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Kalejaye L, Wu IE, Terry T, Lai PK. DeepSP: Deep learning-based spatial properties to predict monoclonal antibody stability. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2220-2229. [PMID: 38827232 PMCID: PMC11140563 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibody development faces challenges due to high viscosities and aggregation tendencies. The spatial charge map (SCM) and spatial aggregation propensity (SAP) are computational techniques that aid in predicting viscosity and aggregation, respectively. These methods rely on structural data derived from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which are computationally demanding. DeepSCM, a deep learning surrogate model based on sequence information to predict SCM, was recently developed to screen high-concentration antibody viscosity. This study further utilized a dataset of 20,530 antibody sequences to train a convolutional neural network deep learning surrogate model called Deep Spatial Properties (DeepSP). DeepSP directly predicts SAP and SCM scores in different domains of antibody variable regions based solely on their sequences without performing MD simulations. The linear correlation coefficient between DeepSP scores and MD-derived scores for 30 properties achieved values between 0.76 and 0.96 with an average of 0.87. DeepSP descriptors were employed as features to build machine learning models to predict the aggregation rate of 21 antibodies, and the performance is similar to the results obtained from the previous study using MD simulations. This result demonstrates that the DeepSP approach significantly reduces the computational time required compared to MD simulations. The DeepSP model enables the rapid generation of 30 structural properties that can also be used as features in other research to train machine learning models for predicting various antibody stability using sequences only. DeepSP is freely available as an online tool via https://deepspwebapp.onrender.com and the codes and parameters are freely available at https://github.com/Lailabcode/DeepSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lateefat Kalejaye
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, NJ, United States
| | - I-En Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, NJ, United States
| | - Taylor Terry
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, NJ, United States
| | - Pin-Kuang Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken 07030, NJ, United States
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2
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Brack L, Merkel O, Schroeder R. A rapid method to monitor structural perturbations of high-concentrated therapeutic antibody solutions using Intrinsic Tryptophan Fluorescence Emission spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 201:114377. [PMID: 38955284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Drug product development of therapeutic antibody formulations is still dictated by the risk of protein particle formation during processing or storage, which can lead to loss of potency and potential immunogenic reactions. Since structural perturbations are the main driver for irreversible protein aggregation, the conformational integrity of antibodies should be closely monitored. The present study evaluated the applicability of a plate reader-based high throughput method for Intrinsic Tryptophan Fluorescence Emission (ITFE) spectroscopy to detect protein aggregation due to protein unfolding in high-concentrated therapeutic antibody samples. The impact of fluorophore concentration on the ITFE signal in microplate readers was investigated by analysis of dilution series of two therapeutic antibodies and pure tryptophan. At low antibody concentrations (< 5 mg/mL, equivalent to 0.8 mM tryptophan), the low inner filter effect suggests a quasi-linear relationship between antibody concentration and ITFE intensity. In contrast, the constant ITFE intensity at high protein concentrations (> 40 mg/mL, equivalent to 6.1 mM tryptophan) indicate that ITFE spectroscopy measurements of IgG1 antibodies are feasible in therapeutically relevant concentrations (up to 223 mg/mL). Furthermore, the capability of the method to detect low levels of unfolding (around 1 %) was confirmed by limit of detection (LOD) determination with temperature-stressed antibody samples as degradation standards. Change of fluorescence intensity at the maximum (ΔIaM) was identified as sensitive descriptor for protein degradation, providing the lowest LOD values. The results demonstrate that ITFE spectroscopy performed in a microplate reader is a valuable tool for high-throughput monitoring of protein degradation in therapeutic antibody formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Brack
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Product Development Science & Technology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Olivia Merkel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schroeder
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Product Development Science & Technology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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3
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Mills BJ, Godamudunage MP, Ren S, Laha M. Predictive Nature of High-Throughput Assays in ADC Formulation Screening. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1821-1831. [PMID: 37037342 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of high-throughput biophysical screening techniques during early screening studies is warranted due to the limited amount of material and large number of samples. But the predictability of the data to longer-term storage stability is critical as the high-throughput methods assist in defining the design space for the longer-term studies. In this study, the biophysical properties of two ADCs in 16 formulation conditions were evaluated using high-throughput techniques. Conformational stability and colloidal stability were evaluated by determining Tm values, kD, B22, and Tagg. In addition, the samples were placed on stability and the extent of aggregate formation over the 8-week interval was determined. The rank order of the 16 different formulations in the high-throughput assays was compared to the rank order observed during the stability studies to assess the predictive capabilities of the screening methods. It was demonstrated that similar rank orders can be expected between high-throughput physical stability indicating assays such as Tagg and B22 and traditional aggregation by SEC data, whereas conformational stability read-outs (Tm) are less predictive. In addition, the high-throughput assays appropriately identified the poor performing formulation conditions, which is ultimately what is desired of screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney J Mills
- Biologics CMC Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States.
