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Mansour HM, Muralidharan P, Hayes D. Inhaled Nanoparticulate Systems: Composition, Manufacture and Aerosol Delivery. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2024; 37:202-218. [PMID: 39172256 PMCID: PMC11465844 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2024.29117.mk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
An increasing growth in nanotechnology is evident from the growing number of products approved in the past decade. Nanotechnology can be used in the effective treatment of several pulmonary diseases by developing therapies that are delivered in a targeted manner to select lung regions based on the disease state. Acute or chronic pulmonary disorders can benefit from this type of therapy, including respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary infections (e.g. tuberculosis, Yersinia pestis infection, fungal infections, bacterial infections, and viral infections), lung cancer, cystic fibrosis (CF), pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Modification of size and surface property renders nanoparticles to be targeted to specific sites, which can serve a vital role in innovative pulmonary drug delivery. The nanocarrier type chosen depends on the intended purpose of the formulation and intended physiological target. Liquid nanocarriers and solid-state nanocarriers can carry hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs (e.g. small molecular weight drug molecules, large molecular weight drugs, peptide drugs, and macromolecular biological drugs), while surface modification with polymer can provide cellular targeting, controlled drug release, and/or evasion of phagocytosis by immune cells, depending on the polymer type. Polymeric nanocarriers have versatile architectures, such as linear, branched, and dendritic forms. In addition to the colloidal dispersion liquid state, the various types of nanoparticles can be formulated into the solid state, offering important unique advantages in formulation versatility and enhanced stability of the final product. This chapter describes the different types of nanocarriers, types of inhalation aerosol device platforms, liquid aerosols, respirable powders, and particle engineering design technologies for inhalation aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M. Mansour
- College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- The BIO5 Research Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Institute of the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Priya Muralidharan
- College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Don Hayes
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Lung and Heart-Lung Transplant Programs, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Tasharoie S, Ostad SN, Amini M, Sabourian R, Gilani K. Preparation, Optimization and In Vitro Characterization of Fluticasoneloaded Mixed Micelles Based on Stearic Acid-g-chitosan as a Pulmonary Delivery System. RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY AND FORMULATION 2024; 18:61-76. [PMID: 38362679 DOI: 10.2174/0126673878262764240208054140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary objective of this study was to optimize formulation variables and investigate the in vitro characteristics of fluticasone propionate (FP)-loaded mixed polymeric micelles, which were composed of depolymerized chitosan-stearic acid copolymer (DC-SA) in combination with either tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine for pulmonary drug delivery. METHODS A D-optimal design was employed for the optimization procedure, considering lipid/ polymer ratio, polymer concentration, drug/ polymer ratio, and lipid type as independent variables. Dependent variables included particle size, polydispersion index, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency, and loading efficiency of the polymeric micelles. Additionally, the nebulization efficacy and cell viability of the optimal FP-loaded DC-SA micellar formulations were evaluated. RESULTS The mixed polymeric micelles were successfully prepared with properties falling within the desired ranges, resulting in four optimized formulations. The release of FP from the optimal systems exhibited a sustained release profile over 72 hours, with 70% of the drug still retained within the core of the micelles. The nebulization efficiency of these optimal formulations reached up to 63%, and the fine particle fraction (FPF) ranged from 41% to 48%. Cellular viability assays demonstrated that FP-loaded DC-SA polymeric micelles exhibited lower cytotoxicity than the free drug but were slightly more cytotoxic than empty mixed micelles. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study suggests that DC-SA/ lipid mixed micelles have the potential to serve as effective carriers for nebulizing poorly soluble FP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Tasharoie
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Aerosol Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Naser Ostad
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Sabourian
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambiz Gilani
- Aerosol Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Design of self-dispersible microsponge containing cyclosporine through wet milling and drop freeze-drying processes to improve dissolution behavior. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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He Y, Liang Y, Mak JCW, Liao Y, Li T, Yan R, Li HF, Zheng Y. Size effect of curcumin nanocrystals on dissolution, airway mucosa penetration, lung tissue distribution and absorption by pulmonary delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 186:110703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Dubey P, Barker SA, Craig DQM. Design and Characterization of Cyclosporine A-Loaded Nanofibers for Enhanced Drug Dissolution. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1003-1013. [PMID: 31984256 PMCID: PMC6977102 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread use as an immunosuppressant, the therapeutic efficacy of the undecapeptide cyclosporine A (CyA) is compromised when given by the oral route because of the innate hydrophobicity of the drug molecule, potentially leading to poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize nanofibers based on the water-miscible polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), incorporating CyA preloaded into polymeric surfactants so as to promote micelle formation on hydration; therefore, this approach represents the novel combination of three dissolution enhancement methodologies, namely solid dispersion technology, micellar systems, and nanofibers with enhanced surface area. The preparation of the nanofibers was performed in two steps. First, mixed micelles composed of the water-soluble vitamin E derivative d-α-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol) 1000 succinate and the amphiphilic triblock polymer Pluronic F127 (Poloxamer 407) were prepared. The micelles were characterized in terms of size, surface charge, drug loading, and encapsulation efficiency using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and scanning electron and atomic force microscopy analysis. Nanofibers composed of PVP and the drug-loaded surfactant system were then prepared via electrospinning, with accompanying thermal, spectroscopic, and surface topological analysis. Dissolution studies indicated an extremely rapid dissolution profile for the fibers compared to the drug alone, while wettability studies also indicated a marked decrease in contact angle compared to the drug alone. Overall, the new approach appears to offer a viable means for considerably improving the dissolution of the hydrophobic peptide CyA, with associated implications for improved oral bioavailability.
