1
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Parlato MB, Lee JS, Belair DG, Fontana G, Leiferman E, Hanna R, Chamberlain C, Ranheim EA, Murphy WL, Halanski MA. Subperiosteal delivery of transforming growth factor beta 1 and human growth hormone from mineralized PCL films. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:1578-1593. [PMID: 38530161 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The ability to locally deliver bioactive molecules to distinct regions of the skeleton may provide a novel means by which to improve fracture healing, treat neoplasms or infections, or modulate growth. In this study, we constructed single-sided mineral-coated poly-ε-caprolactone membranes capable of binding and releasing transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and human growth hormone (hGH). After demonstrating biological activity in vitro and characterization of their release, these thin bioabsorbable membranes were surgically implanted using an immature rabbit model. Membranes were circumferentially wrapped under the periosteum, thus placed in direct contact with the proximal metaphysis to assess its bioactivity in vivo. The direct effects on the metaphyseal bone, bone marrow, and overlying periosteum were assessed using radiography and histology. Effects of membrane placement at the tibial growth plate were assessed via physeal heights, tibial growth rates (pulsed fluorochrome labeling), and tibial lengths. Subperiosteal placement of the mineralized membranes induced greater local chondrogenesis in the plain mineral and TGF-β1 samples than the hGH. More exuberant and circumferential ossification was seen in the TGF-β1 treated tibiae. The TGF-β1 membranes also induced hypocellularity of the bone marrow with characteristics of gelatinous degeneration not seen in the other groups. While the proximal tibial growth plates were taller in the hGH treated than TGF-β1, no differences in growth rates or overall tibial lengths were found. In conclusion, these data demonstrate the feasibility of using bioabsorbable mineral coated membranes to deliver biologically active compounds subperiosteally in a sustained fashion to affect cells at the insertion site, bone marrow, and even growth plate.
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2
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Blank K, Ekanayake D, Cooke M, Bragdon B, Hussein A, Gerstenfeld L. Relationships between matrix mineralization, oxidative metabolism, and mitochondrial structure during ATDC5 murine chondroprogenitor cell line differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38860464 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic relationships between the progression of growth chondrocyte differentiation, matrix mineralization, oxidative metabolism, and mitochondria content and structure were examined in the ATDC5 murine chondroprogenitor cell line. The progression of chondrocyte differentiation was associated with a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) ~2-fold increase in oxidative phosphorylation. However, as matrix mineralization progressed, oxidative metabolism decreased. In the absence of mineralization, cartilage extracellular matrix mRNA expression for Col2a1, Aggrecan, and Col10a1 were statistically (p ≤ 0.05) ~2-3-fold greater than observed in mineralizing cultures. In contrast, BSP and Phex that are associated with promoting matrix mineralization showed statistically (p ≤ 0.05) higher ~2-4 expression, while FGF23 phosphate regulatory factor was significantly lower (~50%) in mineralizing cultures. Cultures induced to differentiate under both nonmineralizing and mineralizing media conditions showed statistically greater basal oxidative metabolism and ATP production. Maximal respiration and spare oxidative capacity were significantly elevated (p ≤ 0.05) in differentiated nonmineralizing cultures compared to those that mineralized. Increased oxidative metabolism was associated with both an increase in mitochondria volume per cell and mitochondria fusion, while mineralization diminished mitochondrial volume and appeared to be associated with fission. Undifferentiated and mineralized cells showed increased mitochondrial co-localization with the actin cytoskeletal. Examination of proteins associated with mitochondria fission and apoptosis and mitophagy, respectively, showed levels of immunological expression consistent with the increasing fission and apoptosis in mineralizing cultures. These results suggest that chondrocyte differentiation is associated with intracellular structural reorganization, promoting increased mitochondria content and fusion that enables increased oxidative metabolism. Mineralization, however, does not need energy derived from oxidative metabolism; rather, during mineralization, mitochondria appear to undergo fission and mitophagy. In summary, these studies show that as chondrocytes underwent hypertrophic differentiation, they increased oxidative metabolism, but as mineralization proceeds, metabolism decreased. Mitochondria structure also underwent a structural reorganization that was further supportive of their oxidative capacity as the chondrocytes progressed through their differentiation. Thus, the mitochondria first underwent fusion to support increased oxidative metabolism, then underwent fission during mineralization, facilitating their programed death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Blank
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derrick Ekanayake
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret Cooke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, California
| | - Beth Bragdon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amira Hussein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Louis Gerstenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Ryu K, Lee O, Roh J. Age-related changes in densitometry and histomorphometry of long bone during the pubertal growth spurt in male rats. Anat Sci Int 2024; 99:268-277. [PMID: 38598056 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00766-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Because experimental studies to determine the developmental toxicity of exposure to various substances in children are impossible, many studies use immature male rats. This study aimed to provide normative data for longitudinal bone growth with age during the puberty in male rats. In order to evaluate long bone growth and mineralization we examined bone size and bone density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, analyzed histomorphometry of the growth plate, and serum hormone levels relevant to bone growth from postnatal day (PD)20 to PD60. The length and weight of long bones increased strongly by PD40, and no further increase was observed after PD50. On the other hand, tibial growth plate height decreased sharply after PD50 along with a reduction in the number of cells and columns, which was probably responsible for the absence of further lengthening of long bones. Parameters related to bone formation such as bone area ratio, and the thickness and number of trabeculae, also increased significantly between PD40 and PD50. Furthermore, serum levels of IGF-1 peaked at PD30 and testosterone increased rapidly on and after PD40, when IGF-1 levels were going down. These changes may participate in the parallel increase in mineral acquisition, as well as lengthening of long bones. Our findings provide comprehensive data for changes in bone density, histomorphometry of long bones, and hormone levels relevant to bone growth during the growth spurt. This will be useful for planning animal toxicological studies, particularly for deciding on the appropriate age of animals to use in given experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoung Ryu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Guri, 11923, South Korea
| | - Okto Lee
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Jaesook Roh
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea.
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4
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Ho H'ng C, Amarasinghe SL, Zhang B, Chang H, Qu X, Powell DR, Rosello-Diez A. Compensatory growth and recovery of cartilage cytoarchitecture after transient cell death in fetal mouse limbs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2940. [PMID: 38580631 PMCID: PMC10997652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
A major question in developmental and regenerative biology is how organ size and architecture are controlled by progenitor cells. While limb bones exhibit catch-up growth (recovery of a normal growth trajectory after transient developmental perturbation), it is unclear how this emerges from the behaviour of chondroprogenitors, the cells sustaining the cartilage anlagen that are progressively replaced by bone. Here we show that transient sparse cell death in the mouse fetal cartilage is repaired postnatally, via a two-step process. During injury, progression of chondroprogenitors towards more differentiated states is delayed, leading to altered cartilage cytoarchitecture and impaired bone growth. Then, once cell death is over, chondroprogenitor differentiation is accelerated and cartilage structure recovered, including partial rescue of bone growth. At the molecular level, ectopic activation of mTORC1 correlates with, and is necessary for, part of the recovery, revealing a specific candidate to be explored during normal growth and in future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Ho H'ng
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Shanika L Amarasinghe
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
- Bioinformatics Node - Monash Genomics and Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Boya Zhang
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Hojin Chang
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences. The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Xinli Qu
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - David R Powell
- Bioinformatics Node - Monash Genomics and Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Alberto Rosello-Diez
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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5
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Kendall JJ, Ledoux C, Marques FC, Boaretti D, Schulte FA, Morgan EF, Müller R. An in silico micro-multiphysics agent-based approach for simulating bone regeneration in a mouse femur defect model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1289127. [PMID: 38164405 PMCID: PMC10757951 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1289127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone defects represent a challenging clinical problem as they can lead to non-union. In silico models are well suited to study bone regeneration under varying conditions by linking both cellular and systems scales. This paper presents an in silico micro-multiphysics agent-based (micro-MPA) model for bone regeneration following an osteotomy. The model includes vasculature, bone, and immune cells, as well as their interaction with the local environment. The model was calibrated by time-lapsed micro-computed tomography data of femoral osteotomies in C57Bl/6J mice, and the differences between predicted bone volume fractions and the longitudinal in vivo measurements were quantitatively evaluated using root mean square error (RMSE). The model performed well in simulating bone regeneration across the osteotomy gap, with no difference (5.5% RMSE, p = 0.68) between the in silico and in vivo groups for the 5-week healing period - from the inflammatory phase to the remodelling phase - in the volume spanning the osteotomy gap. Overall, the proposed micro-MPA model was able to simulate the influence of the local mechanical environment on bone regeneration, and both this environment and cytokine concentrations were found to be key factors in promoting bone regeneration. Further, the validated model matched clinical observations that larger gap sizes correlate with worse healing outcomes and ultimately simulated non-union. This model could help design and guide future experimental studies in bone repair, by identifying which are the most critical in vivo experiments to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J. Kendall
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Charles Ledoux
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Elise F. Morgan
- Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Murphy P, Rolfe RA. Building a Co-ordinated Musculoskeletal System: The Plasticity of the Developing Skeleton in Response to Muscle Contractions. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 236:81-110. [PMID: 37955772 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38215-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal musculature and the cartilage, bone and other connective tissues of the skeleton are intimately co-ordinated. The shape, size and structure of each bone in the body is sculpted through dynamic physical stimuli generated by muscle contraction, from early development, with onset of the first embryo movements, and through repair and remodelling in later life. The importance of muscle movement during development is shown by congenital abnormalities where infants that experience reduced movement in the uterus present a sequence of skeletal issues including temporary brittle bones and joint dysplasia. A variety of animal models, utilising different immobilisation scenarios, have demonstrated the precise timing and events that are dependent on mechanical stimulation from movement. This chapter lays out the evidence for skeletal system dependence on muscle movement, gleaned largely from mouse and chick immobilised embryos, showing the many aspects of skeletal development affected. Effects are seen in joint development, ossification, the size and shape of skeletal rudiments and tendons, including compromised mechanical function. The enormous plasticity of the skeletal system in response to muscle contraction is a key factor in building a responsive, functional system. Insights from this work have implications for our understanding of morphological evolution, particularly the challenging concept of emergence of new structures. It is also providing insight for the potential of physical therapy for infants suffering the effects of reduced uterine movement and is enhancing our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in skeletal tissue differentiation, with potential for informing regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Rebecca A Rolfe
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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7
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Hussein AI, Carroll D, Bui M, Wolff A, Matheny H, Hogue B, Lybrand K, Cooke M, Bragdon B, Morgan E, Demissie S, Gerstenfeld L. Oxidative metabolism is impaired by phosphate deficiency during fracture healing and is mechanistically related to BMP induced chondrocyte differentiation. Bone Rep 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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8
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Rose CS. The cellular basis of cartilage growth and shape change in larval and metamorphosing Xenopus frogs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277110. [PMID: 36634116 PMCID: PMC9836273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As the first and sometimes only skeletal tissue to appear, cartilage plays a fundamental role in the development and evolution of vertebrate body shapes. This is especially true for amphibians whose largely cartilaginous feeding skeleton exhibits unparalleled ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversification as a consequence of metamorphosis. Fully understanding the evolutionary history, evolvability and regenerative potential of cartilage requires in-depth analysis of how chondrocytes drive growth and shape change. This study is a cell-level description of the larval growth and postembryonic shape change of major cartilages of the feeding skeleton of a metamorphosing amphibian. Histology and immunohistochemistry are used to describe and quantify patterns and trends in chondrocyte size, shape, division, death, and arrangement, and in percent matrix from hatchling to froglet for the lower jaw, hyoid and branchial arch cartilages of Xenopus laevis. The results are interpreted and integrated into programs of cell behaviors that account for the larval growth and histology, and metamorphic remodeling of each element. These programs provide a baseline for investigating hormone-mediated remodeling, cartilage regeneration, and intrinsic shape regulating mechanisms. These programs also contain four features not previously described in vertebrates: hypertrophied chondrocytes being rejuvenated by rapid cell cycling to a prechondrogenic size and shape; chondrocytes dividing and rearranging to reshape a cartilage; cartilage that lacks a perichondrium and grows at single-cell dimensions; and an adult cartilage forming de novo in the center of a resorbing larval one. Also, the unexpected superimposition of cell behaviors for shape change onto ones for larval growth and the unprecedented exploitation of very large and small cell sizes provide new directions for investigating the development and evolution of skeletal shape and metamorphic ontogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Rose
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Johnson S, Heubel B, Bredesen C, Schilling T, Le Pabic P. Cellular basis of differential endochondral growth in Lake Malawi cichlids. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:2001-2014. [PMID: 36001035 PMCID: PMC9722610 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shape and size of skeletal elements is determined by embryonic patterning mechanisms as well as localized growth and remodeling during post-embryonic development. Differential growth between endochondral growth plates underlies many aspects of morphological diversity in tetrapods but has not been investigated in ray-finned fishes. We examined endochondral growth rates in the craniofacial skeletons of two cichlid species from Lake Malawi that acquire species-specific morphological differences during postembryonic development and quantified cellular mechanisms underlying differential growth both within and between species. RESULTS Cichlid endochondral growth rates vary greatly (50%-60%) between different growth zones within a species, between different stages for the same growth zone, and between homologous growth zones in different species. Differences in cell proliferation and/or cell enlargement underlie much of this differential growth, albeit in different proportions. Strikingly, differences in extracellular matrix production do not correlate with growth rate differences. CONCLUSIONS Differential endochondral growth drives many aspects of craniofacial morphological diversity in cichlids. Cellular proliferation and enlargement, but not extracellular matrix deposition, underlie this differential growth and this appears conserved in Osteichthyes. Cell enlargement is observed in some but not all cichlid growth zones and the degree to which it occurs resembles slower growing mammalian growth plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Johnson
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC
| | - Brian Heubel
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC
| | - Carson Bredesen
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC
| | - Thomas Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Pierre Le Pabic
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC
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10
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Saxena A, Sharma V, Muthuirulan P, Neufeld SJ, Tran MP, Gutierrez HL, Chen KD, Erberich JM, Birmingham A, Capellini TD, Cobb J, Hiller M, Cooper KL. Interspecies transcriptomics identify genes that underlie disproportionate foot growth in jerboas. Curr Biol 2022; 32:289-303.e6. [PMID: 34793695 PMCID: PMC8792248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great diversity of vertebrate limb proportion and our deep understanding of the genetic mechanisms that drive skeletal elongation, little is known about how individual bones reach different lengths in any species. Here, we directly compare the transcriptomes of homologous growth cartilages of the mouse (Mus musculus) and bipedal jerboa (Jaculus jaculus), the latter of which has "mouse-like" arms but extremely long metatarsals of the feet. Intersecting gene-expression differences in metatarsals and forearms of the two species revealed that about 10% of orthologous genes are associated with the disproportionately rapid elongation of neonatal jerboa feet. These include genes and enriched pathways not previously associated with endochondral elongation as well as those that might diversify skeletal proportion in addition to their known requirements for bone growth throughout the skeleton. We also identified transcription regulators that might act as "nodes" for sweeping differences in genome expression between species. Among these, Shox2, which is necessary for proximal limb elongation, has gained expression in jerboa metatarsals where it has not been detected in other vertebrates. We show that Shox2 is sufficient to increase mouse distal limb length, and a nearby putative cis-regulatory region is preferentially accessible in jerboa metatarsals. In addition to mechanisms that might directly promote growth, we found evidence that jerboa foot elongation may occur in part by de-repressing latent growth potential. The genes and pathways that we identified here provide a framework to understand the modular genetic control of skeletal growth and the remarkable malleability of vertebrate limb proportion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Saxena
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Virag Sharma
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, Dresden 01307, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nothnitzerstraße 38, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Pushpanathan Muthuirulan
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stanley J Neufeld
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mai P Tran
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Haydee L Gutierrez
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kevin D Chen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joel M Erberich
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amanda Birmingham
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Terence D Capellini
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - John Cobb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, Dresden 01307, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nothnitzerstraße 38, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Kimberly L Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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11
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Norris SA, Frongillo EA, Black MM, Dong Y, Fall C, Lampl M, Liese AD, Naguib M, Prentice A, Rochat T, Stephensen CB, Tinago CB, Ward KA, Wrottesley SV, Patton GC. Nutrition in adolescent growth and development. Lancet 2022; 399:172-184. [PMID: 34856190 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During adolescence, growth and development are transformative and have profound consequences on an individual's health in later life, as well as the health of any potential children. The current generation of adolescents is growing up at a time of unprecedented change in food environments, whereby nutritional problems of micronutrient deficiency and food insecurity persist, and overweight and obesity are burgeoning. In a context of pervasive policy neglect, research on nutrition during adolescence specifically has been underinvested, compared with such research in other age groups, which has inhibited the development of adolescent-responsive nutritional policies. One consequence has been the absence of an integrated perspective on adolescent growth and development, and the role that nutrition plays. Through late childhood and early adolescence, nutrition has a formative role in the timing and pattern of puberty, with consequences for adult height, muscle, and fat mass accrual, as well as risk of non-communicable diseases in later life. Nutritional effects in adolescent development extend beyond musculoskeletal growth, to cardiorespiratory fitness, neurodevelopment, and immunity. High rates of early adolescent pregnancy in many countries continue to jeopardise the growth and nutrition of female adolescents, with consequences that extend to the next generation. Adolescence is a nutrition-sensitive phase for growth, in which the benefits of good nutrition extend to many other physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Norris
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Global Health Research Institute, School of Health and Human Development, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Edward A Frongillo
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Maureen M Black
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yanhui Dong
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Bejing, China
| | - Caroline Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Michelle Lampl
- Emory Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Angela D Liese
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mariam Naguib
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ann Prentice
- MRC Nutrition and Bone Health Group, Cambridge, UK; MRC Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tamsen Rochat
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center and Nutrition Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Kate A Ward
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; MRC Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stephanie V Wrottesley