| | - Malika P Godamudunage
- Biologics CMC Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Siyuan Ren
- Biologics CMC Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Malabika Laha
- Biologics CMC Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
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4
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Lauser KT, Rueter AL, Calabrese MA. Polysorbate identity and quantity dictate the extensional flow properties of protein‐excipient solutions. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen T. Lauser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Amy L. Rueter
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Michelle A. Calabrese
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
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5
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Cloutier TK, Sudrik C, Mody N, Hasige SA, Trout BL. Molecular computations of preferential interactions of proline, arginine.HCl, and NaCl with IgG1 antibodies and their impact on aggregation and viscosity. MAbs 2021; 12:1816312. [PMID: 32938318 PMCID: PMC7531574 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1816312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preferential interactions of excipients with the antibody surface govern their effect on the stability of antibodies in solution. We probed the preferential interactions of proline, arginine.HCl (Arg.HCl), and NaCl with three therapeutically relevant IgG1 antibodies via experiment and simulation. With simulations, we examined how excipients interacted with different types of surface patches in the variable region (Fv). For example, proline interacted most strongly with aromatic surfaces, Arg.HCl was included near negative residues, and NaCl was excluded from negative residues and certain hydrophobic regions. The differences in interaction of different excipients with the same surface patch on an antibody may be responsible for variations in the antibody's aggregation, viscosity, and self-association behaviors in each excipient. Proline reduced self-association for all three antibodies and reduced aggregation for the antibody with an association-limited aggregation mechanism. The effects of Arg.HCl and NaCl on aggregation and viscosity were highly dependent on the surface charge distribution and the extent of exclusion from highly hydrophobic patches. At pH 5.5, both tended to increase the aggregation of an antibody with a strongly positive charge on the Fv, while only NaCl reduced the aggregation of the antibody with a large negative charge patch on the Fv. Arg.HCl reduced the viscosities of antibodies with either a hydrophobicity-driven mechanism or a charge-driven mechanism. Analysis of this data presents a framework for understanding how amino acid and ionic excipients interact with different protein surfaces, and how these interactions translate to the observed stability behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa K Cloutier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Maryland, USA
| | - Chaitanya Sudrik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Maryland, USA
| | - Neil Mody
- Dosage Form Design and Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Sathish A Hasige
- Dosage Form Design and Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernhardt L Trout
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Maryland, USA
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Wu HH, Garidel P, Michaela B. HP-β-CD for the formulation of IgG and Ig-based biotherapeutics. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120531. [PMID: 33775727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The main challenge to develop HCF for IgG and Ig-based therapeutics is to achieve essential solubility, viscosity and stability of these molecules in order to maintain product quality and meet regulatory requirement during manufacturing, production, storage, shipment and administration processes. The commonly used and FDA approved excipients for IgG and Ig -based therapeutics may no longer fulfil the challenge of HCF development for these molecules to certain extent, especially for some complex Ig-based platforms. 2-Hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) is one of the promising excipients applied recently for HCF development of IgG and Ig-based therapeutics although it has been used for formulation of small synthesized chemical drugs for more than thirty years. This review describes essential aspects about application of HP-β-CD as excipient in pharmaceutical formulation, including physico-chemical properties of HP-β-CD, supply chain, regulatory, patent landscape, marketed drugs with HP-β-CD, analytics and analytical challenges, stability and control strategies, and safety concerns. It also provides an overview of different studies, and outcomes thereof, regarding formulation development for IgGs and Ig-based molecules in liquid and solid (lyophilized) dosage forms with HP-β-CD. The review specifically highlights the challenges for formulation manufacturing of IgG and Ig-based therapeutics with HP-β-CD and identifies areas for future work in pharmaceutical and formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Haixia Wu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Blech Michaela
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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7
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Screening of novel excipients for freeze-dried protein formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 160:55-64. [PMID: 33508435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The typical excipients used as bulking agents and lyoprotectants for freeze-drying are usually limited to only a few selected substances, such as sucrose and mannitol. Considering the sheer diversity amongst proteins, it is doubtful that this limited choice should, in every case, provide the best possible option in order to achieve the most stable product. In this work, a screening of 12 proteins with 64 excipients was conducted in order to increase the knowledge space of potential excipients. Three critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the freeze-dried products, namely the solid state, the cake appearance and the protein integrity based on changes in tryptophan fluorescence were investigated by high throughput X-ray powder diffraction, image analysis and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. It was found, that in some cases the excipient had a dominating influence on the CQAs, whilst in other cases the CQAs were primarily protein dependent, or that the CQAs were dependent on the combination of both. In the course of this investigation, a general view of potentially relevant excipients, and their interplay with various proteins, was obtained, thereby furthermore paving the way for the use of novel freeze-drying excipients.
