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Metry M, Polli JE. Evaluation of Excipient Risk in BCS Class I and III Biowaivers. AAPS J 2022; 24:20. [PMID: 34988701 PMCID: PMC8817461 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review article is to summarize literature data pertinent to potential excipient effects on intestinal drug permeability and transit. Despite the use of excipients in drug products for decades, considerable research efforts have been directed towards evaluating their potential effects on drug bioavailability. Potential excipient concerns stem from drug formulation changes (e.g., scale-up and post-approval changes, development of a new generic product). Regulatory agencies have established in vivo bioequivalence standards and, as a result, may waive the in vivo requirement, known as a biowaiver, for some oral products. Biowaiver acceptance criteria are based on the in vitro characterization of the drug substance and drug product using the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). Various regulatory guidance documents have been issued regarding BCS-based biowaivers, such that the current FDA guidance is more restrictive than prior guidance, specifically about excipient risk. In particular, sugar alcohols have been identified as potential absorption-modifying excipients. These biowaivers and excipient risks are discussed here. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Metry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Wu F, Cristofoletti R, Zhao L, Rostami‐Hodjegan A. Scientific considerations to move towards biowaiver for biopharmaceutical classification system class III drugs: How modeling and simulation can help. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:118-127. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling Office of Research and Standards Office of Generic Drugs Center for Drug Evaluation and Research U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Florida Orlando Florida USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling Office of Research and Standards Office of Generic Drugs Center for Drug Evaluation and Research U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Amin Rostami‐Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Certara UK Limited Sheffield UK
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Relevance of Hydrogen Bonds for the Histamine H2 Receptor-Ligand Interactions: A Lesson from Deuteration. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020196. [PMID: 32013143 PMCID: PMC7072573 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the implicit quantization of the acidic N–H and O–H bonds to assess the effect of deuteration on the binding of agonists (2-methylhistamine and 4-methylhistamine) and antagonists (cimetidine and famotidine) to the histamine H2 receptor. The results show that deuteration significantly increases the affinity for 4-methylhistamine and reduces it for 2-methylhistamine, while leaving it unchanged for both antagonists, which is found in excellent agreement with experiments. The revealed trends are interpreted in the light of the altered strength of the hydrogen bonding upon deuteration, known as the Ubbelohde effect, which affects ligand interactions with both active sites residues and solvent molecules preceding the binding, thus providing strong evidence for the relevance of hydrogen bonding for this process. In addition, computations further underline an important role of the Tyr250 residue for the binding. The obtained insight is relevant for the therapy in the context of (per)deuterated drugs that are expected to enter therapeutic practice in the near future, while this approach may contribute towards understanding receptor activation and its discrimination between agonists and antagonists.
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Yousefzadeh A, Abolhasani J, Hassanzadeh J, Somi MH. Ultrasensitive chemiluminescence assay for cimetidine detection based on the synergistic improving effect of Au nanoclusters and graphene quantum dots. LUMINESCENCE 2019; 34:261-271. [PMID: 30724006 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) procedure based on the synergetic catalytic effects of gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was developed for the reliable measurement of cimetidine (CM). The initial experiments showed that the KMnO4 -based oxidation of alkaline rhodamine B (RhoB) generated a very weak CL emission, which was intensively enhanced in the simultaneous presence of Au NCs and GQDs. CL intermediates can be adsorbed and gathered on the surface of Au NCs, becoming more stable. GQDs participate in the energy transferring processes and facilitate them. These improving effects were simultaneously obtained by adding both Au NCs and GQDs into the RhoB-KMnO4 reaction. Consequently, the increasing effect of the Au NCs/GQDs mixture was more than that of pure Au NCs or GQDs, and a new nano-assisted powerful CL system was achieved. Furthermore, a marked quenching in the emission of the introduced CL system was observed in the presence of CM, so the system was examined to design a sensitive sensor for CM. After optimization of influencing parameters, the linear lessening in CL emission intensity of KMnO4 -RhoB-Au NCs/GQDs was verified for CM concentrations in the range 0.8-200 ng ml-1 . The limit of detection (3Sb /m) was 0.3 ng ml-1 . Despite being a simple CL method, good sensitivity was obtained for CM detection with reliable results for CM determination in human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Yousefzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Abolhasani
- Department of Chemistry, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Hassanzadeh
