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Rantanen J, Rades T, Strachan C. Solid-state analysis for pharmaceuticals: Pathways to feasible and meaningful analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115649. [PMID: 37657177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The solid state of matter is the preferred starting point for designing a pharmaceutical product. This is driven by both patient preferences and the relative ease of supplying a solid pharmaceutical product with desired quality and performance. Solid form diversity is increasingly prevalent as a crucial element in designing these products, which underpins the importance of solid-state analytical methods. This paper provides a critical analysis of challenges related to solid-state analytics, as well as considerations and suggestions for feasible and meaningful pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Hill A, Kras W, Theodosiou F, Wanat M, Lee D, Cruz-Cabeza AJ. Polymorphic Solid Solutions in Molecular Crystals: Tips, Tricks, and Switches. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20562-20577. [PMID: 37671489 PMCID: PMC10515635 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Crystal polymorphism has been a topic of much interest for the past 20 years or so, especially since its scientific (and legal) importance to the pharmaceutical industry was realized. By contrast, the formation of solid solutions in molecular crystals has been overlooked despite its long-standing prevalence in the analogous field of inorganic crystals. Wilfully forgotten, crystalline molecular solid solutions may be very common in our world since molecular compounds are rarely produced with 100% purity, and impurities able to form solid solutions are difficult to reject via recrystallization. Given the importance of both polymorphism and solid solutions in molecular crystals, we share here some tips, tricks, and observations to aid in their understanding. First, we propose a nomenclature system fit for the description of molecular crystalline solid solutions capable of polymorphism (tips). Second, we highlight the challenges associated with their experimental and computational characterization (tricks). Third, we show that our recently reported observation that polymorph stabilities can change by virtue of solid solution formation is a general phenomenon, reporting it on a second system (switches). Our work focuses on the historically important compound benzamide forming solid solutions with nicotinamide and 3-fluorobenzamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, Lower
Mount Joy, South Rd, Durham, DH1
3LE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 0PL, U.K.
| | - Weronika Kras
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 0PL, U.K.
| | - Fragkoulis Theodosiou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, Lower
Mount Joy, South Rd, Durham, DH1
3LE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 0PL, U.K.
| | - Monika Wanat
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 0PL, U.K.
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 0PL, U.K.
| | - Aurora J. Cruz-Cabeza
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, Lower
Mount Joy, South Rd, Durham, DH1
3LE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 0PL, U.K.
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3
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Yin X, Xu WF, Pu Y, Zhai J, Wang D, Wang JX. Preparation of Aqueous Nanodispersions of Disperse Dye by High‐Gravity Technology and Spray Drying. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Yin
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites 100029 Beijing China
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology 100029 Beijing China
| | - Wei-Feng Xu
- Jiangsu Yabang Dyes Co. Ltd 213163 Changzhou China
| | - Yuan Pu
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology 100029 Beijing China
| | - Jing Zhai
- Coal Science and Technology Research Institute Company Mine Oil Products Branch 100013 Beijing China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites 100029 Beijing China
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology 100029 Beijing China
| | - Jie-Xin Wang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites 100029 Beijing China
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology 100029 Beijing China
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4
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Tian B, Ding Z, Zong S, Yang J, Wang N, Wang T, Huang X, Hao H. Manipulation of Pharmaceutical Polymorphic Transformation Process Using Excipients. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2553-2563. [PMID: 32053064 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200213122302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the pharmaceutical field, it is vital to ensure a consistent product containing a single solid-state form of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the drug product. However, some APIs are suffering from the risk of transformation of their target forms during processing, formulation and storage. METHODS The purpose of this review is to summarize the relevant category of excipients and demonstrate the availability and importance of using excipients as a key strategy to manipulate pharmaceutical polymorphic transformation. RESULTS The excipient effects on solvent-mediated phase transformations, solid-state transitions and amorphous crystallization are significant. Common pharmaceutical excipients including amino acids and derivatives, surfactants, and various polymers and their different manipulation effects were summarized and discussed. CONCLUSION Appropriate use of excipients plays a role in manipulating polymorphic transformation process of corresponding APIs, with a promising application of guaranteeing the stability and effectiveness of drug dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiqian Tian
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiyong Ding
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shuyi Zong
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jinyue Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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5
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Steffens KE, Wagner KG. Dissolution enhancement of carbamazepine using twin-screw melt granulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 148:77-87. [PMID: 31954840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The current study explored the twin-screw melt granulation (TSMG) as a potential technology for the water solubility enhancement of biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II drugs. As a model drug, carbamazepine (CBZ) was formulated with three different polymers as melt granules produced in a co-rotating twin-screw granulator. Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) and Kolliphor® (poloxamer) P407 were used as binding materials at two different granulation temperatures (Tmax: 70 °C; 100 °C). Additionally, Soluplus® (polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer) was chosen as binder of higher melting/ granulation temperature (Tmax: 140 °C). Temperature dependent polymorphic transition of CBZ during melt granulation was observed and identified using XRPD- (X-ray powder diffraction) and FTIR- (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis. The effects of polymer type, polymer content (10, 15, 20% (w/w)) and granulation temperature on polymorphic transition, their impact on wettability (contact angle via drop shape-analysis), and the resulting dissolution performance at non-sink conditions in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), were studied. This study showed that TSMG led to a crystalline system facilitating supersaturation when brought in solution, even when high drug loads (up to 90% (w/w)) were used. In general, for all granules produced, the supersaturation level and its duration varied with the extent of polymorphic transition and binder concentration. The results of this study indicated the importance of temperature control and polymer selection for tailoring desired dissolution profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl G Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Germany.