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Ma H, Ó'Fágáin C, O'Kennedy R. Antibody stability: A key to performance - Analysis, influences and improvement. Biochimie 2020; 177:213-225. [PMID: 32891698 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An antibody's stability greatly influences its performance (i.e. its specificity and affinity). Thus, stability is a major issue for researchers and manufacturers, especially with the increasing use of antibodies in therapeutics, diagnostics and rapid analytical platforms. Here we review antibody stability under five headings: (i) measurement techniques; (ii) stability issues in expression and production (expression, proteolysis, aggregation); (iii) effects of antibody format and engineering on stability and (iv) formulation, drying and storage conditions. We consider more than 100 sources, including patents, and conclude with (v) recommendations to promote antibody stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 V2O9, Ireland
| | - Ciarán Ó'Fágáin
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 V2O9, Ireland.
| | - Richard O'Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 V2O9, Ireland; Qatar Foundation, Research Complex, And Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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Awwad S, Abubakre A, Angkawinitwong U, Khaw PT, Brocchini S. In situ antibody-loaded hydrogel for intravitreal delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Wang W, Ohtake S. Science and art of protein formulation development. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118505. [PMID: 31306712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmaceuticals have become a significant class of marketed drug products and are expected to grow steadily over the next decade. Development of a commercial protein product is, however, a rather complex process. A critical step in this process is formulation development, enabling the final product configuration. A number of challenges still exist in the formulation development process. This review is intended to discuss these challenges, to illustrate the basic formulation development processes, and to compare the options and strategies in practical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Biological Development, Bayer USA, LLC, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States.
| | - Satoshi Ohtake
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States
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11
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Wang W, Roberts CJ. Protein aggregation – Mechanisms, detection, and control. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:251-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Senga Y, Honda S. Suppression of Aggregation of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies during Storage by Removal of Aggregation Precursors Using a Specific Adsorbent of Non-Native IgG Conformers. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3250-3261. [PMID: 30264991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The quality of preparations of therapeutic IgG molecules, widely used for the treatment of various diseases, should be maintained during storage and administration. Nevertheless, recent studies demonstrate that IgG aggregation is one of the most critical immunogenicity risk factors that compromises safety and efficacy of therapeutic IgG molecules in the clinical setting. During the IgG manufacturing process, 0.22-μm membrane filters are commonly used to remove aggregates. However, particles with a diameter below 0.22 μm (small aggregates) are not removed from the final product. The residual species may grow into large aggregates during the storage period. In the current study, we devised a strategy to suppress IgG aggregate growth by removing aggregation precursors using the artificial protein AF.2A1. This protein efficiently binds the Fc region of non-native IgG conformers generated under chemical and physical stresses. Magnetic beads conjugated with AF.2A1 were used to remove non-native monomers and aggregates from solutions of native IgG and from native IgG solutions spiked with stressed IgG. The time-dependent growth of aggregates after the removal treatment was monitored. The removal of aggregation precursors, i.e., non-native monomers and nanometer aggregates (<100 nm), suppressed the aggregate growth. The presented findings demonstrate that a removal treatment with a specific adsorbent of non-native IgG conformers enables long-term stable storage of therapeutic IgG molecules and will facilitate mitigation of the immunogenicity of IgG preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Senga
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Higashi, Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8566 , Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical Research Institute , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Higashi, Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8566 , Japan
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An Evaluation of the Potential of NMR Spectroscopy and Computational Modelling Methods to Inform Biopharmaceutical Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040165. [PMID: 30248922 PMCID: PMC6320905 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics are considered to be one of the most important classes of pharmaceuticals on the market. The growing need to prolong stability of high protein concentrations in liquid form has proven to be challenging. Therefore, significant effort is being made to design formulations which can enable the storage of these highly concentrated protein therapies for up to 2 years. Currently, the excipient selection approach involves empirical high-throughput screening, but does not reveal details on aggregation mechanisms or the molecular-level effects of the formulations under storage conditions. Computational modelling approaches have the potential to elucidate such mechanisms, and rapidly screen in silico prior to experimental testing. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can also provide complementary insights into excipient–protein interactions. This review will highlight the underpinning principles of molecular modelling and NMR spectroscopy. It will also discuss the advancements in the applications of computational and NMR approaches in investigating excipient–protein interactions.
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14
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Rosa SA, da Silva C, Aires-Barros MR, Dias-Cabral A, Azevedo AM. Thermodynamics of the adsorption of monoclonal antibodies in phenylboronate chromatography: Affinity versus multimodal interactions. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:118-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Awwad S, Angkawinitwong U. Overview of Antibody Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E83. [PMID: 29973504 PMCID: PMC6161251 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most important classes of therapeutic proteins, which are used to treat a wide number of diseases (e.g., oncology, inflammation and autoimmune diseases). Monoclonal antibody technologies are continuing to evolve to develop medicines with increasingly improved safety profiles, with the identification of new drug targets being one key barrier for new antibody development. There are many opportunities for developing antibody formulations for better patient compliance, cost savings and lifecycle management, e.g., subcutaneous formulations. However, mAb-based medicines also have limitations that impact their clinical use; the most prominent challenges are their short pharmacokinetic properties and stability issues during manufacturing, transport and storage that can lead to aggregation and protein denaturation. The development of long acting protein formulations must maintain protein stability and be able to deliver a large enough dose over a prolonged period. Many strategies are being pursued to improve the formulation and dosage forms of antibodies to improve efficacy and to increase the range of applications for the clinical use of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Awwad
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1 V9EL, UK.
