1
|
Muhamad N, Na-Bangchang K. Metabolite Profiling in Anticancer Drug Development: A Systematic Review. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:1401-1444. [PMID: 32308372 PMCID: PMC7154001 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s221518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism is one of the most important pharmacokinetic processes and plays an important role during the stage of drug development. The metabolite profile investigation is important as the metabolites generated could be beneficial for therapy or leading to serious toxicity. This systematic review aims to summarize the research articles relating to the metabolite profile investigation of conventional drugs and herb-derived compounds for cancer chemotherapy, to examine factors influencing metabolite profiling of these drugs/compounds, and to determine the relationship between therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of their metabolites. The literature search was performed through PubMed and ScienceDirect databases up to January 2019. Out of 830 published articles, 78 articles were included in the analysis based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Both phase I and II enzymes metabolize the anticancer agents/herb-derived compounds . The major phase I reactions include oxidation/hydroxylation and hydrolysis, while the major phase II reactions are glucuronidation, methylation, and sulfation. Four main factors were found to influence metabolite formation, including species, gender, and route and dose of drug administration. Some metabolites were identified as active or toxic metabolites. This information is critical for cancer chemotherapy and anticancer drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadda Muhamad
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.,Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kamm A, Przychodzeń P, Kuban–Jankowska A, Marino Gammazza A, Cappello F, Daca A, Żmijewski MA, Woźniak M, Górska–Ponikowska M. 2-Methoxyestradiol and Its Combination with a Natural Compound, Ferulic Acid, Induces Melanoma Cell Death via Downregulation of Hsp60 and Hsp90. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:9293416. [PMID: 32082378 PMCID: PMC7012217 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9293416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer with one of the highest mortality rates. Notably, its incidence in the last few decades has increased faster than any other cancer. Therefore, searching for novel anticancer therapies is of great clinical importance. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer potential of 2-methoxyestradiol, potent chemotherapeutic, in the A375 melanoma cellular model. In order to furthermore evaluate the anticancer efficacy of 2-methoxyestradiol, we have additionally combined the treatment with a naturally occurring polyphenol, ferulic acid. The results were obtained using the melanoma A375 cellular model. In the study, we used MTT assay, flow cytometry, and western blot techniques. Herein, we have evidenced that the molecular mechanism of action of 2-methoxyestradiol and ferulic acid is partly related to the reduction of Hsp60 and Hsp90 levels and the induction of nitric oxide in the A375 melanoma cell model, while no changes were observed in Hsp70 expression after 2-methoxyestradiol and ferulic acid treatment separately or in combination. This is especially important in case of chemoresistance mechanisms because the accumulation of Hsp70 reduces induction of cancer cell death, thus decreasing antitumour efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kamm
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
| | - Paulina Przychodzeń
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
| | | | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Daca
- Department of Pathology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
| | - Michał A. Żmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
| | - Michał Woźniak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
| | - Magdalena Górska–Ponikowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guajardo-Correa E, Mena-Silva D, Diaz P, Godoy-Guzmán C, Cardenas H, Orihuela PA. 2-Methoxyoestradiol impairs mouse embryo implantation via F-spondin. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 31:689-697. [PMID: 30449298 DOI: 10.1071/rd18114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-implantation effects of high oestradiol (E2) concentrations could be mediated by E2 metabolites. Herein, we examined whether 2-methoxyoestradiol (2ME) impairs embryo implantation via its target protein F-spondin. Mice on Day 3 of pregnancy were treated with E2 concomitantly with the cathecol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor OR486 and the number of implanted embryos was recorded 5 days later. The effect of 2ME or 4-methoxyoestradiol (4ME) on embryo implantation was also investigated. Plasma and uterine levels of 2ME were measured 0.5, 1 or 3h after E2 treatment while the mRNA for spondin 1 (Spon1) and F-spondin were determined in the uterus 3, 6, 12 or 24h after 2ME treatment. Finally, the effect of a neutralising F-spondin antibody on the anti-implantation effect of 2ME was explored. OR486 blocked the anti-implantation effect of E2; 2ME, but not 4ME, affected embryo implantation. The 2ME concentration was increased after 0.5 and 1h in plasma and 3h in uterine fluid following E2 treatment. 2ME increased levels of Spon1 at 12 and 24h although F-spondin was increased at 12h. F-spondin antibody blocked the effect of 2ME on embryo implantation. We conclude that 2ME impairs mouse embryo implantation via activation of F-spondin in the uterus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Guajardo-Correa
