1
|
Pybus AF, Bitarafan S, Brothers RO, Rohrer A, Khaitan A, Moctezuma FR, Udeshi K, Davies B, Triplett S, Griffin MN, Dammer EB, Rangaraju S, Buckley EM, Wood LB. Profiling the neuroimmune cascade in 3xTg-AD mice exposed to successive mild traumatic brain injuries. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:156. [PMID: 38872143 PMCID: PMC11177462 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries (rmTBI) sustained within a window of vulnerability can result in long term cognitive deficits, depression, and eventual neurodegeneration associated with tau pathology, amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, gliosis, and neuronal and functional loss. However, a comprehensive study relating acute changes in immune signaling and glial reactivity to neuronal changes and pathological markers after single and repetitive mTBIs is currently lacking. In the current study, we addressed the question of how repeated injuries affect the brain neuroimmune response in the acute phase of injury (< 24 h) by exposing the 3xTg-AD mouse model of tau and Aβ pathology to successive (1x-5x) once-daily weight drop closed-head injuries and quantifying immune markers, pathological markers, and transcriptional profiles at 30 min, 4 h, and 24 h after each injury. We used young adult 2-4 month old 3xTg-AD mice to model the effects of rmTBI in the absence of significant tau and Aβ pathology. We identified pronounced sexual dimorphism in this model, with females eliciting more diverse changes after injury compared to males. Specifically, females showed: (1) a single injury caused a decrease in neuron-enriched genes inversely correlated with inflammatory protein expression and an increase in AD-related genes within 24 h, (2) each injury significantly increased a group of cortical cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17, KC) and MAPK phospho-proteins (phospho-Atf2, phospho-Mek1), several of which co-labeled with neurons and correlated with phospho-tau, and (3) repetitive injury caused increased expression of genes associated with astrocyte reactivity and macrophage-associated immune function. Collectively our data suggest that neurons respond to a single injury within 24 h, while other cell types, including astrocytes, transition to inflammatory phenotypes within days of repetitive injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa F Pybus
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sara Bitarafan
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rowan O Brothers
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alivia Rohrer
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arushi Khaitan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Felix Rivera Moctezuma
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kareena Udeshi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brae Davies
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sydney Triplett
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Martin N Griffin
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erin M Buckley
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Levi B Wood
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Green TRF, Carey SD, Mannino G, Craig JA, Rowe RK, Zielinski MR. Sleep, inflammation, and hemodynamics in rodent models of traumatic brain injury. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1361014. [PMID: 38426017 PMCID: PMC10903352 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1361014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can induce dysregulation of sleep. Sleep disturbances include hypersomnia and hyposomnia, sleep fragmentation, difficulty falling asleep, and altered electroencephalograms. TBI results in inflammation and altered hemodynamics, such as changes in blood brain barrier permeability and cerebral blood flow. Both inflammation and altered hemodynamics, which are known sleep regulators, contribute to sleep impairments post-TBI. TBIs are heterogenous in cause and biomechanics, which leads to different molecular and symptomatic outcomes. Animal models of TBI have been developed to model the heterogeneity of TBIs observed in the clinic. This review discusses the intricate relationship between sleep, inflammation, and hemodynamics in pre-clinical rodent models of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha R. F. Green
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Sean D. Carey
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, United States
| | - Grant Mannino
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - John A. Craig
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, United States
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Mark R. Zielinski