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16
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McClure SM, Ahl PL, Blue JT. High Throughput Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) Formulation Screening with Complementary Dyes to Assess Protein Unfolding and Aggregation in Presence of Surfactants. Pharm Res 2018; 35:81. [PMID: 29508082 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose was to evaluate DSF for high throughput screening of protein thermal stability (unfolding/ aggregation) across a wide range of formulations. Particular focus was exploring PROTEOSTAT® - a commercially available fluorescent rotor dye - for detection of aggregation in surfactant containing formulations. Commonly used hydrophobic dyes (e.g. SYPRO™ Orange) interact with surfactants, complicating DSF measurements. METHODS CRM197 formulations were prepared and analyzed in standard 96-well plate rT-PCR system, using SYPRO™ Orange and PROTEOSTAT® dyes. Orthogonal techniques (DLS and IPF) are employed to confirm unfolding/aggregation in selected formulations. Selected formulations are subjected to non-thermal stresses (stirring and shaking) in plate based format to characterize aggregation with PROTEOSTAT®. RESULTS Agreement is observed between SYPRO™ Orange (unfolding) and PROTEOSTAT® (aggregation) DSF melt temperatures across wide range of non-surfactant formulations. PROTEOSTAT® can clearly detect temperature induced aggregation in low concentration (0.2 mg/mL) CRM197 formulations containing surfactant. PROTEOSTAT® can be used to explore aggregation due to non-thermal stresses in plate based format amenable to high throughput screening. CONCLUSIONS DSF measurements with complementary extrinsic dyes (PROTEOSTAT®, SYPRO™ Orange) are suitable for high throughput screening of antigen thermal stability, across a wide range of relevant formulation conditions - including surfactants -with standard, plate based rT-PCR instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M McClure
- Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, WP75B-210, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA.
| | - Patrick L Ahl
- Vaccine Drug Product Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Blue
- Vaccine Drug Product Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
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17
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Yao H, Wynendaele E, Xu X, Kosgei A, De Spiegeleer B. Circular dichroism in functional quality evaluation of medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:50-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Wang S, Zhang X, Wu G, Tian Z, Qian F. Optimization of high-concentration endostatin formulation: Harmonization of excipients' contributions on colloidal and conformational stabilities. Int J Pharm 2017; 530:173-186. [PMID: 28755991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, increasing research efforts have been devoted into developing high-concentration protein drugs for subcutaneous injection, especially for those with short half-lives and high-dose requirement. Proteins at high concentrations normally present increased colloidal and structural instability, such as aggregation, fibrillation and gelation, which significantly challenges the high-concentration formulation development of protein drugs. Here we used endostatin, a 20kD recombinant protein, as a model drug for high-concentration formulation optimization. The colloidal and conformational stability of endostatin at high concentration of 30mg/mL were investigated in formulations containing various excipients, including saccharides (mannitol, sorbitol and sucrose), salts (ArgHCl and NaCl), and surfactants (tween 20 and 80). Protein fibrillation was characterized and semi-quantified by optical polarized light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and the amount of fiber formation at elevated temperature of 40°C was determined. The soluble protein aggregates were characterized by dynamic and static light scattering before and after dilution. The conformational stability were characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fluorescence, circular dichroism, and differential scanning calorimetry. We observed that the soluble aggregation, fibrillation and gelation, induced by conformational and colloidal instabilities of the protein solution, could be substantially optimized by using suitable stabilizers such as combinations of saccharides and surfactants; while formation of gel and soluble aggregates at high protein concentration (e.g., 30mg/mL) and elevated temperature (40°C) could be prevented by avoiding the usage of salts. It's worth emphasizing that some stabilizers, such as salts and surfactants, could show opposite contributions in conformational and colloidal stabilities of endostatin. Therefore, cautions are needed when one attempts to correlate the colloidal stability of high-concentration proteins with their conformational stability, and the colloidal and conformational protein stabilities must be harmonized by a balanced selection of various types of excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guoliang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhou Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Song JG, Lee SH, Han HK. The stabilization of biopharmaceuticals: current understanding and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Correlation between calculated molecular descriptors of excipient amino acids and experimentally observed thermal stability of lysozyme. Int J Pharm 2017; 523:238-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Kheddo P, Cliff MJ, Uddin S, van der Walle CF, Golovanov AP. Characterizing monoclonal antibody formulations in arginine glutamate solutions using 1H NMR spectroscopy. MAbs 2016; 8:1245-1258. [PMID: 27589351 PMCID: PMC5058632 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1214786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing how excipients affect the self-association of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) requires informative and direct in situ measurements for highly concentrated solutions, without sample dilution or perturbation. This study explores the application of solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for characterization of typical mAb behavior in formulations containing arginine glutamate. The data show that the analysis of signal intensities in 1D 1H NMR spectra, when compensated for changes in buffer viscosity, is invaluable for identifying conditions where protein-protein interactions are minimized. NMR-derived molecular translational diffusion rates for concentrated solutions are less useful than transverse relaxation rates as parameters defining optimal formulation. Furthermore, NMR reports on the solution viscosity and mAb aggregation during accelerated stability study assessment, generating data consistent with that acquired by size-exclusion chromatography. The methodology developed here offers NMR spectroscopy as a new tool providing complementary information useful to formulation development of mAbs and other large therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Kheddo