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile
| | - Denisse Mena-Silva
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile
| | - Patricia Diaz
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile
| | - Carlos Godoy-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Chile
| | - Hugo Cardenas
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile
| | - Pedro A Orihuela
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Al-Kazaale N, Tran PT, Haidari F, Solum EJ, Liekens S, Vervaeke P, Sylte I, Cheng JJ, Vik A, Hansen TV. Synthesis, molecular modeling and biological evaluation of potent analogs of 2-methoxyestradiol. Steroids 2018; 136:47-55. [PMID: 29772242 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous steroid 2-methoxyestradiol (1) has attracted a great interest as a lead compound towards the development of new anti-cancer drugs. Herein, the synthesis, molecular modeling, anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects of ten 2-ethyl and four 2-methoxy analogs of estradiol are reported. The ethyl group was introduced to the steroid A-ring using a novel Friedel-Crafts alkylation protocol. Several analogs displayed potent anti-proliferative activity with IC50-values in the submicromolar range towards the CEM human leukemia cancer cell line. As such, all of these compounds proved to be more active than the lead compound 2-methoxyestradiol (1) in these cells. The six most cytostatic analogs were also tested as anti-angiogenic agents using an in vitro tube formation assay. The IC50-values were determined to be in the range of 0.1 μM ± 0.03 and 1.1 μM ± 0.2. These six compounds were also modest inhibitors against tubulin polymerization with the most potent inhibitor was 14b (IC50 = 2.1 ± 0.1 μM). Binding studies using N,N'-ethylene-bis(iodoacetamide) revealed that neither14a or 14b binds to the colchicine binding site in the tubulin protein, in contrast to 2-methoxyestradiol (1). These observations were supported by molecular modeling studies. Results from a MDA-MB-231 cell cycle assay showed that both 10e and 14b gave accumulation in the G2/M phase resulting in induction of apoptosis. The results presented herein shows that the novel analogs reported exhibit their anticancer effects via several modes of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Al-Kazaale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Phuong T Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Farhad Haidari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Johansson Solum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Health Sciences, Nord University, 7801 Namsos, Norway
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Postbus 1043, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vervaeke
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Postbus 1043, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jing-Jy Cheng
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, 155-1 Li-Nung Street, Section 2, Shih-Pai, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Anders Vik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Vidar Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Shen JZ, Chan YW, Ho WS. Identification and Growth Inhibitory Activity of the Chemical Constituents from Imperata Cylindrica Aerial Part Ethyl Acetate Extract. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071807. [PMID: 30037062 PMCID: PMC6100103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. (IMP) aerial part ethyl acetate extract has anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and pro-oxidative effects towards colorectal cancer in vitro. The chemical constituents of IMP aerial part ethyl acetate extract were isolated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified with tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) in combination with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and 400 MHz NMR. The growth inhibitory effects of each identified component on BT-549 (breast) and HT-29 (colon) cancer cell lines were evaluated after 48/72 h treatment by MTT assay. Four isolated compounds were identified as trans-p-Coumaric acid (1); 2-Methoxyestrone (2); 11, 16-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3, 20-dione (3); and Tricin (4). Compounds (2), (3), and (4) exhibited considerable growth inhibitory activities against BT-549 and HT-29 cancer cell lines. Compounds (2), (3), and (4) are potential candidates for novel anti-cancer agents against breast and colorectal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - James Zheng Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuk Wah Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wing Shing Ho