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Posada MM, Cannady EA, Payne CD, Zhang X, Bacon JA, Pak YA, Higgins JW, Shahri N, Hall SD, Hillgren KM. Prediction of Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions for Baricitinib. Clin Transl Sci 2017; 10:509-519. [PMID: 28749581 PMCID: PMC6402191 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Baricitinib, an oral selective Janus kinase 1 and 2 inhibitor, undergoes active renal tubular secretion. Baricitinib was not predicted to inhibit hepatic and renal uptake and efflux drug transporters, based on the ratio of the unbound maximum eliminating-organ inlet concentration and the in vitro half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50 ). In vitro, baricitinib was a substrate for organic anion transporter (OAT)3, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE)2-K, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Probenecid, a strong OAT3 inhibitor, increased the area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC[0-∞] ) of baricitinib by twofold and decreased renal clearance to 69% of control in healthy subjects. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling reproduced the renal clearance of baricitinib and the inhibitory effect of probenecid using the in vitro IC50 value of 4.4 μM. Using ibuprofen and diclofenac in vitro IC50 values of 4.4 and 3.8 μM toward OAT3, 1.2 and 1.0 AUC(0-∞) ratios of baricitinib were predicted. These predictions suggest clinically relevant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with ibuprofen and diclofenac are unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin Zhang
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Y Anne Pak
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - J William Higgins
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Current address: Organovo Inc., San Diego, California, USA
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Hansmann S, Darwich A, Margolskee A, Aarons L, Dressman J. Forecasting oral absorption across biopharmaceutics classification system classes with physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:1501-1515. [PMID: 27781273 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was (1) to determine how closely physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can predict oral bioavailability using a priori knowledge of drug-specific properties and (2) to examine the influence of the biopharmaceutics classification system class on the simulation success. METHODS Simcyp Simulator, GastroPlus™ and GI-Sim were used. Compounds with published Biowaiver monographs (bisoprolol (BCS I), nifedipine (BCS II), cimetidine (BCS III), furosemide (BCS IV)) were selected to ensure availability of accurate and reproducible data for all required parameters. Simulation success was evaluated with the average fold error (AFE) and absolute average fold error (AAFE). Parameter sensitivity analysis (PSA) to selected parameters was performed. KEY FINDINGS Plasma concentration-time profiles after intravenous administration were forecast within an AAFE < 3. The addition of absorption processes resulted in more variability in the prediction of the plasma profiles, irrespective of biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class. The reliability of literature permeability data was identified as a key issue in the accuracy of predicting oral drug absorption. CONCLUSION For the four drugs studied, it appears that the forecasting accuracy of the PBPK models is related to the BCS class (BCS I > BCS II, BCS III > BCS IV). These results will need to be verified with additional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hansmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adam Darwich
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alison Margolskee
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Leon Aarons
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Vaithianathan S, Haidar SH, Zhang X, Jiang W, Avon C, Dowling TC, Shao C, Kane M, Hoag SW, Flasar MH, Ting TY, Polli JE. Effect of Common Excipients on the Oral Drug Absorption of Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class 3 Drugs Cimetidine and Acyclovir. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:996-1005. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Parr A, Hidalgo IJ, Bode C, Brown W, Yazdanian M, Gonzalez MA, Sagawa K, Miller K, Jiang W, Stippler ES. The Effect of Excipients on the Permeability of BCS Class III Compounds and Implications for Biowaivers. Pharm Res 2015; 33:167-76. [PMID: 26286187 PMCID: PMC4689772 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Currently, the FDA allows biowaivers for Class I (high solubility and high permeability) and Class III (high solubility and low permeability) compounds of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). Scientific evidence should be provided to support biowaivers for BCS Class I and Class III (high solubility and low permeability) compounds. Methods Data on the effects of excipients on drug permeability are needed to demonstrate that commonly used excipients do not affect the permeability of BCS Class III compounds, which would support the application of biowaivers to Class III compounds. This study was designed to generate such data by assessing the permeability of four BCS Class III compounds and one Class I compound in the presence and absence of five commonly used excipients. Results The permeability of each of the compounds was assessed, at three to five concentrations, with each excipient in two different models: Caco-2 cell monolayers, and in situ rat intestinal perfusion. No substantial increases in the permeability of any of the compounds were observed in the presence of any of the tested excipients in either of the models, with the exception of disruption of Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity by sodium lauryl sulfate at 0.1 mg/ml and higher. Conclusion The results suggest that the absorption of these four BCS Class III compounds would not be greatly affected by the tested excipients. This may have implications in supporting biowaivers for BCS Class III compounds in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Parr
- GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | | | - Chris Bode
- Absorption Systems LP, Exton, Pennsylvania, 19341-2556, USA.