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - George C Patton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Le Pabic P, Dranow DB, Hoyle DJ, Schilling TF. Zebrafish endochondral growth zones as they relate to human bone size, shape and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1060187. [PMID: 36561564 PMCID: PMC9763315 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the genetic mechanisms underlying human skeletal development and disease have largely relied on studies in mice. However, recently the zebrafish has emerged as a popular model for skeletal research. Despite anatomical differences such as a lack of long bones in their limbs and no hematopoietic bone marrow, both the cell types in cartilage and bone as well as the genetic pathways that regulate their development are remarkably conserved between teleost fish and humans. Here we review recent studies that highlight this conservation, focusing specifically on the cartilaginous growth zones (GZs) of endochondral bones. GZs can be unidirectional such as the growth plates (GPs) of long bones in tetrapod limbs or bidirectional, such as in the synchondroses of the mammalian skull base. In addition to endochondral growth, GZs play key roles in cartilage maturation and replacement by bone. Recent studies in zebrafish suggest key roles for cartilage polarity in GZ function, surprisingly early establishment of signaling systems that regulate cartilage during embryonic development, and important roles for cartilage proliferation rather than hypertrophy in bone size. Despite anatomical differences, there are now many zebrafish models for human skeletal disorders including mutations in genes that cause defects in cartilage associated with endochondral GZs. These point to conserved developmental mechanisms, some of which operate both in cranial GZs and limb GPs, as well as others that act earlier or in parallel to known GP regulators. Experimental advantages of zebrafish for genetic screens, high resolution live imaging and drug screens, set the stage for many novel insights into causes and potential therapies for human endochondral bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Pabic
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Willmington, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Pierre Le Pabic, ; Thomas F. Schilling,
| | - Daniel B. Dranow
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Diego J. Hoyle
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pierre Le Pabic, ; Thomas F. Schilling,
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13
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Rubin S, Agrawal A, Stegmaier J, Krief S, Felsenthal N, Svorai J, Addadi Y, Villoutreix P, Stern T, Zelzer E. Application of 3D MAPs pipeline identifies the morphological sequence chondrocytes undergo and the regulatory role of GDF5 in this process. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5363. [PMID: 34508093 PMCID: PMC8433335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of epiphyseal growth plates, which drives long bone elongation, depends on extensive changes in chondrocyte size and shape during differentiation. Here, we develop a pipeline called 3D Morphometric Analysis for Phenotypic significance (3D MAPs), which combines light-sheet microscopy, segmentation algorithms and 3D morphometric analysis to characterize morphogenetic cellular behaviors while maintaining the spatial context of the growth plate. Using 3D MAPs, we create a 3D image database of hundreds of thousands of chondrocytes. Analysis reveals broad repertoire of morphological changes, growth strategies and cell organizations during differentiation. Moreover, identifying a reduction in Smad 1/5/9 activity together with multiple abnormalities in cell growth, shape and organization provides an explanation for the shortening of Gdf5 KO tibias. Overall, our findings provide insight into the morphological sequence that chondrocytes undergo during differentiation and highlight the ability of 3D MAPs to uncover cellular mechanisms that may regulate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rubin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ankit Agrawal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Johannes Stegmaier
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sharon Krief
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Felsenthal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan Svorai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoseph Addadi
- Department of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paul Villoutreix
- LIS (UMR 7020), IBDM (UMR 7288), Turing Center For Living Systems, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| | - Tomer Stern
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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14
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Deletion of Glut1 in early postnatal cartilage reprograms chondrocytes toward enhanced glutamine oxidation. Bone Res 2021; 9:38. [PMID: 34426569 PMCID: PMC8382841 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is fundamental for the functions of all tissues, including cartilage. Despite the emerging evidence related to glucose metabolism in the regulation of prenatal cartilage development, little is known about the role of glucose metabolism and its biochemical basis in postnatal cartilage growth and homeostasis. We show here that genetic deletion of the glucose transporter Glut1 in postnatal cartilage impairs cell proliferation and matrix production in growth plate (GPs) but paradoxically increases cartilage remnants in the metaphysis, resulting in shortening of long bones. On the other hand, articular cartilage (AC) with Glut1 deficiency presents diminished cellularity and loss of proteoglycans, which ultimately progress to cartilage fibrosis. Moreover, predisposition to Glut1 deficiency severely exacerbates injury-induced osteoarthritis. Regardless of the disparities in glucose metabolism between GP and AC chondrocytes under normal conditions, both types of chondrocytes demonstrate metabolic plasticity to enhance glutamine utilization and oxidation in the absence of glucose availability. However, uncontrolled glutamine flux causes collagen overmodification, thus affecting extracellular matrix remodeling in both cartilage compartments. These results uncover the pivotal and distinct roles of Glut1-mediated glucose metabolism in two of the postnatal cartilage compartments and link some cartilage abnormalities to altered glucose/glutamine metabolism.
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15
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Fu J, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Du J, Xu J, Liu Y. Systemic therapy of MSCs in bone regeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:377. [PMID: 34215342 PMCID: PMC8254211 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Over the past decades, many studies focused on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy for bone regeneration. Due to the efficiency of topical application has been widely dicussed and systemic application was also a feasible way for new bone formation, the aim of this study was to systematically review systemic therapy of MSCs for bone regeneration in pre-clinical studies. Methods The article search was conducted in PubMed and Embase databases. Original research articles that assessed potential effect of systemic application of MSCs for bone regeneration in vivo were selected and evaluated in this review, according to eligibility criteria. The efficacy of MSC systemic treatment was analyzed by random effects meta-analysis, and the outcomes were expressed in standard mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval. Subgroup analyses were conducted on animal species and gender, MSCs types, frequency and time of injection, and bone diseases. Results Twenty-three articles were selected in this review, of which 21 were included in meta-analysis. The results showed that systemic therapy increased bone mineral density (SMD 3.02 [1.84, 4.20]), bone volume to tissue volume ratio (2.10 [1.16, 3.03]), and the percentage of new bone area (7.03 [2.10, 11.96]). Bone loss caused by systemic disease tended to produce a better response to systemic treatment (p=0.05 in BMD, p=0.03 in BV/TV). Conclusion This study concluded that systemic therapy of MSCs promotes bone regeneration in preclinical experiments. These results provided important information for the systemic application of MSCs as a potential application of bone formation in further animal experiments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02456-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Fu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxue Wang
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyang Jiang
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Junji Xu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Galea GL, Zein MR, Allen S, Francis-West P. Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:414-449. [PMID: 33314394 PMCID: PMC7986209 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialized to their various roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing, and vocalization. The precise positioning, size, and shape of skeletal elements is therefore critical for their function. During embryonic development, bone forms by endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can arise from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm or neural crest. This review describes inductive mechanisms to position and pattern bones within the developing embryo, compares and contrasts the intrinsic vs extrinsic mechanisms of endochondral and intramembranous skeletal development, and details known cellular processes that precisely determine skeletal shape and size. Key cellular mechanisms are employed at distinct stages of ossification, many of which occur in response to mechanical cues (eg, joint formation) or preempting future load‐bearing requirements. Rapid shape changes occur during cellular condensation and template establishment. Specialized cellular behaviors, such as chondrocyte hypertrophy in endochondral bone and secondary cartilage on intramembranous bones, also dramatically change template shape. Once ossification is complete, bone shape undergoes functional adaptation through (re)modeling. We also highlight how alterations in these cellular processes contribute to evolutionary change and how differences in the embryonic origin of bones can influence postnatal bone repair. Compares and contrasts Endochondral and intramembranous bone development Reviews embryonic origins of different bones Describes the cellular and molecular mechanisms of positioning skeletal elements. Describes mechanisms of skeletal growth with a focus on the generation of skeletal shape
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Mohamed R Zein
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Allen
- Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Philippa Francis-West
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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17
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Xie M, Gol'din P, Herdina AN, Estefa J, Medvedeva EV, Li L, Newton PT, Kotova S, Shavkuta B, Saxena A, Shumate LT, Metscher BD, Großschmidt K, Nishimori S, Akovantseva A, Usanova AP, Kurenkova AD, Kumar A, Arregui IL, Tafforeau P, Fried K, Carlström M, Simon A, Gasser C, Kronenberg HM, Bastepe M, Cooper KL, Timashev P, Sanchez S, Adameyko I, Eriksson A, Chagin AS. Secondary ossification center induces and protects growth plate structure. eLife 2020; 9:55212. [PMID: 33063669 PMCID: PMC7581430 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth plate and articular cartilage constitute a single anatomical entity early in development but later separate into two distinct structures by the secondary ossification center (SOC). The reason for such separation remains unknown. We found that evolutionarily SOC appears in animals conquering the land - amniotes. Analysis of the ossification pattern in mammals with specialized extremities (whales, bats, jerboa) revealed that SOC development correlates with the extent of mechanical loads. Mathematical modeling revealed that SOC reduces mechanical stress within the growth plate. Functional experiments revealed the high vulnerability of hypertrophic chondrocytes to mechanical stress and showed that SOC protects these cells from apoptosis caused by extensive loading. Atomic force microscopy showed that hypertrophic chondrocytes are the least mechanically stiff cells within the growth plate. Altogether, these findings suggest that SOC has evolved to protect the hypertrophic chondrocytes from the high mechanical stress encountered in the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pavel Gol'din
- Department of Evolutionary Morphology, Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of NAS of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Anna Nele Herdina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Anatomy, MIC, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jordi Estefa
- Science for Life Laboratory and Uppsala University, Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina V Medvedeva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Phillip T Newton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Kotova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Boris Shavkuta