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Mohammad IS, Hu H, Yin L, He W. Drug nanocrystals: Fabrication methods and promising therapeutic applications. Int J Pharm 2019; 562:187-202. [PMID: 30851386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The drug nanocrystals (NCs) with unique physicochemical properties are now considered as a promising drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble drugs. So far >20 formulations of NCs have been approved in the market. In this review, we summarized recent advances of NCs with emphasis on their therapeutic applications based on administration route and disease states. At the end, we present a brief description of the future perspectives of NCs and their potential role as a promising drug delivery system. As a strategy for solubilization and bioavailability enhancement, the NCs have gained significant success. Besides this, the function of NCs is still far from developed. The emerging NC-based drug delivery approach would widen the applications of NCs in drug delivery and bio-medical field. Their in vitro and in vivo fate is extremely unclear; and the development of hybrid NCs with environment-sensitive fluorophores may assist to extend the scope of bio-imaging and provide better insight to their intracellular uptake kinetics, in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Shair Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lifang Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| | - Wei He
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai 200443, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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Abstract
This review discusses recent developments in the manufacture of inhalable dry powder formulations. Pulmonary drugs have distinct advantages compared with other drug administration routes. However, requirements of drugs properties complicate the manufacture. Control over crystallization to make particles with the desired properties in a single step is often infeasible, which calls for micronization techniques. Although spray drying produces particles in the desired size range, a stable solid state may not be attainable. Supercritical fluids may be used as a solvent or antisolvent, which significantly reduces solvent waste. Future directions include application areas such as biopharmaceuticals for dry powder inhalers and new processing strategies to improve the control over particle formation such as continuous manufacturing with in-line process analytical technologies.
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Ellenberger DJ, Miller DA, Kucera SU, Williams RO. Improved Vemurafenib Dissolution and Pharmacokinetics as an Amorphous Solid Dispersion Produced by KinetiSol® Processing. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018. [PMID: 29541940 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vemurafenib is a poorly soluble, low permeability drug that has a demonstrated need for a solubility-enhanced formulation. However, conventional approaches for amorphous solid dispersion production are challenging due to the physiochemical properties of the compound. A suitable and novel method for creating an amorphous solid dispersion, known as solvent-controlled coprecipitation, was developed to make a material known as microprecipitated bulk powder (MBP). However, this approach has limitations in its processing and formulation space. In this study, it was hypothesized that vemurafenib can be processed by KinetiSol into the same amorphous formulation as MBP. The KinetiSol process utilizes high shear to rapidly process amorphous solid dispersions containing vemurafenib. Analysis of the material demonstrated that KinetiSol produced amorphous, single-phase material with acceptable chemical purity and stability. Values obtained were congruent to analysis conducted on the comparator material. However, the materials differed in particle morphology as the KinetiSol material was dense, smooth, and uniform while the MBP comparator was porous in structure and exhibited high surface area. The particles produced by KinetiSol had improved in-vitro dissolution and pharmacokinetic performance for vemurafenib compared to MBP due to slower drug nucleation and recrystallization which resulted in superior supersaturation maintenance during drug release. In the in-vivo rat pharmacokinetic study, both amorphous solid dispersions produced by KinetiSol exhibited mean AUC values at least two-fold that of MBP when dosed as a suspension. It was concluded that the KinetiSol process produced superior dosage forms containing vemurafenib with the potential for substantial reduction in patient pill burden.
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Yang TT, Wen BF, Liu K, Qin M, Gao YY, Ding DJ, Li WT, Zhang YX, Zhang WF. Cyclosporine A/porous quaternized chitosan microspheres as a novel pulmonary drug delivery system. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:552-564. [PMID: 29688042 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1463231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Bao-Fang Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- Department of Emergency, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Kang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- Jewim Pharmaceutical (Shandong) Co., Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - De-Jun Ding
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Tong Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Wei-Fen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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Carvalho TC, McCook JP, Narain NR, McConville JT. Development of aqueous dispersions of Coenzyme Q 10 for pulmonary delivery and the dynamics of active vibrating-mesh aerosolization. Int J Pharm 2016; 514:407-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Meng DL, Shang L, Feng XH, Huang XF, Che X. Xanthoceraside hollow gold nanoparticles, green pharmaceutics preparation for poorly water-soluble natural anti-AD medicine. Int J Pharm 2016; 506:184-90. [PMID: 27102991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase the solubility of poorly water-soluble natural product, xanthoceraside, an effective anti-AD compound from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, and maintain its natural property, the xanthoceraside hollow gold nanoparticles were successively prepared by green ultrasonic method with silica spheres as templates and HF solution as selective etching solvent. Hollow gold nanoparticles and drug-loaded hollow gold nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The solubilities of xanthoceraside loaded on hollow gold nanoparticles were increased obviously from 3.0μg/ml and 2.5μg/ml to 12.7μg/ml and 10.7μg/ml at 25°C and 37°C, respectively. The results of XRD and DSC indicated that the reason for this increase was mainly due to the amorphous state of xanthoceraside loaded on the hollow gold nanoparticles. In summary, the method of loading xanthoceraside onto hollow gold nanoparticles was a green and useful strategy to improve the solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble natural products and worth to applying to other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Li Meng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Lei Shang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Xiao-He Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xing-Fei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xin Che
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
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Yang CJ, Wang ZB, Mi YY, Gao MJ, Lv JN, Meng YH, Yang BY, Kuang HX. UHPLC-MS/MS Determination, Pharmacokinetic, and Bioavailability Study of Taxifolin in Rat Plasma after Oral Administration of its Nanodispersion. Molecules 2016; 21:494. [PMID: 27089318 PMCID: PMC6273324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method based on the Triple Quad system has been developed and validated for the determination and pharmacokinetics of taxifolin and its nanodispersion in rat plasma. Taxifolin plasma samples along with butylparaben (internal standard) were pre-treated by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, and then separated on a SB-C18 RRHD column (150 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.8 μm) using isocratic elution with a run time of 3.0 min. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (90:10, v/v) containing 5 mM ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Quantification of taxifolin was performed by the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with negative atmospheric ionization at m/z 303.0→285.0 for taxifolin and 193.1→92.0 for I.S., respectively. The calibration curve of taxifolin showed good linearity over a concentration range of 5.0-4280 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 5.0 ng/mL. Intra-day, inter-day precision and accuracy (percent relative to standard deviation) were all within 8% at three concentration levels. A total recovery of taxifolin and I.S. was beyond 75%. The present LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of taxifolin after intravenous administration of taxifolin, oral administration of its physical mixture and nanodispersion. The absolute bioavailability of taxifolin was calculated as 0.75% for taxifolin nanodispersion and 0.49% for taxifolin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Juan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Zhi-Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Ying-Ying Mi
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Ming-Jie Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Jin-Nan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Yong-Hai Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Bing-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjang, China.