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The in vitro effects of a novel estradiol analog on cell proliferation and morphology in human epithelial cervical carcinoma. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:10. [PMID: 29568313 PMCID: PMC5859677 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of novel chemotherapeutics target the cell cycle, aiming to effect arrest and cause apoptosis. One such agent, 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME), has been shown to possess anticancer properties against numerous cancer types, both in vitro and in vivo. Despite its promise, 2ME has exhibited limitations, including low oral bioavailability and rapid hepatic enzymatic inactivation in vivo. A novel sulphamoylated estrogen analog, 2-ethyl-3-O-sulphamoyl-estra-1,3,5(10)16-tetraene (ESE-16), was in silico-designed in our laboratory to overcome these issues. It was then synthesized by a pharmaceutical company and used in an in vitro antiproliferative effect study on a human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell line. Results Cell proliferation data obtained from the crystal violet assay and real-time cell analysis demonstrated that 0.2 μM of ESE-16 had a significant inhibitory effect on the HeLa cells 24 h post-exposure. Immunofluorescence showed that ESE-16 is a microtubule disruptor that causes cells to undergo a mitotic block. Qualitative morphological studies using polarization-optical transmitted light differential interference contrast (PlasDIC) and light microscopy revealed a decrease in cell density and an increase in the number of cells arrested in metaphase. After ESE-16 exposure, hallmarks of apoptosis were also observed, including membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation and the presence of apoptotic bodies. Flow cytometry provided quantitative results from cell cycle progression analysis, indicating cells undergoing apoptosis and cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, confirming cell cycle arrest in metaphase after ESE-16 treatment. Quantification of the ESE-16-mediated upregulation of cyclin B in HeLa cells and spectrophotometric and flow cytometric confirmation of cell death via apoptosis further confirmed the substance's impact. Conclusion ESE-16 exerts its antiproliferative effects through microtubule disruption, which induces a mitotic block culminating in apoptosis. This research provided information on ESE-16 as a potential antitumor agent and on cellular targets that could aid in the design of prospective microtubule-disrupting compounds. Further in vitro and in vivo investigations of this novel compound are needed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Said AMA, Zaki RGE, Salah Eldin RA, Nasr M, Azab SS, Elzankalony YA. Efficacy of Intravitreal injection of 2-Methoxyestradiol in regression of neovascularization of a retinopathy of prematurity rat model. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:38. [PMID: 28376733 PMCID: PMC5379748 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is one of the targets for early detection and treatment to prevent childhood blindness in world health organization programs. The purpose of study was to evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal injection of 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) nanoemulsion in regressing neovascularization of a ROP rat model. Methods A prospective comparative case - control animal study conducted on 56 eyes of 28 healthy new born Sprague Dawley male albino rat. ROP was induced in 21 rats then two concentrations of 2-ME nanoparticles were injected in right eyes of 14 rats (low dose; study group I, high dose; study group II). A blank nanoemulsion was injected in the right eyes of seven rats (control positive group I). No injections performed in contralateral left eyes (control positive group II). Seven rats (14 eyes) were kept in room air (control negative group). On postnatal day 17, eyeballs were enucleated. Histological structure of the retina was examined using Hematoxylin and eosin staining. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expressions were detected by immunohistochemical studies. Results Intravitreal injection of 2-ME (in the two concentrations) caused marked regression of the new vascular tufts on the vitreal side with normal organization and thickness of the retina especially in study group II, which also show negative VEGF immunoreaction. Positive GFAP expression was detected in the control positive groups and study group (I). Conclusion Intravitreal injection of 2-Methoxyestradiol nanoemulsion is a promising effective method in reduction of neovascularization of a ROP rat model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12886-017-0433-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azza Mohamed Ahmed Said
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. .,, 10th Fawzy Elmoteay Street, Heliopolis, Cairo, 11361, Egypt.
