1
|
Xu J, Guan G, Ye Z, Zhang C, Guo Y, Ma Y, Lu C, Lei L, Zhang XB, Song G. Enhancing lipid peroxidation via radical chain transfer reaction for MRI guided and effective cancer therapy in mice. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:636-647. [PMID: 38158292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation (LPO), the process of membrane lipid oxidation, is a potential new form of cell death for cancer treatment. However, the radical chain reaction involved in LPO is comprised of the initiation, propagation (the slowest step), and termination stages, limiting its effectiveness in vivo. To address this limitation, we introduce the radical chain transfer reaction into the LPO process to target the propagation step and overcome the sluggish rate of lipid peroxidation, thereby promoting endogenous lipid peroxidation and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Firstly, radical chain transfer agent (CTA-1)/Fe nanoparticles (CTA-Fe NPs-1) was synthesized. Notably, CTA-1 convert low activity peroxyl radicals (ROO·) into high activity alkoxyl radicals (RO·), creating the cycle of free radical oxidation and increasing the propagation of lipid peroxidation. Additionally, CTA-1/Fe ions enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, consume glutathione (GSH), and thereby inactivate GPX-4, promoting the initiation stage and reducing termination of free radical reaction. CTA-Fe NPs-1 induce a higher level of peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipid membranes, leading to highly effective treatment in cancer cells. In addition, CTA-Fe NPs-1 could be enriched in tumors inducing potent tumor inhibition and exhibit activatable T1-MRI contrast of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In summary, CTA-Fe NPs-1 can enhance intracellular lipid peroxidation by accelerating initiation, propagation, and inhibiting termination step, promoting the cycle of free radical reaction, resulting in effective anticancer outcomes in tumor-bearing mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guoqiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhifei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yibo Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lingling Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guosheng Song
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zelesky T, Baertschi SW, Foti C, Allain LR, Hostyn S, Franca JR, Li Y, Marden S, Mohan S, Ultramari M, Huang Z, Adams N, Campbell JM, Jansen PJ, Kotoni D, Laue C. Pharmaceutical Forced Degradation (Stress Testing) Endpoints: A Scientific Rationale and Industry Perspective. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2948-2964. [PMID: 37690775 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Forced degradation (i.e., stress testing) of small molecule drug substances and products is a critical part of the drug development process, providing insight into the intrinsic stability of a drug that is foundational to the development and validation of stability-indicating analytical methods. There is a lack of clarity in the scientific literature and regulatory guidance as to what constitutes an "appropriate" endpoint to a set of stress experiments. That is, there is no clear agreement regarding how to determine if a sample has been sufficiently stressed. Notably, it is unclear what represents a suitable justification for declaring a drug substance (DS) or drug product (DP) "stable" to a specific forced degradation condition. To address these concerns and to ensure all pharmaceutically-relevant, potential degradation pathways have been suitably evaluated, we introduce a two-endpoint classification designation supported by experimental data. These two endpoints are 1) a % total degradation target outcome (e.g., for "reactive" drugs) or, 2) a specified amount of stress, even in the absence of any degradation (e.g., for "stable" drugs). These recommended endpoints are based on a review of the scientific literature, regulatory guidance, and a forced degradation data set from ten global pharmaceutical companies. The experimental data set, derived from the Campbell et al. (2022) benchmarking study,1 provides justification for the recommendations. Herein we provide a single source reference for small molecule DS and DP forced degradation stress conditions and endpoint best practices to support regulatory submissions (e.g., marketing applications). Application of these forced degradation conditions and endpoints, as part of a well-designed, comprehensive and a sufficiently rigorous study plan that includes both the DS and DP, provides comprehensive coverage of pharmaceutically-relevant degradation and avoids unreasonably extreme stress conditions and drastic endpoint recommendations sometimes found in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Zelesky
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | | | - Chris Foti
- Analytical Development and Operations, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA.
| | | | - Steven Hostyn
- Predictive Analytics & Stability Sciences CoE, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Yi Li
- Analytical Development and Operations, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Stacey Marden
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shikhar Mohan
- Analytical Development and Operations, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Mariah Ultramari
- Spektra Soluções Científico-Regulatórias Ltda, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zongyun Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Neal Adams
- Pfizer, Scientific and Laboratory Services - Analytical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
| | - John M Campbell
- Analytical Development, GSK, Upper Providence, PA 19426, USA
| | - Patrick J Jansen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Dorina Kotoni
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Laue
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Study of Oxidation of Ciprofloxacin and Pefloxacin by ACVA: Identification of Degradation Products by Mass Spectrometry and Bioautographic Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The new RP-HPLC-DAD method for the determination of ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin, next to their degradation products after the oxidation reaction with 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) (ACVA) was developed. The method was validated according to the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and meets the acceptance criteria. The experimental data indicate that the course of the oxidation process depends on the type of fluoroquinolone (FQ), the incubation time and temperature. The performed kinetic evaluation allowed us to state that the oxidation of FQs proceeds according to the second-order kinetics. The degradation products of the FQs were identified using the UHPLC-MS/MS method and their structures were proposed. The results obtained by the TLC-direct bioautography technique allowed us to state that the main ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin oxidation products probably retained antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli.