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Carvalho TC, McConville JT. The function and performance of aqueous aerosol devices for inhalation therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:556-78. [PMID: 27061412 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this review paper, we explore the interaction between the functioning mechanism of different nebulizers and the physicochemical properties of the formulations for several types of devices, namely jet, ultrasonic and vibrating-mesh nebulizers; colliding and extruded jets; electrohydrodynamic mechanism; surface acoustic wave microfluidic atomization; and capillary aerosol generation. KEY FINDINGS Nebulization is the transformation of bulk liquids into droplets. For inhalation therapy, nebulizers are widely used to aerosolize aqueous systems, such as solutions and suspensions. The interaction between the functioning mechanism of different nebulizers and the physicochemical properties of the formulations plays a significant role in the performance of aerosol generation appropriate for pulmonary delivery. Certain types of nebulizers have consistently presented temperature increase during the nebulization event. Therefore, careful consideration should be given when evaluating thermo-labile drugs, such as protein therapeutics. We also present the general approaches for characterization of nebulizer formulations. SUMMARY In conclusion, the interplay between the dosage form (i.e. aqueous systems) and the specific type of device for aerosol generation determines the effectiveness of drug delivery in nebulization therapies, thus requiring extensive understanding and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Carvalho
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Product Science & Technology, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jason T McConville
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Maincent J, Williams RO. Precipitation Technologies for Nanoparticle Production. FORMULATING POORLY WATER SOLUBLE DRUGS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42609-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Romero GB, Arntjen A, Keck CM, Müller RH. Amorphous cyclosporin A nanoparticles for enhanced dermal bioavailability. Int J Pharm 2015; 498:217-24. [PMID: 26688038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cylosporin A (CyA) was formulated as amorphous nanoparticle suspension to increase dermal penetration, e.g. applicable in psoriasis. The suspension consisted of 5% CyA in water, stabilized with vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS, Kolliphor TPGS) and was produced by bead milling. The diameter of the bulk population was about 350 nm, laser diffraction diameter 99% was 690 nm. The suspension was physically stable over one year of storage at room temperature, and most important the amorphous state also remained stable. Despite the high dispersitivity and related large surface area in contact with water, the drug content reduced only by 5% over 1 year of storage. i.e. the formulation is feasible as commercial product with expiry date. The CyA nanoparticles and μm-sized CyA particles were incorporated into hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) gels and the penetration studied into fresh pig ear skin applying the tape stripping method. At tape number 30, the penetrated cumulative amount of CyA from nanoparticles was 6.3 fold higher compared to the μm-sized raw drug powder (450.1 μg/cm(2) vs. 71.3 μg/cm(2)). A theoretical mechanism is presented to explain the observed superiority in penetration. Based on amorphous CyA nanoparticles, dermal formulations for improved dermal CyA delivery seem to be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregori B Romero
- Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology & NutriCosmetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Arntjen
- Applied Pharmacy, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Campus Pirmasens, Carl-Schurz-Str. 10-16, 66953 Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Cornelia M Keck
- Applied Pharmacy, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Campus Pirmasens, Carl-Schurz-Str. 10-16, 66953 Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Rainer H Müller
- Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology & NutriCosmetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany.
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Onoue S. [Strategic formulation study on dry powder inhalation system based on modulated molecular properties and controlled pharmacokinetics]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 133:93-8. [PMID: 23292025 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.12-00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) has been widely used as an immunosuppressive agent, and recent outcomes from clinical studies are indicative of the potent therapeutic potential of CsA for chronic asthma and airway inflammation. The clinical use of CsA for airway inflammatory diseases is partly limited because of low oral bioavailability and severe systemic side effects. A number of CsA dosage forms have been proposed to overcome these drawbacks, for example, nebulizer formulation and metered-dose inhaler formulation for inhalation therapy, whereas these liquid formulations sometimes contain organic solvents and other solubilizers, leading to local irritant potency. In this context, our group developed a dry powder inhalation (DPI) system of CsA, employing a polymer-based amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) approach, for inhalation therapy on airway inflammations. There was marked improvement in dissolution behavior of the ASD formulation compared with that of an amorphous CsA. The new DPI system of CsA exhibited high dispersibility and suitable particle distribution for inhalation therapy. In vivo experiments demonstrated that inhaled DPI system of CsA attenuated inflammatory events in experimental asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) model rats as evidenced by a decrease of infiltrated granulocytes, and there was no excessive increase in systemic exposure of CsA at a pharmacologically effective dose, possibly leading to reduced systemic side effects. From these findings, combination use of CsA-loaded ASD and DPI systems might be a promising approach for the treatment of airway inflammatory diseases with improved pharmacodynamics and lower systemic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Onoue
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.