| | | | - Rania A Salah Eldin
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar Saad Azab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eriksson AL, Wilhelmson AS, Fagman JB, Ryberg H, Koskela A, Tuukkanen J, Tivesten Å, Ohlsson C. The Bone Sparing Effects of 2-Methoxyestradiol Are Mediated via Estrogen Receptor-α in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4200-4205. [PMID: 27631553 PMCID: PMC5086527 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), a metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2), exerts bone sparing effects in animal models. We hypothesized that the underlying mechanism is back conversion of 2ME2 to E2, which subsequently acts via estrogen receptor (ER)α. We measured serum E2 levels in orchidectomized wild-type (WT) mice treated with 2ME2 66.6 μg/d or placebo. In placebo-treated animals, E2 was below the detection limit. In 2ME2-treated mice, the serum E2 level was 4.97 ± 0.68 pg/mL. This corresponds to the level found in diesterus in cycling female mice. Next, we investigated bone parameters in orchidectomized WT and ERα knockout mice treated with 2ME2 or placebo for 35 days. 2ME2 (6.66 μg/d) preserved trabecular and cortical bone in WT mice. Trabecular volumetric-bone mineral density was 64 ± 20%, and trabecular bone volume/total volume was 60 ± 20% higher in the metaphyseal region of the femur in the 2ME2 group, compared with placebo (P < .01). Both trabecular number and trabecular thickness were increased (P < .01). Cortical bone mineral content in the diaphyseal region of the femur was 31 ± 3% higher in the 2ME2 group, compared with placebo (P < .001). This was due to larger cortical area (P < .001). Three-point bending showed an increased bone strength in WT 2ME2-treated animals compared with placebo (maximum load [Fmax] +19±5% in the 2ME2 group, P < .05). Importantly, no bone parameter was affected by 2ME2 treatment in ERα knockout mice. In conclusion, 2ME2 treatment of orchidectomized mice results in increased serum E2. ERα mediates the bone sparing effects of 2ME2. The likely mediator of this effect is E2 resulting from back conversion of 2ME2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Eriksson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna S Wilhelmson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Johan B Fagman
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Henrik Ryberg
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Koskela
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Tuukkanen
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Åsa Tivesten
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (A.L.E., H.R., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., A.T.), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry (H.R.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; and Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine (A.K., J.T.), Medical Research Center, Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, FI-900 14 Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar BS, Raghuvanshi DS, Hasanain M, Alam S, Sarkar J, Mitra K, Khan F, Negi AS. Recent Advances in chemistry and pharmacology of 2-methoxyestradiol: An anticancer investigational drug. Steroids 2016; 110:9-34. [PMID: 27020471 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an estrogen hormone metabolite is a potential cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Presently, it is an investigational drug under various phases of clinical trials alone or in combination therapy. Its anticancer activity has been attributed to its antitubulin, antiangiogenic, pro-apoptotic and ROS induction properties. This anticancer drug candidate has been explored extensively in last twenty years for its detailed chemistry and pharmacology. Present review is an update of its chemistry and biological activity. It also extends an assessment of potential of 2ME2 and its analogues as possible anticancer drug in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Sathish Kumar
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Dushyant Singh Raghuvanshi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Mohammad Hasanain
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Jayanta Sarkar
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Feroz Khan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Arvind S Negi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qian Y, Sherbini A, Matin B, Zhao Y, Castellot J, Greenblatt DJ. Inhibition of 2-methoxyestradiol glucuronidation by probenecid. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:1585-92. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), a metabolite of estradiol, has antitumour activity in vitro. However, potential clinical applicability has been limited by low oral bioavailability. Probenecid was evaluated in vitro as an inhibitor of 2ME2 glucuronidation for purposes of enhancing 2ME2 oral bioavailability.
Methods
Human liver microsomes were used to determine kinetic parameters for transformation of 2ME2 to its glucuronide metabolites (M1, M2) and inhibition of the reactions by probenecid.
Key findings
M1 and M2 formation from 2ME2 proceeded with features of substrate inhibition. Probenecid inhibited metabolite formation, with mean inhibition constant (Ki) values of 0.9 and 2.6 mM, respectively. Inhibition was reversible, with mixed competitive–non-competitive characteristics.
