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Ferraro F, Sonnleitner L, Neut C, Mahieux S, Verin J, Siepmann J, Siepmann F. Colon targeting in rats, dogs and IBD patients with species-independent film coatings. Int J Pharm X 2024; 7:100233. [PMID: 38379554 PMCID: PMC10876578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2024.100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides were identified, which allow for colon targeting in human Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients, as well as in rats and dogs (which are frequently used as animals in preclinical studies). The polysaccharides are degraded by colonic enzymes (secreted by bacteria), triggering the onset of drug release at the target site. It has to be pointed out that the microbiota in rats, dogs and humans substantially differ. Thus, the performance of this type of colon targeting system observed in animals might not be predictive for patients. The aim of this study was to limit this risk. Different polysaccharides were exposed to culture medium inoculated with fecal samples from IBD patients, healthy dogs and "IBD rats" (in which colonic inflammation was induced). Dynamic changes in the pH of the culture medium were used as an indicator for the proliferation of the bacteria and, thus, the potential of the polysaccharides to serve as their substrate. Fundamental differences were observed with respect to the extent of the pH variations as well as their species-dependency. The most promising polysaccharides were used to prepare polymeric film coatings surrounding 5-aminosaliciylic acid (5-ASA)-loaded starter cores. To limit premature polysaccharide dissolution/swelling in the upper gastro intestinal tract, ethylcellulose was also included in the film coatings. Drug release was monitored upon exposure to culture medium inoculated with fecal samples from IBD patients, healthy dogs and "IBD rats". For reasons of comparison, also 5-ASA release in pure culture medium was measured. Most film coatings showed highly species-dependent drug release kinetics or limited colon targeting capacity. Interestingly, extracts from aloe vera and reishi (a mushroom) showed a promising potential for colon targeting in all species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Ferraro
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - C. Neut
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - S. Mahieux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - J. Verin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - J. Siepmann
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - F. Siepmann
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France
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2
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Hou Z, Cheng X, Zhao X, Lin J, Zhang H, Li Y, Ding J. Design and evaluation of gastro-swelling/gastro-floating sustained-release tablets of brivaracetam for epilepsy therapy. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123301. [PMID: 37572859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
To prolong the absorption of the drug and achieve the effect of gastric retention, new brivaracetam tablets together with the characteristics of rapid swelling and sustained floating have been developed here. The tablets were optimized and prepared by direct compression techniques using Kollidon® SR and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPP) XL as the matrix and disintegrant respectively, and carbomer 71G NF and polyethylene oxide (PEO) N60K as the gel materials to achieve sustained release effect. The characteristics of static expansion, floating time, drug release and dynamic swelling performance in vitro of the tablets were evaluated. The optimized formulations (F5 and F10) exhibited satisfactory swelling and floating properties, mechanical strength, and in vitro sustained-release characteristic with diffusion and matrix erosion mechanisms. X-ray images of beagle dogs showed that the tablet F5 could be retained in the stomach for more than 6 h. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic studies in volunteers exhibited that the bioavailability of F5 and F10 was 95.70% (90% CI, 83.80%-109.28%) and 103.39% (90% CI, 87.61%-122.01%), respectively, relative to commercial tablets, with Tmax prolonged, demonstrating an excellent sustained-release effect. Therefore, the present system can reduce dosing frequency and improve patient compliance, which is expected to be a promising treatment option for epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Hou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China
| | - Xiangcheng Zhao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China
| | - Jianing Lin
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China; Changsha Jingyi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., LTD, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China.
| | - Youshan Li
- Changsha Jingyi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., LTD, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China.
| | - Jinsong Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, China.
