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Xu L, Kasting GB. Solvent and Crystallization Effects on the Dermal Absorption of Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Compounds. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:948-960. [PMID: 37797884 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
This study probes the mechanisms by which volatile solvents (water, ethanol) and a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) influence the skin permeation of dissolved solutes following deposition of small doses onto unoccluded human skin. A secondary objective was to sharpen guidelines for the use of these and other simple solvent systems for dermal safety testing of cosmetic ingredients at finite doses. Four solutes were studied - niacinamide, caffeine, testosterone and geraniol - at doses close to that estimated to saturate the upper layers of the stratum corneum. Methods included tensiometry, visualization of spreading on skin, polarized light microscopy and in vitro permeation testing using radiolabeled solutes. Ethanol, aqueous ethanol and dilute aqueous Triton solutions all yielded surface tensions below 36 mN/m, allowing them to spread easily on the skin, unlike water (72.4 mN/m) which did not spread. Deposition onto skin of niacinamide (32 μg·cm-2) or caffeine (3.2 μg·cm-2) from water and ethanol led to crystalline deposits on the skin surface, whereas the same amounts applied from aqueous ethanol and 2 % Triton did not. Skin permeation of these compounds was inversely correlated to the extent of crystallization. A separate study with caffeine showed the absence of a dose-related skin permeability increase with Triton. Permeation of testosterone (8.2 μg·cm-2) was modestly increased when dosed from aqueous ethanol versus ethanol. Permeation of geraniol (2.9 μg·cm-2) followed the order aqueous ethanol > water ∼ 2 % Triton >> ethanol and was inversely correlated with evaporative loss. We conclude that, under the conditions tested, aqueous ethanol and Triton serve primarily as deposition aids and do not substantially disrupt stratum corneum lipids. Implications for the design of in vitro skin permeability tests are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Xu
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
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2
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Hamadeh A, Nash JF, Bialk H, Styczynski P, Troutman J, Edginton A. Mechanistic Skin Modeling of Plasma Concentrations of Sunscreen Active Ingredients Following Facial Application. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:806-825. [PMID: 37769994 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreen products constitute two distinct categories. Recreational sunscreens protect against high-intensity, episodic sun exposure, often applied over the entire body. In contrast, facial sunscreen products are designed for sub-erythemal, low-intensity daily sun exposure. Such different exposures necessitate distinctive product safety assessments. Building on earlier methods for predicting dermal disposition, a mechanistic model was developed to simulate plasma concentrations of seven organic sunscreen active ingredients: avobenzone, ensulizole, homosalate, octinoxate, octisalate, octocrylene, and oxybenzone, following facial application. In vitro permeation testing (IVPT) was performed with two different vehicles using a subset of the UV filters. These IVPT results, in addition to previously published IVPT data and published in vivo Maximal Usage Trial (MUsT) data for the UV filters, were used to train the mechanistic dermal model via a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. An external validation of the trained model with real-world in vivo datasets demonstrated that the model's predicted UV filter plasma concentrations align well with experimental measurements and capture the observed inter-individual variability. Predictions of steady-state UV filter plasma concentrations under facial application scenarios at 5% concentration and at the maximal allowable concentrations were then generated by the trained model. Oxybenzone had the greatest predicted plasma concentration following facial application. Homosalate and octisalate predictions had high uncertainty associated with the absence of data. Several application scenarios pertaining to avobenzone, ensulizole, octocrylene and octinoxate were identified in which median plasma concentration levels were at 0.5 ng/ml or below when applied in the recreational or facial product. Model limitations include uncertainty in vehicle/water partitioning, formulation metamorphosis, and UV filter systemic clearance, all of which can be refined with additional data. For UV filters, limiting exposure to facial application reduces human safety concerns based on FDA established thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Hamadeh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada; Systems In Silico Ltd., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - J F Nash
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Heidi Bialk
- The Estée Lauder Companies Inc., Melville, NY 11747, USA
| | | | | | - Andrea Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada; Design2Code Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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3
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Deacon BN, Piasentin N, Cai Q, Chen T, Lian G. An examination of published datasets of skin permeability and partition coefficients. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 93:105702. [PMID: 37769857 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Permeability and partition coefficients of the skin barrier are important for assessing dermal absorption, bioavailability, and safety of cosmetics and medicine. We use the Potts and Guy equation to analyse the dependence of skin permeability on the hydrophobicity of permeants and highlight the significant differences in published datasets. Correlations of solute partition to skin are examined to understand the likely causes of the differences in the skin permeability datasets. Recently published permeability datasets show weak correlation and low dependence on hydrophobicity. As expected, early datasets show good correlation with hydrophobicity due to the related derivation. The weaker correlation of later datasets cannot be explained by the partition to skin lipids. All the datasets of solute partition to skin lipid showed a similar correlation to hydrophobicity where the log-linear correlation coefficient of partition is almost the same of the log-linear coefficient of Potts and Guy equation. Weak correlation and dependence of the late permeability datasets with SC lipid/water partition and that they are significantly under predicted by the Potts and Guy equation suggests either additional non-lipid pathway at play or a weaker skin barrier property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Deacon
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK
| | - Nicola Piasentin
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK; Unilever R&D Colworth, Unilever, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, UK
| | - Qiong Cai
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK
| | - Guoping Lian
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK; Unilever R&D Colworth, Unilever, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, UK.
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4
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Hamadeh A, Najjar A, Troutman J, Edginton A. Enhancement of Skin Permeability Prediction through PBPK Modeling, Bayesian Inference, and Experiment Design. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2667. [PMID: 38140008 PMCID: PMC10747907 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of skin absorption are a powerful resource for estimating drug delivery and chemical risk of dermatological products. This paper presents a PBPK workflow for the quantification of the mechanistic determinants of skin permeability and the use of these quantities in the prediction of skin absorption in novel contexts. A state-of-the-art mechanistic model of dermal absorption was programmed into an open-source modeling framework. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the uncertain compound-specific, individual-specific, and site-specific model parameters that impact permeability. A Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm was employed to derive distributions of these parameters given in vitro experimental permeability measurements. Extrapolations to novel contexts were generated by simulating the model following its update with samples drawn from the learned distributions as well as parameters that represent the intended scenario. This algorithm was applied multiple times, each using a unique set of permeability measurements sourced under experimental contexts that differ in terms of the compound, vehicle pH, skin sample anatomical site, and the number of compounds under which each subject's skin samples were tested. Among the data sets used in this study, the highest accuracy and precision in the extrapolated permeability was achieved in those that include measurements conducted under multiple vehicle pH levels and in which individual subjects' skin samples are tested under multiple compounds. This work thus identifies factors for consideration in the design of experiments for the purpose of training dermal models to robustly estimate drug delivery and chemical risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Hamadeh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada;
- Systems In Silico Ltd., Waterloo, ON N2K 0B5, Canada
| | | | | | - Andrea Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada;
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5
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Wang H, Wang H, Wang K, Xiong J, Huang S, Wolfson JM, Koutrakis P. Characterization of chemical transport in human skin and building material. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131917. [PMID: 37379590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous in indoor environment. They can emit from source into air, and subsequently penetrate human skin into blood through dermal uptake, causing adverse health effects. This study develops a two-layer analytical model to characterize the VOC/SVOC dermal uptake process, which is then extended to predict VOC emissions from two-layer building materials or furniture. Based on the model, the key transport parameters of chemicals in every skin or material layer are determined via a hybrid optimization method using data from experiments and literature. The measured key parameters of SVOCs for dermal uptake are more accurate than those from previous studies using empirical correlations. Moreover, the association between the absorption amount of studied chemicals into blood and age is preliminarily investigated. Further exposure analysis reveals that the contribution of dermal uptake to the total exposure can be comparable with that of inhalation for the examined SVOCs. This study makes the first attempt to accurately determine the key parameters of chemicals in skin, which is demonstrated to be critical for health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haimei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Keliang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shaodan Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, United States.