| | - William Brown
- US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Mehran Yazdanian
- Teva Branded Pharmaceuticals R&D Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania, 19380, USA
| | - Mario A Gonzalez
- P'Kinetics International, Inc., Pembroke Pines, Florida, 33027, USA
| | - Kazuko Sagawa
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Kevin Miller
- GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Food and Drug Administration, Office of Generic Drugs, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20841, USA
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Papich MG, Martinez MN. Applying Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Criteria to Predict Oral Absorption of Drugs in Dogs: Challenges and Pitfalls. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:948-64. [PMID: 25916691 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) has been a prognostic tool for assessing the potential effects of formulation on the human drug oral bioavailability. When used in conjunction with in vitro dissolution tests, the BCS can support the prediction of in vivo product performance and the development of mechanistic models that support formulation assessments through the generation of "what if" scenarios. To date, the applicability of existing human BCS criteria has not been evaluated in dogs, thereby limiting its use in canine drug development. Therefore, we examined 50 drugs for which absolute bioavailability (F) was available both in dogs and humans. The drugs were also evaluated for any potential association between solubility (calculated from the dose number, Do) or lipophilicity (LogP) and F in dogs. In humans, solubility is determined in 250 mL of fluid. However, the appropriate volume for classifying drug solubility in dogs has not been established. In this analysis, the estimated volume of a water flush administered to fasted dogs (6 mL) and a volume of 250 mL scaled to a Beagle dog (35 mL) were examined. In addition, in humans, a Do value greater than 1.0 is used to define a compound as highly soluble and a LogP value greater than 1.72 as high permeability. These same criteria were applied for defining highly soluble and highly permeable in dogs. Whether using 35 or 6 mL to determine Do, the canine solubility classification remained unchanged for all but seven compounds. There were no clear associations between a drug's F in dogs and humans or between the canine value of F and either its human BCS classification, its LogP value, or the canine Do estimate. There was a tendency for those drugs with canine values of F equal to or greater than 80% to have LogP values equal to or greater than 1.0. Exceptions to this observation tended to be those compounds known to be absorbed via mechanisms other than passive diffusion (e.g., via transporters or paracellular transporters). Although there are limitations to the approach used in this study, the results of our assessment strongly suggest that the human BCS classification system requires substantial modification before it can be reliably applied to dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Papich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607, USA,
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Kortejärvi H, Malkki J, Shawahna R, Scherrmann JM, Urtti A, Yliperttula M. Pharmacokinetic simulations to explore dissolution criteria of BCS I and III biowaivers with and without MDR-1 efflux transporter. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 61:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sediq A, Kubbinga M, Langguth P, Dressman J. The impact of the EMA change in definition of "dose" on the BCS dose-solubility ratio: a review of the biowaiver monographs. J Pharm Sci 2013; 103:65-70. [PMID: 24338749 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) defines the solubility characteristics of an active pharmaceutical substance based on its dose-solubility ratio: for highly soluble drugs this ratio is less than 250 mL over a defined pH range. Prior to the revision of the European Medicines Agency (EMA, formerly EMEA) guideline in 2010, the "dose" in this ratio was consistently defined by the US FDA, the EMA, and the WHO biowaiver guidelines as the highest dosage strength. However, in the revised EMA guideline, the dose is defined as the highest single dose administered according to the Summary of Product Characteristics. The new EMA criterion for highly soluble may be closer to the actual conditions of use, but it is not in line with the dose that would be used in the in vivo bioequivalence study. This paper evaluates the impact on the BCS classification of the active pharmaceutical ingredients of the published biowaiver monographs and discusses the consequences of the possible change in classification on biowaiver recommendations. Using the current definition of dose by the EMA, the biowaiver recommendations for metoclopramide hydrochloride and verapamil hydrochloride are no longer valid according to EMA criteria. For prednisolone and prednisone, a reevaluation of the biowaiver recommendation, taking into account the usual dosing levels, seems appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Sediq
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Cristofoletti R, Chiann C, Dressman JB, Storpirtis S. A comparative analysis of biopharmaceutics classification system and biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system: A cross-sectional survey with 500 bioequivalence studies. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3136-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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An Overview of Analytical Determination of Diltiazem, Cimetidine, Ranitidine, and Famotidine by UV Spectrophotometry and HPLC Technique. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/184948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article recapitulates the analytical methods for the quantitative determinations of diltiazem and three H2receptor antagonists (cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine) by one of the spectroscopic technique (UV spectrophotometery) and separation technique such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The clinical and pharmaceutical analysis of these drugs requires effective analytical procedures for quality control, pharmaceutical dosage formulations, and biological fluids. An extensive survey of the literature published in various analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry-related journals has been compiled in its review. A synopsis of reported spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods for individual drug is integrated. This appraisal illustrates that majority of the HPLC methods reviewed are based on the quantitative analysis of drugs in biological fluids, and they are appropriate for therapeutic drug monitoring purpose.