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6
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Comparative Study of Different Crystallization Methods in the Case of Cilostazol Crystal Habit Optimization. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9060295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic usage of cilostazol is limited owing to its poor aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability. Our aim was to produce cilostazol crystals with small average particle size; besides suitable roundness, narrow particle size distribution and stable polymorphic form to increase its dissolution rate and improve processability. Different conventional crystallization methods with or without sonication were compared with impinging jet crystallization combined with cooling, and the optimization of the various parameters was also implemented. The effects of post-mixing time and temperature difference were studied by means of a full factorial design. The physical properties of powder particles were characterized by, i.a., XRPD, DSC and SEM. The dissolution rate and the contact angle of solid surfaces were also determined to elucidate the relationship between wettability and dissolution. It was observed that impinging jet crystallization combined with cooling is a very effective and reproducible method for reducing the particle size of cilostazol. This method resulted in significantly smaller particle size (d(0.5) = 3–5 μm) and more uniform crystals compared to the original ground material (d(0.5) = 24 μm) or the conventional methods (d(0.5) = 8–14 μm), and it also resulted in a stable polymorphic form and enhanced the dissolution rate.
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7
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Effect of processing conditions and excipients on dehydration kinetics of sodium naproxen hydrate in formulation. Int J Pharm 2019; 557:221-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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8
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Shen Y, Li X, Le Y. Amorphous Nanoparticulate Formulation of Sirolimus and Its Tablets. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030155. [PMID: 30208637 PMCID: PMC6161202 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocrystallization and amorphization have proven to be two effective strategies to improve the bioavailability of water-insoluble drugs. The purpose of our work was to develop a nano-formulated tablet of sirolimus (SRL) for enhanced dissolution. Amorphous SRL nanocomposites were prepared using anti-solvent precipitation via a high-gravity rotating packed bed. Various factors that affect particle size and size distribution, such as excipients, rotating speed, antisolvent/solvent flow rate, were investigated. Structure, stability and in vitro dissolution of the as-prepared SRL were evaluated. Furthermore, the nanoparticulated SRL tablet formula was screened to control drug release. Importantly, SRL tablets exhibit different dissolution profile by adjusting HPMC (hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose) content, which makes them more suitable for various formulation developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xingya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yuan Le
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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9
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Thakral NK, Zanon RL, Kelly RC, Thakral S. Applications of Powder X-Ray Diffraction in Small Molecule Pharmaceuticals: Achievements and Aspirations. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2969-2982. [PMID: 30145209 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of X-ray diffraction and its potential to elucidate crystal symmetry, powder X-ray diffraction has found diverse applications in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. This review summarizes significant achievements of the technique during various stages of dosage form development. Improved understanding of the principle involved and development of automated hardware and reliable software have led to increased instrumental sensitivity and improved data analysis. These advances continue to expand the applications of powder X-ray diffraction to emerging research fields such as amorphous systems, mechanistic understanding of phase transformations, and "Quality by Design" in formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger L Zanon
- Upsher-Smith Laboratories LLC, Maple Grove, Minnesota 55369
| | | | - Seema Thakral
- Characterization Facility, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
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10
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Semjonov K, Salm M, Lipiäinen T, Kogermann K, Lust A, Laidmäe I, Antikainen O, Strachan CJ, Ehlers H, Yliruusi J, Heinämäki J. Interdependence of particle properties and bulk powder behavior of indomethacin in quench-cooled molten two-phase solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2018; 541:188-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Togo T, Taniguchi T, Nakata Y. The Effect of Compaction Force on the Transition to Hydrate of Anhydrous Aripiprazole. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:263-269. [PMID: 29491260 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aripiprazole (APZ) is used to treat schizophrenia and is administered as a tablet containing the anhydrous form of APZ. In this study, the effect of compaction force on the crystal form transition was investigated. The crystalline state was observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). APZ Anhydrous Form II was compacted into tablets. The XRD intensity of anhydrous APZ became lower with higher compressive force. The degree of crystallinity decreased with the compaction force. The powder and the compacted tablets of anhydrous APZ were stored for one week under 60°C and 75% relative humidity. The powder showed no crystal form transition after storage. For the tablets, however, XRD peaks of APZ hydrate were observed after storage. The tablets compacted with higher force showed the higher XRD diffraction intensity of hydrate form. We concluded that the crystallinity reduction of APZ Anhydrous Form II by compaction caused and accelerated the transition to hydrate under high temperature and humidity conditions. In order to manufacture crystallographically stable tablets containing anhydrous APZ, it is important to prevent this crystallinity reduction during compaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Togo
