1
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Gill HK, Yin S, Lawlor JC, Huycke TR, Nerurkar NL, Tabin CJ, Mahadevan L. The developmental mechanics of divergent buckling patterns in the chick gut. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310992121. [PMID: 38968105 PMCID: PMC11252809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310992121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue buckling is an increasingly appreciated mode of morphogenesis in the embryo, but it is often unclear how geometric and material parameters are molecularly determined in native developmental contexts to generate diverse functional patterns. Here, we study the link between differential mechanical properties and the morphogenesis of distinct anteroposterior compartments in the intestinal tract-the esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine. These regions originate from a simple, common tube but adopt unique forms. Using measured data from the developing chick gut coupled with a minimal theory and simulations of differential growth, we investigate divergent lumen morphologies along the entire early gut and demonstrate that spatiotemporal geometries, moduli, and growth rates control the segment-specific patterns of mucosal buckling. Primary buckling into wrinkles, folds, and creases along the gut, as well as secondary buckling phenomena, including period-doubling in the foregut and multiscale creasing-wrinkling in the hindgut, are captured and well explained by mechanical models. This study advances our existing knowledge of how identity leads to form in these regions, laying the foundation for future work uncovering the relationship between molecules and mechanics in gut morphological regionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasreet K. Gill
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Sifan Yin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - John C. Lawlor
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Tyler R. Huycke
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Nandan L. Nerurkar
- The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Clifford J. Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - L. Mahadevan
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
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2
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Loffet EA, Durel JF, Gao J, Kam R, Lim H, Nerurkar NL. Elastic fibers define embryonic tissue stiffness to enable buckling morphogenesis of the small intestine. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122405. [PMID: 38000151 PMCID: PMC10842730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, tissues must possess precise material properties to ensure that cell-generated forces give rise to the stereotyped morphologies of developing organs. However, the question of how material properties are established and regulated during development remains understudied. Here, we aim to address these broader questions through the study of intestinal looping, a process by which the initially straight intestinal tube buckles into loops, permitting ordered packing within the body cavity. Looping results from elongation of the tube against the constraint of an attached tissue, the dorsal mesentery, which is elastically stretched by the elongating tube to nearly triple its length. This elastic energy storage allows the mesentery to provide stable compressive forces that ultimately buckle the tube into loops. Beginning with a transcriptomic analysis of the mesentery, we identified widespread upregulation of extracellular matrix related genes during looping, including genes related to elastic fiber deposition. Combining molecular and mechanical analyses, we conclude that elastin confers tensile stiffness to the mesentery, enabling its mechanical role in organizing the developing small intestine. These results shed light on the role of elastin as a driver of morphogenesis that extends beyond its more established role in resisting cyclic deformation in adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Loffet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - John F Durel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jenny Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Richard Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Hyunjee Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nandan L Nerurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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3
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Callegari S, Mirzaei F, Agbaria L, Shariff S, Kantawala B, Moronge D, Ogendi BMO. Zebrafish as an Emerging Model for Sarcopenia: Considerations, Current Insights, and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17018. [PMID: 38069340 PMCID: PMC10707505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia poses a significant challenge to public health and can severely impact the quality of life of aging populations. Despite extensive efforts to study muscle degeneration using traditional animal models, there is still a lack of effective diagnostic tools, precise biomarkers, and treatments for sarcopenia. Zebrafish models have emerged as powerful tools in biomedical research, providing unique insights into age-related muscle disorders like sarcopenia. The advantages of using zebrafish models include their rapid growth outside of the embryo, optical transparency during early developmental stages, high reproductive potential, ease of husbandry, compact size, and genetic tractability. By deepening our understanding of the molecular processes underlying sarcopenia, we may develop novel diagnostic tools and effective treatments that can improve the lives of aging individuals affected by this condition. This review aims to explore the unique advantages of zebrafish as a model for sarcopenia research, highlight recent breakthroughs, outline potential avenues for future investigations, and emphasize the distinctive contributions that zebrafish models offer. Our research endeavors to contribute significantly to address the urgent need for practical solutions to reduce the impact of sarcopenia on aging populations, ultimately striving to enhance the quality of life for individuals affected by this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Callegari
- Vascular Medicine Outcomes Laboratory, Cardiology Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Foad Mirzaei
- Faculty of General Medicine, Yerevan State Medical University after Mikhtar Heratsi, 2 Koryun, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (F.M.); (L.A.); (B.K.)
