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Mehta SL, Arruri V, Vemuganti R. Role of transcription factors, noncoding RNAs, epitranscriptomics, and epigenetics in post-ischemic neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3430-3448. [PMID: 38279529 PMCID: PMC11272908 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Post-stroke neuroinflammation is pivotal in brain repair, yet persistent inflammation can aggravate ischemic brain damage and hamper recovery. Following stroke, specific molecules released from brain cells attract and activate central and peripheral immune cells. These immune cells subsequently release diverse inflammatory molecules within the ischemic brain, initiating a sequence of events, including activation of transcription factors in different brain cell types that modulate gene expression and influence outcomes; the interactive action of various noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) to regulate multiple biological processes including inflammation, epitranscriptomic RNA modification that controls RNA processing, stability, and translation; and epigenetic changes including DNA methylation, hydroxymethylation, and histone modifications crucial in managing the genic response to stroke. Interactions among these events further affect post-stroke inflammation and shape the depth of ischemic brain damage and functional outcomes. We highlighted these aspects of neuroinflammation in this review and postulate that deciphering these mechanisms is pivotal for identifying therapeutic targets to alleviate post-stroke dysfunction and enhance recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L. Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Devason AS, Thaiss CA, de la Fuente-Nunez C. Neuromicrobiology Comes of Age: The Multifaceted Interactions between the Microbiome and the Nervous System. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2957-2965. [PMID: 39102500 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen an explosion in our knowledge about the interactions between gut microbiota, the central nervous system, and the immune system. The gut-brain axis has recently gained much attention due to its role in regulating host physiology. This review explores recent findings concerning potential pathways linking the gut-brain axis to the initiation, pathophysiology, and development of neurological disorders. Our objective of this work is to uncover causative factors and pinpoint particular pathways and therapeutic targets that may facilitate the translation of experimental animal research into practical applications for human patients. We highlight three distinct yet interrelated mechanisms: (1) disruptions of both the intestinal and blood-brain barriers, (2) persistent neuroinflammation, and (3) the role of the vagus nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwarya S Devason
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania United States
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania United States
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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3
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He Y, Jin W, Wan H, Zhang L, Yu L. Research progress on immune-related therapeutic targets of brain injury caused by cerebral ischemia. Cytokine 2024; 180:156651. [PMID: 38761715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and a leading cause of disability. The innate immune response occurs immediately after cerebral ischemia, resulting in adaptive immunity. More and more experimental evidence has proved that the immune response caused by cerebral ischemia plays an important role in early brain injury and later the recovery of brain injury. Innate immune cells and adaptive cells promote the occurrence of cerebral ischemic injury but also protect brain cells. A large number of studies have shown that cytokines and immune-related substances also have dual functions of promoting injury, reducing injury, or promoting injury recovery in the later stage of cerebral ischemia. They can be an important target for treating cerebral ischemic recovery. Therefore, this study discussed the immune cells, cytokines, and immune-related substances with dual roles in cerebral ischemia and summarized the therapeutic targets of cerebral ischemia. To explore more effective methods to treat cerebral ischemia, promote the recovery of brain function, and improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejia He
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weifeng Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lijiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Li Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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He Z, Yin BK, Wang K, Zhao B, Chen Y, Li ZC, Chen J. The alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced neuronal apoptosis in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:741-752. [PMID: 38833094 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the crucial pathological mechanism following cerebral ischemic injury. Our previous studies demonstrated that clonidine, one agonist of alpha2-adrenergic receptor (α2-AR), could attenuate cerebral ischemic injury in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). However, it's unclear whether clonidine exerts neuroprotective effects by regulating neuronal apoptosis. In this study, we elucidated whether clonidine can exert anti-apoptotic effects in cerebral ischemic injury, and further explored the possible mechanisms. Neurological deficit score was measured to evaluate the neurological function. TTC staining was used for the measurement of brain infarct size. Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining was applied to examine the cell morphology. TUNEL and DAPI fluorescent staining methods were used to analyze the cell apoptosis in brain tissue. Fluorescence quantitative real-time PCR was performed to assess the gene expression of Caspase-3 and P53. Western blotting assay was applied to detect the protein expression of Caspase-3 and P53. The results showed that clonidine improved neurological function, reduced brain infarct size, alleviated neuronal damage, and reduced the ratio of cell apoptosis in the brain with MCAO/R injury. moreover, clonidine down-regulated the gene and protein expression of Caspase-3 and P53 which were over-expressed after MCAO/R injury. Whereas, yohimbine (one selective α2-AR antagonist) mitigated the anti-apoptosis effects of clonidine, accompanied by reversed gene and protein expression changes. The results indicated that clonidine attenuated cerebral MCAO/R injury via suppressing neuronal apoptosis, which may be mediated, at least in part, by activating α2-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 314001, Jiaxing, People's Republic of China.