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Green TR, Nguyen T, Dunker V, Ashton D, Ortiz JB, Murphy SM, Rowe RK. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Predicts Microglial Activation After Traumatic Brain Injury in Juvenile Rats. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:95-116. [PMID: 38404523 PMCID: PMC10890961 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which may exacerbate neuroinflammation post-injury. Few translational studies have examined BBB dysfunction and subsequent neuroinflammation post-TBI in juveniles. We hypothesized that BBB dysfunction positively predicts microglial activation and that vulnerability to BBB dysfunction and associated neuroinflammation are dependent on age at injury. Post-natal day (PND)17 and PND35 rats (n = 56) received midline fluid percussion injury or sham surgery, and immunoglobulin-G (IgG) stain was quantified as a marker of extravasated blood in the brain and BBB dysfunction. We investigated BBB dysfunction and the microglial response in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and motor cortex relative to age at injury and days post-injury (DPI; 1, 7, and 25). We measured the morphologies of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1-labeled microglia using cell body area and perimeter, microglial branch number and length, end-points/microglial cell, and number of microglia. Data were analyzed using generalized hierarchical models. In PND17 rats, TBI increased levels of IgG compared to shams. Independent of age at injury, IgG in TBI rats was higher at 1 and 7 DPI, but resolved by 25 DPI. TBI activated microglia (more cells and fewer end-points) in PND35 rats compared to respective shams. Independent of age at injury, TBI induced morphological changes indicative of microglial activation, which resolved by 25 DPI. TBI rats had fewer cells and end-points per cell at 1 and 7 DPI than 25 DPI. Independent of TBI, PND17 rats had larger, more activated microglia than PND35 rats; PND17 TBI rats had larger cell body areas and perimeters than PND35 TBI rats. Importantly, we found support in both ages that IgG quantification predicted microglial activation after TBI. The number of microglia increased with increasing IgG, whereas branch length decreased with increasing IgG, which together indicate microglial activation. Our results suggest that stabilization of the BBB after pediatric TBI may be an important therapeutic strategy to limit neuroinflammation and promote recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha R.F. Green
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Tina Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Veronika Dunker
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Danielle Ashton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J. Bryce Ortiz
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sean M. Murphy
- Cumberland Biological and Ecological Researchers, Longmont, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pybus AF, Bitarafan S, Brothers RO, Rohrer A, Khaitan A, Moctezuma FR, Udeshi K, Davies B, Triplett S, Dammer E, Rangaraju S, Buckley EM, Wood LB. Profiling the neuroimmune cascade in 3xTg mice exposed to successive mild traumatic brain injuries. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.13.544838. [PMID: 37397993 PMCID: PMC10312742 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.13.544838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries (rmTBI) sustained within a window of vulnerability can result in long term cognitive deficits, depression, and eventual neurodegeneration associated with tau pathology, amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, gliosis, and neuronal and functional loss. However, we have limited understanding of how successive injuries acutely affect the brain to result in these devastating long-term consequences. In the current study, we addressed the question of how repeated injuries affect the brain in the acute phase of injury (<24hr) by exposing the 3xTg-AD mouse model of tau and Aβ pathology to successive (1x, 3x, 5x) once-daily weight drop closed-head injuries and quantifying immune markers, pathological markers, and transcriptional profiles at 30min, 4hr, and 24hr after each injury. We used young adult mice (2-4 months old) to model the effects of rmTBI relevant to young adult athletes, and in the absence of significant tau and Aβ pathology. Importantly, we identified pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females eliciting more differentially expressed proteins after injury compared to males. Specifically, females showed: 1) a single injury caused a decrease in neuron-enriched genes inversely correlated with inflammatory protein expression as well as an increase in AD-related genes within 24hr, 2) each injury significantly increased expression of a group of cortical cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17, KC) and MAPK phospho-proteins (phospho-Atf2, phospho-Mek1), several of which were co-labeled with neurons and correlated with phospho-tau, and 3) repetitive injury caused increased expression of genes associated with astrocyte reactivity and immune function. Collectively our data suggest that neurons respond to a single injury within 24h, while other cell types including astrocytes transition to inflammatory phenotypes within days of repetitive injury.