Conclusion
The Ki values for probenecid inhibition of 2ME2 glucuronide formation, when compared to maximum probenecid plasma concentrations anticipated clinically, indicate that probenecid co-administration has the potential to augment systemic plasma levels of 2ME2 after oral dosage in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Qian
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmad Sherbini
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bahar Matin
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Castellot
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Greenblatt
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Solum EJ, Vik A, Hansen TV. Synthesis, cytotoxic effects and tubulin polymerization inhibition of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole analogs of 2-methoxyestradiol. Steroids 2014; 87:46-53. [PMID: 24923521 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole analogs of 2-methoxyestradiol were prepared and tested for their cytotoxic and tubulin polymerization inhibition effects. Two compounds, 11j and 11k, exhibited anti-proliferative effects at low micromolar concentrations. The two analogs 11j and 11k also inhibited tubulin assembly with IC50 values of 8.1 and 5.9μM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Johansson Solum
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Vik
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Vidar Hansen
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pathak V, Ahmad I, Kahlon AK, Hasanain M, Sharma S, Srivastava KK, Sarkar J, Shankar K, Sharma A, Gupta A. Syntheses of 2-methoxyestradiol and eugenol template based diarylpropenes as non-steroidal anticancer agents. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
13
|
Pinto MP, Medina RA, Owen GI. 2-methoxyestradiol and disorders of female reproductive tissues. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:274-83. [PMID: 24764201 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) is an endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol. Once thought of as a mere degradation product, 2ME has gained attention as an important component of reproductive physiology and as a therapeutic agent in reproductive pathologies such as preeclampsia, endometriosis, infertility, and cancer. In this review, we discuss the involvement of 2ME in reproductive pathophysiology and summarize its known mechanisms of action: microtubule disruption, inhibition of angiogenesis and stimulation of apoptosis. Currently, the clinical uses of 2ME as a single agent are limited due to its poor water solubility and thus low bioavailability; however, 2ME analogs and derivatives have been recently developed and tested as cancer treatments. Despite some isolated success stories and ongoing research, 2ME derivatives have not yet provided the expected results. The adjuvant use of 2ME derivatives with chemotherapeutic agents is hindered by their intrinsic toxicity confounding the unwanted secondary effects of chemotherapy. However, due to the well-tested tolerance of the body to high doses of native 2ME, it may the combination of native 2ME with conventional treatments that will offer novel clinically relevant regimens for cancer and other reproductive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang M, Huang J, Ma QL, Xu GX, Jin J. Antitumor activity of CDA-Ⅱ, a urinary preparation, on human multiple myeloma cell lines via the mitochondrial pathway. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1025-31. [PMID: 24452179 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell differentiation agent II (CDA‑II) is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor isolated from healthy human urine. In the present study, the antitumor activity of CDA‑II on human multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines via the mitochondrial pathway was first revealed. The human MM cell lines were exposed to CDA‑II. Cytotoxicity, caspase activation, apoptosis and the effects on the mitochondrial pathway were assessed. CDA‑Ⅱ was capable of decreasing the depolarized mitochondrial membranes and activating caspase‑3 and ‑9 and poly (ADP‑ribose) polymerase in MM cells treated with CDA‑II. CDA‑II induced caspase‑dependent cell death accompanied by a significant decrease in X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), survivin and Mcl‑1 levels. The caspase‑3 inhibitor, Z‑DEVD‑FMK, inhibited CDA‑II‑induced apoptosis. CDA‑II potently increased the Bax levels, decreased the Bcl‑2/Bax ratio and decreased the expression of the downstream targets of NF‑κB. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that CDA‑II treatment leads to the inhibition of p65 nuclear localization and potently induces caspase‑dependent apoptosis in MM cells mediated through the mitochondrial pathway at low nanomolar concentrations. These results indicate that CDA‑II is a novel inhibitor of NF‑κB activity, with notable antimyeloma efficacy. This study provides a rationale for the clinical investigation of CDA‑Ⅱ in human MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Ling Ma
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Gai-Xiang Xu
