1
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Zelesky T, Baertschi SW, Foti C, Allain LR, Hostyn S, Franca JR, Li Y, Marden S, Mohan S, Ultramari M, Huang Z, Adams N, Campbell JM, Jansen PJ, Kotoni D, Laue C. Pharmaceutical Forced Degradation (Stress Testing) Endpoints: A Scientific Rationale and Industry Perspective. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2948-2964. [PMID: 37690775 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Forced degradation (i.e., stress testing) of small molecule drug substances and products is a critical part of the drug development process, providing insight into the intrinsic stability of a drug that is foundational to the development and validation of stability-indicating analytical methods. There is a lack of clarity in the scientific literature and regulatory guidance as to what constitutes an "appropriate" endpoint to a set of stress experiments. That is, there is no clear agreement regarding how to determine if a sample has been sufficiently stressed. Notably, it is unclear what represents a suitable justification for declaring a drug substance (DS) or drug product (DP) "stable" to a specific forced degradation condition. To address these concerns and to ensure all pharmaceutically-relevant, potential degradation pathways have been suitably evaluated, we introduce a two-endpoint classification designation supported by experimental data. These two endpoints are 1) a % total degradation target outcome (e.g., for "reactive" drugs) or, 2) a specified amount of stress, even in the absence of any degradation (e.g., for "stable" drugs). These recommended endpoints are based on a review of the scientific literature, regulatory guidance, and a forced degradation data set from ten global pharmaceutical companies. The experimental data set, derived from the Campbell et al. (2022) benchmarking study,1 provides justification for the recommendations. Herein we provide a single source reference for small molecule DS and DP forced degradation stress conditions and endpoint best practices to support regulatory submissions (e.g., marketing applications). Application of these forced degradation conditions and endpoints, as part of a well-designed, comprehensive and a sufficiently rigorous study plan that includes both the DS and DP, provides comprehensive coverage of pharmaceutically-relevant degradation and avoids unreasonably extreme stress conditions and drastic endpoint recommendations sometimes found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Zelesky
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | | | - Chris Foti
- Analytical Development and Operations, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA.
| | | | - Steven Hostyn
- Predictive Analytics & Stability Sciences CoE, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Yi Li
- Analytical Development and Operations, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Stacey Marden
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shikhar Mohan
- Analytical Development and Operations, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Mariah Ultramari
- Spektra Soluções Científico-Regulatórias Ltda, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zongyun Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Neal Adams
- Pfizer, Scientific and Laboratory Services - Analytical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
| | - John M Campbell
- Analytical Development, GSK, Upper Providence, PA 19426, USA
| | - Patrick J Jansen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Dorina Kotoni
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Laue
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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2
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Iyer J, Brunsteiner M, Ray A, Davis A, Saraf I, Paudel A. Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Autoxidation Propensity of Selected Drugs in Solution State. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1768-1778. [PMID: 36757102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The C-H bond dissociation energy (BDE) of drug molecules is often used to estimate their relative propensities to undergo autoxidation. BDE calculations based on electronic structures provide a convenient means to estimate the risk for a given compound to degrade via autoxidation. This study aimed to verify the utility of calculated C-H BDEs of a range of drug molecules in predicting their autoxidation propensities, in the solution state. For the autoxidation study, 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropionitrile) was employed as the solution state stressor, and the experimental reaction rate constants were determined employing ultraperformance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) methods. Reaction rates in the solution state were compared to the calculated C-H BDE values of the respective compounds. The results indicated a poor correlation for compounds in the solution state, and their relative stabilities could not be explained with C-H BDE. On the other hand, a favorable relationship was observed between the relative extent of ionization and the autoxidation rates of the selected compounds. In the solution state, factors such as the type and extent of drug ionization, degree and type of solvation have been shown to contribute to differences in reactivity. By applying the computational method involving the effect of H-atom abstraction and potential ionization sites in the molecule, the calculated C-H BDE should relate better to the experimental autoxidation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Iyer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | | | - Andrew Ray
- Dew Modalities Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Davis
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Isha Saraf
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria.,Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz 8010, Austria
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3
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Gabrič A, Hodnik Ž, Pajk S. Oxidation of Drugs during Drug Product Development: Problems and Solutions. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020325. [PMID: 35214057 PMCID: PMC8876153 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation is the second most common degradation pathway for pharmaceuticals, after hydrolysis. However, in contrast to hydrolysis, oxidation is mechanistically more complex and produces a wider range of degradation products; oxidation is thus harder to control. The propensity of a drug towards oxidation is established during forced degradation studies. However, a more realistic insight into degradation in the solid state can be achieved with accelerated studies of mixtures of drugs and excipients, as the excipients are the most common sources of impurities that have the potential to initiate oxidation of a solid drug product. Based on the results of these studies, critical parameters can be identified and appropriate measures can be taken to avoid the problems that oxidation poses to the quality of a drug product. This article reviews the most common types of oxidation mechanisms, possible sources of reactive oxygen species, and how to minimize the oxidation of a solid drug product based on a well-planned accelerated study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Gabrič
- Krka d.d., R&D, Šmarješka Cesta 6, 8001 Novo Mesto, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Hodnik
- Krka d.d., R&D, Šmarješka Cesta 6, 8001 Novo Mesto, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (Ž.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Stane Pajk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (Ž.H.); (S.P.)