- Pharmaceutical Research Center Formulation Research, OHARA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Toshiya Taniguchi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center Formulation Research, OHARA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yoshitaka Nakata
- Pharmaceutical Research Center Formulation Research, OHARA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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12
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Metre S, Mukesh S, Samal SK, Chand M, Sangamwar AT. Enhanced Biopharmaceutical Performance of Rivaroxaban through Polymeric Amorphous Solid Dispersion. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:652-668. [PMID: 29287144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rivaroxaban (RXB) is an orally active direct inhibitor of the activated serine protease Factor Xa, given as monotherapy in the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). It has been characterized in vitro as a substrate for the active, nonsaturable efflux via P-gp transporter, limiting its high permeability. Therefore, the role of P-gp inhibiting polymers in enhancing the biopharmaceutical performance of RXB by preparing polymeric amorphous solid dispersion and subsequent improvement in solubility and permeability was investigated. Initially, solubility parameter and Flory-Huggins interaction parameter were determined for miscibility studies between drug and polymers. Binary dispersions were prepared by dissolving drug with polymers eudragit S100, eudragit L100, and soluplus in common solvent (5% v/v water in tetrahydrofuran) using spray dryer. Prepared binary dispersions were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), microscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), and solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Superior performance of binary dispersions was observed upon dissolution and solubility studies over micronized active pharmaceutical ingredient. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) prepared with soluplus showed 10-fold increase in apparent solubility and maintenance of supersaturation for 24 h compared to the crystalline RXB. Further, pharmacokinetic study performed in animals was in good correlation with the solubility data. Increases of 5.7- and 6.7-fold were observed in AUC and Cmax, respectively, for ASDs prepared with soluplus compared to those with crystalline RXB. FTIR and NMR spectroscopy unveiled the involvement of N-H group of RXB with C═O group of polymers in intermolecular interactions. The decreased drug efflux ratio was observed for ASDs prepared with eudragit S100 and soluplus in Caco-2 transport study suggesting improvement in the absorption of RXB. Hence, the present study demonstrates ASD using soluplus as a promising formulation strategy for enhancing the biopharmaceutical performance of RXB by increasing the solubility and circumventing the P-gp activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Metre
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Sumit Mukesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Sanjaya K Samal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Mahesh Chand
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
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13
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Zhang L, Li Y, Abed M, Davé RN. Incorporation of surface-modified dry micronized poorly water-soluble drug powders into polymer strip films. Int J Pharm 2017; 535:462-472. [PMID: 29170115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has established polymer strip films as a robust platform for delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs via slurry casting, in particular using stable drug nanosuspensions. Here, a simpler, robust method to directly incorporate dry micronized poorly water-soluble drug, fenofibrate (FNB), is introduced. As a major novelty, simultaneous surface modification using hydrophilic silica along with micronization was done using fluid energy mill (FEM) in order to reduce FNB hydrophobicity and powder agglomeration. It is hypothesized that silica coating promotes easy, uniform dispersion of micronized and coated FNB (MC-FNB) during direct mixing with aqueous hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC-E15LV) and glycerin solutions. Uniform dispersion leads to improved film critical quality attributes (CQAs) such as appearance, drug content uniformity and drug dissolution. The impact of polymer solution viscosity (low and high), mixer type (low versus high shear), and FNB surface modification on film CQAs were also assessed. Films with as-received FNB (AR-FNB) and micronized uncoated FNB (MU-FNB) were prepared as control. When MC-FNB powders were used, films exhibited improved appearance (thickness uniformity, visible lumps/agglomerates), better drug content uniformity (expressed as relative standard deviation), fast and immediate drug release, and enhanced mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation percentage), regardless of the polymer solution viscosity or mixer type. These results compare favorably with those reported using nanosuspensions of FNB, establishing the feasibility of directly incorporating surface modified-micronized poorly water-soluble drug powders in film manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yidong Li