- a Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.,b School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Matthew J Cliff
- a Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Shahid Uddin
- c Formulation Sciences, MedImmune Ltd , Granta Park, Cambridge , UK
| | | | - Alexander P Golovanov
- a Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.,b School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
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22
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Barata TS, Zhang C, Dalby PA, Brocchini S, Zloh M. Identification of Protein-Excipient Interaction Hotspots Using Computational Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060853. [PMID: 27258262 PMCID: PMC4926387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein formulation development relies on the selection of excipients that inhibit protein–protein interactions preventing aggregation. Empirical strategies involve screening many excipient and buffer combinations using force degradation studies. Such methods do not readily provide information on intermolecular interactions responsible for the protective effects of excipients. This study describes a molecular docking approach to screen and rank interactions allowing for the identification of protein–excipient hotspots to aid in the selection of excipients to be experimentally screened. Previously published work with Drosophila Su(dx) was used to develop and validate the computational methodology, which was then used to determine the formulation hotspots for Fab A33. Commonly used excipients were examined and compared to the regions in Fab A33 prone to protein–protein interactions that could lead to aggregation. This approach could provide information on a molecular level about the protective interactions of excipients in protein formulations to aid the more rational development of future formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa S Barata
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, University College London, Biochemical Engineering Department, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
- UCL School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, University College London, Biochemical Engineering Department, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
| | - Paul A Dalby
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, University College London, Biochemical Engineering Department, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
| | - Steve Brocchini
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, University College London, Biochemical Engineering Department, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
- UCL School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Mire Zloh
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.
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23
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Purdie JL, Kowle RL, Langland AL, Patel CN, Ouyang A, Olson DJ. Cell culture media impact on drug product solution stability. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:998-1008. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Purdie
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis IN 46285
| | - Ronald L. Kowle
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis IN 46285
| | - Amie L. Langland
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis IN 46285
| | - Chetan N. Patel
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis IN 46285
| | - Anli Ouyang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis IN 46285
| | - Donald J. Olson
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis IN 46285
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24
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Barnett GV, Razinkov VI, Kerwin BA, Hillsley A, Roberts CJ. Acetate- and Citrate-Specific Ion Effects on Unfolding and Temperature-Dependent Aggregation Rates of Anti-Streptavidin IgG1. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1066-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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25
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Temel DB, Landsman P, Brader ML. Orthogonal Methods for Characterizing the Unfolding of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Methods Enzymol 2016; 567:359-89. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Garidel P, Pevestorf B, Bahrenburg S. Stability of buffer-free freeze-dried formulations: A feasibility study of a monoclonal antibody at high protein concentrations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:125-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Satvik Iyengar A, Tripathy RK, Bajaj P, Pande AH. Improving storage stability of recombinant organophosphorus hydrolase. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 111:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Yageta S, Lauer TM, Trout BL, Honda S. Conformational and Colloidal Stabilities of Isolated Constant Domains of Human Immunoglobulin G and Their Impact on Antibody Aggregation under Acidic Conditions. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1443-55. [PMID: 25871775 DOI: 10.1021/mp500759p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibody therapeutics are now in widespread use and provide a new approach for treating serious diseases such as rheumatic diseases and cancer. Monoclonal antibodies used as therapeutic agents must be of high quality, and their safety must be guaranteed. Aggregated antibody is a degradation product that may be generated during the manufacturing process. To maintain the high quality and safety of antibody therapeutics, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of aggregation and to develop technologies to strictly control aggregate formation. Here, we extensively investigated the conformational and colloidal characteristics of isolated antibody constant domains, and provided insights into the molecular mechanism of antibody aggregation. Isolated domains (CH2, CH3, CL, and CH1-CL dimer) of human immunoglobulin G were synthesized, solubilized using 49 sets of solution conditions (pH 2-8 and 0-300 mM NaCl), and characterized using circular dichroism, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, and dynamic light scattering. Salt-induced conformational changes and oligomer formation were kinetically analyzed by NaCl-jump measurements (from 0 to 300 mM at pH 3). Phase diagrams revealed that the domains have different conformational and colloidal stabilities. The unfolded fractions of CH3 and CH2 at pH 3 were larger than that of CL and CH1-CL dimer. The secondary and tertiary structures and particle sizes of CH3 and CH2 showed that, in non-native states, these domains were sensitive to salt concentration. Kinetic analyses suggest that oligomer formation by CH3 and CH2 proceeds through partially refolded conformations. The colloidal stability of CH3 in non-native states is the lowest of the four domains under the conditions tested. We propose that the impact of IgG constant domains on aggregation follows the order CH3 > CH2 > CH1-CL dimer > CL; furthermore, we suggest that CH3 plays the most critical role in driving intact antibody aggregation under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiki Yageta
- †Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Timothy M Lauer
- ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02319, United States
| | - Bernhardt L Trout
- ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02319, United States
| | - Shinya Honda
- †Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.,§Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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29
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Jiang Y, Li C, Li J, Gabrielson JP, Wen J. Technical Decision Making with Higher Order Structure Data: Higher Order Structure Characterization During Protein Therapeutic Candidate Screening. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1533-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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30
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Brader ML, Estey T, Bai S, Alston RW, Lucas KK, Lantz S, Landsman P, Maloney KM. Examination of Thermal Unfolding and Aggregation Profiles of a Series of Developable Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1005-17. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Brader
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tia Estey
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shujun Bai
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Roy W. Alston
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Karin K. Lucas
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Steven Lantz
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Pavel Landsman
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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31
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Roque C, Sheung A, Rahman N, Ausar SF. Effect of polyethylene glycol conjugation on conformational and colloidal stability of a monoclonal antibody antigen-binding fragment (Fab'). Mol Pharm 2015; 12:562-75. [PMID: 25548945 DOI: 10.1021/mp500658w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of site specific "hinge" polyethylene glycol conjugation (PEGylation) on thermal, pH, and colloidal stability of a monoclonal antibody antigen-binding fragment (Fab') using a variety of biophysical techniques. The results obtained by circular dichroism (CD), ultraviolet (UV) absorbance, and fluorescence spectroscopy suggested that the physical stability of the Fab' is maximized at pH 6-7 with no apparent differences due to PEGylation. Temperature-induced aggregation experiments revealed that PEGylation was able to increase the transition temperature, as well as prevent the formation of visible and subvisible aggregates. Statistical comparison of the three-index empirical phase diagram (EPD) revealed significant differences in thermal and pH stability signatures between Fab' and PEG-Fab'. Upon mechanical stress, micro-flow imaging (MFI) and measurement of the optical density at 360 nm showed that the PEG-Fab' had significantly higher resistance to surface-induced aggregation compared to the Fab'. Analysis of the interaction parameter, kD, indicated repulsive intermolecular forces for PEG-Fab' and attractive forces for Fab'. In conclusion, PEGylation appears to protect Fab' against thermal and mechanical stress-induced aggregation, likely due to a steric hindrance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristopher Roque
- Bioprocess Research & Development, Sanofi Pasteur , 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario M2R 3T4, Canada
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32
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Razinkov VI, Treuheit MJ, Becker GW. Accelerated formulation development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and mAb-based modalities: review of methods and tools. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:468-83. [PMID: 25576149 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114565593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
More therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody-based modalities are in development today than ever before, and a faster and more accurate drug discovery process will ensure that the number of candidates coming to the biopharmaceutical pipeline will increase in the future. The process of drug product development and, specifically, formulation development is a critical bottleneck on the way from candidate selection to fully commercialized medicines. This article reviews the latest advances in methods of formulation screening, which allow not only the high-throughput selection of the most suitable formulation but also the prediction of stability properties under manufacturing and long-term storage conditions. We describe how the combination of automation technologies and high-throughput assays creates the opportunity to streamline the formulation development process starting from early preformulation screening through to commercial formulation development. The application of quality by design (QbD) concepts and modern statistical tools are also shown here to be very effective in accelerated formulation development of both typical antibodies and complex modalities derived from them.