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aditya Saxena
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Lauren T Shumate
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Brian D Metscher
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Großschmidt
- Bone and Biomaterials Research, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shigeki Nishimori
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Anastasia Akovantseva
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research center "Crystallography and Photonics", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna P Usanova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Paul Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - András Simon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Gasser
- Department of Solid Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Murat Bastepe
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Kimberly L Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research center "Crystallography and Photonics", Moscow, Russian Federation.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sophie Sanchez
- Science for Life Laboratory and Uppsala University, Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala, Sweden.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.,Sorbonne Université - CR2P - MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anders Eriksson
- Department of Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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18
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Heubel BP, Bredesen CA, Schilling TF, Le Pabic P. Endochondral growth zone pattern and activity in the zebrafish pharyngeal skeleton. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:74-87. [PMID: 32852849 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endochondral ossification is a major bone forming mechanism in vertebrates, defects in which can result in skeletal dysplasia or craniofacial anomalies in humans. The zebrafish holds great potential to advance our understanding of endochondral growth zone development and genetics, yet several important aspects of its biology remain unexplored. Here we provide a comprehensive description of endochondral growth zones in the pharyngeal skeleton, including their developmental progression, cellular activity, and adult fates. RESULTS Postembryonic growth of the pharyngeal skeleton is supported by endochondral growth zones located either at skeletal epiphyses or synchondroses. Col2a1a and col10a1a in situ hybridization and anti-PCNA immunostaining identify resting-, hypertrophic- and proliferative zones, respectively, in pharyngeal synchondroses. Cellular hypertrophy and matrix deposition contribute little, if at all, to axial growth in most skeletal elements. Zebrafish endochondral growth zones develop during metamorphosis and arrest in adults. CONCLUSIONS Two endochondral growth zone configurations in the zebrafish pharyngeal skeleton produce either unidirectional (epiphyses) or bidirectional (synchondroses) growth. Cell proliferation drives endochondral growth and its modulation, in contrast to mammalian long bones in which bone length depends more on cell enlargement during hypertrophy and intramembranous ossification is the default mechanism of bone growth in zebrafish adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Heubel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Carson A Bredesen
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas F Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pierre Le Pabic
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
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19
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Ma SKY, Chan ASF, Rubab A, Chan WCW, Chan D. Extracellular Matrix and Cellular Plasticity in Musculoskeletal Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:781. [PMID: 32984311 PMCID: PMC7477050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular plasticity refers to the ability of cell fates to be reprogrammed given the proper signals, allowing for dedifferentiation or transdifferentiation into different cell fates. In vitro, this can be induced through direct activation of gene expression, however this process does not naturally occur in vivo. Instead, the microenvironment consisting of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and signaling factors, directs the signals presented to cells. Often the ECM is involved in regulating both biochemical and mechanical signals. In stem cell populations, this niche is necessary for maintenance and proper function of the stem cell pool. However, recent studies have demonstrated that differentiated or lineage restricted cells can exit their current state and transform into another state under different situations during development and regeneration. This may be achieved through (1) cells responding to a changing niche; (2) cells migrating and encountering a new niche; and (3) formation of a transitional niche followed by restoration of the homeostatic niche to sequentially guide cells along the regenerative process. This review focuses on examples in musculoskeletal biology, with the concept of ECM regulating cells and stem cells in development and regeneration, extending beyond the conventional concept of small population of progenitor cells, but under the right circumstances even “lineage-restricted” or differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to enter into a different fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ka Yan Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Aqsa Rubab
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilson Cheuk Wing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Orthopedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
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20
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Oichi T, Otsuru S, Usami Y, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Iwamoto M. Wnt signaling in chondroprogenitors during long bone development and growth. Bone 2020; 137:115368. [PMID: 32380258 PMCID: PMC7354209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling together with other signaling pathways governs cartilage development and the growth plate function during long bone formation and growth. β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling is a specific lineage determinant of skeletal mesenchymal cells toward chondrogenic or osteogenic direction. Once cartilage forms and the growth plate organize, Wnt signaling continues to regulate proliferation and differentiation of the growth plate chondrocytes. Although chondrocytes in the growth plate have a high capacity to proliferate, new cells must be supplied to the growth plate from chondroprogenitor population. Advances in in vivo cell tracking techniques have demonstrated the importance of Wnt signaling in driving tissue renewal. The Wnt-responsive cells, genetically marked by the Wnt-reporter system, are found as stem cells in various tissues. Similarly, Wnt-responsive cells are found in the periphery of the growth plate and expanded to constitute entire column structure, indicating that Wnt signaling participates in the regulation of chondroprogenitors in the growth plate. This review will discuss advancements in research of progenitors in the growth plate, specifically focusing on Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oichi
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone elongation is a complex process driven by multiple intrinsic (hormones, growth factors) and extrinsic (nutrition, environment) variables. Bones grow in length by endochondral ossification in cartilaginous growth plates at ends of developing long bones. This review provides an updated overview of the important factors that influence this process. RECENT FINDINGS Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is the major hormone required for growth and a drug for treating pediatric skeletal disorders. Temperature is an underrecognized environmental variable that also impacts linear growth. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the interaction of IGF-1 and environmental factors on bone elongation. Understanding how internal and external variables regulate bone lengthening is essential for developing and improving treatments for an array of bone elongation disorders. Future studies may benefit from understanding how these unique relationships could offer realistic new approaches for increasing bone length in different growth-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Racine
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, 26074, USA
| | - Maria A Serrat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
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22
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Abstract
X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH) is the most prevalent form of hereditary rickets characterized by an alteration of phosphate metabolism which frequently leads to the appearance of fractures, bone deformities and growth delay. Although the mechanism of growth impairment in patients with XLH still needs to be clarified, it is known that this alteration is not due to genetic or endocrine factors. A potential explanation for the impairment of growth in this disease is the alteration of the growth plate, a structure responsible for longitudinal growth of bones. Some of the findings in the growth plate of patients with XLH include atypical organization of chondrocytes due to low rates of proliferation and apoptosis and disturbance of chondrocyte hypertrophy, overactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway and upregulation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK). Conventional treatment of XLH (consisting of oral phosphate supplements and active vitamin D analogues) is often insufficient for the longitudinal growth of bone, but other strategies based on recombinant growth hormone or therapies targeting fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) or its receptor, such as burosumab, have shown promising results. This article briefly describes the relationship between XLH and growth retardation, and how to address this alteration in patients with XLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Santos Rodríguez
- Unidad de Nefrología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
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23
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Cooper KL. Developmental and Evolutionary Allometry of the Mammalian Limb Skeleton. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:1356-1368. [PMID: 31180500 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The variety of limb skeletal proportions enables a remarkable diversity of behaviors that include powered flight in bats and flipper-propelled swimming in whales using extremes of a range of homologous limb architectures. Even within human limbs, bone lengths span more than an order of magnitude from the short finger and toe bones to the long arm and leg bones. Yet all of this diversity arises from embryonic skeletal elements that are each a very similar size at formation. In this review article, I survey what is and is not yet known of the development and evolution of skeletal proportion at multiple hierarchical levels of biological organization. These include the cellular parameters of skeletal elongation in the cartilage growth plate, genes associated with differential growth, and putative gene regulatory mechanisms that would allow both covariant and independent evolution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs and of individual limb segments. Although the genetic mechanisms that shape skeletal proportion are still largely unknown, and most of what is known is limited to mammals, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the diversity of bone lengths is an emergent property of a complex system that controls elongation of individual skeletal elements using a genetic toolkit shared by all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
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24
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Growth plate alterations in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:367-374. [PMID: 30552565 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-4160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth retardation is a major feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of onset in infants or children and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Several factors have been shown to play a causal role in the growth impairment of CKD. All these factors interfere with growth by disturbing the normal physiology of the growth plate of long bones. To facilitate the understanding of the pathogenesis of growth impairment in CKD, this review discusses cellular and molecular alterations of the growth plate during uremia, including structural and dynamic changes of chondrocytes, alterations in their process of maturation and hypertrophy, and disturbances in the growth hormone signaling pathway.