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Manal Abed
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Rajesh N Davé
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
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14
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Jensen LG, Skautrup FB, Müllertz A, Abrahamsson B, Rades T, Priemel PA. Amorphous is not always better-A dissolution study on solid state forms of carbamazepine. Int J Pharm 2017; 522:74-79. [PMID: 28263832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poor aqueous solubility is a major concern for many new drugs. One possibility to overcome this issue is to formulate the drug as a high energy form, i.e. a metastable polymorph, an amorphous neat drug or a glass solution with polymers. In this study the dissolution properties of different solid state forms of carbamazepine, crystalline or amorphous drug, with or without either polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and glass solutions of the drug with both polymers (2:1, 4:1 and 10:1 (w/w) drug-to-polymer ratio) were tested with respect to their dissolution behaviour in a biorelevant gastric medium (for 30min) and subsequently in intestinal conditions (for 2h). Carbamazepine form III in the absence of polymer dissolved to a drug concentration of 540μg/ml, but the concentration decreased after around 70min due to precipitation of the dihydrate form, and reached 436μg/ml after 2.5h dissolution testing. The presence of PVP led to a similar dissolution profile with a slightly earlier onset of decrease in drug concentration, while in the presence of HPMC no decline in dissolved drug concentration was observed. Surprisingly, amorphous carbamazepine did not result in any supersaturation and the drug concentration was lower than that measured for crystalline carbamazepine. The addition of polymers further decreased the concentration of dissolved drug (290-310μg/ml, depending on polymer type and concentration). Amorphous drug converted quickly into the dihydrate form and thus no supersaturation was achieved. Glass solutions of carbamazepine with PVP reached drug concentrations between 348 and 408μg/ml after 2.5h, i.e. lower than for the crystalline drug, whilst glass solutions with HPMC reached concentrations similar to the crystalline drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda G Jensen
- University of Copenhagen, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Denmark
| | | | - Anette Müllertz
- University of Copenhagen, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Denmark; Bioneer:Farma, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Rades
- University of Copenhagen, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Denmark.
| | - Petra A Priemel
- University of Copenhagen, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Denmark
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15
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Hirota N, Hattori Y, Otsuka M. Effect of organic solvent vapors on the crystallization rate of amorphous indomethacin. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Holm R, Borkenfelt S, Allesø M, Andersen JET, Beato S, Holm P. Investigation of surface porosity measurements and compaction pressure as means to ensure consistent contact angle determinations. Int J Pharm 2016; 498:355-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Verma S, Rudraraju VS. Wetting Kinetics: an Alternative Approach Towards Understanding the Enhanced Dissolution Rate for Amorphous Solid Dispersion of a Poorly Soluble Drug. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:1079-90. [PMID: 25672820 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing amorphous solid dispersions of water-insoluble molecules using polymeric materials is a well-defined approach to improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability. While the selected polymer plays a vital role in stabilizing the amorphous solid dispersion physically, it is equally important to improve the dissolution profile by inhibiting crystallization from the supersaturated solution generated by dissolution of the amorphous material. Furthermore, understanding the mechanism of dissolution rate enhancement is of vital importance. In this work, wetting kinetics was taken up as an alternative approach for understanding the enhanced dissolution rate for amorphous solid dispersion of a poorly soluble drug. While cilostazol (CIL) was selected as the model drug, povidone (PVP), copovidone, and hypromellose (HPMC) were the polymers of choice. The concentrations against time profiles were evaluated for the supersaturated solutions of CIL in the presence and absence of the selected polymers. The degree of supersaturation increased significantly with increase in polymer content within the solid dispersion. While povidone was found to maintain the highest level of supersaturation for the greatest length of time both in dissolution and solution crystallization experiments, copovidone and hypromellose were found to be the less effective as crystallization inhibitor. The ability of polymers to generate and maintain supersaturated drug solutions was assessed by dissolution studies. The wetting kinetics was compared against the solid dispersion composition to establish a correlation with enhanced dissolution rate.