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GC Determination of Famotidine, Ranitidine, Cimetidine, and Metformin in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Serum Using Methylglyoxal as Derivatizing Reagent. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Charkoftaki G, Dokoumetzidis A, Valsami G, Macheras P. Elucidating the role of dose in the biopharmaceutics classification of drugs: the concepts of critical dose, effective in vivo solubility, and dose-dependent BCS. Pharm Res 2012; 29:3188-98. [PMID: 22760660 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a dose dependent version of BCS and identify a critical dose after which the amount absorbed is independent from the dose. METHODS We utilized a mathematical model of drug absorption in order to produce simulations of the fraction of dose absorbed (F) and the amount absorbed as function of the dose for the various classes of BCS and the marginal cases in between classes. RESULTS Simulations based on the mathematical model of F versus dose produced patterns of a constant F throughout a wide range of doses for drugs of Classes I, II and III, justifying biowaiver claim. For Classes I and III the pattern of a constant F stops at a critical dose Dose(cr) after which the amount of drug absorbed, is independent from the dose. For doses higher than Dose(cr), Class I drugs become Class II and Class III drugs become Class IV. Dose(cr) was used to define an in vivo effective solubility as S(eff) = Dose(cr)/250 ml. Literature data were used to support our simulation results. CONCLUSIONS A new biopharmaceutic classification of drugs is proposed, based on F, separating drugs into three regions, taking into account the dose, and Dose(cr), while the regions for claiming biowaiver are clearly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Charkoftaki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Faculty of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Crison JR, Timmins P, Keung A, Upreti VV, Boulton DW, Scheer BJ. Biowaiver Approach for Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class 3 Compound Metformin Hydrochloride Using In Silico Modeling. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1773-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nair A, Abrahamsson B, Barends DM, Groot D, Kopp S, Polli JE, Shah VP, Dressman JB. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Primaquine Phosphate. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:936-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Tarirai C, Viljoen AM, Hamman JH. Effects of dietary fruits, vegetables and a herbal tea on the in vitro transport of cimetidine: comparing the Caco-2 model with porcine jejunum tissue. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:254-263. [PMID: 22085278 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.598169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dietary botanicals are often consumed together with allopathic medicines, which may give rise to pharmacokinetic interactions. In vitro intestinal models are useful to identify botanical-drug interactions, but they may exhibit different expressions of transporters or enzymes. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of selected dietary botanical extracts on cimetidine transport across two in vitro intestinal models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bi-directional transport of cimetidine was measured across Caco-2 cell monolayers and excised porcine jejunum tissue in the absence (control) as well as the presence of verapamil (positive control) and selected plant extracts. RESULTS Sclerocarya birrea Hochst. (Anacardiaceae) (marula) and Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) (guava) crude extracts significantly decreased cimetidine efflux in both in vitro models resulting in increased absorptive transport of the drug. On the other hand, Dovyalis caffra Sim. (Flacourtiaceae) (Kei-apple), Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Rosaceae) (peach), Aspalathus linearis (Burm. f.) R. Dahlgren (Fabaceae) (rooibos tea), Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae) (carrot), Prunus domestica A. Sav. (Rosaceae) (plum), Beta vulgaris L. (Chenopodiaceae) (beetroot) and Fragaria x ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier. (Rosaceae) (strawberry) crude extracts exhibited different effects on cimetidine transport between the two models. DISCUSSION Caco-2 cells were more sensitive to changes in cimetidine transport by the plant extracts and therefore may overestimate the effects of co-administered plant extracts on drug transport compared to the excised pig tissue model, which is congruent with findings from previous studies. CONCLUSIONS The excised porcine jejunum model seemed to provide a more realistic estimation of botanical-drug pharmacokinetic interactions than the Caco-2 cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemence Tarirai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
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Thelen K, Coboeken K, Willmann S, Burghaus R, Dressman JB, Lippert J. Evolution of a detailed physiological model to simulate the gastrointestinal transit and absorption process in humans, Part 1: Oral solutions. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:5324-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Strauch S, Jantratid E, Dressman JB, Junginger HE, Kopp S, Midha KK, Shah VP, Stavchansky S, Barends DM. Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: mefloquine hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:11-21. [PMID: 20602454 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release solid oral dosage forms containing mefloquine hydrochloride as the only active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) are reviewed. The solubility and permeability data of mefloquine hydrochloride as well as its therapeutic use and therapeutic index, its pharmacokinetic properties, data related to the possibility of excipient interactions and reported BE/bioavailability studies were taken into consideration. Mefloquine hydrochloride is not a highly soluble API. Since no data on permeability are available, it cannot be classified according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System with certainty. Additionally, several studies in the literature failed to demonstrate BE of existing products. For these reasons, the biowaiver cannot be justified for the approval of new multisource drug products containing mefloquine hydrochloride. However, scale-up and postapproval changes (HHS-FDA SUPAC) levels 1 and 2 and most EU type I variations may be approvable without in vivo BE, using the dissolution tests described in these regulatory documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Strauch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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21