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Cheow WS, Kiew TY, Yang Y, Hadinoto K. Amorphization strategy affects the stability and supersaturation profile of amorphous drug nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1611-20. [PMID: 24669821 DOI: 10.1021/mp400788p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous drug nanoparticles have recently emerged as a promising bioavailability enhancement strategy of poorly soluble drugs attributed to the high supersaturation solubility generated by the amorphous state and fast dissolution afforded by the nanoparticles. Herein we examine the effects of two amorphization strategies in the nanoscale, i.e., (1) molecular mobility restrictions and (2) high energy surface occupation, both by polymer excipient stabilizers, on the (i) morphology, (ii) colloidal stability, (iii) drug loading, (iv) amorphous state stability after three-month storage, and (v) in vitro supersaturation profiles, using itraconazole (ITZ) as the model drug. Drug-polyelectrolyte complexation is employed in the first strategy to prepare amorphous ITZ nanoparticles using dextran sulfate as the polyelectrolyte (ITZ nanoplex), while the second strategy employs pH-shift precipitation using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose as the surface stabilizer (nano-ITZ), with both strategies resulting in >90% ITZ utilization. Both amorphous ITZ nanoparticles share similar morphology (∼300 nm spheres) with the ITZ nanoplex exhibiting better colloidal stability, albeit at lower ITZ loading (65% versus 94%), due to the larger stabilizer amount used. The ITZ nanoplex also exhibits superior amorphous state stability, attributed to the ITZ molecular mobility restriction by electrostatic complexation with dextran sulfate. The higher stability, however, is obtained at the expense of slower supersaturation generation, which is maintained over a prolonged period, compared to the nano-ITZ. The present results signify the importance of selecting the optimal amorphization strategy, in addition to formulating the excipient stabilizers, to produce amorphous drug nanoparticles having the desired characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wean Sin Cheow
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 637459 Singapore
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Amini MA, Faramarzi MA, Gilani K, Moazeni E, Esmaeilzadeh-Gharehdaghi E, Amani A. Production, characterisation, andin vitronebulisation performance of budesonide-loaded PLA nanoparticles. J Microencapsul 2014; 31:422-9. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2013.871358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Carvalho TC, McCook JP, Narain NR, McConville JT. Development and characterization of phospholipid-stabilized submicron aqueous dispersions of coenzyme Q₁₀ presenting continuous vibrating-mesh nebulization performance. J Liposome Res 2013; 23:276-90. [PMID: 23772691 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2013.796976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) is a poorly-water soluble compound that is being investigated for the treatment of carcinomas. The aim of this research was to develop a suitable formulation for pulmonary delivery of this anticancer agent. An appropriate selection of excipients (phospholipids) and a suitable device (Aeroneb Pro® vibrating-mesh nebulizer) were selected initially after reviewing the literature. After characterization of the bulk drug, a feasible manufacturing process was selected to obtain small particle size dispersions of CoQ₁₀. Following selection of an appropriate process, the parameters affecting drug particle size were studied. Using LD and gravimetrical analysis, nebulization was evaluated to assess the performance of the inhalation system triad: drug-excipients-device. CoQ₁₀ powder studied was crystalline with a melting point approximately at 51 °C and with a particle size of 30 µm. Microfluidization was found to be a suitable method to prepare submicron drug particles in aqueous dispersions. Increasing microfluidization processing to more than 50 passes did not provide further particle downsizing for both soya phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) dispersions of CoQ₁₀, presenting Z-average values of approximately 130 and 70 nm, respectively. Nebulization performance of lecithin-stabilized CoQ₁₀ dispersions varied according to number of passes in the microfluidizer. Formulations processed with 10 passes presented steadier nebulization over time and different rheological behavior compared to those processed with 30 or 50 passes. In conclusion, aqueous dispersions of CoQ₁₀ were adequately produced using a microfluidizer with characteristics that were suitable for pulmonary delivery with an Aeroneb Pro® nebulizer. Furthermore, the rheology of these dispersions appeared to play a significant role in the aerosol generation from the active vibrating-mesh nebulizer used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Carvalho
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX , USA
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20
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Wu X, Zhang W, Hayes D, Mansour HM. Physicochemical characterization and aerosol dispersion performance of organic solution advanced spray-dried cyclosporine A multifunctional particles for dry powder inhalation aerosol delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1269-83. [PMID: 23569375 PMCID: PMC3615928 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s40904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this systematic and comprehensive study, inhalation powders of the polypeptide immunosuppressant drug – cyclosporine A – for lung delivery as dry powder inhalers (DPIs) were successfully designed, developed, and optimized. Several spray drying pump rates were rationally chosen. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization and imaging was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, hot-stage microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, Karl Fischer titration, laser size diffraction, and gravimetric vapor sorption. Aerosol dispersion performance was conducted using a next generation impactor with a Food and Drug Administration-approved DPI device. These DPIs displayed excellent aerosol dispersion performance with high values in emitted dose, respirable fraction, and fine particle fraction. In addition, novel multifunctional inhalation aerosol powder formulations of cyclosporine A with lung surfactant-mimic phospholipids were also successfully designed and developed by advanced organic solution cospray drying in closed mode. The lung surfactantmimic phospholipids were 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-snglycero- 3-(phosphor-rac-1-glycerol). These cyclosporine A lung surfactant-mimic aerosol powder formulations were comprehensively characterized. Powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed that the phospholipid bilayer structure in the solid state was preserved following advanced organic solution spray drying in closed mode. These novel multifunctional inhalation powders were optimized for DPI delivery with excellent aerosol dispersion performance and high aerosol performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Drug Development Division, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 , USA
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21
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Abstract
Nowadays, a very large proportion of new drug candidates emerging from drug discovery programmes are water insoluble and thus poorly bioavailable. To avoid this problem, nanotechnology for drug delivery has gained much interest as a way to improve the solubility problems. Nano refers to particles size range of 1–1000 nm. The reduction of drug particles into the submicron range leads to a significant increase in the dissolution rate and therefore enhances bioavailability. Nanosuspensions are part of nanotechnology. This interacts with the body at subcellular (i.e., molecular) scales with a high degree of specificity and can be potentially translated into targeted cellular and tissue-specific clinical applications designed to achieve maximal therapeutic efficacy with minimal side effects. Production of drugs as nanosuspensions can be developed for drug delivery systems as an oral formulation and nonoral administration. Here, this review describes the methods of pharmaceutical nanosuspension production including advantages and disadvantages, potential benefits, characterization tests, and pharmaceutical applications in drug delivery.