| | - Lila Agbaria
- Faculty of General Medicine, Yerevan State Medical University after Mikhtar Heratsi, 2 Koryun, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (F.M.); (L.A.); (B.K.)
| | - Sanobar Shariff
- Faculty of General Medicine, Yerevan State Medical University after Mikhtar Heratsi, 2 Koryun, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (F.M.); (L.A.); (B.K.)
| | - Burhan Kantawala
- Faculty of General Medicine, Yerevan State Medical University after Mikhtar Heratsi, 2 Koryun, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (F.M.); (L.A.); (B.K.)
| | - Desmond Moronge
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Brian M. O. Ogendi
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
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4
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Tsai SL, Villaseñor S, Shah RR, Galloway JL. Endogenous tenocyte activation underlies the regenerative capacity of the adult zebrafish tendon. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:52. [PMID: 37726307 PMCID: PMC10509205 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00328-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons are essential, frequently injured connective tissues that transmit forces from muscle to bone. Their unique highly ordered, matrix-rich structure is critical for proper function. While adult mammalian tendons heal after acute injuries, endogenous tendon cells, or tenocytes, fail to respond appropriately, resulting in the formation of disorganized fibrovascular scar tissue with impaired function and increased propensity for re-injury. Here, we show that, unlike mammals, adult zebrafish tenocytes activate upon injury and fully regenerate the tendon. Using a full tear injury model in the adult zebrafish craniofacial tendon, we defined the hallmark stages and cellular basis of tendon regeneration through multiphoton imaging, lineage tracing, and transmission electron microscopy approaches. Remarkably, we observe that zebrafish tendons regenerate and restore normal collagen matrix ultrastructure by 6 months post-injury (mpi). Tendon regeneration progresses in three main phases: inflammation within 24 h post-injury (hpi), cellular proliferation and formation of a cellular bridge between the severed tendon ends at 3-5 days post-injury (dpi), and re-differentiation and matrix remodeling beginning from 5 dpi to 6 mpi. Importantly, we demonstrate that pre-existing tenocytes are the main cellular source of regeneration, proliferating and migrating upon injury to ultimately bridge the tendon ends. Finally, we show that TGF-β signaling is required for tenocyte recruitment and bridge formation. Collectively, our work debuts and aptly positions the adult zebrafish tendon as an invaluable comparative system to elucidate regenerative mechanisms that may inspire new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Tsai
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steffany Villaseñor
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rishita R Shah
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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5
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Loffet EA, Durel JF, Kam R, Lim H, Nerurkar NL. ELASTIC FIBERS DEFINE EMBRYONIC TISSUE STIFFNESS TO ENABLE BUCKLING MORPHOGENESIS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.18.549562. [PMID: 37502968 PMCID: PMC10370103 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.18.549562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, tissues must possess precise material properties to ensure that cell-generated forces give rise to the stereotyped morphologies of developing organs. However, the question of how material properties are established and regulated during development remains understudied. Here, we aim to address these broader questions through the study of intestinal looping, a process by which the initially straight intestinal tube buckles into loops, permitting ordered packing within the body cavity. Looping results from elongation of the tube against the constraint of an attached tissue, the dorsal mesentery, which is elastically stretched by the elongating tube to nearly triple its length. This elastic energy storage allows the mesentery to provide stable compressive forces that ultimately buckle the tube into loops. Beginning with a transcriptomic analysis of the mesentery, we identified widespread upregulation of extracellular matrix related genes during looping, including genes related to elastic fiber deposition. Combining molecular and mechanical analyses, we conclude that elastin confers tensile stiffness to the mesentery, enabling its mechanical role in organizing the developing small intestine. These results shed light on the role of elastin as a driver of morphogenesis that extends beyond its more established role in resisting cyclic deformation in adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A. Loffet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York NY 10027
| | - John F. Durel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York NY 10027
| | - Richard Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York NY 10027
| | - Hyunjee Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York NY 10027
| | - Nandan L. Nerurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York NY 10027
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6
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Sun CC, Yang D, Chen ZL, Xiao JL, Xiao Q, Li CL, Zhou ZQ, Peng XY, Tang CF, Zheng L. Exercise intervention mitigates zebrafish age-related sarcopenia via alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction. FEBS J 2023; 290:1519-1530. [PMID: 36164851 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a common disorder that leads to a progressive decrease in skeletal muscle function in elderly people. Exercise effectively prevents or delays the onset and progression of sarcopenia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying how exercise intervention improves skeletal muscle atrophy remain unclear. In this study, we found that 21-month-old zebrafish had a decreased swimming ability, reduced muscle fibre cross-sectional area, unbalanced protein synthesis, and degradation, increased oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which suggests zebrafish are a valuable model for sarcopenia. Eight weeks of exercise intervention attenuated these pathological changes in sarcopenia zebrafish. Moreover, the effects of exercise on mitochondrial dysfunction were associated with the activation of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α axis and 15-PGDH downregulation. Our results reveal potential therapeutic targets and indicators to treat age-related sarcopenia using exercise intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhang-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiang-Ling Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Physical Education, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zuo-Qiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi-Yang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Fa Tang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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7