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18
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Moradiya HG, Nokhodchi A, Bradley MSA, Farnish R, Douroumis D. Increased dissolution rates of carbamazepine – gluconolactone binary blends processed by hot melt extrusion. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:445-52. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1022783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Relationships between surface free energy, surface texture parameters and controlled drug release in hydrophilic matrices. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:328-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Bergström CA, Holm R, Jørgensen SA, Andersson SB, Artursson P, Beato S, Borde A, Box K, Brewster M, Dressman J, Feng KI, Halbert G, Kostewicz E, McAllister M, Muenster U, Thinnes J, Taylor R, Mullertz A. Early pharmaceutical profiling to predict oral drug absorption: Current status and unmet needs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:173-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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21
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Lu Y, Tang N, Lian R, Qi J, Wu W. Understanding the relationship between wettability and dissolution of solid dispersion. Int J Pharm 2014; 465:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Perlovich GL, Manin AN. Design of pharmaceutical cocrystals for drug solubility improvement. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036321402042x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Jesson G, Brisander M, Andersson P, Demirbüker M, Derand H, Lennernäs H, Malmsten M. Carbon dioxide-mediated generation of hybrid nanoparticles for improved bioavailability of protein kinase inhibitors. Pharm Res 2014; 31:694-705. [PMID: 23990314 PMCID: PMC3931930 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A versatile methodology is demonstrated for improving dissolution kinetics, gastrointestinal (GI) absorption, and bioavailability of protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs). METHODS The approach is based on nanoparticle precipitation by sub- or supercritical CO2 together with a matrix-forming polymer, incorporating surfactants either during or after nanoparticle formation. Notably, striking synergistic effects between hybrid PKI/polymer nanoparticles and surfactant added after particle formation is investigated. RESULTS The hybrid nanoparticles, consisting of amorphous PKI embedded in a polymer matrix (also after 12 months), display dramatically increased release rate of nilotinib in both simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid, particularly when surfactants are present on the hybrid nanoparticle surface. Similar results indicated flexibility of the approach regarding polymer identity, drug load, and choice of surfactant. The translation of the increased dissolution rate found in vitro into improved GI absorption and bioavalilability in vivo was demonstrated for male beagle dogs, where a 730% increase in the AUC0-24h was observed compared to the benchmark formulation. Finally, the generality of the formulation approach taken was demonstrated for a range of PKIs. CONCLUSIONS Hybrid nanoparticles combined with surfactant represent a promising approach for improving PKI dissolution rate, providing increased GI absorption and bioavailability following oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Jesson
- />XSpray Microparticles AB, Fogdevreten 2B, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Magnus Brisander
- />XSpray Microparticles AB, Fogdevreten 2B, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Per Andersson
- />XSpray Microparticles AB, Fogdevreten 2B, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Helene Derand
- />XSpray Microparticles AB, Fogdevreten 2B, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- />Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Malmsten
- />Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Raijada D, Müllertz A, Cornett C, Munk T, Sonnergaard J, Rantanen J. Miniaturized approach for excipient selection during the development of oral solid dosage form. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:900-8. [PMID: 24436033 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study introduces a miniaturized high-throughput platform to understand the influence of excipients on the performance of oral solid dosage forms during early drug development. Wet massing of binary mixtures of the model drug (sodium naproxen) and representative excipients was followed by sieving, drying, and compaction of the agglomerated material. The mini-compacts were subjected to stability studies at 25°C/5% relative humidity (RH), 25°C/60% RH and 40°C/75% RH for 3 months. The physical stability of the drug was affected by the storage condition and by the characteristics of the excipients, whereas all the samples were chemically stable. Force-distance curves obtained during the compression of agglomerated material were used for the comparison of compressibility of different drug-excipient mixtures. The agglomerated drug-excipient mixtures were also subjected to studies of the dissolution trend under sequential pH conditions to simulate pH environment of gastrointestinal tract. Major factors affecting the dissolution behavior were the diffusion layer pH of the binary mixtures and the ability of the excipients to alter the diffusion layer thickness. The proposed approach can be used for excipient selection and for early-stage performance testing of active pharmaceutical ingredient intended for oral solid dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara Raijada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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25