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Devadasu VR, Bhardwaj V, Kumar MNVR. Can controversial nanotechnology promise drug delivery? Chem Rev 2012; 113:1686-735. [PMID: 23276295 DOI: 10.1021/cr300047q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Ratnam Devadasu
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
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Pinkerton NM, Grandeury A, Fisch A, Brozio J, Riebesehl BU, Prud'homme RK. Formation of stable nanocarriers by in situ ion pairing during block-copolymer-directed rapid precipitation. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:319-28. [PMID: 23259920 DOI: 10.1021/mp300452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We present an in situ hydrophobic salt forming technique for the encapsulation of weakly hydrophobic, ionizable active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) into stable nanocarriers (NCs) formed via a rapid precipitation process. Traditionally, NC formation via rapid precipitation has been difficult with APIs in this class because their intermediate solubility makes achieving high supersaturation difficult during the precipitation process and the intermediate solubility causes rapid Ostwald ripening or recrystallization after precipitation. By forming a hydrophobic salt in situ, the API solubility and crystallinity can be tuned to allow for NC formation. Unlike covalent API modification, the hydrophobic salt formation modifies properties via ionic interactions, thus circumventing the need for full FDA reapproval. This technique greatly expands the types of APIs that can be successfully encapsulated in NC form. Three model APIs were investigated and successfully incorporated into NCs by forming salts with hydrophobic counterions: cinnarizine, an antihistamine, clozapine, an antipsychotic, and α-lipoic acid, a common food supplement. We focus on cinnarizine to develop the rules for the in situ nanoprecipitation of salt NCs. These rules include the pK(a)s and solubilities of the API and counterion, the effect of the salt former-to-API ratio on particle stability and encapsulation efficiency, and the control of NC size. Finally, we present results on the release rates of these ion pair APIs from the NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Pinkerton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Moazeni E, Gilani K, Najafabadi AR, Reza Rouini M, Mohajel N, Amini M, Barghi MA. Preparation and evaluation of inhalable itraconazole chitosan based polymeric micelles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 20:85. [PMID: 23351398 PMCID: PMC3555998 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-20-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the potential of chitosan based polymeric micelles as a nanocarrier system for pulmonary delivery of itraconazole (ITRA). Methods Hydrophobically modified chitosan were synthesized by conjugation of stearic acid to the hydrophilic depolymerized chitosan. FTIR and 1HNMR were used to prove the chemical structure and physical properties of the depolymerized and the stearic acid grafted chitosan. ITRA was entrapped into the micelles and physicochemical properties of the micelles were investigated. Fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic laser light scattering and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the prepared micelles. The in vitro pulmonary profile of polymeric micelles was studied by an air-jet nebulizer connected to a twin stage impinger. Results The polymeric micelles prepared in this study could entrap up to 43.2±2.27 μg of ITRA per milliliter. All micelles showed mean diameter between 120–200 nm. The critical micelle concentration of the stearic acid grafted chitosan was found to be 1.58×10-2 mg/ml. The nebulization efficiency was up to 89% and the fine particle fraction (FPF) varied from 38% to 47%. The micelles had enough stability to remain encapsulation of the drug during nebulization process. Conclusions In vitro data showed that stearic acid grafted chitosan based polymeric micelles has a potential to be used as nanocarriers for delivery of itraconazole through inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Moazeni
- Aerosol Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Niwa T, Mizutani D, Danjo K. Spray freeze-dried porous microparticles of a poorly water-soluble drug for respiratory delivery. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:870-6. [PMID: 22790820 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c12-00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Particles of poorly water-soluble drugs were prepared to develop a dry powder inhaler (DPI). Spray freeze-drying (SFD) technique using a four-fluid nozzle (4N), which has been developed by authors, was applied in this research. Ciclosporin and mannitol were used as a poorly water-soluble model drug and a dissolution-enhanced carrier, respectively. The organic solution of ciclosporin and aqueous solution of mannitol were separately and simultaneously atomized through the 4N, and the two solutions were collided with each other at the tip of the nozzle edge. The spray mists were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen to form a suspension. Then, the iced droplets were freeze-dried to prepare the composite particles of the drug and carrier. tert-Butyl alcohol (t-BuOH) was used as the organic spray solvent due to its relatively high freezing point. The resultant composite particles with varying drug content were characterized depending on their morphological and physicochemical properties. The particles contained amorphous ciclosporin and δ-crystalline mannitol. The characteristic porous structure of SFD particles potentially contributed to their good aerodynamic performance. A series of particles with a similar size distribution and different drug content revealed that the incorporation of mannitol successfully improved the cohesive behavior of ciclosporin, leading to enhanced aerosol dispersion. The dissolution test method using low-volume medium was newly established to simulate the release process from particles deposited on the surface of the bronchus and pulmonary mucosa. The composite with hydrophilic mannitol dramatically improved the in vitro dissolution behavior of ciclosporin in combination with the porous structure of SFD particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Niwa
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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Respirable low-density microparticles formed in situ from aerosolized brittle matrices. Pharm Res 2012; 30:813-25. [PMID: 23229856 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhalation of low-density porous particles enables deep lung delivery with less dependence on device design and patient inspiration. The purpose of this study was to implement Thin Film Freezing (TFF) to investigate a novel approach to dry powder inhalation. METHODS Powders produced by TFF were evaluated for aerodynamic and geometric particle size by cascade impaction and laser light scattering, respectively. Density measurements were conducted according to USP methods and calculated using data from particle size measurements. Excipient inclusion and its effect on moisture sorption was measured by Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS). RESULTS TFF-produced brittle matrix powders were sheared apart into respirable microparticles using a passive DPI device, producing fine particle fractions (FPF) up to 69% and mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) as low as 2.6 μm. Particles had a mean geometric diameter ranging from 25 μm to 50 μm and mass densities of approximately 0.01 g/cm(3). Powders were susceptible to moisture-induced matrix collapse, capillary forces and electrostatic charging; although formulations containing mannitol or no sugar excipient proved to be more robust. CONCLUSIONS Aerosolized brittle matrices produced by TFF may prove to be a useful platform for highly efficient pulmonary delivery of thermally labile, highly potent, and poorly soluble drugs.