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33
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Mehta SB, Bee JS, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF. Partial unfolding of a monoclonal antibody: role of a single domain in driving protein aggregation. Biochemistry 2014; 53:3367-77. [PMID: 24804773 DOI: 10.1021/bi5002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the effect of incubating a monoclonal antibody (mAb) in low (0-2.0 M) concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) on the protein's conformation and aggregation during isothermal incubation. In GdnHCl solutions at concentrations from 1.2 to 1.6 M, the mAb was partially unfolded. As demonstrated by fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy, the partially unfolded state of the antibody had perturbed tertiary structure but retained native secondary structure. Furthermore, partial unfolding of the antibody was documented by analytical ultracentrifugation, dynamic light scattering, and limited proteolysis. Subsequent aggregation of the antibody was characterized using size-exclusion chromatography, analytical ultracentrifugation, and dynamic light scattering. Over the entire concentration range (0-2.0 M) of GdnHCl, protein-protein interactions were attractive, as quantified by negative osmotic second virial coefficients measured with static light scattering. However, during isothermal incubation at 37 °C, the aggregation of the antibody was detected only in solutions that induced partial unfolding. Differential scanning calorimetry studies showed that the antibody's CH2 domains were unfolded in antibody molecules that had been incubated in 1.2 M and higher concentrations of GdnHCl. These results suggest that unfolding of the CH2 domains leads to aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam B Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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34
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Wang Y, Latypov RF, Lomakin A, Meyer JA, Kerwin BA, Vunnum S, Benedek GB. Quantitative evaluation of colloidal stability of antibody solutions using PEG-induced liquid-liquid phase separation. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1391-402. [PMID: 24679215 DOI: 10.1021/mp400521b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal stability of antibody solutions, i.e., the propensity of the folded protein to precipitate, is an important consideration in formulation development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. In a protein solution, different pathways including crystallization, colloidal aggregation, and liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) can lead to the formation of precipitates. The kinetics of crystallization and aggregation are often slow and vary from protein to protein. Due to the diverse mechanisms of these protein condensation processes, it is a challenge to develop a standardized test for an early evaluation of the colloidal stability of antibody solutions. LLPS would normally occur in antibody solutions at sufficiently low temperature, provided that it is not preempted by freezing of the solution. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) can be used to induce LLPS at temperatures above the freezing point. Here, we propose a colloidal stability test based on inducing LLPS in antibody solutions and measuring the antibody concentration of the dilute phase. We demonstrate experimentally that such a PEG-induced LLPS test can be used to compare colloidal stability of different antibodies in different solution conditions and can be readily applied to high-throughput screening. We have derived an equation for the effects of PEG concentration and molecular weight on the results of the LLPS test. Finally, this equation defines a binding energy in the condensed phase, which can be determined in the PEG-induced LLPS test. This binding energy is a measure of attractive interactions between antibody molecules and can be used for quantitative characterization of the colloidal stability of antibody solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Materials Processing Center, ∥Department of Physics, and ⊥Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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35
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Stabilization Studies on Bacterially Produced Human Paraoxonase 1 for Improving Its Shelf Life. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3798-809. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Cheng W, Joshi SB, Jain NK, He F, Kerwin BA, Volkin DB, Russell Middaugh C. Linking the Solution Viscosity of an IgG2 Monoclonal Antibody to Its Structure as a Function of pH and Temperature. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4291-304. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Kalonia C, Kumru OS, Kim JH, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. Radar chart array analysis to visualize effects of formulation variables on IgG1 particle formation as measured by multiple analytical techniques. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4256-67. [PMID: 24122556 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a novel method to visualize protein aggregate and particle formation data to rapidly evaluate the effect of solution and stress conditions on the physical stability of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) 1 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Radar chart arrays were designed so that hundreds of microflow digital imaging (MFI) solution measurements, evaluating different mAb formulations under varying stresses, could be presented in a single figure with minimal loss of data resolution. These MFI radar charts show measured changes in subvisible particle number, size, and morphology distribution as a change in the shape of polygons. Radar charts were also created to visualize mAb aggregate and particle formation across a wide size range by combining data sets from size-exclusion chromatography, Archimedes resonant mass measurements, and MFI. We found that the environmental/mechanical stress condition (e.g., heat vs. agitation) was the most important factor in influencing the particle size and morphology distribution with this IgG1 mAb. Additionally, the presence of NaCl exhibited a pH and stress-dependent behavior resulting in promotion or inhibition mAb particle formation. This data visualization technique provides a comprehensive analysis of the aggregation tendencies of this IgG1 mAb in different formulations with varying stresses as measured by different analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cavan Kalonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047
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38
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Trnka H, Wu JX, Van De Weert M, Grohganz H, Rantanen J. Fuzzy Logic-based expert system for evaluating cake quality of freeze-dried formulations. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4364-74. [PMID: 24258283 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-drying of peptide and protein-based pharmaceuticals is an increasingly important field of research. The diverse nature of these compounds, limited understanding of excipient functionality, and difficult-to-analyze quality attributes together with the increasing importance of the biosimilarity concept complicate the development phase of safe and cost-effective drug products. To streamline the development phase and to make high-throughput formulation screening possible, efficient solutions for analyzing critical quality attributes such as cake quality with minimal material consumption are needed. The aim of this study was to develop a fuzzy logic system based on image analysis (IA) for analyzing cake quality. Freeze-dried samples with different visual quality attributes were prepared in well plates. Imaging solutions together with image analytical routines were developed for extracting critical visual features such as the degree of cake collapse, glassiness, and color uniformity. On the basis of the IA outputs, a fuzzy logic system for analysis of these freeze-dried cakes was constructed. After this development phase, the system was tested with a new screening well plate. The developed fuzzy logic-based system was found to give comparable quality scores with visual evaluation, making high-throughput classification of cake quality possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalte Trnka