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Investigation of physicochemical properties and in-vitro in-vivo evaluation of agomelatine polymorphs. Asian J Pharm Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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26
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Wang IC, Lee MJ, Sim SJ, Kim WS, Chun NH, Choi GJ. Anti-solvent co-crystallization of carbamazepine and saccharin. Int J Pharm 2013; 450:311-22. [PMID: 23598078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The co-crystal approach has been investigated extensively over the past decade as one of the most promising methods to enhance the dissolution properties of insoluble drug substances. Co-crystal powders are typically produced by mechanical grinding (neat or wet) or a solution method (evaporation or cooling). In this study, high-purity carbamazepine-saccharin (CBZ-SAC) co-crystals were manufactured by a novel method, anti-solvent addition. Among various solvents, methanol was found to perform well with water as the anti-solvent for the co-crystallization of CBZ and SAC. When water was added to the methanol solution of CBZ and SAC at room temperature under agitation, nucleation of CBZ-SAC co-crystals occurred within 2-3 min. Co-crystallization was complete after 30 min, giving a solid yield as high as 84.5% on a CBZ basis. The effects of initial concentrations, focusing on the SAC/CBZ ratio, were examined to establish optimal conditions. The whole anti-solvent co-crystallization process was monitored at-line via ATR-FTIR analysis of regularly sampled solutions. The nucleation and crystal growth of CBZ-SAC co-crystals were detected by a significant increase in absorption in the range of 2400-2260 cm(-1), associated with the formation of hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl group in CBZ and the N-H of SAC. When CBZ hydrates were formed as impurities during anti-solvent co-crystallization, the hydrogen bonding between methanol and water was reduced greatly, primarily due to the incorporation of water molecules into the CBZ crystal lattice. In conclusion, an anti-solvent approach can be used to produce highly pure CBZ-SAC co-crystal powders with a high solid yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Chun Wang
- Department of Smart Food & Drugs, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
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27
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Qiao N, Wang K, Schlindwein W, Davies A, Li M. In situ monitoring of carbamazepine-nicotinamide cocrystal intrinsic dissolution behaviour. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 83:415-26. [PMID: 23159709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystals have shown huge potential to improve the dissolution rate and absorption of a poorly water soluble drug. However, solution mediated phase transformation of cocrystals could greatly reduce the enhancement of its apparent solubility and dissolution rate. The aim of this study is to gain a deep understanding of the phase transition behaviour of cocrystals during dissolution and to investigate the improvement of dissolution rate. Dissolution and transformation behaviour of carbamazepine-nicotinamide (CBZ-NIC) cocrystal, physical mixture and different forms of carbamazepine: form I (CBZ I), form III (CBZ III) and dihydrate (CBZ DH) were studied by different in situ techniques of UV imaging and Raman spectroscopy. It has been found that compared with CBZ III and I, the rate of intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) of CBZ-NIC cocrystal decreases slowly during dissolution, indicating the rate of crystallisation of CBZ DH from the solution is slow. In situ solid-state characterisation has shown the evolution of conversion of CBZ-NIC cocrystal and polymorphs to its dihydrate form. The study has shown that in situ UV imaging and Raman spectroscopy with a complementary technique of SEM can provide an in depth understanding during dissolution of cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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28
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Zielińska-pisklak M, Pisklak DM, Wawer I. Application of 13C CPMAS NMR for Qualitative and Quantitative Characterization of Carvedilol and its Commercial Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1763-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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29