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Tsai SL, Villasenor S, Shah R, Galloway JL. Endogenous Tenocyte Activation Underlies the Regenerative Capacity of Adult Zebrafish Tendon. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.04.527141. [PMID: 36778338 PMCID: PMC9915736 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.04.527141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are essential, frequently injured connective tissues that transmit forces from muscle to bone. Their unique highly ordered, matrix-rich structure is critical for proper function. While adult mammalian tendons heal after acute injuries, endogenous tendon cells, or tenocytes, fail to respond appropriately, resulting in the formation of disorganized fibrovascular scar tissue with impaired function and increased propensity for re-injury. Here, we show that unlike mammals, adult zebrafish tenocytes activate upon injury and fully regenerate the tendon. Using a full tear injury model in the adult zebrafish craniofacial tendon, we defined the hallmark stages and cellular basis of tendon regeneration through multiphoton imaging, lineage tracing, and transmission electron microscopy approaches. Remarkably, we observe that the zebrafish tendon can regenerate and restore normal collagen matrix ultrastructure by 6 months post-injury (mpi). We show that tendon regeneration progresses in three main phases: inflammation within 24 hours post-injury (hpi), cellular proliferation and formation of a cellular bridge between the severed tendon ends at 3-5 days post-injury (dpi), and re-differentiation and matrix remodeling beginning from 5 dpi to 6 mpi. Importantly, we demonstrate that pre-existing tenocytes are the main cellular source of regeneration. Collectively, our work debuts the zebrafish tendon as one of the only reported adult tendon regenerative models and positions it as an invaluable comparative system to identify regenerative mechanisms that may inspire new tendon injury treatments in the clinic.
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8
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Heo SJ, Thakur S, Chen X, Loebel C, Xia B, McBeath R, Burdick JA, Shenoy VB, Mauck RL, Lakadamyali M. Aberrant chromatin reorganization in cells from diseased fibrous connective tissue in response to altered chemomechanical cues. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:177-191. [PMID: 35996026 PMCID: PMC10053755 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the micro-environment of fibrous connective tissue can lead to alterations in the phenotypes of tissue-resident cells, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, by visualizing the dynamics of histone spatial reorganization in tenocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells from fibrous tissue of human donors via super-resolution microscopy, we show that physiological and pathological chemomechanical cues can directly regulate the spatial nanoscale organization and density of chromatin in these tissue-resident cell populations. Specifically, changes in substrate stiffness, altered oxygen tension and the presence of inflammatory signals drive chromatin relocalization and compaction into the nuclear boundary, mediated by the activity of the histone methyltransferase EZH2 and an intact cytoskeleton. In healthy cells, chemomechanically triggered changes in the spatial organization and density of chromatin are reversible and can be attenuated by dynamically stiffening the substrate. In diseased human cells, however, the link between mechanical or chemical inputs and chromatin remodelling is abrogated. Our findings suggest that aberrant chromatin organization in fibrous connective tissue may be a hallmark of disease progression that could be leveraged for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Heo
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shreyasi Thakur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudia Loebel
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Boao Xia
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rowena McBeath
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Melike Lakadamyali
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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9
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Korcari A, Przybelski SJ, Gingery A, Loiselle AE. Impact of aging on tendon homeostasis, tendinopathy development, and impaired healing. Connect Tissue Res 2023; 64:1-13. [PMID: 35903886 PMCID: PMC9851966 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex and progressive process where the tissues of the body demonstrate a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis. During aging, there are substantial cellular and molecular changes, with a subsequent increase in susceptibility to pathological degeneration of normal tissue function. In tendon, aging results in well characterized alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and composition. In addition, the cellular environment of aged tendons is altered, including a marked decrease in cell density and metabolic activity, as well as an increase in cellular senescence. Collectively, these degenerative changes make aging a key risk factor for the development of tendinopathies and can increase the frequency of tendon injuries. However, inconsistencies in the extent of age-related degenerative impairments in tendons have been reported, likely due to differences in how "old" and "young" age-groups have been defined, differences between anatomically distinct tendons, and differences between animal models that have been utilized to study the impact of aging on tendon homeostasis. In this review, we address these issues by summarizing data by well-defined age categories (young adults, middle-aged, and aged) and from anatomically distinct tendon types. We then summarize in detail how aging affects tendon mechanics, structure, composition, and the cellular environment based on current data and underscore what is currently not known. Finally, we discuss gaps in the current understanding of tendon aging and propose key avenues for future research that can shed light on the specific mechanisms of tendon pathogenesis due to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonion Korcari