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25
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Jiang Z, Derrick-Roberts ALK, Reichstein C, Byers S. Cell cycle progression is disrupted in murine MPS VII growth plate leading to reduced chondrocyte proliferation and transition to hypertrophy. Bone 2020; 132:115195. [PMID: 31863960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endochondral bone growth is abnormal in 6 of the 11 types of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) disorders; resulting in short stature, reduced size of the thoracic cavity and compromised manual dexterity. Current therapies for MPS have had a limited effect on bone growth and to improve these therapies or develop adjunct approaches requires an understanding of the underlying basis of abnormal bone growth in MPS. The MPS VII mouse model replicates the reduction in long bone and vertebral length observed in human MPS. Using this model we have shown that the growth plate is elongated but contains fewer chondrocytes in the proliferative and hypertrophic zones. Endochondral bone growth is in part regulated by entry and exit from the cell cycle by growth plate chondrocytes. More MPS VII chondrocytes were positive for Ki67, a marker for active phases of the cell cycle, suggesting that more MPS VII chondrocytes were in the cell cycle. The number of cells positive for phosphorylated histone H3 was significantly reduced in MPS VII chondrocytes, suggesting fewer MPS VII chondrocytes progressed to mitotic division. While MPS VII HZ chondrocytes continued to express cyclin D1 and more cells were positive for E2F1 and phos pRb than normal, fewer MPS VII HZ chondrocytes were positive for p57kip2 a marker of terminal differentiation, suggesting fewer MPS VII chondrocytes were able to exit the cell cycle. In addition, multiple markers typical of PZ to HZ transition were not downregulated in MPS VII, in particular Sox9, Pthrpr and Wnt5a. These findings are consistent with MPS VII growth plates elongating at a slower rate than normal due to a delay in progression through the cell cycle, in particular the transition between G1 and S phases, leading to both reduced cell division and transition to the hypertrophic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Jiang
- School of Bioscience, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Ainslie L K Derrick-Roberts
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Clare Reichstein
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon Byers
- School of Bioscience, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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26
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Rolian C. Endochondral ossification and the evolution of limb proportions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 9:e373. [PMID: 31997553 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have remarkably diverse limb proportions hypothesized to have evolved adaptively in the context of locomotion and other behaviors. Mechanistically, evolutionary diversity in limb proportions is the result of differential limb bone growth. Longitudinal limb bone growth is driven by the process of endochondral ossification, under the control of the growth plates. In growth plates, chondrocytes undergo a tightly orchestrated life cycle of proliferation, matrix production, hypertrophy, and cell death/transdifferentiation. This life cycle is highly conserved, both among the long bones of an individual, and among homologous bones of distantly related taxa, leading to a finite number of complementary cell mechanisms that can generate heritable phenotype variation in limb bone size and shape. The most important of these mechanisms are chondrocyte population size in chondrogenesis and in individual growth plates, proliferation rates, and hypertrophic chondrocyte size. Comparative evidence in mammals and birds suggests the existence of developmental biases that favor evolutionary changes in some of these cellular mechanisms over others in driving limb allometry. Specifically, chondrocyte population size may evolve more readily in response to selection than hypertrophic chondrocyte size, and extreme hypertrophy may be a rarer evolutionary phenomenon associated with highly specialized modes of locomotion in mammals (e.g., powered flight, ricochetal bipedal hopping). Physical and physiological constraints at multiple levels of biological organization may also have influenced the cell developmental mechanisms that have evolved to produce the highly diverse limb proportions in extant mammals. This article is categorized under: Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Comparative Development and Evolution > Regulation of Organ Diversity Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell Rolian
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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27
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Abstract
Doxycycline, a member of the tetracycline family, is a drug used as an antibiotic (dosage of 100 mg/day) and as an anti-inflammatory drug on the dosage of 20 mg twice a day, this use has Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) inhibitor action. Doxycycline is a calcium chelator and therefore interferes in bone remodeling. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the action of the drug doxycycline in the control of osteopenia. Sixty three Wistars rats were divided into 9 groups with n = 7 each, as follow: the control group with doxycycline 10 mg/kg/day (C10), control with doxycycline 30 mg/kg/day (C30) and control (C), ovariectomized group with doxycycline 10 mg/kg/day (OVX10), ovariectomized with doxycycline 30 mg/kg/day (OVX30), and ovariectomized with water (OVX), sedentary group with 10 mg/kg/day (Se10), sedentary with doxycycline 30 mg/kg/day (Se30), and sedentary group with water (Se). Left femoral bone was used for bone densitometry, right femoral bone for histological analysis. The right tibia was intended for chemical quantifications, the total serum was used for cholesterol and calcium quantification. The length of the left femoral bone was measured after the densitometry analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate general linear model (ANOVA two factors with Bonferroni adjustment) and the TRAP analysis was subjected to normality test and then were subjected to nonparametric test, both with p < 0.05 significance. Statistically significant differences were found, with better results for the groups exposed to the medication (10 and 30 mg/kg/day): Se vs. Se10 and Se vs. Se30 for BMC, quantification of magnesium, amount of cancellous bone in the distal portion; OVX vs. OVX10 for BMC, BMD and calcium in serum; OVX vs. OVX10 and OVX30 for quantification in proximal and distal portion of cancellous bone; Se vs. Se30 and OVX vs. OVX30 for immunostaining for TRAP, all results with minimum of p ≤ 0.05. Doxycycline had a deleterious effect on control groups and positive action for bone organization on female rats affected by bilateral ovariectomy-induced osteopenia and sedentary lifestyle.
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28
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Disrupted type II collagenolysis impairs angiogenesis, delays endochondral ossification and initiates aberrant ossification in mouse limbs. Matrix Biol 2019; 83:77-96. [PMID: 31381970 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage remodelling and chondrocyte differentiation are tightly linked to angiogenesis during bone development and endochondral ossification. To investigate whether collagenase-mediated cleavage of the major cartilage collagen (collagen II) plays a role in this process, we generated a knockin mouse in which the mandatory collagenase cleavage site at PQG775↓776LAG, was mutated to PPG775↓776MPG (Col2a1Bailey). This approach blocked collagen II cleavage, and the production of putative collagen II matrikines derived from this site, without modifying matrix metalloproteinase expression or activity. We report here that this mouse (Bailey) is viable. It has a significantly expanded growth plate and exhibits delayed and abnormal angiogenic invasion into the growth plate. Deeper electron microscopy analyses revealed that, at around five weeks of age, a small number of blood vessel(s) penetrate into the growth plate, leading to its abrupt shrinking and the formation of a bony bridge. Our results from in vitro and ex vivo studies suggest that collagen II matrikines stimulate the normal branching of endothelial cells and promote blood vessel invasion at the chondro-osseous junction. The results further suggest that failed collagenolysis in Bailey leads to expansion of the hypertrophic zone and formation of a unique post-hypertrophic zone populated with chondrocytes that re-enter the cell cycle and proliferate. The biological rescue of this in vivo phenotype features the loss of a substantial portion of the growth plate through aberrant ossification, and narrowing of the remaining portion that leads to limb deformation. Together, these data suggest that collagen II matrikines stimulate angiogenesis in skeletal growth and development, revealing novel strategies for stimulating angiogenesis in other contexts such as fracture healing and surgical applications.
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Romeo SG, Alawi KM, Rodrigues J, Singh A, Kusumbe AP, Ramasamy SK. Endothelial proteolytic activity and interaction with non-resorbing osteoclasts mediate bone elongation. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:430-441. [PMID: 30936475 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Growth plate cartilage contributes to the generation of a large variety of shapes and sizes of skeletal elements in the mammalian system. The removal of cartilage and how this process regulates bone shape are not well understood. Here we identify a non-bone-resorbing osteoclast subtype termed vessel-associated osteoclast (VAO). Endothelial cells at the bone/cartilage interface support VAOs through a RANKL-RANK signalling mechanism. In contrast to classical bone-associated osteoclasts, VAOs are dispensable for cartilage resorption and regulate anastomoses of type H vessels. Remarkably, proteinases including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (Mmp9) released from endothelial cells, not osteoclasts, are essential for resorbing cartilage to lead directional bone growth. Importantly, disrupting the orientation of angiogenic blood vessels by misdirecting them results in contorted bone shape. This study identifies proteolytic functions of endothelial cells in cartilage and provides a framework to explore tissue-lytic features of blood vessels in fracture healing, arthritis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Romeo
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Khadija M Alawi
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julia Rodrigues
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amit Singh
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anjali P Kusumbe
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saravana K Ramasamy
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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30
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Pazzaglia UE, Reguzzoni M, Casati L, Minini A, Salvi AG, Sibilia V. Long bone human anlage longitudinal and circumferential growth in the fetal period and comparison with the growth plate cartilage of the postnatal age. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:190-198. [PMID: 30582248 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of longitudinal and peripheral growth were analyzed in human autopod cartilage anlagen (fetal developmental stage 20th-22nd week) through morphometric assessment of chondrocyte parameter size, shape, alignment and orientation between peripheral and central sectors of the anlage transition zone defined by primary ossification center and the epiphyseal basis. The aim was to correlate the chondrocyte dynamics with the longitudinal and peripheral growth. A further comparison was carried out between the corresponding sectors of the postnatal (3-5 months old) growth plate cartilage documenting: (1) the different chondrocyte framework and the new peripheral mechanism; (2) the opposite direction of fetal periosteal ossification versus the Lacroix bone bark. Measurement of multiple parameters (% lac area, % total matrix area, total lac density and mean single lac area), which characterize the cartilage Anlage growth, suggested the following correlations with chondrocyte duplication rate: (a) slow duplication rate ≈ coupled, intralacunar chondrocytes (in central epiphysis); (b) repeated/frequent cell duplications ≈ clusters (in the basal epiphyseal layer); (c) clusters of chondrocytes before becoming hypertrophic were stacked up on the top of each other (both in the Anlage transition zone or in the columns of metaphyseal growth plate); (d) enhanced osteoclastic resorption of the Lacroix bone bark lower end, extended to the more external metaphyseal trabeculae counterbalancing the discrepancy between the epiphyseal and the diaphyseal circumferential growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo E Pazzaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marcella Reguzzoni