| | - Jack M Wolfson
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, United States
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, United States
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6
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Piasentin N, Lian G, Cai Q. In Silico Prediction of Stratum Corneum Partition Coefficients via COSMOmic and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2719-2728. [PMID: 36930176 PMCID: PMC10068742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Stratum corneum (SC) is the main barrier of human skin where the inter-corneocytes lipids provide the main pathway for transdermal permeation of functional actives of skin care and health. Molecular dynamics (MD) has been increasingly used to simulate the SC lipid bilayer structure so that the barrier property and its affecting factors can be elucidated. Among reported MD simulation studies, solute partition in the SC lipids, an important parameter affecting SC permeability, has received limited attention. In this work, we combine MD simulation with COSMOmic to predict the partition coefficients of dermatologically relevant solutes in SC lipid bilayer. Firstly, we run MD simulations to obtain equilibrated SC lipid bilayers with different lipid types, compositions, and structures. Then, the simulated SC lipid bilayer structures are fed to COSMOmic to calculate the partition coefficients of the solutes. The results show that lipid types and bilayer geometries play a minor role in the predicted partition coefficients. For the more lipophilic solutes, the predicted results of solute partition in SC lipid bilayers agree well with reported experimental values of solute partition in extracted SC lipids. For the more hydrophilic molecules, there is a systematical underprediction. Nevertheless, the MD/COSMOmic approach correctly reproduces the phenomenological correlation between the SC lipid/water partition coefficients and the octanol/water partition coefficients. Overall, the results show that the MD/COSMOmic approach is a fast and valid method for predicting solute partitioning into SC lipids and hence supporting the assessment of percutaneous absorption of skin care ingredients, dermatological drugs as well as environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Piasentin
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, U.K.,Unilever R&D Colworth, Unilever, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, U.K
| | - Guoping Lian
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, U.K.,Unilever R&D Colworth, Unilever, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, U.K
| | - Qiong Cai
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, U.K
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7
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Pham QD, Biatry B, Grégoire S, Topgaard D, Sparr E. Solubility of Foreign Molecules in Stratum Corneum Brick and Mortar Structure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2347-2357. [PMID: 36716111 PMCID: PMC9933541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The barrier function of the skin is mainly assured by its outermost layer, stratum corneum (SC). One key aspect in predicting dermal drug delivery and in safety assessment of skin exposure to chemicals is the need to determine the amount of chemical that is taken up into the SC. We here present a strategy that allows for direct measures of the amount of various solid chemicals that can be dissolved in the SC in any environmental relative humidity (RH). A main advantage of the presented method is that it distinguishes between molecules that are dissolved within the SC and molecules that are not dissolved but might be present at, for example, the skin surface. In addition, the method allows for studies of uptake of hydrophobic chemicals without the need to use organic solvents. The strategy relies on the differences in the molecular properties of the added molecules in the dissolved and the excess states, employing detection methods that act as a dynamic filter to spot only one of the fractions, either the dissolved molecules or the excess solid molecules. By measuring the solubility in SC and delipidized SC at the same RHs, the same method can be used to estimate the distribution of the added chemical between the extracellular lipids and corneocytes at different hydration conditions. The solubility in porcine SC is shown to vary with hydration, which has implications for the molecular uptake and transport across the skin. The findings highlight the importance of assessing the chemical uptake at hydration conditions relevant to the specific applications. The methodology presented in this study can also be generalized to study the solubility and partitioning of chemicals in other heterogeneous materials with complex composition and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Dat Pham
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100Lund, Sweden
- Gillette
Reading Innovation Centre, 460 Basingstoke Road, ReadingRG2 0QE, Berkshire, U.K.
| | - Bruno Biatry
- L’Oréal
Research & Innovation, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Sébastien Grégoire
- L’Oréal
Research & Innovation, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Daniel Topgaard
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100Lund, Sweden
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8
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Wang J, Nitsche JM, Kasting GB, Wittum G, Nägel A. Transdermal and lateral effective diffusivities for drug transport in stratum corneum from a microscopic anisotropic diffusion model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023:S0939-6411(23)00032-2. [PMID: 36764498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a computational model of molecular diffusion through the interfollicular stratum corneum. Specifically, it extends an earlier two-dimensional microscopic model for the permeability in two ways: (1) a microporous leakage pathway through the intercellular lipid lamellae allows slow permeation of highly hydrophilic permeants through the tissue; and (2) the model yields explicit predictions of both lateral (D‾‖sc) and transdermal (D‾⊥sc) effective (average, homogenized) diffusivities of solutes within the tissue. We present here the mathematical framework for the analysis and a comparison of the predictions with experimental data on desorption of both hydrophilic and lipophilic solutes from human stratum corneum in vitro. Diffusion in the lipid lamellae is found to make the effective diffusivity highly anisotropic, with the predicted ratio D‾‖sc/D‾⊥sc ranging from 34-39 for fully hydrated skin and 150 to more than 1000 for partially hydrated skin. The diffusivities and their ratio are in accord with both experimental data and the results of mathematical analyses performed by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxi Wang
- Goethe Center for Scientific Computing, Kettenhofweg 139, Goethe University, 60325 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Johannes M Nitsche
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Gabriel Wittum
- Goethe Center for Scientific Computing, Kettenhofweg 139, Goethe University, 60325 Frankfurt a.M., Germany; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi-Arabia
| | - Arne Nägel
- Goethe Center for Scientific Computing, Kettenhofweg 139, Goethe University, 60325 Frankfurt a.M., Germany.
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9
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Wiśniowska B, Linke S, Polak S, Bielecka Z, Luch A, Pirow R. Physiologically based modelling of dermal absorption and kinetics of consumer-relevant chemicals: A case study with exposure to bisphenol A from thermal paper. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 459:116357. [PMID: 36572228 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the best studied industrial chemicals in terms of exposure, toxicity, and toxicokinetics. This renders it an ideal candidate to exploit the recent advancements in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling to support risk assessment of BPA specifically, and of other consumer-relevant hazardous chemicals in general. Using the exposure from thermal paper as a case scenario, this study employed the multi-phase multi-layer mechanistic dermal absorption (MPML MechDermA) model available in the Simcyp® Simulator to simulate the dermal toxicokinetics of BPA at local and systemic levels. Sensitivity analysis helped to identify physicochemical and physiological factors influencing the systemic exposure to BPA. The iterative modelling process was as follows: (i) development of compound files for BPA and its conjugates, (ii) setting-up of a PBPK model for intravenous administration, (iii) extension for oral administration, and (iv) extension for exposure via skin (i.e., hand) contact. A toxicokinetic study involving hand contact to BPA-containing paper was used for model refinement. Cumulative urinary excretion of total BPA had to be employed for dose reconstruction. PBPK model performance was verified using the observed serum BPA concentrations. The predicted distribution across the skin compartments revealed a depot of BPA in the stratum corneum (SC). These findings shed light on the role of the SC to act as temporary reservoir for lipophilic chemicals prior to systemic absorption, which inter alia is relevant for the interpretation of human biomonitoring data and for establishing the relationship between external and internal measures of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wiśniowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Susanne Linke
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Polak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Simcyp Division, Certara UK Limited, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK.
| | - Zofia Bielecka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Simcyp Division, Certara UK Limited, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK.
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ralph Pirow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of human epidermal penetration of phenolic compounds: I. Stratum corneum solubility and partitioning. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:122424. [PMID: 36427696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Warming of the skin is now an accepted means of promoting skin permeation. Accordingly, the usually quite onerous thermodynamic studies on solute transport through the skin have practical applications. Phenolic compounds permeate through the skin by partitioning into and diffusing through the stratum corneum (SC) intercellular lipids, with their size being the main determinant of their maximal solute flux through skin. This paper sought to characterise the enthalpic and entropic changes associated with the solubility and equilibrium partitioning into the human SC of a series of phenols similar in size but with differing log P from aqueous vehicles. The solubilities of 9 phenolic compounds, covering a range of polarities, were determined in water and SC following 72 h at 4, 24, 32 and 37 °C which allowed the estimation of the SC-water partition coefficients. Van't Hoff plots were then used to estimate the enthalpies and entropies for the SC solubility, water solubility and SC partitioning of phenols. In addition, partition coefficients of 3 of the 9 phenols from mineral oil into hydrated and dehydrated SC were measured at the same temperatures. Van't Hoff plots were then used to estimate the enthalpies and entropies for the SC solubility, water solubility and SC partitioning of phenols from the oil. The SC solubility for the polar phenols increased more with temperature than the non-polar phenols, with the SC-water partition coefficients increasing with temperature for the polar phenols but decreasing with temperature for the non-polar phenols. Thermodynamic analyses suggest that, while enthalpy and entropy effects are involved in the SC partitioning of the non-polar solutes, the SC partitioning of the polar phenols were almost entirely entropy driven. The resultant thermodynamic parameters are consistent with the polar phenols being mainly associated with the SC polar head groups whereas the nonpolar phenols were more likely to be located in the interior interface SC lipid region adjacent to the polar head groups. Further, hydrating the SC led to an increase in the enthalpy of partitioning for both the polar and non-polar phenols studied. The estimated entropy of the partitioning for solutes from dehydrated SC suggests this is not only a hydrophobic effect in water but that the partitioning arises from the nature of phenolic compound - SC intercellular lipid interactions and SC intercellular lipid entropy. This partitioning process is dominated more by the extent of interaction between the SC and solute than the hydrophobic effect in water and is likely to be even greater above the SC lipid phase transition at around 36 °C for hydrated epidermal membranes.