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Buch P, Meyer C, Langguth P. Improvement of the wettability and dissolution of fenofibrate compacts by plasma treatment. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Koradia V, Fontelonga de Lemos AF, Allesø M, Lopez de Diego H, Ringkjøbing-Elema M, Müllertz A, Rantanen J. Phase Transformations of Amlodipine Besylate Solid Forms. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2896-910. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Boetker JP, Savolainen M, Koradia V, Tian F, Rades T, Müllertz A, Cornett C, Rantanen J, Østergaard J. Insights into the early dissolution events of amlodipine using UV imaging and Raman spectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1372-80. [PMID: 21634435 DOI: 10.1021/mp200205z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional dissolution testing determines drug release to the bulk, but does not enable an understanding of the events happening close to the surface of a solid or a tablet. UV imaging is a new imaging approach that can be used to study the dissolution behavior of chemical compounds. The UV imaging instrumentation offers recording of absorbance maps with a high spatial and temporal resolution which facilitates the abundant collection of information regarding the evolving solution concentrations. In this study, UV imaging was used to visualize the dissolution behavior of amlodipine besylate (amorphous and dihydrate forms) and amlodipine free base. The dissolution of amlodipine besylate was faster from the amorphous form than from the crystalline forms. The UV imaging investigations suggested that a solvent mediated phase transformation occurred for the amorphous amlodipine besylate and the amlodipine free base samples. Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm and probe the changes at the solid surface occurring upon contact with the dissolution media and verified the recrystallization of the amorphous form to the monohydrate. The combination of UV imaging and Raman spectroscopy is an efficient tool to obtain a deeper insight into the early events of the dissolution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan P Boetker
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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32
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Chieng N, Rades T, Aaltonen J. An overview of recent studies on the analysis of pharmaceutical polymorphs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:618-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Charkoftaki G, Dokoumetzidis A, Valsami G, Macheras P. Supersaturated dissolution data and their interpretation: the TPGS–carbamazepine model case. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:352-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS) on the dissolution of carbamazepine (CBZ) commercial tablets (Tegretol®) as a function of temperature and to modify the reaction-limited model of dissolution for the description of classical supersaturated dissolution data.
Methods
Solubility studies were performed using various concentrations of (i) TPGS and (ii) silicon dioxide and microcrystalline cellulose, which are excipients of Tegretol® at 10, 25 and 37°C. Dissolution studies were carried out using Tegretol® tablets, 200 mg/tab.
Key findings
The solubility of CBZ in the presence of TPGS was found to increase in a concentration-dependent manner at all temperatures studied. Classical supersaturated dissolution curves with concentration maxima higher than the corresponding solubility values in the presence of TPGS were observed only at 10°C. The model developed was based on a time-dependant expression for the forward microconstant of the CBZ-TPGS reaction at the solid–liquid interface and it was fitted successfully to the dissolution data of CBZ in the presence of TPGS at 10°C.
Conclusions
Vitamin E TPGS increased the solubility of CBZ at all temperatures studied. The modification of the reaction-limited model of dissolution allowed us to describe classical supersaturated dissolution curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Charkoftaki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 157 71, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristides Dokoumetzidis
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 157 71, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 157 71, Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Macheras
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 157 71, Athens, Greece
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35
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Tian F, Qu H, Zimmermann A, Munk T, Jørgensen AC, Rantanen J. Factors affecting crystallization of hydrates. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:1534-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To provide a comprehensive understanding of the competing thermodynamic and kinetic factors governing the crystallization of various hydrate systems. The ultimate goal is to utilize this understanding to improve the control over the unit operations involving hydrate formation, as well as to optimize the bioavailability of a given drug product.
Key findings
The thermodynamic and kinetic factors that govern hydrate crystallization are introduced and the current status of the endeavour to gain a mechanistic understanding of the phenomena that occur during the crystallization of different hydrate systems is discussed. The importance of hydrate investigation in the pharmaceutical field is exemplified by examining two specific hydrate systems: the polymorphic hydrate system and hydrates of pharmaceutical salts.