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Anne Gingery
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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10
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Nödl MT, Tsai SL, Galloway JL. The impact of Drew Noden's work on our understanding of craniofacial musculoskeletal integration. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1250-1266. [PMID: 35338756 PMCID: PMC9357029 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical anatomist Drew Noden spearheaded craniofacial research, laying the foundation for our modern molecular understanding of development, evolution and disorders of the craniofacial skeleton. His work revealed the origin of cephalic musculature and the role of cranial neural crest in early formation and patterning of the head musculoskeletal structures. Much of modern cranial tendon research advances a foundation of knowledge that Noden built using classical quail-chick transplantation experiments. This elegant avian chimeric system involves grafting of donor quail cells into host chick embryos to identify the cell types they can form and their interactions with the surrounding tissues. In this review, we will give a brief background of vertebrate head formation and the impact of cranial neural crest on the patterning, development and evolution of the head musculoskeletal attachments. Using the zebrafish as a model system, we will discuss examples of modifications of craniofacial structures in evolution with a special focus on the role of tendon and ligaments. Lastly, we will discuss pathologies in craniofacial tendons and the importance of understanding the molecular and cellular dynamics during craniofacial tendon development in human disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Therese Nödl
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stephanie L Tsai
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
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11
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Niu X, Subramanian A, Hwang TH, Schilling TF, Galloway JL. Tendon Cell Regeneration Is Mediated by Attachment Site-Resident Progenitors and BMP Signaling. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3277-3292.e5. [PMID: 32649909 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is a striking example of how cell identity and position is coordinated across multiple tissues to ensure function. However, it is unclear upon tissue loss, such as complete loss of cells of a central musculoskeletal connecting tendon, whether neighboring tissues harbor progenitors capable of mediating regeneration. Here, using a zebrafish model, we genetically ablate all embryonic tendon cells and find complete regeneration of tendon structure and pattern. We identify two regenerative progenitor populations, sox10+ perichondrial cells surrounding cartilage and nkx2.5+ cells surrounding muscle. Surprisingly, laser ablation of sox10+ cells, but not nkx2.5+ cells, increases tendon progenitor number in the perichondrium, suggesting a mechanism to regulate attachment location. We find BMP signaling is active in regenerating progenitor cells and is necessary and sufficient for generating new scxa+ cells. Our work shows that muscle and cartilage connective tissues harbor progenitor cells capable of fully regenerating tendons, and this process is regulated by BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubo Niu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Arul Subramanian
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tyler H Hwang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas F Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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12
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Busse B, Galloway JL, Gray RS, Harris MP, Kwon RY. Zebrafish: An Emerging Model for Orthopedic Research. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:925-936. [PMID: 31773769 PMCID: PMC7162720 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing have transformed our ability to identify genetic variants associated with clinical disorders of the musculoskeletal system. However, the means to functionally validate and analyze the physiological repercussions of genetic variation have lagged behind the rate of genetic discovery. The zebrafish provides an efficient model to leverage genetic analysis in an in vivo context. Its utility for orthopedic research is becoming evident in regard to both candidate gene validation as well as therapeutic discovery in tissues such as bone, tendon, muscle, and cartilage. With the development of new genetic and analytical tools to better assay aspects of skeletal tissue morphology, mineralization, composition, and biomechanics, researchers are emboldened to systematically approach how the skeleton develops and to identify the root causes, and potential treatments, of skeletal disease. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:925-936, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529, Hamburg, Germany,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Jenna L. Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street Boston, MA 02114, United States of America,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Ryan S. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, United States of America,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Matthew P. Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Department of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America.,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Ronald Y. Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine; Department of Mechanical Engineering; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
