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Zhang Y, Schmid YRF, Luginbühl S, Wang Q, Dittrich PS, Walde P. Spectrophotometric Quantification of Peroxidase with p-Phenylene-diamine for Analyzing Peroxidase-Encapsulating Lipid Vesicles. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5484-5493. [PMID: 28415842 PMCID: PMC5681863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A spectrophotometric assay for the determination of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in aqueous solution with p-phenylenediamine (PPD, benzene-1,4-diamine) as electron donor substrate and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxidant was developed. The oxidation of PPD by HRP/H2O2 leads to the formation of Bandrowski's base ((3E,6E)-3,6-bis[(4-aminophenyl)imino]cyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-diamine), which can be quantified by following the increase in absorbance at 500 nm. The assay was applied for monitoring the activity of HRP inside ≈180 nm-sized lipid vesicles (liposomes), prepared from POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and purified by size exclusion chromatography. Because of the high POPC bilayer permeability of PPD and H2O2, the HRP-catalyzed oxidation of PPD occurs inside the vesicles once PPD and H2O2 are added to the vesicle suspension. In contrast, if instead of PPD the bilayer-impermeable substrate ABTS2- (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)) is used, the oxidation of ABTS2- inside the vesicles does not occur. Therefore, using PPD and ABTS2- in separate assays allows distinguishing between vesicle-trapped HRP and HRP in the external bulk solution. In this way, the storage stability of HRP-containing POPC vesicles was investigated in terms of HRP leakage and activity of entrapped HRP. It was found that pH 7.0 suspensions of POPC vesicles (2.2 mM POPC) containing on average about 12 HRP molecules per vesicle are stable for at least 1 month without any significant HRP leakage, if stored at 4 °C. Such high stability is beneficial not only for bioanalytical applications but also for exploring the kinetic properties of vesicle-entrapped HRP through simple spectrophotometric absorption measurements with PPD as a sensitive and cheap substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu China
| | - Yannick R. F. Schmid
- Bioanalytics Group, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luginbühl
- Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu China
| | - Petra S. Dittrich
- Bioanalytics Group, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Walde
- Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Hermann KF, Neuhaus CS, Micallef V, Wagner B, Hatibovic M, Aschmann HE, Paech F, Alvarez-Sanchez R, Krämer SD, Belli S. Kinetics of lipid bilayer permeation of a series of ionisable drugs and their correlation with human transporter-independent intestinal permeability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 104:150-161. [PMID: 28366650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For low molecular weight drugs, lipid bilayer permeation is considered the major route for in vivo cell barrier passage. We recently introduced a fluorescence assay with liposomes to determine permeation kinetics of ionisable compounds across the lipid bilayer by monitoring drug-induced pH changes inside the liposomes. Here, we determined the permeability coefficients (PFLipP, FLipP for "Fluorescence Liposomal Permeability") across 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) bilayers of 35 ionisable drugs at pH6.0 and compared them to available in vivo human jejunal permeability (Peff) data. PFLipP values were furthermore compared with published Caco-2 cell permeability coefficients (PCaco-2), permeability coefficients determined with the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) and with log D (pH6.0). The log PFLipP, corrected for predicted para-cellular diffusion, and log PCaco-2 correlated best with log Peff, with similar adjusted R2 (0.75 and 0.74, n=12). Our results suggest that transporter-independent intestinal drug absorption is predictable from liposomal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina F Hermann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia S Neuhaus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Virgine Micallef
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Björn Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maja Hatibovic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hélène E Aschmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Paech
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rubén Alvarez-Sanchez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie D Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sara Belli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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Jain A, Jain SK. IN VITRO RELEASE KINETICS MODEL FITTING OF LIPOSOMES: AN INSIGHT. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 201:S0009-3084(16)30147-5. [PMID: 27983957 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are emerging cargoes for bioactive delivery owing to their widely accepted biocompatible and biodegradable nature. It is always a challenge to control the release of payload for effective delivery to the site of interest. Over the couple of decennia, mathematical modeling of release process is a need of time whether the drug remains in the circulation or reaches at the target site. For establishing a better in vitro - in vivo correlation, release kinetics models viz. Peppas, Higuchi, Weibull, Zero Order and First order including mechanistic models like All-or-None, Toroidal, and Biomembrane models etc. are continuously exploited to predict drug release profile. Most of these models rely on the diffusion equations based on the composition of liposomes and conditions of release. Here, we summarized the crucial reports exploring these models and associated interventions to know the underlying physicochemical release phenomenon. Such mathematical model fitting can be a promising approach to deduce release/delivery process to help in designing the safe and efficacious ("Smart") liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.), 470 003, India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.), 470 003, India.