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4
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Grinberg Dana A, Wu H, Ranasinghe DS, Pickard FC, Wood GPF, Zelesky T, Sluggett GW, Mustakis J, Green WH. Kinetic Modeling of API Oxidation: (1) The AIBN/H 2O/CH 3OH Radical "Soup". Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3037-3049. [PMID: 34236207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stress testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is an important tool used to gauge chemical stability and identify potential degradation products. While different flavors of API stress testing systems have been used in experimental investigations for decades, the detailed kinetics of such systems as well as the chemical composition of prominent reactive species, specifically reactive oxygen species, are unknown. As a first step toward understanding and modeling API oxidation in stress testing, we investigated a typical radical "soup" solution an API is subject to during stress testing. Here we applied ab initio electronic structure calculations to automatically generate and refine a detailed chemical kinetics model, taking a fresh look at API oxidation. We generated a detailed kinetic model for a representative azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN)/H2O/CH3OH stress-testing system with a varied cosolvent ratio (50%/50%-99.5%/0.5% vol water/methanol) for 5.0 mM AIBN and representative pH values of 4-10 at 40 °C that was stirred and open to the atmosphere. At acidic conditions, hydroxymethyl alkoxyl is the dominant alkoxyl radical, and at basic conditions, for most studied initial methanol concentrations, cyanoisopropyl alkoxyl becomes the dominant alkoxyl radical, albeit at an overall lower concentration. At acidic conditions, the levels of cyanoisopropyl peroxyl, hydroxymethyl peroxyl, and hydroperoxyl radicals are relatively high and comparable, while, at both neutral and basic pH conditions, superoxide becomes the prominent radical in the system. The present work reveals the prominent species in a common model API stress testing system at various cosolvent and pH conditions, sets the stage for an in-depth quantitative API kinetic study, and demonstrates the usage of novel software tools for automated chemical kinetic model generation and ab initio refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Grinberg Dana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Haoyang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Duminda S Ranasinghe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Frank C Pickard
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Geoffrey P F Wood
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Todd Zelesky
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory W Sluggett
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jason Mustakis
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - William H Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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5
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Campbell JM, Foti C, Wang C, Adams N, Allain LR, Araujo G, Azevedo R, Franca JR, Hicks SR, Hostyn S, Jansen PJ, Kotoni D, Kuemmell A, Marden S, Rullo G, Santos ACO, Sluggett GW, Zelesky T, Baertschi SW. Assessing the Relevance of Solution Phase Stress Testing of Solid Dosage Form Drug Products: A Cross-Industry Benchmarking Study. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:298-305. [PMID: 34111446 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Stress testing (also known as forced degradation) of pharmaceutical products has long been recognized as a critical part of the drug development process, providing foundational information related to intrinsic stability characteristics and to the development of stability-indicating analytical methods. A benchmarking study was undertaken by nine pharmaceutical companies and the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, or ANVISA) with a goal of understanding the utility of various stress testing conditions for producing pharmaceutically-relevant chemical degradation of drugs. Special consideration was given to determining whether solution phase stress testing of solid drug products produced degradation products that were both unique when compared to other stress conditions and relevant to the formal drug product stability data. The results from studies of 62 solid dosage form drug products were compiled. A total of 387 degradation products were reported as being observed in stress testing studies, along with 173 degradation products observed in accelerated and/or long-term stability studies for the 62 drug products. Among these, 25 of the stress testing degradation products were unique to the solution phase stress testing of the drug products; however, none of these unique degradation products were relevant to the formal stability data. The relevant degradation products were sufficiently accounted for by stress testing studies that included only drug substance stressing (in solution and in the solid state) and drug product stressing (in the solid state). Based on these results, it is the opinion of the authors that for solid dosage form drug products, well-designed stress testing studies need not include solution phase stress testing of the drug product in order to be comprehensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Campbell
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Chris Foti
- Analytical Core Teams, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA.