Collapse
|
4
|
Campbell JM, Foti C, Wang C, Adams N, Allain LR, Araujo G, Azevedo R, Franca JR, Hicks SR, Hostyn S, Jansen PJ, Kotoni D, Kuemmell A, Marden S, Rullo G, Santos ACO, Sluggett GW, Zelesky T, Baertschi SW. Assessing the Relevance of Solution Phase Stress Testing of Solid Dosage Form Drug Products: A Cross-Industry Benchmarking Study. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:298-305. [PMID: 34111446 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Stress testing (also known as forced degradation) of pharmaceutical products has long been recognized as a critical part of the drug development process, providing foundational information related to intrinsic stability characteristics and to the development of stability-indicating analytical methods. A benchmarking study was undertaken by nine pharmaceutical companies and the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, or ANVISA) with a goal of understanding the utility of various stress testing conditions for producing pharmaceutically-relevant chemical degradation of drugs. Special consideration was given to determining whether solution phase stress testing of solid drug products produced degradation products that were both unique when compared to other stress conditions and relevant to the formal drug product stability data. The results from studies of 62 solid dosage form drug products were compiled. A total of 387 degradation products were reported as being observed in stress testing studies, along with 173 degradation products observed in accelerated and/or long-term stability studies for the 62 drug products. Among these, 25 of the stress testing degradation products were unique to the solution phase stress testing of the drug products; however, none of these unique degradation products were relevant to the formal stability data. The relevant degradation products were sufficiently accounted for by stress testing studies that included only drug substance stressing (in solution and in the solid state) and drug product stressing (in the solid state). Based on these results, it is the opinion of the authors that for solid dosage form drug products, well-designed stress testing studies need not include solution phase stress testing of the drug product in order to be comprehensive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Campbell
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Chris Foti
- Analytical Core Teams, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA.
| | - Chloe Wang
- Analytical Core Teams, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Neal Adams
- Pfizer, Scientific and Laboratory Services - Analytical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
| | | | - Gabriela Araujo
- Global Technology & Engineering, Pfizer Inc., Itapevi, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan Azevedo
- Global Technology & Engineering, Pfizer Inc., Itapevi, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Simon R Hicks
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Steven Hostyn
- Predictive Analytics & Stability Sciences CoE, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Patrick J Jansen
- Eli Lilly and Company, Synthetic Molecule Design and Development
| | - Dorina Kotoni
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kuemmell
- Analytical Research & Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stacey Marden
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Rullo
- Global Regulatory Affairs, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 20878
| | - Ana Cláudia O Santos
- Global Analytical Technology, Merck S.A., Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gregory W Sluggett
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Todd Zelesky
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Development and Validation of Stability-Indicating HPLC Methods for the Estimation of Lomefloxacin and Balofloxacin Oxidation Process under ACVA, H 2O 2, or KMnO 4 Treatment. Kinetic Evaluation and Identification of Degradation Products by Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225251. [PMID: 33187198 PMCID: PMC7697971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of lomefloxacin (LOM) and balofloxacin (BAL) under the influence of azo initiator of radical reactions of 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) (ACVA) and H2O2 was examined. Oxidation using H2O2 was performed at room temperature while using ACVA at temperatures: 40, 50, 60 °C. Additionally, the oxidation process of BAL under the influence of KMnO4 in an acidic medium was investigated. New stability-indicating HPLC methods were developed in order to evaluate the oxidation process. Chromatographic analysis was carried out using the Kinetex 5u XB—C18 100A column, Phenomenex (Torrance, CA, USA) (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size, core shell type). The chromatographic separation was achieved while using isocratic elution and a mobile phase with the composition of 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH = 3.20 adjusted with o-phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile (87:13 v/v for LOM; 80:20 v/v for BAL). The column was maintained at 30 °C. The methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines, and it was found that they met the acceptance criteria. An oxidation process followed kinetics of the second order reaction. The most probable structures of LOM and BAL degradation products formed were assigned by the UHPLC/MS/MS method.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ueyama E, Tamura K, Mizukawa K, Kano K. Realistic prediction of solid pharmaceutical oxidation products by using a novel forced oxidation system. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1184-93. [PMID: 24497072 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated a novel solid-state-based forced oxidation system to enable a realistic prediction of pharmaceutical product oxidation, a key consideration in drug development and manufacture. Polysorbate 80 and ferric(III) acetylacetonate were used as an organic hydroperoxide source and a transition metal catalyst, respectively. Homogeneous solutions of target compounds and these reagents were prepared in a mixed organic solvent. The organic solvent was removed rapidly under reduced pressure, and the oxidation of the resulting dried solid was investigated. Analysis of the oxidation products generated in test compounds by this proposed forced oxidation system using HPLC showed a high similarity with those generated during more prolonged naturalistic drug oxidation. The proposed system provided a better predictive performance in prediction of realistic oxidative degradants of the drugs tested than did other established methods. Another advantage of this system was that the generation of undesired products of hydrolysis, solvolysis, and thermolysis was prevented because efficient oxidation was achieved under mild conditions. The results of this study suggest that this system is suitable for a realistic prediction of oxidative degradation of solid pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Ueyama