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Frank E, Schneider G. Synthesis of sex hormone-derived modified steroids possessing antiproliferative activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:301-15. [PMID: 23499871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During recent years intensive research has been focused on the synthesis of structurally modified steroid hormones in order to obtain compounds with beneficial biological activity such as cell-growth inhibition. Experimental results have revealed that some steroidal derivatives possess direct cytostatic effect on cancer cells in a hormone receptor-independent manner. After a brief account on the most important biological function and characteristics of the naturally occurring sex hormones in physiological and pathological conditions, structural modifications of estrane and androstane scaffolds are discussed in detail. The review covers literature publications (from 2002 to 2012) relating to the synthesis and antiproliferative activity of semisynthetic sex hormone-derived molecules containing simple or heterocyclic substituents. The compounds reviewed are divided into three main categories according to their sterane framework and the nature of substitution. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Frank
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhou M, Hamza A, Zhan CG, Thorson JS. Assessing the regioselectivity of OleD-catalyzed glycosylation with a diverse set of acceptors. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:279-86. [PMID: 23360118 PMCID: PMC3607945 DOI: 10.1021/np300890h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To explore the acceptor regioselectivity of OleD-catalyzed glucosylation, the products of OleD-catalyzed reactions with six structurally diverse acceptors flavones- (daidzein), isoflavones (flavopiridol), stilbenes (resveratrol), indole alkaloids (10-hydroxycamptothecin), and steroids (2-methoxyestradiol)-were determined. This study highlights the first synthesis of flavopiridol and 2-methoxyestradiol glucosides and confirms the ability of OleD to glucosylate both aromatic and aliphatic nucleophiles. In all cases, molecular dynamics simulations were consistent with the determined product distribution and suggest the potential to develop a virtual screening model to identify additional OleD substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maoquan Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Adel Hamza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St. Lexington, Kentucky 40536 USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St. Lexington, Kentucky 40536 USA
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St. Lexington, Kentucky 40536 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Verenich S, Gerk PM. Therapeutic promises of 2-methoxyestradiol and its drug disposition challenges. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:2030-9. [PMID: 20831190 DOI: 10.1021/mp100190f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2MeO-E2) is an endogenous metabolite of estrogen which was initially considered to be inactive. During the last few decades it has been shown that 2MeO-E2 is a promising anticancer drug. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that it has several anticancer activities, and potential to alleviate hypertension, glomerulosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, and other disorders. However, due to its low solubility and extensive glucuronidation, to achieve effective concentrations large doses of 2MeO-E2 would be required. Clinical studies reflected very high inter- and intrapatient variability and oral bioavailability of 1 to 2%. Thus, this review paper highlights the origin of this compound, its therapeutic promises, and possible mechanisms of action. It also discusses the pharmacokinetic properties of 2MeO-E2 as well as current developments to overcome low drug solubility and its extensive first pass metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Verenich
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980533, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0581, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ramírez J, Ratain MJ, Innocenti F. Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase genetic polymorphisms and response to cancer chemotherapy. Future Oncol 2010; 6:563-85. [PMID: 20373870 PMCID: PMC3102300 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics aims to elucidate how genetic variation affects the efficacy and side effects of drugs, with the ultimate goal of personalizing medicine. Clinical studies of the genetic variation in the uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase gene have demonstrated how reduced-function allele variants can predict the risk of severe toxicity and help identify cancer patients who could benefit from reduced-dose schedules or alternative chemotherapy. Candidate polymorphisms have also been identified in vitro, although the functional consequences of these variants still need to be tested in the clinical setting. Future approaches in uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase pharmacogenetics include genetic testing prior to drug treatment, genotype-directed dose-escalation studies, study of genetic variation at the haplotype level and genome-wide studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramírez
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL, USA 60637, Tel.: +1 773 834 2451, Fax: +1 773 702 9268,
| | - Mark J Ratain
