, we have highlighted the pleiotropic effects of melatonin to counteract the multiple processes of the ischemic cascade. Additionally, experimental evidence supports its actions to ameliorate ischemic long-term behavioural and neuronal deficits, preserving the functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier, inducing neurogenesis and cell proliferation through receptor-dependent mechanism, as well as improving synaptic transmission. Consequently, the synthesis of melatonin derivatives designed as new multitarget-directed products has focused a great interest in this area. This latter has been reinforced by the low cost of melatonin and its reduced toxicity. Furthermore, its spectrum of usages seems to be wide and with the potential for improving human health. Nevertheless, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying melatonin´s actions need to be further exploration and accordingly, new clinical studies should be conducted in human patients with ischemic brain pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramos
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Patiño
- Paediatric Unit, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology. University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
| | - Emilio Gil-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Parada
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de I+D del Medicamento Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristobal de Los Rios
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de I+D del Medicamento Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Egea
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de I+D del Medicamento Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu HJ, Wu C, Niu HJ, Wang K, Mo LJ, Shao AW, Dixon BJ, Zhang JM, Yang SX, Wang YR. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Melatonin in Hemorrhagic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:1173-1185. [PMID: 28132129 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke which consists of subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage is a dominant cause of death and disability worldwide. Although great efforts have been made, the physiological mechanisms of these diseases are not fully understood and effective pharmacological interventions are still lacking. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a neurohormone produced by the pineal gland, is a broad-spectrum antioxidant and potent free radical scavenger. More importantly, there is extensive evidence demonstrating that melatonin confers neuroprotective effects in experimental models of hemorrhagic stroke. Multiple molecular mechanisms such as antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammation, contribute to melatonin-mediated neuroprotection against brain injury after hemorrhagic stroke. This review article aims to summarize current knowledge regarding the beneficial effects of melatonin in experimental models of hemorrhagic stroke and explores the underlying mechanisms. We propose that melatonin is a promising neuroprotective candidate that is worthy of further evaluation for its potential therapeutic applications in hemorrhagic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huan-Jiang Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lian-Jie Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - An-Wen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Brandon J Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Min Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Xu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yi-Rong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
da Silva Araújo T, Maia Chaves Filho AJ, Monte AS, Isabelle de Góis Queiroz A, Cordeiro RC, de Jesus Souza Machado M, de Freitas Lima R, Freitas de Lucena D, Maes M, Macêdo D. Reversal of schizophrenia-like symptoms and immune alterations in mice by immunomodulatory drugs. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 84:49-58. [PMID: 27697587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune dysregulation observed in schizophrenia alters tryptophan metabolism. Tryptophan metabolism is triggered by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Tryptophan is converted to quinolinic acid, a potent neurotoxin, and to kynurenic acid, an NMDA antagonist. 1-Methyl-D-tryptophan (MDT) inhibits IDO. Melatonin is metabolized by IDO while inhibiting TDO. We evaluated the reversal of ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behavioral and neurochemical alterations in mice by the administration of MDT (20 or 40 mg/kg, i.p.) or melatonin (15 mg/kg, per os). Oxidative stress and inflammatory alterations, i.e. myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-6 were measured in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and striatum. Risperidone was used as standard antipsychotic. Ketamine triggered positive- (PPI deficits and hyperlocomotion), cognitive- (working memory deficits) and negative (social interaction deficits) schizophrenia-like symptoms. These symptoms were accompanied by increased MPO activity, decreased GSH and increased LPO in all brain areas and increments in hippocampal IL-4 and IL-6. MDT and melatonin reversed all ketamine-induced behavioral alterations. Risperidone did not reverse working memory deficits. MDT and melatonin reversed alterations in MPO activity and GSH levels. LP was reversed only by melatonin and risperidone. Risperidone could not reverse MPO alterations in the PFC and striatum. All drugs reversed the alterations in IL-4 and IL-6. The hippocampus and striatum of ketamine+melatonin-treated animals had lower levels of IL-6. Our findings provide further preclinical evidence that immune-inflammatory and oxidative pathways are involved in schizophrenia and that targeting these pathways is a valid treatment option in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane da Silva Araújo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Adriano Jose Maia Chaves Filho
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Aline Santos Monte
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Isabelle de Góis Queiroz
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Carneiro Cordeiro
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Michel de Jesus Souza Machado
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Freitas Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Impact Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Danielle Macêdo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Causal Link between the Cortico-Rubral Pathway and Functional Recovery through Forced Impaired Limb Use in Rats with Stroke. J Neurosci 2016; 36:455-67. [PMID: 26758837 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2399-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intensive rehabilitation is believed to induce use-dependent plasticity in the injured nervous system; however, its causal relationship to functional recovery is unclear. Here, we performed systematic analysis of the effects of forced use of an impaired forelimb on the recovery of rats after lesioning the internal capsule with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Forced limb use (FLU) group rats exhibited better recovery of skilled forelimb functions and their cortical motor area with forelimb representation was restored and enlarged on the ipsilesional side. In addition, abundant axonal sprouting from the reemerged forelimb area was found in the ipsilateral red nucleus after FLU. To test the causal relationship between the plasticity in the cortico-rubral pathway and recovery, loss-of-function experiments were conducted using a double-viral vector technique, which induces selective blockade of the target pathway. Blockade of the cortico-rubral tract resulted in deficits of the recovered forelimb function in FLU group rats. These findings suggest that the cortico-rubral pathway is a substrate for recovery induced by intensive rehabilitation after ICH. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The research aimed at determining the causal linkage between reorganization of the motor pathway induced by intensive rehabilitative training and recovery after stroke. We clarified the expansion of the forelimb representation area of the ipsilesional motor cortex by forced impaired forelimb use (FLU) after lesioning the internal capsule with intracerebral hemorrhaging (ICH) in rats. Anterograde tracing showed robust axonal sprouting from the forelimb area to the red nucleus in response to FLU. Selective blockade of the cortico-rubral pathway by the novel double-viral vector technique clearly revealed that the increased cortico-rubral axonal projections had causal linkage to the recovery of reaching movements induced by FLU. Our data demonstrate that the cortico-rubral pathway is responsible for the effect of intensive limb use.
Collapse
|
18
|
The Injury and Therapy of Reactive Oxygen Species in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Looking at Mitochondria. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2592935. [PMID: 27293511 PMCID: PMC4880716 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2592935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage is an emerging major health problem often resulting in death or disability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been identified as one of the major damaging factors in ischemic stroke. However, there is less discussion about ROS in hemorrhage stroke. Metabolic products of hemoglobin, excitatory amino acids, and inflammatory cells are all sources of ROS, and ROS harm the central nervous system through cell death and structural damage, especially disruption of the blood-brain barrier. We have considered the antioxidant system of the CNS itself and the drugs aiming to decrease ROS after ICH, and we find that mitochondria are key players in all of these aspects. Moreover, when the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opens, ROS-induced ROS release, which leads to extensive liberation of ROS and mitochondrial failure, occurs. Therefore, the mitochondrion may be a significant target for elucidating the problem of ROS in ICH; however, additional experimental support is required.
Collapse
|