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Sugano K, Kansy M, Artursson P, Avdeef A, Bendels S, Di L, Ecker GF, Faller B, Fischer H, Gerebtzoff G, Lennernaes H, Senner F. Coexistence of passive and carrier-mediated processes in drug transport. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9:597-614. [PMID: 20671764 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The permeability of biological membranes is one of the most important determinants of the pharmacokinetic processes of a drug. Although it is often accepted that many drug substances are transported across biological membranes by passive transcellular diffusion, a recent hypothesis speculated that carrier-mediated mechanisms might account for the majority of membrane drug transport processes in biological systems. Based on evidence of the physicochemical characteristics and of in vitro and in vivo findings for marketed drugs, as well as results from real-life discovery and development projects, we present the view that both passive transcellular processes and carrier-mediated processes coexist and contribute to drug transport activities across biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiko Sugano
- Pfizer, Research Formulation, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK.
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22
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Tsume Y, Amidon GL. The Biowaiver Extension for BCS Class III Drugs: The Effect of Dissolution Rate on the Bioequivalence of BCS Class III Immediate-Release Drugs Predicted by Computer Simulation. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1235-43. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100053q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsume
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065
| | - Gordon L. Amidon
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065
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23
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Granero G, Longhi M, Mora M, Junginger H, Midha K, Shah V, Stavchansky S, Dressman J, Barends D. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Furosemide. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:2544-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Jantratid E, Strauch S, Becker C, Dressman J, Amidon G, Junginger H, Kopp S, Midha K, Shah V, Stavchansky S, Barends D. Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: Doxycycline hyclate**A project of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), BCS and Biowaiver, www.fip.org/bcs.**This article reflects the scientific opinion of the authors and not the policies of regulating agencies, the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) and the World Health Organization (WHO). J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1639-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Reynolds DP, Lanevskij K, Japertas P, Didziapetris R, Petrauskas A. Ionization-specific analysis of human intestinal absorption. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:4039-54. [PMID: 19360843 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a mechanistic QSAR analysis of human intestinal absorption of drugs and drug-like compounds using a data set of 567 %HIA values. Experimental data represent passive diffusion across intestinal membranes, and are considered to be reasonably free of carrier-mediated transport or other unwanted effects. A nonlinear model was developed relating %HIA to physicochemical properties of drugs (lipophilicity, ionization, hydrogen bonding, and molecular size). The model describes ion-specific intestinal permeability of drugs by both transcellular and paracellular routes, and also accounts for unstirred water layer effects. The obtained model was validated on two external data sets consisting of in vivo human jejunal permeability coefficients (P(eff)) and absorption rate constants (K(a)). Validation results demonstrate good predictive power of the model (RMSE = 0.35-0.45 log units for log K(a) and log P(eff)). High prediction accuracy together with clear physicochemical interpretation (log P, pK(a)) makes this model particularly suitable for use in property-based drug design.
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26
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Willmann S, Edginton AN, Kleine-Besten M, Jantratid E, Thelen K, Dressman JB. Whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic population modelling of oral drug administration: inter-individual variability of cimetidine absorption. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.07.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Inter-individual variability of gastrointestinal physiology and transit properties can greatly influence the pharmacokinetics of an orally administered drug in vivo. To predict the expected range of pharmacokinetic plasma concentrations after oral drug administration, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic population model for gastrointestinal transit and absorption was developed and evaluated.
Methods
Mean values and variability measures of model parameters affecting the rate and extent of cimetidine absorption, such as gastric emptying, intestinal transit times and effective surface area of the small intestine, were obtained from the literature. Various scenarios incorporating different extents of inter-individual physiological variability were simulated and the simulation results were compared with experimental human study data obtained after oral cimetidine administration of four different tablets with varying release kinetics.