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacogenomics, Cancer Research Center, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL, USA 60637, Tel.: +1 773 702 4400, Fax: +1 773 702 3969,
| | - Federico Innocenti
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacogenomics, Cancer Research Center, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL, USA 60637, Tel.: +1 773 834 2452, Fax: +1 773 702 9268,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dubey RK, Jackson EK. Potential vascular actions of 2-methoxyestradiol. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2009; 20:374-9. [PMID: 19734053 PMCID: PMC2761235 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) is a biologically active metabolite of 17beta-estradiol that appears to inhibit key processes associated with cell replication in vitro. The molecule has been suggested to have potent growth-inhibitory effects on proliferating cells, including smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, and may be antiangiogenic. Because of these potential roles for 2-ME, its lack of cytotoxicity and low estrogenic activity, we hypothesize that 2-ME could be a valuable therapeutic molecule for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Whether 2-ME is as effective in vivo as it is in vitro at modulating vascular processes remains controversial. Here we discuss recent developments regarding mechanisms by which 2-ME might regulate vascular activity and angiogenesis and speculate on the therapeutic implications of these developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghvendra K Dubey
- Clinic for Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Suwandi LS, Agoston GE, Shah JH, Hanson AD, Zhan XH, Lavallee TM, Treston AM. Synthesis and antitumor activities of 3-modified 2-methoxyestradiol analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6459-62. [PMID: 19782568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of 2-methoxyestradiol analogs with modifications at the 3-position are described. The analogs were assessed for their antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and estrogenic activities. Several lead substituents were identified with similar or improved antitumor activities and reduced metabolic liability compared to 2-methoxyestradiol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lita S Suwandi
- EntreMed, Inc., 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Synthesis of 2- and 17-substituted estrone analogs and their antiproliferative structure-activity relationships compared to 2-methoxyestradiol. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7344-52. [PMID: 19762246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 17-modified and 2,17-modified analogs of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) were synthesized and characterized. These analogs were designed to retain or potentiate the biological activities of 2ME2 and have diminished metabolic liability. The analogs were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells, antiangiogenic activity in HUVEC, and estrogenic activity on MCF-7 cell proliferation. Several analogs were evaluated for metabolic stability in human liver microsomes and in vivo in a rat cassette dosing model. This study lead to several 17-modified analogs of 2ME2 that have similar or improved antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activity, lack estrogenic properties and have improved metabolic stability compared to 2ME2.
Collapse
|
22
|
Tevaarwerk AJ, Holen KD, Alberti DB, Sidor C, Arnott J, Quon C, Wilding G, Liu G. Phase I trial of 2-methoxyestradiol NanoCrystal dispersion in advanced solid malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1460-5. [PMID: 19228747 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2; Panzem) is an endogenous, estradiol-17beta metabolite that at pharmacologic doses exerts antimitotic and antiangiogenic activities. Studies with a 2ME2 capsule formulation showed limited oral bioavailability. We report the results of a phase I study using a NanoCrystal Dispersion formulation of 2ME2 (2ME2 NCD). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with refractory solid tumors received 2ME2 NCD orally. Patients received drug either every 6 hours (part A) or every 8 hours (part B). Doses were escalated in successive cohorts until the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was identified. The primary objective was identifying the MTD. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the plasma pharmacokinetics of 2ME2 and efficacy. RESULTS In part A, 16 patients received a median of 4 cycles of 2ME2 NCD. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) included fatigue (2), hypophosphatemia (2), increased alanine aminotransferase (1), and muscle weakness (1). Trough levels at steady-state reached the minimum effective concentration in all cohorts. The MTD was determined to be 1,000 mg orally every 6 hours. In part B, 10 patients received a median of 1 cycle. DLTs included elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase (1), hyponatremia (1), fatigue (1), and anorexia (1). An MTD could not be defined for part B because 4 of 10 patients had DLTs at the initial dose level and dose reduction was not pursued. Thirteen patients had stable disease (A, 11; B, 2); there were no confirmed responses. CONCLUSION For 2ME2 NCD, the MTD and recommended phase II regimen is 1,000 mg orally every 6 hours. Treatment was generally well-tolerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amye J Tevaarwerk