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China.
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo-Kai Yin
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China
- Yichang Yiling Hospital, 443000, Yichang, People's Republic of China
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 314001, Jiaxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Cheng Li
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China.
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China.
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No.8 Daxue Road, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China.
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Moxon JV, Pretorius C, Trollope AF, Mittal P, Klingler-Hoffmann M, Hoffmann P, Golledge J. A systematic review and in silico analysis of studies investigating the ischaemic penumbra proteome in animal models of experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024:271678X241248502. [PMID: 38639008 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241248502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke results in the formation of a cerebral infarction bordered by an ischaemic penumbra. Characterising the proteins within the ischaemic penumbra may identify neuro-protective targets and novel circulating markers to improve patient care. This review assessed data from studies using proteomic platforms to compare ischaemic penumbra tissues to controls following experimental stroke in animal models. Proteins reported to differ significantly between penumbra and control tissues were analysed in silico to identify protein-protein interactions and over-represented pathways. Sixteen studies using rat (n = 12), mouse (n = 2) or primate (n = 2) models were included. Heterogeneity in the design of the studies and definition of the penumbra were observed. Analyses showed high abundance of p53 in the penumbra within 24 hours of permanent ischaemic stroke and was implicated in driving apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and ATM- MAPK- and p53- signalling. Between 1 and 7 days after stroke there were changes in the abundance of proteins involved in the complement and coagulation pathways. Favourable recovery 1 month after stroke was associated with an increase in the abundance of proteins involved in wound healing. Poor recovery was associated with increases in prostaglandin signalling. Findings suggest that p53 may be a target for novel therapeutics for ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V Moxon
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Cornea Pretorius
- Townsville University Hospital, Angus Smith Drive, Douglas, Townsville, Australia
| | - Alexandra F Trollope
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Parul Mittal
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Manuela Klingler-Hoffmann
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Australia
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Pinoșanu EA, Pîrșcoveanu D, Albu CV, Burada E, Pîrvu A, Surugiu R, Sandu RE, Serb AF. Rhoa/ROCK, mTOR and Secretome-Based Treatments for Ischemic Stroke: New Perspectives. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3484-3501. [PMID: 38666949 PMCID: PMC11049286 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke triggers a complex cascade of cellular and molecular events leading to neuronal damage and tissue injury. This review explores the potential therapeutic avenues targeting cellular signaling pathways implicated in stroke pathophysiology. Specifically, it focuses on the articles that highlight the roles of RhoA/ROCK and mTOR signaling pathways in ischemic brain injury and their therapeutic implications. The RhoA/ROCK pathway modulates various cellular processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics and inflammation, while mTOR signaling regulates cell growth, proliferation, and autophagy. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of targeting these pathways in stroke models, offering insights into potential treatment strategies. However, challenges such as off-target effects and the need for tissue-specific targeting remain. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests the therapeutic potential of MSC secretome in stroke treatment, highlighting the importance of exploring alternative approaches. Future research directions include elucidating the precise mechanisms of action, optimizing treatment protocols, and translating preclinical findings into clinical practice for improved stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Anca Pinoșanu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania
| | - Denisa Pîrșcoveanu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
| | - Carmen Valeria Albu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
| | - Emilia Burada
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Andrei Pîrvu
- Dolj County Regional Centre of Medical Genetics, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Craiova, St. Tabaci, No. 1, 200642 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Roxana Surugiu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Raluca Elena Sandu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Alina Florina Serb