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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39
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Alsenaidy MA, Kim JH, Majumdar R, Weis DD, Joshi SB, Tolbert TJ, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. High-throughput biophysical analysis and data visualization of conformational stability of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody after deglycosylation. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3942-56. [PMID: 24114789 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The structural integrity and conformational stability of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), after partial or complete enzymatic removal of the N-linked Fc glycan, were compared with the untreated mAb over a wide range of temperature (10°C-90°C) and solution pH (3-8) using circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, and static light scattering combined with data visualization employing empirical phase diagrams. Subtle-to-larger stability differences between the different glycoforms were observed. Improved detection of physical stability differences was then demonstrated over narrower pH range (4.0-6.0) using smaller temperature increments, especially when combined with an alternative data visualization method (radar plots). Differential scanning calorimetry and differential scanning fluorimetry were then utilized and also showed an improved ability to detect differences in the physical stability of a mAb glycoform. On the basis of these results, a two-step methodology was used in which conformational stability of a mAb glycoform is first screened with a wide variety of instruments and environmental stresses, followed by a second evaluation with optimally sensitive experimental conditions, analytical techniques, and data visualization methods. With this approach, a high-throughput biophysical analysis to assess relatively subtle conformational stability differences in protein glycoforms is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alsenaidy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047
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40
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Sule SV, Dickinson CD, Lu J, Chow CK, Tessier PM. Rapid analysis of antibody self-association in complex mixtures using immunogold conjugates. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1322-31. [PMID: 23383873 DOI: 10.1021/mp300524x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A key challenge in developing therapeutic antibodies is their highly variable propensities to self-associate at high antibody concentrations (>50 mg/mL) required for subcutaneous delivery. Identification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the initial discovery process that not only have high binding affinity but also have high solubility and low viscosity would simplify the development of safe and effective antibody therapeutics. Unfortunately, the low purities, small quantities and large numbers of antibody candidates during the early discovery process are incompatible with current methods of measuring antibody self-association. We report a method (affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy, AC-SINS) capable of identifying mAbs with low self-association propensity that is robust even at low mAb concentrations (5-50 μg/mL) and in the presence of cell culture media. Gold nanoparticles are coated with polyclonal antibodies specific for human antibodies, and then human mAbs are captured from dilute antibody solutions. We find that the wavelength of maximum absorbance (plasmon wavelength) of antibody-gold conjugates--which red-shifts as the distance between particles is reduced due to attractive mAb self-interactions--is well correlated with light scattering measurements conducted at several orders of magnitude higher antibody concentrations. The generality of AC-SINS makes it well suited for use in diverse settings ranging from antibody discovery to formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu V Sule
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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41
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Liquid Formulations for Long-Term Storage of Monoclonal IgGs. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1431-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Iyer V, Maddux N, Hu L, Cheng W, Youssef AK, Winter G, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Middaugh CR. Comparative signature diagrams to evaluate biophysical data for differences in protein structure across various formulations. J Pharm Sci 2012; 102:43-51. [PMID: 23160989 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A solution to the problem of being able to show statistically significant differences in the measurements of various levels of higher-order protein structure has been an elusive one. We propose the use of comparative signature diagrams (CSDs) to this end. CSDs compare datasets from different biophysical techniques that fingerprint the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of a protein molecule and display statistically significant differences in these datasets. In this paper, we explore the differences in the structures of two proteins (Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor [GCSF] and a monoclonal antibody [mAb]) in various formulations. These proteins were chosen based on the extent of differences in structure observed in the formulations. As an initial test, we utilize data from circular dichroism, 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulfonate and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, and static light scattering measurements to fingerprint protein structure in the different formulations. Several layers of statistics were explored to visualize the regions of significant differences in the protein spectra. This approach provides a rapid, high-resolution methodology to compare various structural levels of proteins using standard biophysical instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyashankara Iyer
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Mueller M, Loh MQT, Tscheliessnig R, Tee DHY, Tan E, Bardor M, Jungbauer A. Liquid Formulations for Stabilizing IgMs During Physical Stress and Long-Term Storage. Pharm Res 2012; 30:735-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cheng W, Joshi SB, He F, Brems DN, He B, Kerwin BA, Volkin DB, Middaugh CR. Comparison of High-Throughput Biophysical Methods to Identify Stabilizing Excipients for a Model IgG2 Monoclonal Antibody: Conformational Stability and Kinetic Aggregation Measurements. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1701-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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