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
LaVallee TM, Burke PA, Swartz GM, Hamel E, Agoston GE, Shah J, Suwandi L, Hanson AD, Fogler WE, Sidor CF, Treston AM. Significant antitumor activity in vivo following treatment with the microtubule agent ENMD-1198. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1472-82. [PMID: 18566218 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies using the microtubule-targeting agent 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2; Panzem) in cancer patients show that treatment is associated with clinical benefit, including prolonged stable disease, complete and partial responses, and an excellent safety profile. Studies have shown that 2ME2 is metabolized by conjugation at positions 3 and 17 and oxidation at position 17. To define structure-activity relationships for these positions of 2ME2 and to generate metabolically stable analogues with improved anti-tubulin properties, a series of analogues was generated and three lead analogues were selected, ENMD-1198, ENMD-1200, and ENMD-1237. These molecules showed improved metabolic stability with >65% remaining after 2-h incubation with hepatocytes. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that oral administration of the compounds resulted in increased plasma levels compared with 2ME2. All three analogues bind the colchicine binding site of tubulin, induce G(2)-M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and reduce hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha levels. ENMD-1198 and ENMD-1200 showed improved in vitro antiproliferative activities. Significant reductions in tumor volumes compared with vehicle-treated mice were observed in an orthotopic breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231) xenograft model following daily oral treatment with all compounds (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Significantly improved median survival time was observed with ENMD-1198 and ENMD-1237 (200 mg/kg/d) in a Lewis lung carcinoma metastatic model (P < 0.05). In both tumor models, the high-dose group of ENMD-1198 showed antitumor activity equivalent to that of cyclophosphamide. ENMD-1198 was selected as the lead molecule in this analogue series and is currently in a phase I clinical trial in patients with refractory solid tumors.
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang J, Yang M, Liu H, Jin J. CDA-II, a urinary preparation, induces growth arrest and apoptosis of human leukemia cells through inactivation of nuclear factor-kappaB in a caspase-dependent manner. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 47:40-9. [PMID: 18761050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CDA-II (cell differentiation agent II) was a urinary preparation, isolated from healthy human urine. We determined the anticancer activity of CDA-II using human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines, K562, Kasumi-1 and KG-1. An in vitro cytotoxicity assay showed that CDA-II exhibited growth arrest in leukemic cells, while it did not induce cytotoxicity in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In vivo studies using the Kasumi-1 xenografted SCID mouse model showed tumor inhibition rate were increased and the survival time were prolonged in a dose-dependent manner, without any significant toxicity on mice body. Depolarized mitochondrial membranes and the activation of caspase-3, 9 as well as PARP were found in leukemic cells treated with CDA-II for 6-24h. We further found NF-kappaB nuclear translocation were prevented by CDA-II treatment, which therefore inactivated NF-kappaB and down-regulated its target genes expression, including Bcl-2/Bax ratio, Mcl-1 and XIAP. The caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK inhibited CDA-II-induced apoptosis and CDA-II combined with NF-kappaB inhibitor PDTC significantly increased the apoptotic rate of leukemic cells. We concluded that CDA-II potently induced caspase-dependent leukemia-specific apoptosis in leukemic cells mediated through inactivation of NF-kappaB, involving in Bcl-2 family and XIAP, which has no cytotoxicity on normal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Agoston GE, Shah JH, Lavallee TM, Zhan X, Pribluda VS, Treston AM. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 16-modified analogs of 2-methoxyestradiol. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7524-37. [PMID: 17910916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of 16-modified 2-methoxyestradiol analogs were synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity toward HUVEC and MDA-MB-231 cells, and for susceptibility to conjugation. In addition, the estrogenicity of these analogs was accessed by measuring cell proliferation of the estrogen-dependent cell line MCF7 in response to compound treatment. It was observed that antiproliferative activity dropped as the size of the 16 substituent increased. Selected analogs tested in glucuronidation assays had similar rates of clearance to 2-methoxyestradiol, but had enhanced clearance in sulfonate conjugation assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Agoston
- EntreMed, Inc., Discovery Research Department, 9640 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|