Collapse
|
5
|
Giordano KR, Saber M, Green TR, Rojas-Valencia LM, Ortiz JB, Murphy SM, Lifshitz J, Rowe RK. Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor Inhibition Transiently Attenuated the Peripheral Immune Response to Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:284-296. [PMID: 37139183 PMCID: PMC10150725 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2022.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate microglial mechanisms in central and peripheral inflammation after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), we inhibited the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) with PLX5622 (PLX). We hypothesized that microglia depletion would attenuate central inflammation acutely with no effect on peripheral inflammation. After randomization, male mice (n = 105) were fed PLX or control diets (21 days) and then received midline fluid percussion injury or sham injury. Brain and blood were collected at 1, 3, or 7 days post-injury (DPI). Immune cell populations were quantified in the brain and blood by flow cytometry. Cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, IL-17A, and IL-10) were quantified in the blood using a multi-plex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using Bayesian multi-variate, multi-level models. PLX depleted microglia at all time points and reduced neutrophils in the brain at 7 DPI. PLX also depleted CD115+ monocytes, reduced myeloid cells, neutrophils, and Ly6Clow monocytes in blood, and elevated IL-6. TBI induced a central and peripheral immune response. TBI elevated leukocytes, microglia, and macrophages in the brain and elevated peripheral myeloid cells, neutrophils, Ly6Cint monocytes, and IL-1β in the blood. TBI lowered peripheral CD115+ and Ly6Clow monocytes in the blood. TBI PLX mice had fewer leukocytes and microglia in the brain at 1 DPI, with elevated neutrophils at 7 DPI compared to TBI mice on a control diet. TBI PLX mice also had fewer peripheral myeloid cells, CD115+, and Ly6Clow monocytes in the blood at 3 DPI, but elevated Ly6Chigh, Ly6Cint, and CD115+ monocyte populations at 7 DPI, compared to TBI mice on a control diet. TBI PLX mice had elevated proinflammatory cytokines and lower anti-inflammatory cytokines in the blood at 7 DPI compared to TBI mice on a control diet. CSF-1R inhibition reduced the immune response to TBI at 1 and 3 DPI, but elevated peripheral inflammation at 7 DPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Giordano
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Maha Saber
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Tabitha R.F. Green
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Luisa M. Rojas-Valencia
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - J. Bryce Ortiz
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sean M. Murphy
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Herrero Babiloni A, Baril AA, Charlebois-Plante C, Jodoin M, Sanchez E, De Baets L, Arbour C, Lavigne GJ, Gosselin N, De Beaumont L. The Putative Role of Neuroinflammation in the Interaction between Traumatic Brain Injuries, Sleep, Pain and Other Neuropsychiatric Outcomes: A State-of-the-Art Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051793. [PMID: 36902580 PMCID: PMC10002551 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are widely prevalent following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and have the potential to contribute to numerous post-traumatic physiological, psychological, and cognitive difficulties developing chronically, including chronic pain. An important pathophysiological mechanism involved in the recovery of TBI is neuroinflammation, which leads to many downstream consequences. While neuroinflammation is a process that can be both beneficial and detrimental to individuals' recovery after sustaining a TBI, recent evidence suggests that neuroinflammation may worsen outcomes in traumatically injured patients, as well as exacerbate the deleterious consequences of sleep disturbances. Additionally, a bidirectional relationship between neuroinflammation and sleep has been described, where neuroinflammation plays a role in sleep regulation and, in turn, poor sleep promotes neuroinflammation. Given the complexity of this interplay, this review aims to clarify the role of neuroinflammation in the relationship between sleep and TBI, with an emphasis on long-term outcomes such as pain, mood disorders, cognitive dysfunctions, and elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. In addition, some management strategies and novel treatment targeting sleep and neuroinflammation will be discussed in order to establish an effective approach to mitigate long-term outcomes after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Herrero Babiloni
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrée-Ann Baril
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada
| | | | - Marianne Jodoin
- CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Erlan Sanchez
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Liesbet De Baets
- Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Caroline Arbour
- CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Faculty of Nursing, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Gilles J. Lavigne
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Nadia Gosselin
- CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
| | - Louis De Beaumont