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13
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Abstract
Sarcopenia - the accelerated age-related loss of muscle mass and function - is an under-diagnosed condition, and is central to deteriorating mobility, disability and frailty in older age. There is a lack of treatment options for older adults at risk of sarcopenia. Although sarcopenia's pathogenesis is multifactorial, its major phenotypes - muscle mass and muscle strength - are highly heritable. Several genome-wide association studies of muscle-related traits were published recently, providing dozens of candidate genes, many with unknown function. Therefore, animal models are required not only to identify causal mechanisms, but also to clarify the underlying biology and translate this knowledge into new interventions. Over the past several decades, small teleost fishes had emerged as powerful systems for modeling the genetics of human diseases. Owing to their amenability to rapid genetic intervention and the large number of conserved genetic and physiological features, small teleosts - such as zebrafish, medaka and killifish - have become indispensable for skeletal muscle genomic studies. The goal of this Review is to summarize evidence supporting the utility of small fish models for accelerating our understanding of human skeletal muscle in health and disease. We do this by providing a basic foundation of the (zebra)fish skeletal muscle morphology and physiology, and evidence of muscle-related gene homology. We also outline challenges in interpreting zebrafish mutant phenotypes and in translating them to human disease. Finally, we conclude with recommendations on future directions to leverage the large body of tools developed in small fish for the needs of genomic exploration in sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Daya
- The Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret 40297, Israel
| | - Rajashekar Donaka
- The Musculoskeletal Genetics Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 130010, Israel
| | - David Karasik
- The Musculoskeletal Genetics Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 130010, Israel
- Hebrew SeniorLife, Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA 02131, USA
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14
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Zuskov A, Freedman BR, Gordon JA, Sarver JJ, Buckley MR, Soslowsky LJ. Tendon Biomechanics and Crimp Properties Following Fatigue Loading Are Influenced by Tendon Type and Age in Mice. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:36-42. [PMID: 31286548 PMCID: PMC6917867 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In tendon, type-I collagen assembles together into fibrils, fibers, and fascicles that exhibit a wavy or crimped pattern that uncrimps with applied tensile loading. This structural property has been observed across multiple tendons throughout aging and may play an important role in tendon viscoelasticity, response to fatigue loading, healing, and development. Previous work has shown that crimp is permanently altered with the application of fatigue loading. This opens the possibility of evaluating tendon crimp as a clinical surrogate of tissue damage. The purpose of this study was to determine how fatigue loading in tendon affects crimp and mechanical properties throughout aging and between tendon types. Mouse patellar tendons (PT) and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendons were fatigue loaded while an integrated plane polariscope simultaneously assessed crimp properties at P150 and P570 days of age to model mature and aged tendon phenotypes (N = 10-11/group). Tendon type, fatigue loading, and aging were found to differentially affect tendon mechanical and crimp properties. FDL tendons had higher modulus and hysteresis, whereas the PT showed more laxity and toe region strain throughout aging. Crimp frequency was consistently higher in FDL compared with PT throughout fatigue loading, whereas the crimp amplitude was cycle dependent. This differential response based on tendon type and age further suggests that the FDL and the PT respond differently to fatigue loading and that this response is age-dependent. Together, our findings suggest that the mechanical and structural effects of fatigue loading are specific to tendon type and age in mice. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:36-42, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Zuskov
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Freedman
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Joshua A. Gordon
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph J. Sarver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark R. Buckley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Louis J. Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Gogola A, Jan NJ, Brazile B, Lam P, Lathrop KL, Chan KC, Sigal IA. Spatial Patterns and Age-Related Changes of the Collagen Crimp in the Human Cornea and Sclera. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2987-2998. [PMID: 30025116 PMCID: PMC5995484 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Collagen is the main load-bearing component of the eye, and collagen crimp is a critical determinant of tissue mechanical behavior. We test the hypothesis that collagen crimp morphology varies over the human cornea and sclera and with age. Methods We analyzed 42 axial whole-globe sections from 20 normal eyes of 20 human donors, ranging in age from 0.08 (1 month) to 97 years. The sections were imaged using polarized light microscopy to obtain μm-scale fiber bundle/lamellae orientation from two corneal and six scleral regions. Crimp morphology was quantified through waviness, tortuosity, and amplitude. Results Whole-globe median waviness, tortuosity, and amplitude were 0.127 radians, 1.002, and 0.273 μm, respectively. These parameters, however, were not uniform over the globe, instead exhibiting distinct, consistent patterns. All crimp parameters decreased significantly with age, with significantly different age-related decreases between regions. The crimp morphology of the limbus changed the most drastically with age, such that it had the largest crimp in neonates, and among the smallest in the elderly. Conclusions Age-related decreases in crimp parameters are likely one of the mechanisms underlying age-related stiffening of the sclera and cornea, potentially influencing sensitivity to IOP. Further work is needed to determine the biomechanical implications of the crimp patterns observed. The comparatively large changes in the crimp morphology of the limbus, especially in the early years of life, suggest that crimp in this region may play a role in eye development, although the exact nature of this is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gogola