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11
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Patel N, Clarke JF, Salem F, Abdulla T, Martins F, Arora S, Tsakalozou E, Hodgkinson A, Arjmandi-Tash O, Cristea S, Ghosh P, Alam K, Raney SG, Jamei M, Polak S. Multi-phase multi-layer mechanistic dermal absorption (MPML MechDermA) model to predict local and systemic exposure of drug products applied on skin. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2022; 11:1060-1084. [PMID: 35670226 PMCID: PMC9381913 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models combine knowledge about physiology, drug product properties, such as physicochemical parameters, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion characteristics, formulation attributes, and trial design or dosing regimen to mechanistically simulate drug pharmacokinetics (PK). The current work describes the development of a multiphase, multilayer mechanistic dermal absorption (MPML MechDermA) model within the Simcyp Simulator capable of simulating uptake and permeation of drugs through human skin following application of drug products to the skin. The model was designed to account for formulation characteristics as well as body site- and sex- population variability to predict local and systemic bioavailability. The present report outlines the structure and assumptions of the MPML MechDermA model and includes results from simulations comparing absorption at multiple body sites for two compounds, caffeine and benzoic acid, formulated as solutions. Finally, a model of the Feldene (piroxicam) topical gel, 0.5% was developed and assessed for its ability to predict both plasma and local skin concentrations when compared to in vivo PK data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Khondoker Alam
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sam G Raney
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sebastian Polak
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK, Sheffield, UK.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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12
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Tonnis K, Nitsche JM, Xu L, Haley A, Jaworska J, Kasting GB. Impact of solvent dry down, vehicle pH and slowly reversible keratin binding on skin penetration of cosmetic relevant compounds: I. Liquids. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122030. [PMID: 35863596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To measure progress and evaluate performance of the newest UB/UC/P&G skin penetration model we simulated an 18-compound subset of finite dose in vitro human skin permeation data taken from a solvent-deposition study of cosmetic-relevant compounds (Hewitt et al., J. Appl. Toxicol. 2019, 1-13). The recent model extension involved slowly reversible binding of solutes to stratum corneum keratins. The selected subset was compounds that are liquid at skin temperature. This set was chosen to distinguish between slow binding and slow dissolution effects that impact solid phase compounds. To adequately simulate the physical experiments there was a need to adjust the evaporation mass transfer coefficient to better represent the diffusion cell system employed in the study. After this adjustment the model successfully predicted both dermal delivery and skin surface distribution of 12 of the 18 compounds. Exceptions involved compounds that were cysteine-reactive, highly water-soluble or highly ionized in the dose solution. Slow binding to keratin, as presently parameterized, was shown to significantly modify the stratum corneum kinetics and diffusion lag times, but not the ultimate disposition, of the more lipophilic compounds in the dataset. Recommendations for further improvement of both modeling methods and experimental design are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tonnis
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Johannes M Nitsche
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Lijing Xu
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Alison Haley
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Data and Modeling Sciences, Brussels Innovation Center, Belgium
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
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13
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Argatov I, Engblom J, Kocherbitov V. Modeling of composite sorption isotherm for stratum corneum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183910. [PMID: 35300950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium water sorption in stratum corneum (SC) is considered by treating it as a biocomposite with two main phases, namely, corneocytes and lipids. To validate the rule of mixtures for the individual phase sorption isotherms, a new flexible fitting model is introduced by accounting for characteristic features observed in the variations of the thermodynamic correction factors corresponding to the individual sorption isotherms. The comparison of the model fitting performance with that of the five-parameter Park's model shows a remarkably good ability to fit experimental data for different types of sorption isotherms. The effect of the lipids content on the variance of the composite sorption isotherm of stratum corneum is highlighted. The sensitivity analysis reveals that for the typical water content 20-30 wt%, which corresponds to the SC in a stable condition, the sensitivity of the composite sorption isotherm to the variation of the lipids content on dry basis is predominantly positive and sufficiently small. The good agreement observed between the experimental sorption isotherm for SC and the composite isotherm, which is based on the rule of mixtures for the individual phase sorption isotherms, yields a plausible conclusion (hypothesis) that the corneocytes-lipids mechanical interaction during unconstrained swelling of the SC membrane in the in vitro laboratory experiment is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Argatov
- Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Institut für Mechanik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johan Engblom
- Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Vitaly Kocherbitov
- Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden.
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14
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Hamadeh A, Troutman J, Najjar A, Edginton A. A Mechanistic Bayesian Inferential Workflow for Estimation of In Vivo Skin Permeation from In Vitro Measurements. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:838-851. [PMID: 34871561 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Computational models can play an integral role in the chemical risk assessment of dermatological products. However, a limitation on the ability of mathematical models to extrapolate from in vitro measurements to in human predictions arises from context-dependence: modeling assumptions made in one setting may not carry over to another scenario. Mechanistic models of dermal absorption relate the skin penetration kinetics of permeants to their partitioning and diffusion across elementary sub-compartments of the skin. This endows them with a flexibility through which specific model components can be adjusted to better reflect dermal absorption in contexts that differ from the in vitro setting, while keeping fixed any context-invariant parameters that remain unchanged in the two scenarios. This paper presents a workflow for predicting in vivo dermal absorption by integrating a mechanistic model of skin penetration with in vitro permeation test (IVPT) measurements. A Bayesian approach is adopted to infer a joint posterior distribution of context-invariant model parameters. By populating the model with samples of context-invariant parameters from this distribution and adjusting context-dependent parameters to suit the in vivo setting, simulations of the model yield estimates of the likely range of in vivo dermal absorption given the IVPT data. This workflow is applied to five compounds previously tested in vivo. In each case, the range of in vivo predictions encompassed the range observed experimentally. These studies demonstrate that the proposed workflow enables the derivation of mechanistically derived upper bounds on dermal absorption for the purposes of chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Hamadeh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - John Troutman
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH 45040, United States of America
| | | | - Andrea Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada.
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15
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Nitsche JM, Kasting GB. A Framework for Incorporating Transient Solute-Keratin Binding Into Dermal Absorption Models. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2093-2106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Yun YE, Calderon-Nieva D, Hamadeh A, Edginton AN. Development and Evaluation of an In Silico Dermal Absorption Model Relevant for Children. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010172. [PMID: 35057066 PMCID: PMC8780349 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The higher skin surface area to body weight ratio in children and the prematurity of skin in neonates may lead to higher chemical exposure as compared to adults. The objectives of this study were: (i) to provide a comprehensive review of the age-dependent anatomical and physiological changes in pediatric skin, and (ii) to construct and evaluate an age-dependent pediatric dermal absorption model. A comprehensive review was conducted to gather data quantifying the differences in the anatomy and physiology of child and adult skin. Maturation functions were developed for model parameters that were found to be age-dependent. A pediatric dermal absorption model was constructed by updating a MoBi implementation of the Dancik et al. 2013 skin permeation model with these maturation functions. Using a workflow for adult-to-child model extrapolation, the predictive performance of the model was evaluated by comparing its predicted rates of flux of diamorphine, phenobarbital and buprenorphine against experimental observations using neonatal skin. For diamorphine and phenobarbital, the model provided reasonable predictions. The ratios of predicted:observed flux in neonates for diamorphine ranged from 0.55 to 1.40. For phenobarbital, the ratios ranged from 0.93 to 1.26. For buprenorphine, the model showed acceptable predictive performance. Overall, the physiologically based pediatric dermal absorption model demonstrated satisfactory prediction accuracy. The prediction of dermal absorption in neonates using a model-based approach will be useful for both drug development and human health risk assessment.