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Minini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea G Salvi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valeria Sibilia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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31
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Scheiber AL, Guess AJ, Kaito T, Abzug JM, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Leikin S, Iwamoto M, Otsuru S. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is induced in growth plate hypertrophic chondrocytes in G610C mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 509:235-240. [PMID: 30579604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a hereditary bone disorder most commonly caused by autosomal dominant mutations in genes encoding type I collagen. In addition to bone fragility, patients suffer from impaired longitudinal bone growth. It has been demonstrated that in OI, an accumulation of mutated type I collagen in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces ER stress in osteoblasts, causing osteoblast dysfunction leading to bone fragility. We hypothesize that ER stress is also induced in the growth plate where bone growth is initiated, and examined a mouse model of dominant OI that carries a G610C mutation in the procollagen α2 chain. The results demonstrated that G610C OI mice had significantly shorter long bones with growth plate abnormalities including elongated total height and hypertrophic zone. Moreover, we found that mature hypertrophic chondrocytes expressed type I collagen and ER dilation was more pronounced compared to wild type littermates. The results from in vitro chondrocyte cultures demonstrated that the maturation of G610C OI hypertrophic chondrocytes was significantly suppressed and ER stress related genes were upregulated. Given that the alteration of hypertrophic chondrocyte activity often causes dwarfism, our findings suggest that hypertrophic chondrocyte dysfunction induced by ER stress may be an underlying cause of growth deficiency in G610C OI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Scheiber
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Adam J Guess
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Takashi Kaito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Joshua M Abzug
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sergey Leikin
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
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32
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Fuente R, Gil-Peña H, Claramunt-Taberner D, Hernández-Frías O, Fernández-Iglesias Á, Hermida-Prado F, Anes-González G, Rubio-Aliaga I, Lopez JM, Santos F. Marked alterations in the structure, dynamics and maturation of growth plate likely explain growth retardation and bone deformities of young Hyp mice. Bone 2018; 116:187-195. [PMID: 30096468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying growth impairment and bone deformities in X-linked hypophosphatemia are not fully understood. We here describe marked alterations in the structure, dynamics and maturation of growth plate in growth-retarded young Hyp mice, in comparison with wild type mice. Hyp mice exhibited reduced proliferation and apoptosis rates of chondrocytes as well as severe disturbance in the process of chondrocyte hypertrophy disclosed by abnormal expression of proteins likely involved in cell enlargement, irregular chondro-osseous junction and disordered bone trabecular pattern and vascular invasion in the primary spongiosa. (Hyp mice had elevated circulating FGF23 levels and over activation of ERK in the growth plate.) All these findings provide a basis to explain growth impairment and metaphyseal deformities in XLH. Hyp mice were compared with wild type mice serum parameters, nutritional status and growth impairment by evaluation of growth cartilage and bone structures. Hyp mice presented hyphosphatemia with high FGF23 levels. Weight gain and longitudinal growth resulted reduced in them with numerous skeletal abnormalities at cortical bone. It was also observed aberrant trabecular organization at primary spongiosa and atypical growth plate organization with abnormal proliferation and hypertrophy of chondrocytes and diminished apoptosis and vascular invasion processes. The present results show for the first time the abnormalities present in the growth plate of young Hyp mice and suggest that both cartilage and bone alterations may be involved in the growth impairment and the long bone deformities of XLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Fuente
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Developmental Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helena Gil-Peña
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Débora Claramunt-Taberner
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Olaya Hernández-Frías
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ángela Fernández-Iglesias
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Francisco Hermida-Prado
- Department of Otolaryngologist, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Anes-González
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Isabel Rubio-Aliaga
- University of Zurich, Institute of Physiology, Kidney and Acid-base Physiology Group, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jose Manuel Lopez
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Bylski-Austrow DI, Glos DL, Wall EJ, Crawford AH. Scoliosis vertebral growth plate histomorphometry: Comparisons to controls, growth rates, and compressive stresses. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2450-2459. [PMID: 29573446 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Scoliosis progression in skeletally immature patients depends on remaining growth. Relationships between vertebral growth plate histomorphometry, growth rates, and mechanical stresses have been reported in several animal studies. Hypertrophic zone heights and chondrocyte heights have been used to assess treatments that aim to modulate growth. The purpose of this study was to determine whether human vertebral physeal hypertrophic zone and cell heights differed between two groups: Severe scoliosis and autopsy controls. Severity was defined at time of surgical planning by curve magnitude and curve stiffness. Physeal samples were obtained from the convex side apex, and from the concave side when feasible. Histologic sections were prepared, and digital images were used to measure hypertrophic zone height, cell height, and cell width. Thirteen spinal deformity patients were included, mean curve magnitude 67° (±23). Etiologies were juvenile and adolescent idiopathic, congenital, neurofibromatosis, neuromuscular, and Marfan syndrome. Five age-matched autopsy specimens without scoliosis served as controls. Results were presented by etiology, then all convex scoliosis specimens were combined and compared to controls. Zone heights for scoliosis, convex side, and controls were 152 µm (±34) and 180 µm (±42) (p = 0.21), cell heights 8.5 µm (±1.1) and 12.8 µm (±1.2) (p < 0.0005), and cell widths 14.9 µm (±1.5) and 15.0 µm (±2.5), respectively. Human values were compared to published animal models and to a quantitative theory of a stress ̶ growth curve. This quantification of vertebral physeal structures in scoliosis may be expected to help assess theories of progression and potential treatments using growth modulation. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2450-2459, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donita I Bylski-Austrow
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David L Glos
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Eric J Wall
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alvin H Crawford
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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34
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Marchini M, Rolian C. Artificial selection sheds light on developmental mechanisms of limb elongation. Evolution 2018; 72:825-837. [PMID: 29436719 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Species diversity in limb lengths and proportions is thought to have evolved adaptively in the context of locomotor and habitat specialization, but the heritable cellular processes that drove this evolution within species are poorly understood. In this study, we take a novel "micro-evo-devo" approach, using artificial selection on relative limb length to amplify phenotypic variation in a population of mice, known as Longshanks, to examine the cellular mechanisms of postnatal limb development that contribute to intraspecific limb length variation. Cross-sectional growth data indicate that differences in bone length between Longshanks and random-bred controls are not due to prolonged growth, but to accelerated growth rates. Histomorphometric and cell proliferation assays on proximal tibial growth plates show that Longshanks' increased limb bone length is associated with an increased number of proliferative chondrocytes. In contrast, we find no differences in other growth plate cellular features known to underlie interspecific differences in limb bone size and shape, such as the rates of chondrocyte proliferation or the size and number of hypertrophic cells in the growth plate. These data suggest that small differences among individuals in the number of proliferating chondrocytes are a potentially important determinant of selectable intraspecific variation in individual limb bone lengths, independent of body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marchini
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Campbell Rolian
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada
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35
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Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification are impaired differently between glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3867. [PMID: 29497100 PMCID: PMC5832871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A fracture is the most dangerous complication of osteoporosis in patients because the associated disability and mortality rates are high. Osteoporosis impairs fracture healing and prognosis, but how intramembranous ossification (IO) or endochondral ossification (EO) during fracture healing are affected and whether these two kinds of ossification are different between glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) and estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis (EDOP) are poorly understood. In this study, we established two bone repair models that exhibited repair via IO or EO and compared the pathological progress of each under GIOP and EDOP. In the cortical drill-hole model, which is repaired through IO, osteogenic differentiation was more seriously impaired in EDOP at the early stage than in GIOP. In the periosteum scratch model, in which EO is replicated, chondrocyte hypertrophy progression was delayed in both GIOP and EDOP. The in vitro results were consistent with the in vivo results. Our study is the first to establish bone repair models in which IO and EO occur separately, and the results strongly describe the differences in bone repair between GIOP and EDOP.
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36
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A journey through growth plates: tracking differences in morphology and regulation between the spine and the long bones in a pig model. Spine J 2017. [PMID: 28645676 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT The process of linear growth is driven by axial elongation of both long bones and vertebral bodies and is accomplished by enchondral ossification. Differences in regulation between the two skeletal sites are mirrored clinically by the age course in body proportions. Whereas long bone growth plates (GPs) can easily be discriminated, vertebral GPs are part of the cartilaginous end plate, which typically shows important species differences. PURPOSE The objective of this study was to describe and compare histologic, histomorphometric, and regulatory characteristics in the GPs of the spine and the long bones in a porcine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two- and six-week-old piglet GPs of three vertebral segments (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) and eight long bones (proximal and distal radius, humerus, tibia, and femur) were analyzed morphometrically. Further, estrogen receptors, proliferation markers, and growth factor expressions were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Individual vertebral GPs were smaller in width and contained fewer chondrocytes than long bone GPs, although their proliferation activity was similar. Whereas the expression pattern of growth hormone-associated factors such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) was similar, estrogen receptor (ER)-ß and IGF-2 were distinctly expressed in the vertebral samples. CONCLUSIONS Vertebral GPs display differential growth, with measurements similar to the slowest-growing GPs of long bones. Further investigation is needed to decipher the molecular basis of the differential growth of the spine and the long bones. Knowledge on the distinct mechanism will ultimately improve the assessment of clinically essential characteristics of spinal growth, such as vertebral elongation potential and GP fusion.