| | - Chloe Wang
- Analytical Core Teams, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Neal Adams
- Pfizer, Scientific and Laboratory Services - Analytical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
| | | | - Gabriela Araujo
- Global Technology & Engineering, Pfizer Inc., Itapevi, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan Azevedo
- Global Technology & Engineering, Pfizer Inc., Itapevi, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Simon R Hicks
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Steven Hostyn
- Predictive Analytics & Stability Sciences CoE, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Patrick J Jansen
- Eli Lilly and Company, Synthetic Molecule Design and Development
| | - Dorina Kotoni
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kuemmell
- Analytical Research & Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stacey Marden
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Rullo
- Global Regulatory Affairs, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 20878
| | - Ana Cláudia O Santos
- Global Analytical Technology, Merck S.A., Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gregory W Sluggett
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Todd Zelesky
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
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6
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Wang D, Wang J, He S, Yan Y, Zhang J, Dong J. Efficient approach to produce functional polypropylene via solvent assisted solid-phase free radical grafting of multi-monomers. APPLIED PETROCHEMICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13203-020-00261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHerein an efficient approach to produce functional polypropylene via solvent assisted solid-phase grafting process is reported, in which acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate and maleic anhydride are used as multi-monomers, 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) as initiator and ether as swelling solvent and carrier. The effects of various factors such as the swelling solvent species and dosage, swelling time and temperature, monomer and initiator concentrations, reaction time and temperature, nitrogen flow rate and the stirring speed on the grafting percentage and grafting efficiency were investigated. To verify the polar species was grafted onto polypropylene, the resulted polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, water contact angle measurement, tensile strength and melt flow rate measurement. All the results showed that using the ether assisted solid-phase free radical grafting process is an efficient and versatile approach to produce functional polypropylene.
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7
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Development and Validation of Stability-Indicating HPLC Methods for the Estimation of Lomefloxacin and Balofloxacin Oxidation Process under ACVA, H 2O 2, or KMnO 4 Treatment. Kinetic Evaluation and Identification of Degradation Products by Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225251. [PMID: 33187198 PMCID: PMC7697971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of lomefloxacin (LOM) and balofloxacin (BAL) under the influence of azo initiator of radical reactions of 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) (ACVA) and H2O2 was examined. Oxidation using H2O2 was performed at room temperature while using ACVA at temperatures: 40, 50, 60 °C. Additionally, the oxidation process of BAL under the influence of KMnO4 in an acidic medium was investigated. New stability-indicating HPLC methods were developed in order to evaluate the oxidation process. Chromatographic analysis was carried out using the Kinetex 5u XB—C18 100A column, Phenomenex (Torrance, CA, USA) (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size, core shell type). The chromatographic separation was achieved while using isocratic elution and a mobile phase with the composition of 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH = 3.20 adjusted with o-phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile (87:13 v/v for LOM; 80:20 v/v for BAL). The column was maintained at 30 °C. The methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines, and it was found that they met the acceptance criteria. An oxidation process followed kinetics of the second order reaction. The most probable structures of LOM and BAL degradation products formed were assigned by the UHPLC/MS/MS method.