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17
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Yu F, Tonnis K, Xu L, Jaworska J, Kasting GB. Modeling the Percutaneous Absorption of Solvent-deposited Solids Over a Wide Dose Range. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:769-779. [PMID: 34627876 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The transient absorption of two skin care agents, niacinamide (nicotinamide, NA) and methyl nicotinate (MN), solvent-deposited on ex vivo human skin mounted in Franz diffusion cells has been analyzed according to a new variation on a recently published mechanistic skin permeability model (Yu et al. 2020. J Pharm Sci 110:2149-56). The model follows the absorption and evaporation of two components, solute and solvent, and it includes both a follicular transport component and a dissolution rate limitation for high melting, hydrophilic solids deposited on the skin. Explicit algorithms for improving the simulation of transient diffusion of solvent-deposited solids are introduced. The simulations can account for the ex vivo skin permeation time course of both NA and MN over a dose range exceeding 4.5 orders of magnitude. The model allows one to describe on a mechanistic basis why the percutaneous absorption rate of NA is approximately 60-fold lower than that of its lower melting, more lipophilic analog, MN. It furthermore suggests that MN perturbs stratum corneum barrier lipids and increases their permeability while NA does not, presenting a challenge to molecular modelers engaged in simulating biological lipid barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin Tonnis
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lijing Xu
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Data and Modeling Sciences, Brussels Innovation Center, Belgium
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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18
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Roberts MS, Cheruvu HS, Mangion SE, Alinaghi A, Benson HA, Mohammed Y, Holmes A, van der Hoek J, Pastore M, Grice JE. Topical drug delivery: History, percutaneous absorption, and product development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113929. [PMID: 34403750 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Topical products, widely used to manage skin conditions, have evolved from simple potions to sophisticated delivery systems. Their development has been facilitated by advances in percutaneous absorption and product design based on an increasingly mechanistic understanding of drug-product-skin interactions, associated experiments, and a quality-by-design framework. Topical drug delivery involves drug transport from a product on the skin to a local target site and then clearance by diffusion, metabolism, and the dermal circulation to the rest of the body and deeper tissues. Insights have been provided by Quantitative Structure Permeability Relationships (QSPR), molecular dynamics simulations, and dermal Physiologically Based PharmacoKinetics (PBPK). Currently, generic product equivalents of reference-listed products dominate the topical delivery market. There is an increasing regulatory interest in understanding topical product delivery behavior under 'in use' conditions and predicting in vivo response for population variations in skin barrier function and response using in silico and in vitro findings.
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19
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Kasting GB, Miller MA, Xu L, Yu F, Jaworska J. In Vitro Human Skin Absorption of Solvent-deposited Solids: Niacinamide and Methyl Nicotinate. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:727-733. [PMID: 34600943 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative understanding of the dose dependence of topical delivery is important to cosmetic and dermatological product development and to risk assessment for hazardous chemicals contacting the skin. Despite considerable research, predictive capability in this area remains limited. To this end we conducted an experimental skin absorption study of two closely related skin care agents, niacinamide (nicotinamide, NA) and methyl nicotinate (MN), and analyzed the results quantitatively using a transient diffusion model described separately (Yu et al. submitted for publication). Radiolabeled test compounds were solvent-deposited onto ex vivo human skin mounted in Franz diffusion cells over a dose range exceeding 4.5 orders of magnitude, and permeation was measured over a 1-4 day period. At low doses, the permeation rate of NA was approximately 60-fold lower than that of its lower melting, more lipophilic analog, MN; at high doses an even greater difference was observed. The difference can be qualitatively explained based on higher lipid solubility and lower crystallinity of MN relative to NA. Dissolution-limited mass transfer through a lipid layer at the SC surface is suggested. Relevance of the results to practical skin care formulations was confirmed by a parallel study of NA in an o/w emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald B Kasting
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Matthew A Miller
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lijing Xu
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Data and Modeling Sciences, Brussels Innovation Center, Belgium
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20
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Somayaji MR, Das D, Garimella HT, German CL, Przekwas AJ, Simon L. An Integrated Biophysical Model for Predicting the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Transdermally Delivered Compounds. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 167:105924. [PMID: 34289340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of therapeutic drugs through the skin is a promising alternative to oral or parenteral delivery routes because dermal drug delivery systems (D3S) offer unique advantages such as controlled drug release over sustained periods and a significant reduction in first-pass effects, thus reducing the required dosing frequency and level of patient noncompliance. Furthermore, D3S find applications in multiple therapeutic areas, including drug repurposing. This article presents an integrated biophysical model of dermal absorption for simulating the permeation and absorption of compounds delivered transdermally. The biophysical model is physiologically/biologically inspired and combines a holistic model of healthy skin with whole-body physiology-based pharmacokinetics through dermis microcirculation. The model also includes the effects of chemical penetration enhancers and hair follicles on transdermal transport. The model-predicted permeation and pharmacokinetics of select compounds were validated using in vivo data reported in the literature. We conjecture that the integrated model can be used to gather insights into the permeation and systemic absorption of transdermal formulations (including cosmetic products) released from novel depots and optimize delivery systems. Furthermore, the model can be adapted to diseased skin with parametrization and structural adjustments specific to skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevabharath R Somayaji
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States.
| | - Debarun Das
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Harsha Teja Garimella
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Carrie L German
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Andrzej J Przekwas
- Manager, Computational Medicine and Biology, CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States
| | - Laurent Simon
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
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21
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Pensado A, Hattam L, White KAJ, McGrogan A, Bunge AL, Guy RH, Delgado-Charro MB. Skin Pharmacokinetics of Transdermal Scopolamine: Measurements and Modeling. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2714-2723. [PMID: 34124907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of skin absorption and local bioavailability from topical formulations remains a difficult task. An important challenge in forecasting topical bioavailability is the limited information available about local and systemic drug concentrations post application of topical drug products. Commercially available transdermal patches, such as Scopoderm (Novartis Consumer Health UK), offer an opportunity to test these experimental approaches as systemic pharmacokinetic data are available with which to validate a predictive model. The long-term research aim, therefore, is to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) to predict the dermal absorption and disposition of actives included in complex dermatological products. This work explored whether in vitro release and skin permeation tests (IVRT and IVPT, respectively), and in vitro and in vivo stratum corneum (SC) and viable tissue (VT) sampling data, can provide a satisfactory description of drug "input rate" into the skin and subsequently into the systemic circulation. In vitro release and skin permeation results for scopolamine were consistent with the previously reported performance of the commercial patch investigated. New skin sampling data on the dermatopharmacokinetics (DPK) of scopolamine also accurately reflected the rapid delivery of a "priming" dose from the patch adhesive, superimposed on a slower, rate-controlled input from the drug reservoir. The scopolamine concentration versus time profiles in SC and VT skin compartments, in vitro and in vivo, taken together with IVRT release and IVPT penetration kinetics, reflect the input rate and drug delivery specifications of the Scopoderm transdermal patch and reveal the importance of skin binding with respect to local drug disposition. Further data analysis and skin PK modeling are indicated to further refine and develop the approach outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pensado
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Laura Hattam
- Institute for Mathematical Innovation, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - K A Jane White
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Anita McGrogan
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Annette L Bunge
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Richard H Guy
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - M Begoña Delgado-Charro
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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22
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Assessment of Vehicle Volatility and Deposition Layer Thickness in Skin Penetration Models. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060807. [PMID: 34071572 PMCID: PMC8226736 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic disposition of dermally applied chemicals is often formulation-dependent. Rapid evaporation of the vehicle can result in crystallization of active compounds, limiting their degree of skin penetration. In addition, the choice of vehicle can affect the permeant’s degree of penetration into the stratum corneum. The aim of this study is to build a predictive, mechanistic, dermal absorption model that accounts for vehicle-specific effects on the kinetics of permeant transport into skin. An existing skin penetration model is extended to explicitly include the effect of vehicle volatility over time. Using in vitro measurements of skin penetration by chemicals applied in both a saline and an ethanol solvent, the model is optimized to learn two vehicle-specific quantities: the solvent evaporation rate and the extent of permeant deposition into the upper stratum corneum immediately following application. The dermal disposition estimates of the trained model are subsequently compared against those of the original model using further in vitro measurements. The trained model showed a 1.5-fold improvement and a 19-fold improvement in overall goodness of fit among compounds tested in saline and ethanol solvents, respectively. The proposed model structure can thus form a basis for in vitro to in vivo extrapolations of dermal disposition for skin formulations containing volatile components.