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3
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Thuy Nguyen H, Van Duong T, Taylor YS. Enteric coating of tablets containing an amorphous solid dispersion of an enteric polymer and a weakly basic drug: a strategy to enhance in vitro release. Int J Pharm 2023:123139. [PMID: 37311499 PMCID: PMC10390825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has highlighted that amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) containing delamanid (DLM) and an enteric polymer, hypromellose phthalate (HPMCP), appear to be susceptible to crystallization during immersion in simulated gastric fluids. The goal of this study was to minimize contact of the ASD particles with the acidic media via application of an enteric coating to tablets containing the ASD intermediate, and improve the subsequent drug release at higher pH conditions. DLM ASDs were prepared with HPMCP and formulated into a tablet that was then coated with a methacrylic acid copolymer (Acryl EZE II®). Drug release was studied in vitro using a two-stage dissolution test where the pH of the gastric compartment was altered to reflect physiological variations. The medium was subsequently switched to simulated intestinal fluid. The gastric resistance time of the enteric coating was probed over the pH range of 1.6-5.0. The enteric coating was found to be effective at protecting the drug against crystallization in pH conditions where HPMCP was insoluble. Consequently, the variability in drug release following gastric immersion under pH conditions reflecting different prandial states was notably reduced when compared to the reference product. These findings support closer examination of the potential for drug crystallization from ASDs in the gastric environment where acid-insoluble polymers may be less effective as crystallization inhibitors. Further, addition of a protective enteric coating appears to provide a promising remediation strategy to prevent crystallization at low pH environments, and may mitigate variability associated with prandial state that arises due to pH changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tu Van Duong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
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4
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Nguyen HT, Van Duong T, Jaw-Tsai S, Bruning-Barry R, Pande P, Taneja R, Taylor LS. Fed- and Fasted-State Performance of Pretomanid Amorphous Solid Dispersions Formulated with an Enteric Polymer. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37220082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Weakly acid polymers with pH-responsive solubility are being used with increasing frequency in amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations of drugs with low aqueous solubility. However, drug release and crystallization in a pH environment where the polymer is insoluble are not well understood. The aim of the current study was to develop ASD formulations optimized for release and supersaturation longevity of a rapidly crystallizing drug, pretomanid (PTM), and to evaluate a subset of these formulations in vivo. Following screening of several polymers for their ability to inhibit crystallization, hypromellose acetate succinate HF grade (HPMCAS-HF; HF) was selected to prepare PTM ASDs. In vitro release studies were conducted in simulated fasted- and fed-state media. Drug crystallization in ASDs following exposure to dissolution media was evaluated by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and polarized light microscopy. In vivo oral pharmacokinetic evaluation was conducted in male cynomolgus monkeys (n = 4) given 30 mg PTM under both fasted and fed conditions in a crossover design. Three HPMCAS-based ASDs of PTM were selected for fasted-state animal studies based on their in vitro release performance. Enhanced bioavailability was observed for each of these formulations relative to the reference product that contained crystalline drug. The 20% drug loading PTM-HF ASD gave the best performance in the fasted state, with subsequent dosing in the fed state. Interestingly, while food improved drug absorption of the crystalline reference product, the exposure of the ASD formulation was negatively impacted. The failure of the HPMCAS-HF ASD to enhance absorption in the fed state was hypothesized to result from poor release in the reduced pH intestinal environment resulting from the fed state. In vitro experiments confirmed a reduced release rate under lower pH conditions, which was attributed to reduced polymer solubility and an enhanced crystallization tendency of the drug. These findings emphasize the limitations of in vitro assessment of ASD performance using standardized media conditions. Future studies are needed for improved understanding of food effects on ASD release and how this variability can be captured by in vitro testing methodologies for better prediction of in vivo outcomes, in particular for ASDs formulated with enteric polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tu Van Duong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sarah Jaw-Tsai
- Sarah Jaw-Tsai Consulting Services, 12279 Skyracer Drive, Las Vegas, Nevada 89138, United States
| | - Rebecca Bruning-Barry
- Global Health Technologies Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27704, United States
| | - Poonam Pande
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (TB Alliance), 80 Pine Street, 20th Floor, New York, New York 10005, United States
| | - Rajneesh Taneja
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (TB Alliance), 80 Pine Street, 20th Floor, New York, New York 10005, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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5
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Bos E, Hendriks WH, Beerda B, Bosch G. Determining the protocol requirements of in-home cat food digestibility testing. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1129775. [PMID: 37252391 PMCID: PMC10213761 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1129775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In-home cat food digestibility testing has the potential to yield data that are highly representative of the pet population for which the food is intended. However, no standardized and validated in-home digestibility test protocols are currently available. Such protocols for in-home testing should address key factors that explain variation in cat food digestibility values and here we investigated the required period of adaptation, fecal collection and sample sizes. Thirty privately-owned indoor housed cats of various breeds (20♀ 10♂, 5.9 ± 3.9 yr, 4.5 ± 1.3 kg) received a relatively low and high digestible complete dry extruded food with the marker titanium (Ti) dioxide. Foods were given in a cross-over design of 2 periods of 8 consecutive days each. Owners collected feces daily for the determination of daily fecal Ti concentrations and digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, and gross energy. Data originating from 26 cats were analyzed as mixed models and broken line regressions