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Beinborn NA, Du J, Wiederhold NP, Smyth HDC, Williams RO. Dry powder insufflation of crystalline and amorphous voriconazole formulations produced by thin film freezing to mice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:600-8. [PMID: 22569473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Attention has begun to focus on the pulmonary delivery of antifungal agents for invasive fungal infections as inhalation of the fungal spores is often the initial step in the pathogenesis of many of these infections, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). IPA in immunocompromised patients has high mortality rates despite current systemic (oral or intravenous) therapies. In this study, particulate voriconazole (VRC) formulations were designed with suitable properties for inhalation using thin film freezing (TFF), a particle engineering process capable of producing low-density porous aggregate particles. Nanostructured amorphous morphology of VRC was less favorable in vitro and in vivo than microstructured crystalline morphology, despite being a poorly water-soluble compound. Using a Handihaler dry powder inhaler (DPI), microstructured crystalline TFF-VRC and nanostructured amorphous TFF-VRC-PVP K25 (1:3) had fine particle fractions of 37.8% and 32.4% and mass median aerodynamic diameters of 4.2 and 5.2 μm, respectively. Single dose 24-h pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in ICR mice. AUC(0-24h) in the lung tissue and plasma was 452.6 μg h/g wet lung weight and 38.4 μg h/mL, respectively, following a 10mg/kg insufflated dose of TFF-VRC directly into the lungs of the mice, while AUC(0-24 h) in the lung tissue and plasma was 232.1 μg h/g wet lung weight and 18.6 μg h/mL, respectively, following a 10mg/kg insufflated dose of TFF-VRC-PVP K25 (1:3). High concentrations of VRC in lung tissue coupled with clinically relevant plasma concentrations suggest that pulmonary delivery of microstructured crystalline VRC could potentially be a beneficial strategy for administration of VRC to patients with invasive pulmonary fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Beinborn
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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28
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Cheow WS, Hadinoto K. Green amorphous nanoplex as a new supersaturating drug delivery system. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6265-6275. [PMID: 22439687 DOI: 10.1021/la204782x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale formulation of amorphous drugs represents a highly viable supersaturating drug-delivery system for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Herein we present a new formulation of a nanoscale amorphous drug in the form of a drug-polyelectrolyte nanoparticle complex (or nanoplex), where the nanoplex is held together by the combination of a drug-polyelectrolyte electrostatic interaction and an interdrug hydrophobic interaction. The nanoplex is prepared by a truly simple, green process that involves the ambient mixing of drug and polyelectrolyte (PE) solutions in the presence of salt. Nanoplexes of poorly soluble acidic (i.e., ibuprofen and curcumin) and basic (i.e., ciprofloxacin) drugs are successfully prepared using biocompatible poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and dextran sulfate as the PE, respectively. The roles of salt, drug, and PE in nanoplex formation are examined from ternary phase diagrams of the drug-PE complex, from which the importance of the drug's charge density and hydrophobicity, as well as the PE ionization at different pH values, is recognized. Under the optimal conditions, the three nanoplexes exhibit high drug loadings of ~80-85% owing to the high drug complexation efficiency (~90-96%), which is achieved by keeping the feed charge ratio of the drug to PE below unity (i.e., excess PE). The nanoplex sizes are ~300-500 nm depending on the drug hydrophobicity. The nanoplex powders remain amorphous after 1 month of storage, indicating the high stability owed to the PE's high glass-transition temperature. FT-IR analysis shows that functional groups of the drug are conserved upon complexation. The nanoplexes are capable of generating prolonged supersaturation upon dissolution with precipitation inhibitors. The supersaturation level depends on the saturation solubility of the native drugs, where the lower the saturation solubility, the higher the supersaturation level. The solubility of curcumin as the least-soluble drug is magnified 9-fold upon its transformation to the nanoplex, and the supersaturated condition is maintained for 5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wean Sin Cheow
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
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Stabilization of a Supersaturated Solution of Mefenamic Acid from a Solid Dispersion with EUDRAGIT® EPO. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2777-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Cheow WS, Hadinoto K. Self-assembled amorphous drug-polyelectrolyte nanoparticle complex with enhanced dissolution rate and saturation solubility. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 367:518-26. [PMID: 22051687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The dissolution rate and solubility of poorly soluble drugs can be enhanced by formulating them into stable amorphous nanoparticle complex (nanoplex). For this purpose, a highly sustainable self-assembly drug-polyelectrolyte complexation process is developed, with ciprofloxacin and dextran sulfate as the drug and polyelectrolyte models, respectively. The nanoplex are prepared by mixing two aqueous salt solutions - one containing the drug and the other containing the oppositely charged polyelectrolyte. The nanoplex suspension is transformed into stable dry-powder form by freeze-drying. The effects of drug concentration, drug-to-polyelectrolyte charge ratio, and salt concentration on the complexation efficiency, yield, drug loading, and nanoplex morphology are examined. The dissolution rates and solubility of the nanoplex are characterized and compared to raw drug crystals. Nearly spherical amorphous nanoplex having fairly uniform sizes in the range of 200-400 nm and 80% drug loading are successfully produced at ≥80% complexation efficiency and yield. The complexation efficiency is governed by the drug concentration and its ratio to the salt concentration. The nanoplex powders exhibit approximately twice higher dissolution rate and solubility than raw drug crystals and remain stable after one-month storage. Overall, amorphous nanoplex represent a promising bioavailability-enhanced formulation of poorly soluble drugs owed to their superior characteristics and ease of preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wean Sin Cheow
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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31