Key findings
The inter-individual variability in effective surface area was the largest contributor to absorption variability. Based on in-vitro dissolution profiles, the mean plasma cimetidine concentration–time profiles as well as the inter-individual variability could be well described for three cimetidine formulations. In the case of the formulation with the slowest dissolution kinetic, model predictions on the basis of the in-vitro dissolution profile underestimated the plasma exposure.
Conclusions
The model facilitates predictions of the inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability after oral drug administration for immediate and extended-release formulations of cimetidine, given reasonable in-vitro dissolution kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcus Kleine-Besten
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ekarat Jantratid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kirstin Thelen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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27
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Dahan A, Miller JM, Amidon GL. Prediction of solubility and permeability class membership: provisional BCS classification of the world's top oral drugs. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:740-6. [PMID: 19876745 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) categorizes drugs into one of four biopharmaceutical classes according to their water solubility and membrane permeability characteristics and broadly allows the prediction of the rate-limiting step in the intestinal absorption process following oral administration. Since its introduction in 1995, the BCS has generated remarkable impact on the global pharmaceutical sciences arena, in drug discovery, development, and regulation, and extensive validation/discussion/extension of the BCS is continuously published in the literature. The BCS has been effectively implanted by drug regulatory agencies around the world in setting bioavailability/bioequivalence standards for immediate-release (IR) oral drug product approval. In this review, we describe the BCS scientific framework and impact on regulatory practice of oral drug products and review the provisional BCS classification of the top drugs on the global market. The Biopharmaceutical Drug Disposition Classification System and its association with the BCS are discussed as well. One notable finding of the provisional BCS classification is that the clinical performance of the majority of approved IR oral drug products essential for human health can be assured with an in vitro dissolution test, rather than empirical in vivo human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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28
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Becker C, Dressman JB, Junginger HE, Kopp S, Midha KK, Shah VP, Stavchansky S, Barends DM. Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: rifampicin. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2252-67. [PMID: 19160441 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of new multisource and reformulated immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing rifampicin as the only Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) are reviewed. Rifampicin's solubility and permeability, its therapeutic use and index, pharmacokinetics, excipient interactions and reported BE/bioavailability (BA) problems were taken into consideration. Solubility and absolute BA data indicate that rifampicin is a BCS Class II drug. Of special concern for biowaiving is that many reports of failure of IR solid oral dosage forms of rifampicin to meet BE have been published and the reasons for these failures are yet insufficiently understood. Moreover, no reports were identified in which in vitro dissolution was shown to be predictive of nonequivalence among products. Therefore, a biowaiver based approval of rifampicin containing IR solid oral dosage forms cannot be recommended for either new multisource drug products or for major scale-up and postapproval changes (variations) to existing drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Becker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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29
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Chuasuwan B, Binjesoh V, Polli JE, Zhang H, Amidon GL, Junginger HE, Midha KK, Shah VP, Stavchansky S, Dressman JB, Barends DM. Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:1206-19. [PMID: 18752289 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Literature data are reviewed regarding the scientific advisability of allowing a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing either diclofenac potassium and diclofenac sodium. Within the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS), diclofenac potassium and diclofenac sodium are each BCS class II active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, a biowaiver can be recommended for IR drug products of each salt form, due to their therapeutic use, therapeutic index, pharmacokinetic properties, potential for excipient interactions, and performance in reported BE/bioavailability (BA) studies, provided: (a) test and comparator contain the same diclofenac salt; (b) the dosage form of the test and comparator is identical; (c) the test product contains only excipients present in diclofenac drug products approved in ICH or associated countries in the same dosage form, for instance as presented in this paper; (d) test drug product and comparator dissolve 85% in 30 min or less in 900 mL buffer pH 6.8, using the paddle apparatus at 75 rpm or the basket apparatus at 100 rpm; and (e) test product and comparator show dissolution profile similarity in pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chuasuwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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30