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8
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Iron(III)-Mediated Oxidative Degradation on the Benzylic Carbon of Drug Molecules in the Absence of Initiating Peroxides. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1347-1354. [PMID: 28159642 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal ions play an important role in oxidative drug degradation. One of the most ubiquitous metal ion impurities in excipients and buffers is Fe(III). In the field of oxidative drug degradation chemistry, the role of Fe(III) has been primarily discussed in terms of its effect in reaction with trace hydroperoxide impurities. However, the role of Fe(III) acting as a direct oxidant of drug molecules, which could operate in the absence of any hydroperoxide impurities, is less common. This work focuses on Fe(III)-induced oxidation of some aromatic drug molecules/drug fragments containing benzylic C-H bonds in the absence of initiating peroxides. Alcohol and ketone degradates are formed at the benzylic carbon atom. The formation of a π-stabilized cation radical is postulated as the key intermediate for the downstream oxidation. Implications are briefly discussed.
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9
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Rasool F, Bhat AH, Hussain N, Mukherjee D. Reaction of Glycals with Organic Peroxides: Synthesis of 2-iodo, 2-Deoxy and 2,3-Unsaturated Glycosides. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Rasool
- Natural Product Chemistry- Miocrobes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR); Jammu- 180001
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Aabid H. Bhat
- Natural Product Chemistry- Miocrobes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR); Jammu- 180001
| | - Nazar Hussain
- Natural Product Chemistry- Miocrobes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR); Jammu- 180001
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Natural Product Chemistry- Miocrobes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR); Jammu- 180001
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
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10
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Nefliu M, Zelesky T, Jansen P, Sluggett GW, Foti C, Baertschi SW, Harmon PA. Artifacts Generated During Azoalkane Peroxy Radical Oxidative Stress Testing of Pharmaceuticals Containing Primary and Secondary Amines. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4287-4298. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Kleinman MH, Elder D, Teasdale A, Mowery MD, McKeown AP, Baertschi SW. Strategies To Address Mutagenic Impurities Derived from Degradation in Drug Substances and Drug Products. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Kleinman
- Projects,
Clinical Platforms and Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 2301 Renaissance Blvd, RN0320, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - David Elder
- Scinovo,
Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12
0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Teasdale
- AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Mowery
- Merck and Co.,
Inc., Analytical Development Commercialization, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Alan P. McKeown
- Advanced Chromatography
Technologies Ltd., 1 Berry Street, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 1HF, United Kingdom
| | - Steven W. Baertschi
- Eli Lilly and Company,
Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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12
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Ueyama E, Tamura K, Mizukawa K, Kano K. Realistic prediction of solid pharmaceutical oxidation products by using a novel forced oxidation system. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1184-93. [PMID: 24497072 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated a novel solid-state-based forced oxidation system to enable a realistic prediction of pharmaceutical product oxidation, a key consideration in drug development and manufacture. Polysorbate 80 and ferric(III) acetylacetonate were used as an organic hydroperoxide source and a transition metal catalyst, respectively. Homogeneous solutions of target compounds and these reagents were prepared in a mixed organic solvent. The organic solvent was removed rapidly under reduced pressure, and the oxidation of the resulting dried solid was investigated. Analysis of the oxidation products generated in test compounds by this proposed forced oxidation system using HPLC showed a high similarity with those generated during more prolonged naturalistic drug oxidation. The proposed system provided a better predictive performance in prediction of realistic oxidative degradants of the drugs tested than did other established methods. Another advantage of this system was that the generation of undesired products of hydrolysis, solvolysis, and thermolysis was prevented because efficient oxidation was achieved under mild conditions. The results of this study suggest that this system is suitable for a realistic prediction of oxidative degradation of solid pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Ueyama
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Daiichi Sankyo, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 254-0014, Japan
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13
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Watkins MA, Pitzenberger S, Harmon PA. Direct Evidence of 2-Cyano-2-Propoxy Radical Activity During AIBN-Based Oxidative Stress Testing in Acetonitrile–Water Solvent Systems. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1554-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Ueyama E, Takahashi F, Ohashi J, Konse T, Kishi N, Kano K. Mechanistic study on degradation of azelnidipine solution under radical initiator-based oxidative conditions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 61:277-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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A prediction system of oxidation reaction as a solid-state stress condition: Applied to a pyrrole-containing pharmaceutical compound. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:328-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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