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Ma X, Zhao Y, Liang XJ. Theranostic nanoparticles engineered for clinic and pharmaceutics. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:1114-22. [PMID: 21732606 DOI: 10.1021/ar2000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is the manipulation of human biological systems at the molecular level using nanoscale or nanostructured materials. Because nanoscale materials interact effectively with biological systems, the use of nanodiagnostics and nanotherapeutics may overcome many intractable health challenges. A variety of nanoparticles have been designed with modifiable functional surfaces and bioactive cores. The engineering of nanoparticles can result in several advantageous therapeutic and diagnostic properties including enhanced permeation and retention in the circulatory system, specific delivery of drugs to target sites, highly-efficient gene transfection, and enhanced medical imaging. These nanoscale materials offer the opportunity to detect chronic diseases early and to monitor the therapeutic effects of nanoformulated drugs used in the clinic. Many of these novel nanoparticles contain both drug(s) and imaging agent(s) within an individual nanoparticle for simultaneous disease diagnosis and therapy. Further integration of therapeutic compounds with diagnostic agents into theranostic nanoparticles would be highly beneficial. However, the unique physiochemical properties that make nanomaterials attractive for therapy and diagnosis may be also associated with potential health hazards. Our research has demonstrated that the biological response to nanomaterials is related to many factors including exposure levels, systemic accumulation and excretion profiles, tissue and organ distribution, and the age of the test subject. Therefore, when engineering new nanomaterials for clinical use, researchers need to consider these factors to minimize toxicity of nanoparticles in these applications. We have fabricated and evaluated nanomaterials such as cationic amphiphilic polymers and metallofullerenes that demonstrate both high efficiency and low toxicity in gene therapy and/or chemotherapy. In this Account, we describe the development of theranostic nanomaterials with low toxicity and illustrate their potential use as novel nanomedicines in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Ma
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Division of Nanomedicine and Nanobiology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Division of Nanomedicine and Nanobiology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Division of Nanomedicine and Nanobiology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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Amani A, Amini MA, Ali HSM, York P. Alternatives to conventional suspensions for pulmonary drug delivery by nebulisers: a review. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4563-70. [PMID: 21671227 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the reports of alternative dosage forms to suspension formulations of hydrophobic drugs for nebulisers. Suspensions for nebulisers, although widely used over recent years, have several limitations which have led to pharmaceutical researchers looking for alternative, better performing preparations. Particular attention has been directed towards the use of nanoparticles as carriers of hydrophobic active ingredients. Several nanoformulations have been prepared and compared in vitro and/or in vivo with the corresponding microsuspension formulation. It is also clear that future studies in this field should address the parallel important aspects of safety and economical aspects of nanoparticualte formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
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Zhang J, Wu L, Chan HK, Watanabe W. Formation, characterization, and fate of inhaled drug nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:441-55. [PMID: 21118707 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles bring many benefits to pulmonary drug delivery applications, especially for systemic delivery and drugs with poor solubility. They have recently been explored in pressurized metered dose inhaler, nebulizer, and dry powder inhaler applications, mostly in polymeric forms. This article presents a review of processes that have been used to generate pure (non polymeric) drug nanoparticles, methods for characterizing the particles/formulations, their in-vitro and in-vivo performances, and the fate of inhaled nanoparticles.
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Wu L, Zhang J, Watanabe W. Physical and chemical stability of drug nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:456-69. [PMID: 21315781 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As nano-sizing is becoming a more common approach for pharmaceutical product development, researchers are taking advantage of the unique inherent properties of nanoparticles for a wide variety of applications. This article reviews the physical and chemical stability of drug nanoparticles, including their mechanisms and corresponding characterization techniques. A few common strategies to overcome stability issues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Wu
- MAP Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
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35
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Gilani K, Moazeni E, Ramezanli T, Amini M, Fazeli MR, Jamalifar H. Development of Respirable Nanomicelle Carriers for Delivery of Amphotericin B by Jet Nebulization. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:252-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Formation of bicalutamide nanodispersion for dissolution rate enhancement. Int J Pharm 2010; 404:257-63. [PMID: 21093558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bicalutamide was loaded on hydrophilic excipients to form nanodispersions via a combination of anti-solvent precipitation and spray drying method. The particle size, BET surface area, contact angles and dissolution rate of the nanodispersions were analyzed. The results indicated that lactose was a suitable matrix to prevent the bicalutamide particles growth and aggregation. The lactose loaded particles had a mean size of 330 nm within a narrow distribution. X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) characterization indicated the nanodispersion exhibited unchanged crystalline and chemical structure. Dissolution rate of bicalutamide nanodispersion was significantly faster than that of commercial products. It increased to 94% in 10 min while both commercial formulas Casodex and bicalutamide tablets dissolved 60% and 38% respectively at the same period. It was proposed that the enhanced dissolution rate of bicalutamide nanodispersion contribute to high surface area and well-wetted state of drug particles.