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23
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Liu X, Anissimov YG, Grice JE, Cheruvu HS, Ghosh P, Raney SG, Maibach HI, Roberts MS. Relating transdermal delivery plasma pharmacokinetics with in vitro permeation test (IVPT) findings using diffusion and compartment-in-series models. J Control Release 2021; 334:37-51. [PMID: 33857564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing emphasis is being placed on using in vitro permeation test (IVPT) results for topical products as a surrogate for their in vivo behaviour. This study sought to relate in vivo plasma concentration - time pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles after topical application of drug products to IVPT findings with mechanistic diffusion and compartment models that are now widely used to describe permeation of solutes across the main skin transport barrier, the stratum corneum. Novel in vivo forms of the diffusion and compartment-in-series models were developed by combining their IVPT model forms with appropriate in vivo disposition functions. Available in vivo and IVPT data were then used with the models in data analyses, including the estimation of prediction intervals for in vivo plasma concentrations derived from IVPT data. The resulting predicted in vivo plasma concentration - time profiles for the full models corresponded closely with the observed results for both nitroglycerin and rivastigmine at all times. In contrast, reduced forms of these in vivo models led to discrepancies between model predictions and observed results at early times. A two-stage deconvolution procedure was also used to estimate the in vivo cumulative amount absorbed and shown to be linearly related to that from IVPT, with an acceptable prediction error. External predictability was also shown using a separate set of in vitro and in vivo data for different nitroglycerin patches. This work suggests that mechanistic and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models can be used to predict in vivo behaviour from IVPT data for topical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Therapeutics Research Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Yuri G Anissimov
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Jeffrey E Grice
- Therapeutics Research Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Hanumanth Srikanth Cheruvu
- Therapeutics Research Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sam G Raney
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Therapeutics Research Centre, University of South Australia Division of Clinical and Health Sciences, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Medical Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
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24
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Development and evaluation of two-parameter linear free energy models for the prediction of human skin permeability coefficient of neutral organic chemicals. J Cheminform 2021; 13:25. [PMID: 33741067 PMCID: PMC7980659 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-021-00503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The experimental values of skin permeability coefficients, required for dermal exposure assessment, are not readily available for many chemicals. The existing estimation approaches are either less accurate or require many parameters that are not readily available. Furthermore, current estimation methods are not easy to apply to complex environmental mixtures. We present two models to estimate the skin permeability coefficients of neutral organic chemicals. The first model, referred to here as the 2-parameter partitioning model (PPM), exploits a linear free energy relationship (LFER) of skin permeability coefficient with a linear combination of partition coefficients for octanol–water and air–water systems. The second model is based on the retention time information of nonpolar analytes on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC). The PPM successfully explained variability in the skin permeability data (n = 175) with R2 = 0.82 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.47 log unit. In comparison, the US-EPA’s model DERMWIN™ exhibited an RMSE of 0.78 log unit. The Zhang model—a 5-parameter LFER equation based on experimental Abraham solute descriptors (ASDs)—performed slightly better with an RMSE value of 0.44 log unit. However, the Zhang model is limited by the scarcity of experimental ASDs. The GC × GC model successfully explained the variance in skin permeability data of nonpolar chemicals (n = 79) with R2 = 0.90 and RMSE = 0.23 log unit. The PPM can easily be implemented in US-EPA’s Estimation Program Interface Suite (EPI Suite™). The GC × GC model can be applied to the complex mixtures of nonpolar chemicals. ![]()
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25
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Khotimchenko M, Antontsev V, Chakravarty K, Hou H, Varshney J. In Silico Simulation of the Systemic Drug Exposure Following the Topical Application of Opioid Analgesics in Patients with Cutaneous Lesions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:284. [PMID: 33669957 PMCID: PMC7924840 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of opioid analgesics in treating severe pain is frequently associated with putative adverse effects in humans. Topical agents that are shown to have high efficacy with a favorable safety profile in clinical settings are great alternatives for pain management of multimodal analgesia. However, the risk of side effects induced by transdermal absorption and systemic exposure is of great concern as they are challenging to predict. The present study aimed to use "BIOiSIM" an artificial intelligence-integrated biosimulation platform to predict the transdermal disposition of opioid analgesics. The model successfully predicted their exposure following the topical application of central opioid agonist buprenorphine and peripheral agonist oxycodone in healthy human subjects with simulation of intra-skin exposure in subjects with burns and pressure wounds. The predicted plasma levels of analgesics were used to evaluate the safety of the therapeutic pain control in patients with the dermal structural impairments caused by acute (burns) or chronic cutaneous lesions (pressure wounds) with topical opioid analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jyotika Varshney
- VeriSIM Life Inc., 1 Sansome St, Suite 3500, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA; (M.K.); (V.A.); (K.C.); (H.H.)
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Eftekhari A, Hill JT, Morrison GC. Transdermal uptake of benzophenone-3 from clothing: comparison of human participant results to model predictions. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:149-157. [PMID: 33303958 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-00280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Models of transdermal uptake of chemicals from clothing have been developed, but not compared with recent human subject experiments. In a well-characterized experiment, participants wore t-shirts pre-dosed with benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and BP-3 and a metabolite were monitored in urine voids. OBJECTIVE Compare a dynamic model of transdermal uptake from clothing to results of the human subject experiment. METHODS The model simulating dynamic transdermal uptake from clothing was coupled with direct measurements of the gas phase concentration of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) near the surface of clothing to simulate the conditions of the human subject experiment. RESULTS The base-case model results were consistent with the those reported for human subjects. The results were moderately sensitive to parameters such as the diffusivity in the stratum corneum (SC), the SC thickness, and SC-air partition coefficient. The model predictions were most sensitive to the clothing fit. Tighter clothing worn during exposure period significantly increased excretion rates but tighter fit "clean" clothing during post-exposure period acts as a sink that reduces transdermal absorption by transferring BP-3 from skin surface lipids to clothing. The shape of the excretion curve was most sensitive to the diffusivity in the SC and clothing fit. SIGNIFICANCE This research provides further support for clothing as an important mediator of dermal exposure to environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Eftekhari
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan T Hill
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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27
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Yu F, Tonnis K, Kasting GB, Jaworska J. Computer Simulation of Skin Permeability of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Chemicals - Influence of Follicular Pathway. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:2149-2156. [PMID: 33359309 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A recently published mechanistic skin permeability model (Kasting et al., 2019. J Pharm Sci 108:337-349) that included a follicular diffusion pathway has been extended to describe transient diffusion and finite dose applications. The model follows the disposition of two components, solute and solvent, so that solvent deposition processes can be explicitly represented. Experimentally-calibrated permeability characteristics of the follicular pathway leading to the permeation of highly hydrophilic permeants are further refined. Details of the refinements and a comparison with the earlier model using two large experimental datasets are presented. An example calculation shows the marked difference between the time scales for achievement of near steady-state diffusion for large hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, with the former being more than 100-fold faster than the latter. However, the true steady state for the hydrophilic compound is not reached until much later due to the very slow filling of the corneocyte phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin Tonnis
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Data and Modeling Sciences, Brussels Innovation Center, Belgium
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28