- CIUSSS-NIM, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu C, Li W, Cen D, Zhou Q. Is insufficient sleep duration a risk indicator for periodontal disease? A systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg 2023; 21:18-27. [PMID: 36385732 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether people who achieved <7 h of sleep were more likely to develop periodontal disease (PD). SOURCES We executed electronic searches in the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library, as well as a manual search of articles published by leading journals in related fields, for observational studies, published in English from 1 January 1966 to 31 March 2021.which evaluated the relationship between sleep duration and PD. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) quality evaluation scale was used for the cross-sectional studies, and the random effects model was used to summarize the effect sizes in the included studies with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS A total of six cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria, totaling 107,777 participants, of which 69,773 had PD. The results of the present indicated that shorter sleep duration (<7 h) is significantly associated with PD (Odd ratio [OR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.16-1.23; p < 0.001; I2 , 0.0%, I2 interval, 0%-75%). The strength of the sensitivity analysis and cumulative meta-analysis confirmed the reliability of the results. CONCLUSION Although the inclusion of only six studies makes it difficult to explore whether there is a publication bias, we found that insufficient sleep duration was closely related to PD, and we therefore speculated that getting enough sleep may help prevent PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Wu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiqi Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongdong Cen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rowe RK, Green TRF, Giordano KR, Ortiz JB, Murphy SM, Opp MR. Microglia Are Necessary to Regulate Sleep after an Immune Challenge. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1241. [PMID: 36009868 PMCID: PMC9405260 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play a critical role in the neuroimmune response, but little is known about the role of microglia in sleep following an inflammatory trigger. Nevertheless, decades of research have been predicated on the assumption that an inflammatory trigger increases sleep through microglial activation. We hypothesized that mice (n = 30) with depleted microglia using PLX5622 (PLX) would sleep less following the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation. Brains were collected and microglial morphology was assessed using quantitative skeletal analyses and physiological parameters were recorded using non-invasive piezoelectric cages. Mice fed PLX diet had a transient increase in sleep that dissipated by week 2. Subsequently, following a first LPS injection (0.4 mg/kg), mice with depleted microglia slept more than mice on the control diet. All mice were returned to normal rodent chow to repopulate microglia in the PLX group (10 days). Nominal differences in sleep existed during the microglia repopulation period. However, following a second LPS injection, mice with repopulated microglia slept similarly to control mice during the dark period but with longer bouts during the light period. Comparing sleep after the first LPS injection to sleep after the second LPS injection, controls exhibited temporal changes in sleep patterns but no change in cumulative minutes slept, whereas cumulative sleep in mice with repopulated microglia decreased during the dark period across all days. Repopulated microglia had a reactive morphology. We conclude that microglia are necessary to regulate sleep after an immune challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Rowe
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Tabitha R. F. Green
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Katherine R. Giordano
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - J. Bryce Ortiz
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Sean M. Murphy
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Mark R. Opp
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rowe RK, Griesbach GS. Immune-endocrine interactions in the pathophysiology of sleep-wake disturbances following traumatic brain injury: A narrative review. Brain Res Bull 2022; 185:117-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
10
|
Green TRF, Murphy SM, Ortiz JB, Rowe RK. Age-At-Injury Influences the Glial Response to Traumatic Brain Injury in the Cortex of Male Juvenile Rats. Front Neurol 2022; 12:804139. [PMID: 35111130 PMCID: PMC8802670 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.804139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Few translational studies have examined how age-at-injury affects the glial response to traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that rats injured at post-natal day (PND) 17 would exhibit a greater glial response, that would persist into early adulthood, compared to rats injured at PND35. PND17 and PND35 rats (n = 75) received a mild to moderate midline fluid percussion injury or sham surgery. In three cortical regions [peri-injury, primary somatosensory barrel field (S1BF), perirhinal], we investigated the glial response relative to age-at-injury (PND17 or PND35), time post-injury (2 hours, 1 day, 7 days, 25 days, or 43 days), and post-natal age, such that rats injured at PND17 or PND35 were compared at the same post-natal-age (e.g., PND17 + 25D post-injury = PND42; PND35 + 7D post-injury = PND42). We measured Iba1 positive microglia cells (area, perimeter) and quantified their activation status using skeletal analysis (branch length/cell, mean processes/cell, cell abundance). GFAP expression was examined using immunohistochemistry and pixel analysis. Data were analyzed using Bayesian multivariate multi-level models. Independent of age-at-injury, TBI activated microglia (shorter branches, fewer processes) in the S1BF and perirhinal cortex with more microglia in all regions compared to uninjured shams. TBI-induced microglial activation (shorter branches) was sustained in the S1BF into early adulthood (PND60). Overall, PND17 injured rats had more microglial activation in the perirhinal cortex than PND35 injured rats. Activation was not confounded by age-dependent cell size changes, and microglial cell body sizes were similar between PND17 and PND35 rats. There were no differences in astrocyte GFAP expression. Increased microglial activation in PND17 brain-injured rats suggests that TBI upregulates the glial response at discrete stages of development. Age-at-injury and aging with an injury are translationally important because experiencing a TBI at an early age may trigger an exaggerated glial response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha R. F. Green
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sean M. Murphy
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - J. Bryce Ortiz