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Tam JM, Engstrom JD, Ferrer D, Williams RO, Johnston KP. Templated Open Flocs of Anisotropic Particles for Pulmonary Delivery with Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:3150-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wang C, Hickey AJ. Isoxyl aerosols for tuberculosis treatment: preparation and characterization of particles. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:538-49. [PMID: 20339959 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoxyl is a potent antituberculosis drug effective in treating various multidrug-resistant strains in the absence of known side effects. Isoxyl has been used exclusively, but infrequently, via the oral route and has exhibited very poor and highly variable bioavailability due to its sparing solubility in water. These properties resulted in failure of some clinical trials and, consequently, isoxyl's use has been limited. Delivery of isoxyl to the lungs, a major site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, is an attractive alternative route of administration that may rescue this abandoned drug for a disease that urgently requires new therapies. Particles for pulmonary delivery were prepared by antisolvent precipitation. Nanofibers with a width of 200 nm were obtained by injecting isoxyl solution in ethanol to water at a volume ratio of solvent to antisolvent of 1:5. Based on this preliminary result, a well-controlled method, involving nozzle mixing, was employed to prepare isoxyl particles. All the particles were 200 to 400 nm in width but had different lengths depending on properties of the solvents. However, generating these nanoparticles by simultaneous spray drying produced isoxyl microparticles (Feret's diameter, 1.19-1.77 microm) with no discernible nanoparticle substructure. The bulking agent, mannitol, helped to prevent these nanoparticles from agglomeration during process and resulted in nanoparticle aggregates in micron-sized superstructures. Future studies will focus on understanding difference of these isoxyl microparticles and nanoparticles/nanoparticle aggregates in terms of in vivo disposition and efficacy.
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Antibacterial Efficacy of Inhalable Levofloxacin-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles Against E. coli Biofilm Cells: The Effect of Antibiotic Release Profile. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1597-609. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tolman JA, Williams RO. Advances in the pulmonary delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs: influence of solubilization on pharmacokinetic properties. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 36:1-30. [DOI: 10.3109/03639040903092319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fernandes CA, Vanbever R. Preclinical models for pulmonary drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:1231-45. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240903241788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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El-Gendy N, Berkland C. Combination chemotherapeutic dry powder aerosols via controlled nanoparticle agglomeration. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1752-63. [PMID: 19415471 PMCID: PMC4123657 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an aerosol system for efficient local lung delivery of chemotherapeutics where nanotechnology holds tremendous potential for developing more valuable cancer therapies. Concurrently, aerosolized chemotherapy is generating interest as a means to treat certain types of lung cancer more effectively with less systemic exposure to the compound. METHODS Nanoparticles of the potent anticancer drug, paclitaxel, were controllably assembled to form low density microparticles directly after preparation of the nanoparticle suspension. The amino acid, L-leucine, was used as a colloid destabilizer to drive the assembly of paclitaxel nanoparticles. A combination chemotherapy aerosol was formed by assembling the paclitaxel nanoparticles in the presence of cisplatin in solution. RESULTS Freeze-dried powders of the combination chemotherapy possessed desirable aerodynamic properties for inhalation. In addition, the dissolution rates of dried nanoparticle agglomerate formulations (approximately 60% to 66% after 8 h) were significantly faster than that of micronized paclitaxel powder as received (approximately 18% after 8 h). Interestingly, the presence of the water soluble cisplatin accelerated the dissolution of paclitaxel. CONCLUSIONS Nanoparticle agglomerates of paclitaxel alone or in combination with cisplatin may serve as effective chemotherapeutic dry powder aerosols to enable regional treatment of certain lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa El-Gendy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
- The University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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Abstract
Nanotechnology provides a broad range of opportunities to develop new solutions for clinical problems. For the pulmonary field, nanotechnology promises better delivery of drugs and nucleic acid-based therapeutics to disease sites. Administration of therapeutics via inhalation provides the opportunity for direct delivery to the lung epithelium, the lining of the respiratory tract. By appropriate selection of particle size, deep lung delivery can be obtained with control of phagocytic uptake, the removal of particles by resident macrophages. Nanotechnology can also help in pulmonary therapies administered by intravenous and oral routes through targeting specific cell types and controlling bioavailability and release kinetics. In the hematology field, nanotechnology can counter multiple drug resistance in leukemia by blocking drug efflux from cancer cells, and provide effective delivery of siRNA into lymphocytes to block apoptosis in sepsis. Controlling the surface properties of materials on devices such as valves and stents promises improved biocompatibility by inhibition of thrombosis, the formation of blood clots, and regulating cell adhesion and activation. Nanoparticle-based thrombolytic agents have the potential to improve the effectiveness of clot removal. Treatment of both lung and blood diseases is also likely to benefit from nano-scaffold-based methods for controlling the differentiation and proliferation of stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis B Buxton
- Advanced Technologies & Surgery Branch, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Yang W, Tam J, Miller DA, Zhou J, McConville JT, Johnston KP, Williams RO. High bioavailability from nebulized itraconazole nanoparticle dispersions with biocompatible stabilizers. Int J Pharm 2008; 361:177-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Templated Open Flocs of Nanorods for Enhanced Pulmonary Delivery with Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers. Pharm Res 2008; 26:101-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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