to investigate the required adaptation and fecal collection period. Bootstrap sampling was used to assess the impact of increasing the number of fecal collection days and sample size on the precision of the digestibility estimates. Feces were collected on 347 out of 416 study days (16 days/cat; 26 cats), implying the necessity for multiple collection days to account for cats not defecating every day. Cats showed stable fecal marker concentrations from day 2 onwards when fed the low digestible food and from 3 onwards when fed the high digestible food. Digestibility values were stable from day 1, 2 or 3 onwards, depending on the test food and nutrient. Increasing the number of fecal collection days from 1 to 6 days did not result in more precise digestibility estimates, whereas increasing the number of animals from 5 to 25 cats did. For future in-home digestibility tests of cat food, the findings support a minimum of 2 adaptation days and 3 fecal collection days. Appropriate sample sizes depend on the test food, the nutrient of interest, and the acceptable margin of error. The findings of this study support the protocol development for future in-home digestibility testing of cat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Bos
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, WD Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - W. H. Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, WD Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - B. Beerda
- Behavioral Ecology Group, Wageningen University & Research, WD Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - G. Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, WD Wageningen, Netherlands
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6
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Liang M, Hu Q, Yi S, Chi Y, Xiao Y. Development of an Au nanoclusters based activatable nanoprobe for NIR-II fluorescence imaging of gastric acid. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 224:115062. [PMID: 36646014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gastric acid is an important functional substance secreted by the stomach of the living organisms, reflecting the gastric physiological condition. The sensing of gastric acid in vivo is of great significance for evaluation of gastric function, diagnosis and treatment of gastric diseases and maintenance of organism health but remains challenging due to the harsh acid and digestive environment of stomach. This study developed an activatable nanoprobe based on Au nanoclusters (Au NCs) for sensitive and real-time noninvasive near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging detection of gastric acid in vivo for the first time. The Au NCs were encapsulated by polydopamine to have enhanced NIR-II luminescence and high stability and combined with methylene blue to possess the pH responsiveness for gastric acid imaging. The developed nanoprobe could not only monitor gastric acid secretion in vivo but also imaging the changes of gastric acid caused by feeding, acid-inhibition drugs and gastric ulcer disease. This study provides a promising avenue for the improvement of the application performance of Au NCs and imaging analysis of gastric acid and related gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, PR China
| | - Shuxiao Yi
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, PR China
| | - Yajie Chi
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, PR China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, PR China.
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7
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Lee HJ, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Lee SW. Antimicrobial activity of dominant Ligilactobacillus animalis strains in healthy canine feces and their probiotic potential. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6847740. [PMID: 36434780 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of companion animals living with humans has continually increased over the last few decades, and so has the interest of owners and stakeholders in the animal food and probiotics industry. Currently, the probiotic bacteria added to the feed of companion animals predominantly originate from the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used for humans; however, there are differences between the microbiota of humans and that of their companion animals. This study aimed to determine the dominant LAB in dog feces and investigate their functional properties. Ligilactobacillus animalis (formerly called Lactobacillus animalis) was identified as the dominant lactic acid bacterium in dog feces. It displayed various inhibitory effects against pathogenic and enteropathogenic bacteria. This finding suggests that Ligilactobacillus animalis can potentially be used in novel probiotics or as a food additive for dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jae Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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8
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Zeybek N, Büyükkileci AO, Güleç S, Polat M, Polat H. Designing robust xylan/chitosan composite shells around drug-loaded MSNs: Stability in upper GIT and degradation in the colon microbiota. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Telles NJ, Simon BT, Scallan EM, Gould EN, Papich MG, He Y, Lee MT, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Kathrani A, Katherine Tolbert M. Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit times and pH in healthy cats using a continuous pH monitoring system. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:954-961. [PMID: 34878315 PMCID: PMC10812322 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211062096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterize gastrointestinal (GI) transit times and pH in healthy cats. METHODS GI transit times and pH were measured in six healthy, colony-housed, purpose-bred spayed female cats using a continuous, non-invasive pH monitoring system in a sequential order design. For the first period ('pre-feeding'), food was withheld for 20 h, followed by oral administration of a pH capsule. Five hours post-capsule administration, cats were meal-fed by offering them their daily allowance of food for 1 h. For the second period ('post-feeding'), food was withheld for 24 h and cats were fed for 1 h, after which a pH capsule was orally administered. Studies in both periods were repeated three times. GI transit times and pH were compared between the two periods. RESULTS The median transit times for the pre- and post-feeding periods, respectively, were: gastric - 94 mins (range 1-4101) and 1068 mins (range 484-5521); intestinal - 1350 mins (range 929-2961) and 1534 mins (range 442-2538); and GI - 1732 mins (range 1105-5451) and 2795 mins (range 926-6563). The median GI pH values for the first and second periods, respectively, were: esophageal - 7.0 (range 3.5-7.8) and 4.5 (range 2.9-6.4); gastric - 2.7 (range 1.7-6.2) and 2.0 (range 1.1-3.3); intestinal - 8.2 (range 7.6-8.7) and 7.8 (range 6.7-8.5); first-hour small intestinal - 8.2 (range 7.4-8.7) and 8.3 (range 7.9-8.6); and last-hour large intestinal - 8.5 (range 7.0-8.9) and 7.8 (range 6.3-8.7). Gastric (P <0.0020) and intestinal pH (P <0.0059) were significantly increased in the pre-feeding period compared with the post-feeding period. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Gastric and intestinal pH differed significantly when the capsule was administered 5 h prior to feeding compared with 1 h after feeding. Transit times for both periods showed high degrees of intra- and inter-individual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila J Telles