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Daiichi Sankyo, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 254-0014, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Watkins MA, Pitzenberger S, Harmon PA. Direct Evidence of 2-Cyano-2-Propoxy Radical Activity During AIBN-Based Oxidative Stress Testing in Acetonitrile–Water Solvent Systems. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1554-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
8
|
Ueyama E, Suzuki N, Kano K. Mechanistic Study of the Oxidative Degradation of the Triazole Antifungal Agent CS-758 in an Amorphous Form. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:104-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
9
|
Ueyama E, Takahashi F, Ohashi J, Konse T, Kishi N, Kano K. Mechanistic study on degradation of azelnidipine solution under radical initiator-based oxidative conditions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 61:277-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
10
|
Reynolds DW, Galvani M, Hicks SR, Joshi BJ, Kennedy-Gabb SA, Kleinman MH, Parmar PZ. The Use Of N-Methylpyrrolidone as a Cosolvent and Oxidant in Pharmaceutical Stress Testing. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:761-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Forced degradation studies of rapamycin: Identification of autoxidation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 59:194-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Dong J, Karki SB, Parikh M, Riggs JC, Huang L. Oxidative degradation studies of an oxazolidinone-derived antibacterial agent, RWJ416457, in aqueous solutions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 38:1289-97. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.648195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
13
|
Rotival R, Espeau P, Corvis Y, Guyon F, Do B. Determination of quinacrine dihydrochloride dihydrate stability and characterization of its degradants. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3223-3232. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Rotival
- Laboratoire Physico-chimie Industrielle du Médicament, EA 4066, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris-Descartes, 75006 Paris, France; Départements Laboratoires et Innovation Pharmaceutique, Etablissement Pharmaceutique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Espeau
- Laboratoire Physico-chimie Industrielle du Médicament, EA 4066, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris-Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Yohann Corvis
- Laboratoire Physico-chimie Industrielle du Médicament, EA 4066, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris-Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - François Guyon
- Départements Laboratoires et Innovation Pharmaceutique, Etablissement Pharmaceutique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bernard Do
- Départements Laboratoires et Innovation Pharmaceutique, Etablissement Pharmaceutique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Werber J, Wang YJ, Milligan M, Li X, Ji JA. Analysis of 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride degradation and hydrolysis in aqueous solutions. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3307-3315. [PMID: 21560126 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), a free radical-generating azo compound, is gaining prominence as a model oxidant in small molecule and protein therapeutics, namely for its ability to initiate oxidation reactions via both nucleophilic and free radical mechanisms. To better understand its degradation pathways, AAPH was degraded at 40°C in aqueous solutions over a wide pH range. Samples were analyzed via liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The thermal decomposition rate of AAPH to form radical species averaged 2.1 × 10(-6) s(-1) and did not vary significantly with pH. The hydrolysis rate increased exponentially with pH, showing hydroxide ion dependence. A mechanism for AAPH hydrolysis is proposed. The LC-MS/MS results provided evidence that the alkoxyl radical is a major radical species in solution. The LC-MS/MS results also showed a radical disproportionation reaction and enabled the generation of an overall reaction scheme showing the various side and termination products of AAPH degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Werber
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Y John Wang
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Michael Milligan
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Drug Studies Unit, University of California, San Francisco, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Junyan A Ji
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li C, He J, Zhou Y, Gu Y, Yang Y. Radical-induced oxidation of RAFT agents-A kinetic study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
Halama A, Jirman J, Boušková O, Gibala P, Jarrah K. Improved Process for the Preparation of Montelukast: Development of an Efficient Synthesis, Identification of Critical Impurities and Degradants. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op900311z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Halama
- Zentiva k.s., Department of Chemical Synthesis, U kabelovny 130, Prague 102 01, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Jirman
- Zentiva k.s., Department of Chemical Synthesis, U kabelovny 130, Prague 102 01, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Boušková
- Zentiva k.s., Department of Chemical Synthesis, U kabelovny 130, Prague 102 01, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gibala
- Zentiva k.s., Department of Chemical Synthesis, U kabelovny 130, Prague 102 01, Czech Republic
| | - Kamal Jarrah
- Zentiva k.s., Department of Chemical Synthesis, U kabelovny 130, Prague 102 01, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ji JA, Zhang B, Cheng W, Wang YJ. Methionine, tryptophan, and histidine oxidation in a model protein, PTH: Mechanisms and stabilization. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:4485-500. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
18
|
A prediction system of oxidation reaction as a solid-state stress condition: Applied to a pyrrole-containing pharmaceutical compound. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:328-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
19
|
Nelson ED, Thompson GM, Yao Y, Flanagan HM, Harmon PA. Solvent Effects on the AIBN Forced Degradation of Cumene: Implications for Forced Degradation Practices. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:959-69. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
20
|
Mass balance in rapamycin autoxidation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:1368-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|