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Apostol CR, Bernard K, Tanguturi P, Molnar G, Bartlett MJ, Szabò L, Liu C, Ortiz JB, Saber M, Giordano KR, Green TRF, Melvin J, Morrison HW, Madhavan L, Rowe RK, Streicher JM, Heien ML, Falk T, Polt R. Design and Synthesis of Brain Penetrant Glycopeptide Analogues of PACAP With Neuroprotective Potential for Traumatic Brain Injury and Parkinsonism. FRONTIERS IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 1. [PMID: 35237767 PMCID: PMC8887546 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2021.818003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an unmet clinical need for curative therapies to treat neurodegenerative disorders. Most mainstay treatments currently on the market only alleviate specific symptoms and do not reverse disease progression. The Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), an endogenous neuropeptide hormone, has been extensively studied as a potential regenerative therapeutic. PACAP is widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and exerts its neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects via the related Class B GPCRs PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2, at which the hormone shows roughly equal activity. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) also activates these receptors, and this close analogue of PACAP has also shown to promote neuronal survival in various animal models of acute and progressive neurodegenerative diseases. However, PACAP's poor pharmacokinetic profile (non-linear PK/PD), and more importantly its limited blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability has hampered development of this peptide as a therapeutic. We have demonstrated that glycosylation of PACAP and related peptides promotes penetration of the BBB and improves PK properties while retaining efficacy and potency in the low nanomolar range at its target receptors. Furthermore, judicious structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed key motifs that can be modulated to afford compounds with diverse selectivity profiles. Most importantly, we have demonstrated that select PACAP glycopeptide analogues (2LS80Mel and 2LS98Lac) exert potent neuroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory activity in animal models of traumatic brain injury and in a mild-toxin lesion model of Parkinson's disease, highlighting glycosylation as a viable strategy for converting endogenous peptides into robust and efficacious drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Apostol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kelsey Bernard
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - Gabriella Molnar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mitchell J Bartlett
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Lajos Szabò
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - J Bryce Ortiz
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Maha Saber
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Katherine R Giordano
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Tabitha R F Green
- Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - James Melvin
- Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Helena W Morrison
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Lalitha Madhavan
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Rachel K Rowe
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - John M Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Torsten Falk
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Saber M, Ortiz JB, Rojas Valencia LM, Ma X, Tallent BR, Adelson PD, Rowe RK, Qiu S, Lifshitz J. Mice Born to Mothers with Gravida Traumatic Brain Injury Have Distorted Brain Circuitry and Altered Immune Responses. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2862-2880. [PMID: 34155930 PMCID: PMC8820287 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) increases risk of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Physical assaults increase in frequency and intensity during pregnancy. The consequences of TBI during pregnancy (gravida TBI; gTBI) on offspring development is unknown, for which stress and inflammation during pregnancy worsen fetal developmental outcomes. We hypothesized that gTBI would lead to increased anxiety- and depression-related behavior, altered inflammatory responses and gut pathology, and distorted brain circuitry in mixed-sex offspring compared to mice born to control mothers. Pregnant dams received either diffuse TBI or sham injury (control) 12 days post-coitum. We found that male gTBI offspring were principal drivers of the gTBI effects on health, physiology, and behavior. For example, male, but not female, gTBI offspring weighed significantly less at weaning compared to male control offspring. At post-natal day (PND) 28, gTBI offspring had significantly weaker intralaminar connectivity onto layer 5 pre-frontal pyramidal neurons compared to control offspring. Neurological performance on anxiety-like behaviors was decreased, with only marginal differences in depressive-like behaviors, for gTBI offspring compared to control offspring. At PND42 and PND58, circulating neutrophil and monocyte populations were significantly smaller in gTBI male offspring than control male offspring. In response to a subsequent inflammatory challenge at PND75, gTBI offspring had significantly smaller circulating neutrophil populations than control offspring. Anxiety-like behaviors persisted during the immune challenge in gTBI offspring. However, spleen immune response and gut histology showed no significant differences between groups. The results compel further studies to determine the full extent of gTBI on fetal and maternal outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Saber
- Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - J. Bryce Ortiz
- Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Luisa M. Rojas Valencia
- Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Xiaokuang Ma
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Bret R. Tallent
- Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - P. David Adelson
- Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Shenfeng Qiu
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|