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Ellison CA, Tankersley KO, Obringer CM, Carr GJ, Manwaring J, Rothe H, Duplan H, Géniès C, Grégoire S, Hewitt NJ, Jamin CJ, Klaric M, Lange D, Rolaki A, Schepky A. Partition coefficient and diffusion coefficient determinations of 50 compounds in human intact skin, isolated skin layers and isolated stratum corneum lipids. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104990. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Coleman L, Lian G, Glavin S, Sorrell I, Chen T. In Silico Simulation of Simultaneous Percutaneous Absorption and Xenobiotic Metabolism: Model Development and a Case Study on Aromatic Amines. Pharm Res 2020; 37:241. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02967-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Kuga K, Ito K, Chen W, Wang P, Kumagai K. A numerical investigation of the potential effects of e-cigarette smoking on local tissue dosimetry and the deterioration of indoor air quality. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:1018-1038. [PMID: 32159877 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electronic (e)-cigarette smoking is considered to be less harmful than traditional tobacco smoking because of the lack of a combustion process. However, e-cigarettes have the potential to release harmful chemicals depending on the constituents of the vapor. To date, there has been significant evidence on the adverse health effects of e-cigarette usage. However, what is less known are the impacts of the chemicals contained in exhaled air from an e-cigarette smoker on indoor air quality, the second-hand passive smoking of residents, and the toxicity of the exhaled air. In this study, we develop a comprehensive numerical model and computer-simulated person to investigate the potential effects of e-cigarette smoking on local tissue dosimetry and the deterioration of indoor air quality. We also conducted demonstrative numerical analyses for first-hand and second-hand e-cigarette smoking in an indoor environment. To investigate local tissue dosimetry, we used newly developed physiologically based pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic models that reproduce inhalation exposure by way of the respiratory tract and dermal exposure through the human skin surface. These models were integrated into the computer-simulated person. Our numerical simulation results quantitatively demonstrated the potential impacts of e-cigarette smoking in enclosed spaces on indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kuga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ito
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Japan
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Kazukiyo Kumagai
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
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31
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Eftekhari A, Frederiksen H, Andersson AM, Weschler CJ, Morrison G. Predicting Transdermal Uptake of Phthalates and a Paraben from Cosmetic Cream Using the Measured Fugacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7471-7484. [PMID: 32432857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal uptake models compliment in vitro and in vivo experiments in assessing risk of environmental exposures to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). A key parameter for mechanistic models is the chemical driving force for mass transfer from environmental media to human skin. In this research, we measure this driving force in the form of fugacity for chemicals in cosmetic cream and use it to model uptake from cosmetics as a surrogate for condensed environmental media. A simple cosmetic cream, containing no target analytes, was mixed with diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and butyl paraben (BP) and diluted to make creams with concentrations ranging from 0.025% to 6%. The fugacity, relative to the pure compound, was measured using solid-phase micro extraction (SPME). We found that the relationship between the concentration and fugacity is highly nonlinear. The relative fugacity of the chemicals for a 2% w/w formulation was used in a diffusion-based model to predict transdermal uptake of each chemical and was compared with excretion data from a prior human subject study with the same formulation. Dynamic simulations of excretion are generally consistent with the results of the human subject experiment but sensitive to the input parameters, especially the time between cream application and showering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Eftekhari
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Center for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
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32
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Sarigiannis DΑ, Karakitsios SP, Handakas E, Gotti A. Development of a generic lifelong physiologically based biokinetic model for exposome studies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109307. [PMID: 32229354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study within the frame of the HEALS project aims at the development of a lifelong physiologically based biokinetic (PBBK) model for exposome studies. The aim was to deliver a comprehensive modelling framework for addressing a large chemical space. Towards this aim, the delivered model can easily adapt parameters from existing ad-hoc models or complete the missing compound specific parameters using advanced quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR). All major human organs are included, as well as arterial, venous, and portal blood compartments. Xenobiotics and their metabolites are linked through the metabolizing tissues. This is mainly the liver, but also other sites of metabolism might be considered (intestine, brain, skin, placenta) based on the presence or not of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of the compound of interest. Each tissue is described by three mass balance equations for (a) red blood cells, (b) plasma and interstitial tissue and (c) cells respectively. The anthropometric parameters of the models are time dependent, so as to provide a lifetime internal dose assessment, as well as to describe the continuously changing physiology of the mother and the developing fetus. An additional component of flexibility is that the biokinetic processes that relate to metabolism are related with either Michaelis-Menten kinetics, as well as intrinsic clearance kinetics. The capability of the model is demonstrated in the assessment of internal exposure and the prediction of expected biomonitored levels in urine for three major compounds within the HEALS project, namely bisphenol A (BPA), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and cadmium (Cd). The results indicated that the predicted urinary levels fit very well with the ones from human biomonitoring (HBM) studies; internal exposure to plasticizers is very low (in the range of ng/L), while internal exposure to Cd is in the range of μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimosthenis Α Sarigiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece; School for Advanced Study (IUSS), Science, Technology and Society Department, Environmental Health Engineering, Piazza Della Vittoria 15, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Spyros P Karakitsios
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | - Evangelos Handakas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Alberto Gotti
- EUCENTRE, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 1, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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Liu X, Yousef S, Anissimov YG, van der Hoek J, Tsakalozou E, Ni Z, Grice JE, Roberts MS. Diffusion modelling of percutaneous absorption kinetics. Predicting urinary excretion from in vitro skin permeation tests (IVPT) for an infinite dose. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 149:30-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Basketter D, Pease C, Kasting G, Kimber I, Casati S, Cronin M, Diembeck W, Gerberick F, Hadgraft J, Hartung T, Marty JP, Nikolaidis E, Patlewicz G, Roberts D, Roggen E, Rovida C, van de Sandt J. Skin Sensitisation and Epidermal Disposition: The Relevance of Epidermal Disposition for Sensitisation Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 35:137-54. [PMID: 17411362 DOI: 10.1177/026119290703500124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Basketter
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Bedfordshire, UK
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35
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Li BS, Cary JH, Maibach HI. Should we instruct patients to rub topical agents into skin? The evidence. J DERMATOL TREAT 2018; 30:328-332. [PMID: 30247942 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2018.1527997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: At least 15 factors influence the ability of compounds to penetrate the skin. Massage (rubbing) may be another factor that has gone relatively unrecognized. Method: PubMed, Google Scholar, and EMBASE databases were accessed online in March 2018 in search of studies measuring absorption through skin with and without rubbing or massage. Results: While some studies noted no difference in dermal absorption with regards to rubbing, others have demonstrated the opposite. In general, massage technique does indeed sometimes enhance dermal absorption. In addition to increase skin temperature and blood flow, rubbing likely modifies stratum corneum (SC) structure to enhance diffusion rates and increase retained penetrant amount within the skin. Conclusions: Understanding the mechanism of massage and its role in percutaneous penetration may help elucidate skin barrier function, dermal absorption, skin decontamination, and dermatotoxicology. To achieve such goals, an in vitro model that models in vivo behaviors must first be established. Subsequently, experiments with different penetrants, vehicles, massage time, and other variables may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky S Li
- a Howard University College of Medicine , Washington , DC , USA.,b Department of Dermatology, San Francisco School of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - John Havens Cary
- b Department of Dermatology, San Francisco School of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,c Louisiana State University School of Medicine , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- b Department of Dermatology, San Francisco School of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
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36
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Li SK, Chantasart D. Skin Permeation Enhancement in Aqueous Solution: Correlation With Equilibrium Enhancer Concentration and Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:350-357. [PMID: 30165068 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of skin penetration enhancers and the enhancer concentration required for effective skin permeation enhancement are difficult to predict. A comprehensive quantitative structure-enhancement relationship of chemical penetration enhancers for skin permeation is not currently available. The present study (a) investigated the relationship between skin permeation enhancement and chemical enhancer concentration and (b) examined a simple quantitative structure-enhancement relationship for predicting skin permeation enhancement to guide enhancer formulation development. In the present analysis, data from previous skin permeation studies that used the symmetric/equilibrium configuration and skin parallel pathway model were summarized to determine the relationship between enhancement factor and enhancer concentration. Under the equilibrium conditions, semilogarithmic linear relationships between enhancement factor (E) and enhancer aqueous concentration (C) were observed and an enhancer potency parameter (α) was defined. A correlation between the potency parameter α and enhancer octanol/water partition coefficient (Koct) was obtained. The enhancement factor relationship was derived: Log E = 0.32 ∙ C ∙ Koct. The results suggest that a "threshold" of (C ∙ Koct) > 0.5 M is required to induce effective skin permeation enhancement under these conditions. Consistent with the analyses in previous studies, the data suggest that octanol represents the skin barrier microenvironment for the penetration enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267.