Summary
This review identifies the factors that are of critical importance in the investigation of anhydrate/hydrate systems. This knowledge can be used to control the phase transformation during pharmaceutical processing and storage, as well as in building a desired functionality for the final formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Haiyan Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohrs Allé 1, Odense M, Denmark
| | | | - Tommy Munk
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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36
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Maghsoodi M, Tajalli Bakhsh A. Evaluation of physico-mechanical properties of drug-excipients agglomerates obtained by crystallization. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 16:243-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10837451003610837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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37
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38
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Lehto P, Aaltonen J, Tenho M, Rantanen J, Hirvonen J, Tanninen VP, Peltonen L. Solvent-Mediated Solid Phase Transformations of cArbamazepine: Effects of Simulated Intestinal Fluid and Fasted State Simulated Intestinal Fluid. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:985-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Simultaneous measurement of liquid-phase and solid-phase transformation kinetics in rotating disc and channel flow cell dissolution devices. Int J Pharm 2008; 363:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Kim AR, Lim SJ, Lee BJ. Metabolic inhibition and kinetics of raloxifene by pharmaceutical excipients in human liver microsomes. Int J Pharm 2008; 368:37-44. [PMID: 18977285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was originally undertaken to establish the in vitro metabolic conditions and then evaluate the effect of pharmaceutical excipients (PEs) on drug metabolism in uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid-supplemented human liver microsomes. Poorly bioavailable raloxifene was chosen as a model drug. Intact drug and its two glucuronide metabolites were successfully isolated using gradient HPLC analysis and LC/MS analysis. Formation of raloxifene metabolites was affected by buffer compositions, incubation time and initial raloxifene concentrations. Under optimized metabolic conditions, 41.0% of raloxifene was converted to its metabolites after 2h incubation. This metabolic inhibition of raloxifene by the PEs occurred in a dose-dependent manner and accordingly formed two glucuronide metabolites. In the metabolic kinetics using Lineweaver-Burk analyses, Cremophor EL competitively inhibited formation of metabolites while sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP) and Tween 80 significantly inhibited in a mixed competition. Although some PEs showed inhibition on glucuronidation of raloxifene in vitro, their effects on in vivo bioavailability of raloxifene need to be confirmed directly due to the dilution factors and other complicated situations influencing the bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Ra Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Bioavailability Control, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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41
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Dahlberg C, Millqvist-Fureby A, Schuleit M. Surface composition and contact angle relationships for differently prepared solid dispersions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:478-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Tian F, Rades T, Sandler N. Visualizing solvent mediated phase transformation behavior of carbamazepine polymorphs by principal component analysis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9:390-4. [PMID: 18431672 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-008-9049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to gain a greater insight into the hydrate formation processes of different carbamazepine (CBZ) anhydrate forms in aqueous suspension, where principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for data analysis. The capability of PCA to visualize and to reveal simplified structures that often underlie large data sets are explored. Different CBZ polymorphs were dispersed separately in aqueous solution, and then recovered and measured by FT-Raman spectroscopy. PCA was employed for visualizing the dynamics of the phase transformation from each CBZ polymorph to the dihydrate (DH). As a comparison to PCA visualization, the transformation process of each CBZ polymorph was quantified using PLS modeling. The results demonstrated that PCA has advantages in presenting the original data in terms of the differences and similarities, and also directly identify the statistical patterns in the data even when the data set is large. These advantages provided greater insight into the measured Raman spectra as well as the phase transformation process of CBZ polymorphs to the DH in aqueous environment.
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43
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Liberski AR, Tizzard GJ, Diaz-Mochon JJ, Hursthouse MB, Milnes P, Bradley M. Screening for Polymorphs on Polymer Microarrays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:24-7. [DOI: 10.1021/cc700107x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Childs SL, Rodríguez-Hornedo N, Reddy LS, Jayasankar A, Maheshwari C, McCausland L, Shipplett R, Stahly BC. Screening strategies based on solubility and solution composition generate pharmaceutically acceptable cocrystals of carbamazepine. CrystEngComm 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b715396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Blagden N, de Matas M, Gavan PT, York P. Crystal engineering of active pharmaceutical ingredients to improve solubility and dissolution rates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:617-30. [PMID: 17597252 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 717] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of poorly soluble drugs in development provides notable risk of new products demonstrating low and erratic bioavailability with consequences for safety and efficacy, particularly for drugs delivered by the oral route of administration. Although numerous strategies exist for enhancing the bioavailability of drugs with low aqueous solubility, the success of these approaches is not yet able to be guaranteed and is greatly dependent on the physical and chemical nature of the molecules being developed. Crystal engineering offers a number of routes to improved solubility and dissolution rate, which can be adopted through an in-depth knowledge of crystallisation processes and the molecular properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. This article covers the concept and theory of crystal engineering and discusses the potential benefits, disadvantages and methods of preparation of co-crystals, metastable polymorphs, high-energy amorphous forms and ultrafine particles. Also considered within this review is the influence of crystallisation conditions on crystal habit and particle morphology with potential implications for dissolution and oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Blagden
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, University of Bradford, Richmond Rd, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
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