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Grube S, Langguth P, Junginger H, Kopp S, Midha K, Shah V, Stavchansky S, Dressman J, Barends D. Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: Quinidine sulfate. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2238-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Dahan A, Amidon GL. Segmental dependent transport of low permeability compounds along the small intestine due to P-glycoprotein: the role of efflux transport in the oral absorption of BCS class III drugs. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:19-28. [PMID: 19248230 DOI: 10.1021/mp800088f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of P-gp efflux in the in vivo intestinal absorption process of BCS class III P-gp substrates, i.e. high-solubility low-permeability drugs. The in vivo permeability of two H (2)-antagonists, cimetidine and famotidine, was determined by the single-pass intestinal perfusion model in different regions of the rat small intestine, in the presence or absence of the P-gp inhibitor verapamil. The apical to basolateral (AP-BL) and the BL-AP transport of the compounds in the presence or absence of various efflux transporters inhibitors (verapamil, erythromycin, quinidine, MK-571 and fumitremorgin C) was investigated across Caco-2 cell monolayers. P-gp expression levels in the different intestinal segments were confirmed by immunoblotting. Cimetidine and famotidine exhibited segmental dependent permeability through the gut wall, with decreased P(eff) in the distal ileum in comparison to the proximal regions of the intestine. Coperfusion of verapamil with the drugs significantly increased the permeability in the ileum, while no significant change in the jejunal permeability was observed. Both drugs exhibited significantly greater BL-AP than AP-BL Caco-2 permeability, indicative of net mucosal secretion. Concentration dependent decrease of this secretion was obtained by the P-gp inhibitors verapamil, erythromycin and quinidine, while no effect was evident by the MRP2 inhibitor MK-571 and the BCRP inhibitor FTC, indicating that P-gp is the transporter mediates the intestinal efflux of cimetidine and famotidine. P-gp levels throughout the intestine were inversely related to the in vivo permeability of the drugs from the different segments. The data demonstrate that for these high-solubility low-permeability P-gp substrates, P-gp limits in vivo intestinal absorption in the distal segments of the small intestine; however P-gp plays a minimal role in the proximal intestinal segments due to significant lower P-gp expression levels in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
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32
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Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Aciclovir. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:5061-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Granero G, Longhi M, Becker C, Junginger H, Kopp S, Midha K, Shah V, Stavchansky S, Dressman J, Barends D. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Acetazolamide. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:3691-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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34
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Becker C, Dressman J, Amidon G, Junginger H, Kopp S, Midha K, Shah V, Stavchansky S, Barends D. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Pyrazinamide**A project of the International Pharmaceutical Federation FIP, Groupe BCS, www.fip.org/bcs.**This article reflects the scientific opinion of the authors and not the policies of regulating agencies. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:3709-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Stosik A, Junginger H, Kopp S, Midha K, Shah V, Stavchansky S, Dressman J, Barends D. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage forms: Metoclopramide Hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:3700-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Becker C, Dressman JB, Amidon GL, Junginger HE, Kopp S, Midha KK, Shah VP, Stavchansky S, Barends DM. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Ethambutol Dihydrochloride**This paper reflects the scientific opinion of the authors and not the policies of regulating agencies.**A project of the International Pharmaceutical Federation FIP, Groupe BCS, http://www.fip.org/bcs. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:1350-60. [PMID: 17879380 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing ethambutol dihydrochloride as the only active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) are reviewed. Ethambutol dihydrochloride is a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class III drug with permeability properties approaching the border between BCS Class I and III. BE problems of ethambutol formulations containing different excipients and different dosages forms have not been reported and hence the risk of bioinequivalence caused by excipients is low. Ethambutol has a narrow therapeutic index related to ocular toxicity. However, as long as the prescribers' information of the test product stipulates the need for regular monitoring of ocular toxicity, the additional patient risk is deemed acceptable. It is concluded that a biowaiver can be recommended for IR solid oral dosage forms provided that the test product (a) contains only excipients present in ethambutol IR solid oral drug products approved in ICH or associated countries, for instance as presented in this paper, (b) complies with the criteria for "very rapidly dissolving" and (c) has a prescribers' information indicating the need for testing the patient's vision prior to initiating ethambutol therapy and regularly during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Becker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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37
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Ashiru DAI, Patel R, Basit AW. Simple and universal HPLC-UV method to determine cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine and nizatidine in urine: application to the analysis of ranitidine and its metabolites in human volunteers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 860:235-40. [PMID: 18006395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A validated, simple and universal HPLC-UV method for the determination of cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine and ranitidine in human urine is presented. This is the first single HPLC method reported for the analysis of all four H(2) antagonists in human biological samples. This method was also utilized for the analysis of ranitidine and its metabolites in human urine. All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r(2)>0.9960) within test ranges. The method showed good precision and accuracy with overall intra- and inter-day variations of 0.2-13.6% and 0.2-12.1%, respectively. Separation of ranitidine and its metabolites using this assay provided significantly improved resolution, precision and accuracy compared to previously reported methods. The assay was successfully applied to a human volunteer study using ranitidine as the model compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane A I Ashiru
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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38