| | - Doungdaw Chantasart
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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37
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Carbajo JM, Maraver F. Salt water and skin interactions: new lines of evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:1345-1360. [PMID: 29675710 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In Health Resort Medicine, both balneotherapy and thalassotherapy, salt waters and their peloids, or mud products are mainly used to treat rheumatic and skin disorders. These therapeutic agents act jointly via numerous mechanical, thermal, and chemical mechanisms. In this review, we examine a new mechanism of action specific to saline waters. When topically administered, this water rich in sodium and chloride penetrates the skin where it is able to modify cellular osmotic pressure and stimulate nerve receptors in the skin via cell membrane ion channels known as "Piezo" proteins. We describe several models of cutaneous adsorption/desorption and penetration of dissolved ions in mineral waters through the skin (osmosis and cell volume mechanisms in keratinocytes) and examine the role of these resources in stimulating cutaneous nerve receptors. The actions of salt mineral waters are mediated by a mechanism conditioned by the concentration and quality of their salts involving cellular osmosis-mediated activation/inhibition of cell apoptotic or necrotic processes. In turn, this osmotic mechanism modulates the recently described mechanosensitive piezoelectric channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Carbajo
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Maraver
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Professional School of Medical Hydrology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Kladt C, Dennerlein K, Göen T, Drexler H, Korinth G. Evaluation on the reliability of the permeability coefficient (K p) to assess the percutaneous penetration property of chemicals on the basis of Flynn's dataset. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 91:467-477. [PMID: 29468312 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The permeability coefficient (Kp) is often used for prediction of the dermal penetration of chemicals. Mathematical models have mostly been derived on Kp data basis. However, confusing Kp values are reported, questioning the general reliability of this parameter. In this study, we tested the plausibility of Kp values expressing the dermal penetration velocity (cm h-1) of chemicals on a larger dataset from literature. METHODS Kp was applied for the calculation of the time for penetration through skin membranes of defined thickness (tCrossSkin). Kp values were obtained from Flynn's dataset (1990), containing data determined mostly under similar experimental conditions using diffusion cells. Further skin penetration parameters, e.g., times at which the chemicals were firstly measured in the receptor phase, lag times, steady-state times, and exposure duration, where available, were related to Kp values. The data congruence was tested comparing Kp values from Flynn's dataset with those reported in the EDETOX database. Variables, which could bias the results, such as different experimental protocols and research groups were also considered. RESULTS Kp data for 94 chemicals matched the inclusion criteria were evaluated. According to the Kp values, 21 (22%) compounds would require longer than 100 h, and 20 (21%) further compounds longer than 10 h of exposure to penetrate skin membranes of ~ 0.01-2.5 mm thickness. Obviously, erroneous Kp were found in studies of almost all research groups in Flynn's database, indicating that neither the observer nor the experimental conditions alone biased the values. CONCLUSIONS Our evaluation demonstrates high implausibility of Kp values to represent the dermal penetration velocity and supports general invalidity of the parameter for implementation in studies using skin membranes. The Kp should not be used to characterize the percutaneous penetration of chemicals or in risk assessment without verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kladt
- Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Dennerlein
- Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Drexler
- Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gintautas Korinth
- Institute and Out-Patient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schillerstrasse 25/29, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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39
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Cao Y, Elmahdy A, Zhu H, Hui X, Maibach H. Binding affinity and decontamination of dermal decontamination gel to model chemical warfare agent simulants. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:724-733. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Cao
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Akram Elmahdy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Hanjiang Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Xiaoying Hui
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
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40
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Kodiweera C, Yang Y, Bunge AL. Characterization of Water Self-Diffusion in Human Stratum Corneum. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:1131-1142. [PMID: 29273346 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost layer of human skin and primary barrier to water loss and chemical exposure. It consists of keratin-filled corneocytes of large aspect ratio surrounded by a thin matrix of highly organized lipophilic molecules. In the presence of water, the corneocytes swell and permeability for many chemicals increases. The role of hydration and SC structure on water self-diffusion was investigated using the pulsed-gradient stimulated echo nuclear magnetic resonance technique. Proton (1H) self-diffusion, associated with water inside the corneocytes, was determined in human SC as a function of hydration, with and without lipid extraction, at 20°C to 40°C. SC layers were oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the field-gradient direction. Self-diffusion in the direction parallel to the long dimension of the corneocytes is unaffected by lipid extraction and consistent with a free-volume diffusion model. The effect of temperature corresponds with the activation energy of water in wool. Self-diffusion perpendicular to the long dimension of the corneocytes was less dependent on hydration and smaller than in the parallel direction, except at low hydration, when diffusion is insensitive to orientation. Corneocyte diffusion predicted by 2 microscopic SC models in common use are compared with our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandana Kodiweera
- Colorado School of Mines, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Yuan Yang
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Annette L Bunge
- Colorado School of Mines, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Golden, Colorado 80401.
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41
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Li L, Yang S, Chen T, Han L, Lian G. A Measurement and Modeling Study of Hair Partition of Neutral, Cationic, and Anionic Chemicals. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:1122-1130. [PMID: 29269270 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Various neutral, cationic, and anionic chemicals contained in hair care products can be absorbed into hair fiber to modulate physicochemical properties such as color, strength, style, and volume. For environmental safety, there is also an interest in understanding hair absorption to wide chemical pollutants. There have been very limited studies on the absorption properties of chemicals into hair. Here, an experimental and modeling study has been carried out for the hair-water partition of a range of neutral, cationic, and anionic chemicals at different pH. The data showed that hair-water partition not only depends on the hydrophobicity of the chemical but also the pH. The partition of cationic chemicals to hair increased with pH, and this is due to their electrostatic interaction with hair increased from repulsion to attraction. For anionic chemicals, their hair-water partition coefficients decreased with increasing pH due to their electrostatic interaction with hair decreased from attraction to repulsion. Increase in pH did not change the partition of neutral chemicals significantly. Based on the new physicochemical insight of the pH effect on hair-water partition, a new quantitative structure property relationship model has been proposed, taking into account of both the hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction of chemical with hair fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Li
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Senpei Yang
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK
| | - Lujia Han
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.
| | - Guoping Lian
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK; Unilever R&D Colworth, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK441LQ, UK.
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How Sensitive Are Transdermal Transport Predictions by Microscopic Stratum Corneum Models to Geometric and Transport Parameter Input? J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:612-623. [PMID: 28989022 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While predictive models of transdermal transport have the potential to reduce human and animal testing, microscopic stratum corneum (SC) model output is highly dependent on idealized SC geometry, transport pathway (transcellular vs. intercellular), and penetrant transport parameters (e.g., compound diffusivity in lipids). Most microscopic models are limited to a simple rectangular brick-and-mortar SC geometry and do not account for variability across delivery sites, hydration levels, and populations. In addition, these models rely on transport parameters obtained from pure theory, parameter fitting to match in vivo experiments, and time-intensive diffusion experiments for each compound. In this work, we develop a microscopic finite element model that allows us to probe model sensitivity to variations in geometry, transport pathway, and hydration level. Given the dearth of experimentally-validated transport data and the wide range in theoretically-predicted transport parameters, we examine the model's response to a variety of transport parameters reported in the literature. Results show that model predictions are strongly dependent on all aforementioned variations, resulting in order-of-magnitude differences in lag times and permeabilities for distinct structure, hydration, and parameter combinations. This work demonstrates that universally predictive models cannot fully succeed without employing experimentally verified transport parameters and individualized SC structures.
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Nitsche JM, Kasting GB. How Predictable Are Human Stratum Corneum Lipid/Water Partition Coefficients? Assessment and Useful Correlations for Dermal Absorption. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:727-738. [PMID: 28818392 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Partition coefficients between human stratum corneum lipids and water (Ksclip/w) are collected or deduced from a variety of sources in a manner that approximately doubles the available data compared to the current state-of-the-art model (Hansen et al., Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65(2):251-264). An additional datum for water itself in porcine SC that considerably extends the molecular size and lipophilicity range of the data set is considered. The data are analyzed in terms of an extended linear free energy relationship involving octanol/water partition coefficients, Abraham solvation parameters, and a secondary, power law molecular weight dependence. The optimum fit to log Ksclip/w for the full data set reduces the standard error of prediction from 0.50 for a Hansen-like model to 0.39; corresponding multiplicative errors in Ksclip/w are reduced from a factor of 3.1 to one of 2.5. The difference in performance is driven by the water datum, which requires a more complex dependence on molecular size than that afforded by Abraham parameters. In the absence of the water value, the Hansen-like model, which does not include a dependence on molecular size, is essentially optimum. A comparison is presented to fluid-phase phospholipid-water systems, which have a demonstrably different structure-property relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Nitsche
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-4200.