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ning-Jiun Jan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Bryn Brazile
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Po Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kira L Lathrop
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kevin C Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, New York University, New York, New York, United States.,Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Ian A Sigal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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16
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BMP signaling controls buckling forces to modulate looping morphogenesis of the gut. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2277-2282. [PMID: 28193855 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700307114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Looping of the initially straight embryonic gut tube is an essential aspect of intestinal morphogenesis, permitting proper placement of the lengthy small intestine within the confines of the body cavity. The formation of intestinal loops is highly stereotyped within a given species and results from differential-growth-driven mechanical buckling of the gut tube as it elongates against the constraint of a thin, elastic membranous tissue, the dorsal mesentery. Although the physics of this process has been studied, the underlying biology has not. Here, we show that BMP signaling plays a critical role in looping morphogenesis of the avian small intestine. We first exploited differences between chicken and zebra finch gut morphology to identify the BMP pathway as a promising candidate to regulate differential growth in the gut. Next, focusing on the developing chick small intestine, we determined that Bmp2 expressed in the dorsal mesentery establishes differential elongation rates between the gut tube and mesentery, thereby regulating the compressive forces that buckle the gut tube into loops. Consequently, the number and tightness of loops in the chick small intestine can be increased or decreased directly by modulation of BMP activity in the small intestine. In addition to providing insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal development, our findings provide an example of how biochemical signals act on tissue-level mechanics to drive organogenesis, and suggest a possible mechanism by which they can be modulated to achieve distinct morphologies through evolution.
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17
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Van houcke J, De Groef L, Dekeyster E, Moons L. The zebrafish as a gerontology model in nervous system aging, disease, and repair. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:358-68. [PMID: 26538520 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Considering the increasing number of elderly in the world's population today, developing effective treatments for age-related pathologies is one of the biggest challenges in modern medical research. Age-related neurodegeneration, in particular, significantly impacts important sensory, motor, and cognitive functions, seriously constraining life quality of many patients. Although our understanding of the causal mechanisms of aging has greatly improved in recent years, animal model systems still have much to tell us about this complex process. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have gained enormous popularity for this research topic over the past decade, since their life span is relatively short but, like humans, they are still subject to gradual aging. In addition, the extensive characterization of its well-conserved molecular and cellular physiology makes the zebrafish an excellent model to unravel the underlying mechanisms of aging, disease, and repair. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress made in zebrafish gerontology, with special emphasis on nervous system aging. We review the evidence that classic hallmarks of aging can also be recognized within this small vertebrate, both at the molecular and cellular level. Moreover, we illustrate the high level of similarity with age-associated human pathologies through a survey of the functional deficits that arise as zebrafish age.
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18
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Dyment NA, Galloway JL. Regenerative biology of tendon: mechanisms for renewal and repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:124-131. [PMID: 26389023 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-015-0021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tissue turnover and repair are essential towards addressing pathologies in aging, injury and disease. Each tissue has distinct means of maintaining homeostasis and healing after injury. For some, resident stem cell populations mediate both of these processes. These stem cells, by definition, are self renewing and give rise to all the differentiated cells of that tissue. However, not all organs fit with this traditional stem cell model of regeneration, and some do not appear to harbor somatic stem or progenitor cells capable of multilineage in vivo reconstitution. Despite recent progress in tendon progenitor cell research, our current knowledge of the mechanisms regulating tendon cell homeostasis and injury response is limited. Understanding the role of resident tendon cell populations is of great importance for regenerative medicine based approaches to tendon injuries and disease. The goal of this review is to bring to light our current knowledge regarding tendon progenitor cells and their role in tissue maintenance and repair. We will focus on pressing questions in the field and the new tools, including model systems, available to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A Dyment
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute
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