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Vogt M, Derendorf H, Krämer J, Junginger HE, Midha KK, Shah VP, Stavchansky S, Dressman JB, Barends DM. Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: prednisone. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:1480-9. [PMID: 17387693 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing prednisone are reviewed. Due to insufficient data prednisone cannot be definitively classified according to the current Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) criteria as both the solubility and the permeability of prednisone are on the borderline of the present criteria of BCS Class I. Prednisone's therapeutic indications and therapeutic index, pharmacokinetics and the possibility of excipient interactions were also taken into consideration. Available evidence indicates that a biowaiver for IR solid oral dosage forms formulated with the excipients tabulated in this article would be unlikely to expose patients to undue risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vogt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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39
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Becker C, Dressman JB, Amidon GL, Junginger HE, Kopp S, Midha KK, Shah VP, Stavchansky S, Barends DM. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Isoniazid**A project of the International Pharmaceutical Federation FIP, Groupe BCS, www.fip.org/bcs. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:522-31. [PMID: 17117431 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing isoniazid as the only active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) are reviewed. Isoniazid's solubility and permeability characteristics according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), as well as its therapeutic use and therapeutic index, its pharmacokinetic properties, data related to the possibility of excipient interactions and reported BE/bioavailability (BA) problems were taken into consideration. Isoniazid is "highly soluble" but data on its oral absorption and permeability are inconclusive, suggesting this API to be on the borderline of BCS Class I and III. For a number of excipients, an interaction with the permeability is extreme unlikely, but lactose and other deoxidizing saccharides can form condensation products with isoniazid, which may be less permeable than the free API. A biowaiver is recommended for IR solid oral drug products containing isoniazid as the sole API, provided that the test product meets the WHO requirements for "very rapidly dissolving" and contains only the excipients commonly used in isoniazid products, as listed in this article. Lactose and/or other deoxidizing saccharides containing formulations should be subjected to an in vivo BE study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Becker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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40
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Vogt M, Derendorf H, Krämer J, Junginger HE, Midha KK, Shah VP, Stavchansky S, Dressman JB, Barends DM. Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: prednisolone. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:27-37. [PMID: 17039494 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing prednisolone are reviewed. Data on its solubility, oral absorption, and permeability are not totally conclusive, but strongly suggest a BCS Class 1 classification. Prednisolone's therapeutic indications and therapeutic index, pharmacokinetics, and the possibility of excipient interactions were also taken into consideration. Available evidence indicates that a biowaiver for IR solid oral dosage forms formulated with the excipients tabulated in this article would be unlikely to expose patients to undue risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vogt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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41
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Takagi T, Ramachandran C, Bermejo M, Yamashita S, Yu LX, Amidon GL. A Provisional Biopharmaceutical Classification of the Top 200 Oral Drug Products in the United States, Great Britain, Spain, and Japan. Mol Pharm 2006; 3:631-43. [PMID: 17140251 DOI: 10.1021/mp0600182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orally administered, immediate-release (IR) drug products in the top 200 drug product lists from the United States (US), Great Britain (GB), Spain (ES), and Japan (JP) were provisionally classified based on the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). The provisional classification is based on the aqueous solubility of the drugs reported in readily available reference literature and a correlation of human intestinal membrane permeability for a set of 29 reference drugs with their calculated partition coefficients. Oral IR drug products constituted more that 50% of the top 200 drug products on all four lists, and ranged from 102 to 113 in number. Drugs with dose numbers less than or equal to unity are defined as high-solubility drugs. More than 50% of the oral IR drug products on each list were determined to be high-solubility drugs (55-59%). The provisional classification of permeability is based on correlations of the human intestinal permeabilities of 29 reference drugs with the calculated Log P or CLogP lipophilicity values for the uncharged chemical form. The Log P and CLogP estimates were linearly correlated (r2 = 0.79) for 187 drugs. Metoprolol was chosen as the reference compound for permeability and Log P or CLogP. A total of 62-69.0% and 56-60% of the drugs on the four lists exhibited CLogP and Log P estimates, respectively, greater than or equal to the corresponding metoprolol value and are provisionally classified as high-permeability drugs. We have compared the BCS classification in this study with the recently proposed BDDCS classification based on fraction dose metabolism. Although the two approaches are based on different in vivo processes, fraction dose metabolized and fraction dose absorbed are highly correlated and, while depending on the choice of reference drug for permeability classification, e.g., metoprolol vs cimetidine or atenolol, show excellent agreement in drug classification. In summary, more than 55% of the drug products were classified as high-solubility (Class 1 and Class 3) drugs in the four lists, suggesting that in vivo bioequivalence (BE) may be assured with a less expensive and more easily implemented in vitro dissolution test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Takagi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
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