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0514
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44
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Rothe H, Obringer C, Manwaring J, Avci C, Wargniez W, Eilstein J, Hewitt N, Cubberley R, Duplan H, Lange D, Jacques‐Jamin C, Klaric M, Schepky A, Grégoire S. Comparison of protocols measuring diffusion and partition coefficients in the stratum corneum. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:806-816. [PMID: 28139006 PMCID: PMC5484360 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Partition (K) and diffusion (D) coefficients are important to measure for the modelling of skin penetration of chemicals through the stratum corneum (SC). We compared the feasibility of three protocols for the testing of 50 chemicals in our main studies, using three cosmetics-relevant model chemicals with a wide range of logP values. Protocol 1: SC concentration-depth profile using tape-stripping (measures KSC/v and DSC /HSC2 , where HSC is the SC thickness); Protocol 2A: incubation of isolated SC with chemical (direct measurement of KSC/v only) and Protocol 2B: diffusion through isolated SC mounted on a Franz cell (measures KSC/v and DSC /HSC2 , and is based on Fick's laws). KSC/v values for caffeine and resorcinol using Protocol 1 and 2B were within 30% of each other, values using Protocol 2A were ~two-fold higher, and all values were within 10-fold of each other. Only indirect determination of KSC/v by Protocol 2B was different from the direct measurement of KSC/v by Protocol 2A and Protocol 1 for 7-EC. The variability of KSC/v for all three chemicals using Protocol 2B was higher compared to Protocol 1 and 2A. DSC /HSC2 values for the three chemicals were of the same order of magnitude using all three protocols. Additionally, using Protocol 1, there was very little difference between parameters measured in pig and human SC. In conclusion, KSC/v, and DSC values were comparable using different methods. Pig skin might be a good surrogate for human skin for the three chemicals tested. Copyright © 2017 The Authors Journal of Applied Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Rothe
- Procter & Gamble Service GmbH, (currently HFC Prestige Service Germany GmbH)Berliner Allee 6564295DarmstadtGermany
- Present address: Coty, Berliner Allee6564295DarmstadtGermany
| | - C. Obringer
- Procter & Gamble Inc., Mason Business CenterMasonOH45040USA
| | - J. Manwaring
- Procter & Gamble Inc., Mason Business CenterMasonOH45040USA
| | - C. Avci
- L'Oreal Research & Innovation1, avenue Eugène Schueller93601Aulnay‐sous‐BoisFrance
| | - W. Wargniez
- L'Oreal Research & Innovation1, avenue Eugène Schueller93601Aulnay‐sous‐BoisFrance
| | - J. Eilstein
- L'Oreal Research & Innovation1, avenue Eugène Schueller93601Aulnay‐sous‐BoisFrance
| | - N. Hewitt
- Cosmetics EuropeAvenue Herrmann‐Debroux 40B‐1160BrusselsBelgium
| | - R. Cubberley
- Unilever, Colworth Science ParkSharnbrookBedfordMK44 1LQUK
| | - H. Duplan
- Pierre Fabre Dermo‐Cosmétique3, avenue Hubert Curien31035Toulouse Cedex 1France
| | - D. Lange
- Beiersdorf AGUnnastrasse 48D‐20245HamburgGermany
| | - C. Jacques‐Jamin
- Pierre Fabre Dermo‐Cosmétique3, avenue Hubert Curien31035Toulouse Cedex 1France
| | - M. Klaric
- Cosmetics EuropeAvenue Herrmann‐Debroux 40B‐1160BrusselsBelgium
| | - A. Schepky
- Beiersdorf AGUnnastrasse 48D‐20245HamburgGermany
| | - S. Grégoire
- L'Oreal Research & Innovation1, avenue Eugène Schueller93601Aulnay‐sous‐BoisFrance
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45
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Barbero AM, Frasch HF. Effect of stratum corneum heterogeneity, anisotropy, asymmetry and follicular pathway on transdermal penetration. J Control Release 2017; 260:234-246. [PMID: 28596104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the complex structure of the stratum corneum on transdermal penetration is not yet fully described by existing models. A quantitative and thorough study of skin permeation is essential for chemical exposure assessment and transdermal delivery of drugs. The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of heterogeneity, anisotropy, asymmetry, follicular diffusion, and location of the main barrier of diffusion on percutaneous permeation. In the current study, the solution of the transient diffusion through a two-dimensional-anisotropic brick-and-mortar geometry of the stratum corneum is obtained using the commercial finite element program COMSOL Multiphysics. First, analytical solutions of an equivalent multilayer geometry are used to determine whether the lipids or corneocytes constitute the main permeation barrier. Also these analytical solutions are applied for validations of the finite element solutions. Three illustrative compounds are analyzed in these sections: diethyl phthalate, caffeine and nicotine. Then, asymmetry with depth and follicular diffusion are studied using caffeine as an illustrative compound. The following findings are drawn from this study: the main permeation barrier is located in the lipid layers; the flux and lag time of diffusion through a brick-and-mortar geometry are almost identical to the values corresponding to a multilayer geometry; the flux and lag time are affected when the lipid transbilayer diffusivity or the partition coefficients vary with depth, but are not affected by depth-dependent corneocyte diffusivity; and the follicular contribution has significance for low transbilayer lipid diffusivity, especially when flux between the follicle and the surrounding stratum corneum is involved. This study demonstrates that the diffusion is primarily transcellular and the main barrier is located in the lipid layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Barbero
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - H Frederick Frasch
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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46
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Kodiweera C, Romonchuk WJ, Yang Y, Bunge AL. Characterization of Water and a Model Lipophilic Compound in Human Stratum Corneum by NMR Spectroscopy and Equilibrium Sorption. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3376-3386. [PMID: 27671234 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost skin layer in humans and other mammals and the primary barrier to water loss and environmental exposure to chemicals and microorganisms. It consists of flattened, keratin-filled corneocytes surrounded by well-organized lipid layers. Human SC at varying degrees of hydration with and without addition of a model lipophilic compound, 2-(trifluoromethyl) benzonitrile (TFMB), was studied using proton (1H) and fluorine (19F) nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Proton spectral analyses revealed that water mainly occupies the corneocytes in agreement with prior studies. Observations from 19F spectral and spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) analyses showed that TFMB is primarily present in the lipids with small amounts in water, which is located within the corneocytes. This is consistent with TFMB sorption, which was measured in SC with and without lipid extraction. The presence of TFMB within the corneocytes supports the hypothesis that transcellular diffusion of a lipophilic compound like TFMB may contribute to SC permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandana Kodiweera
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Dartmouth Brain Imaging Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Wayne J Romonchuk
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Annette L Bunge
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401.
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47
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Chen T, Lian G, Kattou P. In Silico Modelling of Transdermal and Systemic Kinetics of Topically Applied Solutes: Model Development and Initial Validation for Transdermal Nicotine. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1602-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Rush AK, Miller MA, Smith ED, Kasting GB. A quantitative radioluminographic imaging method for evaluating lateral diffusion rates in skin. J Control Release 2015; 216:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Zhu H, Jung EC, Hui X, Maibach H. Proposed human stratum corneum water domain in chemical absorption. J Appl Toxicol 2015. [PMID: 26206725 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Compounds with varying physical and chemical properties may have different affinities to the stratum corneum (SC) and/or its intercellular lipids, keratin protein, and possible water domains. To better understand the mechanism of percutaneous absorption, we utilized 21 carbon-14 labeled chemicals, with wide hydrophilicity (log P = -0.05 to 6.17), and quantified their absorption/adsorption properties for a short incubation time (15 min) with regards to intact SC membrane, delipidized SC membrane and SC lipid. A facile method was developed for SC/lipid absorption, providing a more equivalent procedure and comparable data. SC lipid absorption of chemical solutes positively correlated with the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P). Differences between the percent dose of chemical absorption to intact SC and the total percent dose contributed by the protein and lipid domains suggest the possibility and significance of a water domain. Absorption rate experiments showed a longer lag time for intact SC than for delipidized SC or SC lipid, suggesting that the water domain may delay chemical binding to protein and lipid domains, and may be a factor in the resistance of many chemicals to current decontamination methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiang Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0989, USA
| | - Eui-Chang Jung
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0989, USA
| | - Xiaoying Hui
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0989, USA
| | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0989, USA
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50
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Miller MA, Kasting GB. A Spreadsheet-Based Method for Simultaneously Estimating the Disposition of Multiple Ingredients Applied to Skin. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2047-2055. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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