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Biochemistry Discipline, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Cao F, Wang X, Ye Q, Yan F, Lu W, Xie J, Bi B, Wang X. Identifying circRNA-miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Networks in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6804-6822. [PMID: 37623249 PMCID: PMC10453290 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a frequent and severe side effect of first-line chemotherapeutic agents. The association between circular RNAs (circRNAs) and CIPN remains unclear. In this study, CIPN models were constructed with Taxol, while 134 differentially expressed circRNAs, 353 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs, and 86 differentially expressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were identified utilizing RNA sequencing. CircRNA-targeted microRNAs (miRNAs) were predicted using miRanda, and miRNA-targeted mRNAs were predicted using TargetScan and miRDB. The intersection of sequencing and mRNA prediction results was selected to establish the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks, which include 15 circRNAs, 18 miRNAs, and 11 mRNAs. Functional enrichment pathway analyses and immune infiltration analyses revealed that differentially expressed mRNAs were enriched in the immune system, especially in T cells, monocytes, and macrophages. Cdh1, Satb2, Fas, P2ry2, and Zfhx2 were further identified as hub genes and validated by RT-qPCR, correlating with macrophages, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and central memory CD4 T cells in CIPN. Additionally, we predicted the associated diseases, 36 potential transcription factors (TFs), and 30 putative drugs for hub genes using the DisGeNET, TRRUST, and DGIdb databases, respectively. Our results indicated the crucial role of circRNAs, and the immune microenvironment played in CIPN, providing novel insights for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (F.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (F.Y.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Xintong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (F.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (F.Y.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Qingqing Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (F.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (F.Y.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (F.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (F.Y.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Weicheng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (F.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (F.Y.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jingdun Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (F.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (F.Y.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Bingtian Bi
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; (F.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (F.Y.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
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Yu Q, Liu M, Zhao T, Su M, Wang S, Xu W, He S, Li K, Mu X, Wu J, Sun P, Zheng F, Weng N. Mechanism of baixiangdan capsules on anti-neuroinflammation: combining dry and wet experiments. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:7689-7708. [PMID: 37556347 PMCID: PMC10457058 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, and despite intensive research, treatment of neuroinflammation remains limited. BaiXiangDan capsule (BXD) is widely used in clinical practice. However, systematic studies on the direct role and mechanisms of BXD in neuroinflammation are still lacking. We systematically evaluated the potential pharmacological mechanisms of BXD on neuroinflammation using network pharmacological analysis combined with experimental validation. Multiple databases are used to mine potential targets for bioactive ingredients, drug targets and neuroinflammation. GO and KEGG pathway analysis was also performed. Interactions between active ingredients and pivotal targets were confirmed by molecular docking. An experimental model of neuroinflammation was used to evaluate possible therapeutic mechanisms for BXD. Network pharmacological analysis revealed that Chrysoeriol, Kaempferol and Luteolin in BXD exerted their anti-neuroinflammatory effects mainly by acting on targets such as NCOA2, PIK3CA and PTGS2. Molecular docking results showed that their average affinity was less than -5 kcal/mol, with an average affinity of -8.286 kcal/mol. Pathways in cancer was found to be a potentially important pathway, with involvement of PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. In addition, in vivo experiments showed that BXD treatment ameliorated neural damage and reduced neuronal cell death. Western blotting, RT-qPCR and ELISA analysis showed that BXD inhibited not only the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and NO, but also NF-κB, MMP9 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. This study applied network pharmacology and in vivo experiments to explore the possible mechanisms of BXD against neuroinflammation, providing insight into the treatment of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingying Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Molin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- College of Foreign Languages, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Mengyue Su
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Shukun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Wenhua Xu
- Preventive Treatment Center, Shenzhen Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shuhua He
- Department of Psychiatry, Boai Hospitai of Zhongshan, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Kejie Li
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xiangyu Mu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Jibiao Wu
- Innovation Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Innovation Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Ning Weng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
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