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Roselló-Díez A, Stephen D, Joyner AL. Altered paracrine signaling from the injured knee joint impairs postnatal long bone growth. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28741471 PMCID: PMC5526667 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of organ growth is a poorly understood process. In the long bones, the growth plates (GPs) drive elongation by generating a scaffold progressively replaced by bone. Although studies have focused on intrinsic GP regulation, classic and recent experiments suggest that local signals also modulate GP function. We devised a genetic mouse model to study extrinsic long bone growth modulation, in which injury is specifically induced in the left hindlimb, such that the right hindlimb serves as an internal control. Remarkably, when only mesenchyme cells surrounding postnatal GPs were killed, left bone growth was nevertheless reduced. GP signaling was impaired by altered paracrine signals from the knee joint, including activation of the injury response and, in neonates, dampened IGF1 production. Importantly, only the combined prevention of both responses rescued neonatal growth. Thus, we identified signals from the knee joint that modulate bone growth and could underlie establishment of body proportions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27210.001 As bones grow, their size is carefully controlled and coordinated with the growth of the other organs in the body. The mechanisms that control organ size also help the body to recover from injury, and play a key role in controlling body size and proportions. Over the course of evolution, these mechanisms have likely changed to produce the distinct body sizes and proportions seen in humans and other animals. Despite their importance, it is not well understood how signals from both inside and outside an organ work together to regulate its size. In growth disorders this signaling goes wrong, which can lead to a person having unusual proportions such as a very short stature or having one leg shorter than the other. Currently, most growth disorders that affect leg proportions are treated with painful surgical procedures. Researchers would like to know how bone growth is affected by signals from the surrounding tissues because this could help them to develop new non-invasive treatments for these conditions. Long bones, for example those in the leg, grow from structures near their ends called growth plates. Roselló-Díez et al. have now engineered mice in which an injury shortly after birth caused cells in the knee in the rear left leg to die off. At the same time, the rear right leg of the mice developed as normal, allowing the growth of the two legs to be compared. Roselló-Díez et al. found that the left leg of these mice grew more slowly than the right leg, even though none of the cells in the growth plate of the left leg bone had been damaged. Further investigation revealed that this was because the injury caused an imbalance between the growth-promoting and growth-restricting signals that are produced by the fat pad and articular cartilage in the knee joint. Restoring the lost balance allowed the left leg bone to grow to a more normal length. In the future, boosting bone growth signals might provide a way to treat conditions like dwarfism or leg-length discrepancies. Understanding how different tissues influence body proportions could also help researchers to investigate how different animals evolved different body proportions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27210.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roselló-Díez
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Daniel Stephen
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States.,Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate Schoolof Medical Sciences, New York, United States
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Killion CH, Mitchell EH, Duke CG, Serra R. Mechanical loading regulates organization of the actin cytoskeleton and column formation in postnatal growth plate. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1862-1870. [PMID: 28539407 PMCID: PMC5541837 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-02-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal growth of bones occurs at the growth plates where chondrocytes align into columns that allow directional growth. Little is known about the mechanisms controlling the ability of chondrocytes to form columns. We hypothesize that mechanical load and the resulting force on chondrocytes are necessary during active growth for proper growth plate development and limb length. To test this hypothesis, we created a mouse model in which a portion of the sciatic nerve from one hind limb was transected at postnatal day 8 to cause paralysis to that limb. At 6 and 12 wk postsurgery, the hind limb had significantly less bone mineral density than contralateral controls, confirming reduced load. At 8 and 14 wk postsurgery, tibiae were significantly shorter than controls. The paralyzed growth plate showed disruptions to column organization, with fewer and shorter columns. Polarized light microscopy indicated alterations in collagen fiber organization in the growth plate. Furthermore, organization of the actin cytoskeleton in growth plate chondrocytes was disrupted. We conclude that mechanical load and force on chondrocytes within the growth plate regulate postnatal development of the long bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy H Killion
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Elizabeth H Mitchell
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Corey G Duke
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Rosa Serra
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Astragalus Extract Mixture HT042 Improves Bone Growth, Mass, and Microarchitecture in Prepubertal Female Rats: A Microcomputed Tomographic Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:5219418. [PMID: 28572830 PMCID: PMC5442337 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5219418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Astragalus extract mixture HT042 is a standardized multiherbal mixture comprising Astragalus membranaceus, Eleutherococcus senticosus, and Phlomis umbrosa, which has proven to promote children's height growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HT042 on longitudinal bone growth, bone mass, and bone microstructure in growing rats using a high-resolution microcomputed tomography system. Four-week-old female rats were fed an HT042-containing diet for 2 weeks. Tibial length was measured at baseline and weekly in vivo. At the end of the study, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and microarchitectural parameters were estimated in the trabecular and cortical bone of the tibia. Tibial length gain was significantly increased by HT042 compared to that reported with the control diet. In the proximal tibial metaphysis, HT042-treated rats had significantly higher trabecular vBMD, bone volume fraction, and trabecular number and lower trabecular separation, trabecular pattern factor, and structure model index values than control rats did. Total cross-sectional area and bone area of the cortical bone in the tibial diaphysis also increased. These findings suggest that HT042 increases longitudinal bone growth rate, improves trabecular bone mass, and enhances the microarchitecture of trabecular and cortical bone during growth.
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Pazzaglia UE, Congiu T, Sibilia V, Casati L, Minini A, Benetti A. Growth and shaping of metacarpal and carpal cartilage anlagen: application of morphometry to the development of short and long bone. A study of human hand anlagen in the fetal period. J Morphol 2017; 278:884-895. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo E. Pazzaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties; Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia; Italy
| | - Terenzio Congiu
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences; University of Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Valeria Sibilia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Italy
| | - Andrea Minini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties; Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia; Italy
| | - Anna Benetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences; University of Brescia; Italy
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41
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Zimmermann EA, Bouguerra S, Londoño I, Moldovan F, Aubin CÉ, Villemure I. In situ deformation of growth plate chondrocytes in stress-controlled static vs dynamic compression. J Biomech 2017; 56:76-82. [PMID: 28365062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal bone growth in children/adolescents occurs through endochondral ossification at growth plates and is influenced by mechanical loading, where increased compression decreases growth (i.e., Hueter-Volkmann Law). Past in vivo studies on static vs dynamic compression of growth plates indicate that factors modulating growth rate might lie at the cellular level. Here, in situ viscoelastic deformation of hypertrophic chondrocytes in growth plate explants undergoing stress-controlled static vs dynamic loading conditions was investigated. Growth plate explants from the proximal tibia of pre-pubertal rats were subjected to static vs dynamic stress-controlled mechanical tests. Stained hypertrophic chondrocytes were tracked before and after mechanical testing with a confocal microscope to derive volumetric, axial and lateral cellular strains. Axial strain in hypertrophic chondrocytes was similar for all groups, supporting the mean applied compressive stress's correlation with bone growth rate and hypertrophic chondrocyte height in past studies. However, static conditions resulted in significantly higher lateral (p<0.001) and volumetric cellular strains (p≤0.015) than dynamic conditions, presumably due to the growth plate's viscoelastic nature. Sustained compression in stress-controlled static loading results in continued time-dependent cellular deformation; conversely, dynamic groups have less volumetric strain because the cyclically varying stress limits time-dependent deformation. Furthermore, high frequency dynamic tests showed significantly lower volumetric strain (p=0.002) than low frequency conditions. Mechanical loading protocols could be translated into treatments to correct or halt progression of bone deformities in children/adolescents. Mimicking physiological stress-controlled dynamic conditions may have beneficial effects at the cellular level as dynamic tests are associated with limited lateral and volumetric cellular deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Zimmermann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Research Center at Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Canada
| | - Séréna Bouguerra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Irene Londoño
- Research Center at Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Canada
| | - Florina Moldovan
- Research Center at Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Canada; Department of Dental Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Carl-Éric Aubin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Research Center at Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Canada
| | - Isabelle Villemure
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Research Center at Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Canada.