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Fugit KD, Anderson BD. Dynamic, nonsink method for the simultaneous determination of drug permeability and binding coefficients in liposomes. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1314-25. [PMID: 24628304 PMCID: PMC3993891 DOI: 10.1021/mp400765n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Drug release from liposomal formulations is governed by a complex interplay of kinetic (i.e., drug permeability) and thermodynamic factors (i.e., drug partitioning to the bilayer surface). Release studies under sink conditions that attempt to mimic physiological conditions are insufficient to decipher these separate contributions. The present study explores release studies performed under nonsink conditions coupled with appropriate mathematical models to describe both the release kinetics and the conditions in which equilibrium is established. Liposomal release profiles for a model anticancer agent, topotecan, under nonsink conditions provided values for both the first-order rate constant for drug release and the bilayer/water partition coefficient. These findings were validated by conducting release studies under sink conditions via dynamic dialysis at the same temperature and buffer pH. A nearly identical rate constant for drug release could be obtained from dynamic dialysis data when appropriate volume corrections were applied and a mechanism-based mathematical model was employed to account for lipid bilayer binding and dialysis membrane transport. The usefulness of the nonsink method combined with mathematical modeling was further explored by demonstrating the effects of topotecan dimerization and bilayer surface charge potential on the bilayer/water partition coefficient at varying suspension concentrations of lipid and drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Fugit
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University
of Kentucky, A323A ASTeCC
Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Bradley D. Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University
of Kentucky, A323A ASTeCC
Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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Bilayer Composition, Temperature, Speciation Effects and the Role of Bilayer Chain Ordering on Partitioning of Dexamethasone and its 21-Phosphate. Pharm Res 2013; 30:3154-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mosley GL, Yamanishi CD, Kamei DT. Mathematical Modeling of Vesicle Drug Delivery Systems 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:34-45. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068212457161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tejwani RW, Davis ME, Anderson BD, Stouch TR. DRUG DISCOVERY INTERFACE: Functional Group Dependence of Solute Partitioning to Various Locations within a DOPC Bilayer: A Comparison of Molecular Dynamics Simulations with Experiment. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2136-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lomize AL, Pogozheva I, Mosberg HI. Anisotropic solvent model of the lipid bilayer. 1. Parameterization of long-range electrostatics and first solvation shell effects. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:918-29. [PMID: 21438609 PMCID: PMC3089899 DOI: 10.1021/ci2000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new implicit solvation model was developed for calculating free energies of transfer of molecules from water to any solvent with defined bulk properties. The transfer energy was calculated as a sum of the first solvation shell energy and the long-range electrostatic contribution. The first term was proportional to solvent accessible surface area and solvation parameters (σ(i)) for different atom types. The electrostatic term was computed as a product of group dipole moments and dipolar solvation parameter (η) for neutral molecules or using a modified Born equation for ions. The regression coefficients in linear dependencies of solvation parameters σ(i) and η on dielectric constant, solvatochromic polarizability parameter π*, and hydrogen-bonding donor and acceptor capacities of solvents were optimized using 1269 experimental transfer energies from 19 organic solvents to water. The root-mean-square errors for neutral compounds and ions were 0.82 and 1.61 kcal/mol, respectively. Quantification of energy components demonstrates the dominant roles of hydrophobic effect for nonpolar atoms and of hydrogen-bonding for polar atoms. The estimated first solvation shell energy outweighs the long-range electrostatics for most compounds including ions. The simplicity and computational efficiency of the model allows its application for modeling of macromolecules in anisotropic environments, such as biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei L. Lomize
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1065, USA
| | - Irina Pogozheva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1065, USA
| | - Henry I Mosberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1065, USA
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Tejwani RW, Stouch TR, Anderson BD. Substituent effects on the ionization and partitioning of p-(aminoethyl)phenols and structurally related compounds: Electrostatic effects dependent on conformation. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:4534-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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