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Ornitz DM, Legeai-Mallet L. Achondroplasia: Development, pathogenesis, and therapy. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:291-309. [PMID: 27987249 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) cause achondroplasia (Ach), the most common form of dwarfism in humans, and related chondrodysplasia syndromes that include hypochondroplasia (Hch), severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans (SADDAN), and thanatophoric dysplasia (TD). FGFR3 is expressed in chondrocytes and mature osteoblasts where it functions to regulate bone growth. Analysis of the mutations in FGFR3 revealed increased signaling through a combination of mechanisms that include stabilization of the receptor, enhanced dimerization, and enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. Paradoxically, increased FGFR3 signaling profoundly suppresses proliferation and maturation of growth plate chondrocytes resulting in decreased growth plate size, reduced trabecular bone volume, and resulting decreased bone elongation. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate growth plate chondrocytes, the pathogenesis of Ach, and therapeutic approaches that are being evaluated to improve endochondral bone growth in people with Ach and related conditions. Developmental Dynamics 246:291-309, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Imagine Institute, Inserm U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
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43
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Lampl M, Schoen M. How long bones grow children: Mechanistic paths to variation in human height growth. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lampl
- Center for the Study of Human Health; Emory University; Atlanta Georgia 30324
- Department of Anthropology; Emory University; Atlanta Georgia 30324
| | - Meriah Schoen
- Center for the Study of Human Health; Emory University; Atlanta Georgia 30324
- Department of Nutrition; Georgia State University; Atlanta Georgia 30302
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Young JJ, Tabin CJ. Saunders's framework for understanding limb development as a platform for investigating limb evolution. Dev Biol 2016; 429:401-408. [PMID: 27840200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
John W. Saunders, Jr. made seminal discoveries unveiling how chick embryos develop their limbs. He discovered the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA), and the domains of interdigital cell death within the developing limb and determined their function through experimental analysis. These discoveries provided the basis for subsequent molecular understanding of how vertebrate limbs are induced, patterned, and differentiated. These mechanisms are strongly conserved among the vast diversity of tetrapod limbs suggesting that relatively minor changes and tweaks to the molecular cascades are responsible for the diversity observed in nature. Analysis of the pathway systems first identified by Saunders in the context of animals displaying limb reduction show how alterations in these pathways have resulted in multiple mechanisms of limb and digit loss. Other classes of modification to these same patterning systems are seen at the root of other, novel limb morphological alterations and elaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Young
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Chaudhary R, Lee MS, Mubyana K, Duenwald-Kuehl S, Johnson L, Kaiser J, Vanderby R, Eliceiri KW, Corr DT, Chin MS, Li WJ, Campagnola PJ, Halanski MA. Advanced quantitative imaging and biomechanical analyses of periosteal fibers in accelerated bone growth. Bone 2016; 92:201-213. [PMID: 27612440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The accepted mechanism explaining the accelerated growth following periosteal resection is that the periosteum serves as a mechanical restraint to restrict physeal growth. To test the veracity of this mechanism we first utilized Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) imaging to measure differences of periosteal fiber alignment at various strains. Additionally, we measured changes in periosteal growth factor transcription. Next we utilized SHG imaging to assess the alignment of the periosteal fibers on the bone both before and after periosteal resection. Based on the currently accepted mechanism, we hypothesized that the periosteal fibers adjacent to the physis should be more aligned (under tension) during growth and become less aligned (more relaxed) following metaphyseal periosteal resection. In addition, we measured the changes in periosteal micro- and macro-scale mechanics. METHODS 30 seven-week old New Zealand White rabbits were sacrificed. The periosteum was imaged on the bone at five regions using SHG imaging. One centimeter periosteal resections were then performed at the proximal tibial metaphyses. The resected periosteal strips were stretched to different strains in a materials testing system (MTS), fixed, and imaged using SHG microscopy. Collagen fiber alignment at each strain was then determined computationally using CurveAlign. In addition, periosteal strips underwent biomechanical testing in both circumferential and axial directions to determine modulus, failure stress, and failure strain. Relative mRNA expression of growth factors: TGFβ-1, -2, -3, Ihh, PTHrP, Gli, and Patched were measured following loading of the periosteal strips at physiological strains in a bioreactor. The periosteum adjacent to the physis of six tibiae was imaged on the bone, before and after, metaphyseal periosteal resection, and fiber alignment was computed. One-way ANOVA statistics were performed on all data. RESULTS Imaging of the periosteum at different regions of the bone demonstrated complex regional differences in fiber orientation. Increasing periosteal strain on the resected strips increased periosteal fiber alignment (p<0.0001). The only exception to this pattern was the 10% strain on the tibial periosteum, which may indicate fiber rupture at this non-physiologic strain. Periosteal fiber alignment adjacent to the resection became less aligned while those adjacent to the physes remained relatively unchanged before and after periosteal resection. Increasing periosteal strain on the resected strips increased periosteal fiber alignment (p<0.0001). The only exception to this pattern was the 10% strain on the tibial periosteum, which may indicate fiber rupture (and consequent retraction) at this non-physiologic strain. Increasing periosteal strain revealed a significant increase in relative mRNA expression for Ihh, PTHrP, Gli, and Patched, respectively. CONCLUSION Periosteal fibers adjacent to the growth plate do not appear under tension in the growing limb, and the alignments of these fibers remain unchanged following periosteal resection. SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study call into question the long-accepted role of the periosteum acting as a simple mechanical tether restricting growth at the physis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Chaudhary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ming-Song Lee
- Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kuwabo Mubyana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Sarah Duenwald-Kuehl
- Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lyndsey Johnson
- Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jarred Kaiser
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ray Vanderby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David T Corr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Matthew S Chin
- Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wan-Ju Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paul J Campagnola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matthew A Halanski
- Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; American Family Children's Hospital, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Articular cartilage and joint development from embryogenesis to adulthood. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:50-56. [PMID: 27771363 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Within each synovial joint, the articular cartilage is uniquely adapted to bear dynamic compressive loads and shear forces throughout the joint's range of motion. Injury and age-related degeneration of the articular cartilage often lead to significant pain and disability, as the intrinsic repair capability of the tissue is extremely limited. Current surgical and biological treatment options have been unable to restore cartilage de novo. Before successful clinical cartilage restoration strategies can be developed, a better understanding of how the cartilage forms during normal development is essential. This review focuses on recent progress made towards addressing key questions about articular cartilage morphogenesis, including the origin of synovial joint progenitor cells, postnatal development and growth of the tissue. These advances have provided novel insight into fundamental questions about the developmental biology of articular cartilage, as well as potential cell sources that may participate in joint response to injury.
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Botelho JF, Smith-Paredes D, Soto-Acuña S, Núñez-León D, Palma V, Vargas AO. Greater Growth of Proximal Metatarsals in Bird Embryos and the Evolution of Hallux Position in the Grasping Foot. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 328:106-118. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- João Francisco Botelho
- Departamento de Biología; Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Estudos Interdisciplinares e Transdisciplinares em Ecologia e Evolução (IN-TREE); Salvador BA Brazil
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Células Troncales y Biología del Desarrollo; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
| | - Daniel Smith-Paredes
- Departamento de Biología; Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
| | - Sergio Soto-Acuña
- Departamento de Biología; Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
- Área de Paleontología; Museo Nacional de Historia Natural; Santiago RM Chile
| | - Daniel Núñez-León
- Departamento de Biología; Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
| | - Verónica Palma
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Células Troncales y Biología del Desarrollo; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
| | - Alexander O. Vargas
- Departamento de Biología; Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile; Santiago RM Chile
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Houben A, Kostanova-Poliakova D, Weissenböck M, Graf J, Teufel S, von der Mark K, Hartmann C. β-catenin activity in late hypertrophic chondrocytes locally orchestrates osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Development 2016; 143:3826-3838. [PMID: 27621061 PMCID: PMC5087647 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trabecular bone formation is the last step in endochondral ossification. This remodeling process of cartilage into bone involves blood vessel invasion and removal of hypertrophic chondrocytes (HTCs) by chondroclasts and osteoclasts. Periosteal- and chondrocyte-derived osteoprogenitors utilize the leftover mineralized HTC matrix as a scaffold for primary spongiosa formation. Here, we show genetically that β-catenin (encoded by Ctnnb1), a key component of the canonical Wnt pathway, orchestrates this remodeling process at multiple levels. Conditional inactivation or stabilization of β-catenin in HTCs by a Col10a1-Cre line locally modulated osteoclastogenesis by altering the Rankl:Opg ratio in HTCs. Lack of β-catenin resulted in a severe decrease of trabecular bone in the embryonic long bones. Gain of β-catenin activity interfered with removal of late HTCs and bone marrow formation, leading to a continuous mineralized hypertrophic core in the embryo and resulting in an osteopetrotic-like phenotype in adult mice. Furthermore, β-catenin activity in late HTCs is required for chondrocyte-derived osteoblastogenesis at the chondro-osseous junction. The latter contributes to the severe trabecular bone phenotype in mutants lacking β-catenin activity in HTCs. Summary: The conditional modulation of β-catenin activity in late hypertrophic chondrocytes locally regulates osteoclast differentiation and the transdifferentiation of chondrocytes into osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Houben
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Martina Weissenböck
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Graf
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Teufel
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus von der Mark
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Hartmann
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Pazzaglia UE, Congiu T, Sibilia V, Pagani F, Benetti A, Zarattini G. Relationship between the chondrocyte maturation cycle and the endochondral ossification in the diaphyseal and epiphyseal ossification centers. J Morphol 2016; 277:1187-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo E. Pazzaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health; University of Brescia; Brescia Italy
| | - Terenzio Congiu
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences; University of Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Valeria Sibilia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Francesca Pagani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Anna Benetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences; University of Brescia; Brescia Italy
| | - Guido Zarattini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health; University of Brescia; Brescia Italy
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50
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Lee D, Kim YS, Song J, Kim HS, Lee HJ, Guo H, Kim H. Effects of Phlomis umbrosa Root on Longitudinal Bone Growth Rate in Adolescent Female Rats. Molecules 2016; 21:461. [PMID: 27070559 PMCID: PMC6273700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of Phlomis umbrosa root on bone growth and growth mediators in rats. Female adolescent rats were administered P. umbrosa extract, recombinant human growth hormone or vehicle for 10 days. Tetracycline was injected intraperitoneally to produce a glowing fluorescence band on the newly formed bone on day 8, and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine was injected to label proliferating chondrocytes on days 8-10. To assess possible endocrine or autocrine/paracrine mechanisms, we evaluated insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) or bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in response to P. umbrosa administration in either growth plate or serum. Oral administration of P. umbrosa significantly increased longitudinal bone growth rate, height of hypertrophic zone and chondrocyte proliferation of the proximal tibial growth plate. P. umbrosa also increased serum IGFBP-3 levels and upregulated the expressions of IGF-1 and BMP-2 in growth plate. In conclusion, P. umbrosa increases longitudinal bone growth rate by stimulating proliferation and hypertrophy of chondrocyte with the increment of circulating IGFBP-3. Regarding the immunohistochemical study, the effect of P. umbrosa may also be attributable to upregulation of local IGF-1 and BMP-2 expressions in the growth plate, which can be considered as a GH dependent autocrine/paracrine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghun Lee
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Young-Sik Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Jungbin Song
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hailing Guo
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hocheol Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
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