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bradley T Simon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Scallan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Emily N Gould
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Yuqing He
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mu-Tien Lee
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - M Katherine Tolbert
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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10
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Tolbert MK, Telles NJ, Simon BT, Scallan EM, Price JM, Gould EN, Papich MG, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Kathrani A. Gastrointestinal transit time is faster in Beagle dogs compared to cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:S8-S14. [PMID: 36044730 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.07.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize gastrointestinal transit times (GITTs) and pH in dogs, and to compare to data recently described for cats. ANIMALS 7 healthy, colony-housed Beagles. PROCEDURES The GITTs and pH were measured using a continuous pH monitoring system. For the first period (prefeeding), food was withheld for 20 hours followed by pH capsule administration. Five hours after capsule administration, dogs were offered 75% of their historical daily caloric intake for 1 hour. For the second period (postfeeding), food was withheld for 24 hours. Dogs were allowed 1 hour to eat, followed by capsule administration. Both periods were repeated 3 times. The GITTs and pH were compared to published feline data. RESULTS The mean ± SD transit times in dogs for the pre- and postfeeding periods, respectively, were esophageal, 3 ± 5 minutes and 13 ± 37 minutes; gastric, 31 ± 60 minutes and 829 ± 249 minutes; and intestinal, 795 ± 444 minutes and 830 ± 368 minutes. The mean ± SD gastrointestinal pH in dogs for the pre- and postfeeding periods, respectively, were esophageal, 6.6 ± 0.6 and 5.7 ± 1.0; gastric, 3.0 ± 1.4 and 1.8 ± 0.3; intestinal, 7.9 ± 0.3 and 7.7 ± 0.6; first-hour small intestinal, 7.6 ± 0.5 and 7.1 ± 0.4; and last-hour large intestinal, 7.9 ± 0.6 and 7.7 ± 1.0. The first-hour small intestinal pH and total transit times varied between dogs and cats depending on feed period (P = .002 and P = .04, respectively). Post hoc analysis revealed significantly shorter total transit times in dogs prefeeding (P = .005; mean ± SD for cats, 2,441 ± 1,359 minutes; for dogs, 828 ± 439 minutes) and postfeeding (P = .03; mean ± SD for cats, 3,009 ± 1,220 minutes; for dogs, 1,671 ± 513 minutes). Total transit time for dogs was also shorter pre- versus postfeeding (P = .003). CLINICAL RELEVANCE GITT is faster in Beagles compared to cats, but gastrointestinal pH are similar when fed the same diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katherine Tolbert
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Naila J Telles
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Bradley T Simon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Elizabeth M Scallan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Joshua M Price
- Research Computing Support, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Emily N Gould
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Mark G Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Aarti Kathrani
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London,UK
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11
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Deschamps C, Humbert D, Zentek J, Denis S, Priymenko N, Apper E, Blanquet-Diot S. From Chihuahua to Saint-Bernard: how did digestion and microbiota evolve with dog sizes. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5086-5102. [PMID: 35982892 PMCID: PMC9379419 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.72770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Health and well-being of dogs are of paramount importance to their owners. Digestion plays a key role in dog health, involving physicochemical, mechanical and microbial actors. However, decades of breeding selection led to various dog sizes associated with different digestive physiology and disease sensitivity. Developing new products requires the consideration of all the multi-faceted aspects of canine digestion, the evaluation of food digestibility, drug release and absorption in the gut. This review paper provides an exhaustive literature survey on canine digestive physiology, focusing on size effect on anatomy and digestive parameters, with graphical representation of data classified as "small", "medium" and "large" dogs. Despite the huge variability between protocols and animals, interesting size effects on gastrointestinal physiology were highlighted, mainly related to the colonic compartment. Colonic measurements, transit time permeability, fibre degradation, faecal short-chain fatty acid concentration and faecal water content increase while faecal bile acid concentration decreases with body size. A negative correlation between body weight and Proteobacteria relative abundance was observed suggesting an effect of dog body size on faecal microbiota. This paper gathers helpful in vivo data for academics and industrials and supports the development of new food and pharma products to move towards canine personalized nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Deschamps
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS UCA-INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Blagnac, France
| | | | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 49, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvain Denis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS UCA-INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nathalie Priymenko
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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12
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Lee DY, Shin S, Kim TH, Shin BS. Establishment of Level a In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation (IVIVC) via Extended DoE-IVIVC Model: A Donepezil Case Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061226. [PMID: 35745798 PMCID: PMC9227873 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish an extended design of experiment (DoE)-in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC) model that defines the relationship between formulation composition, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Fourteen sustained-release (SR) tablets of a model drug, donepezil, were designed by applying a mixture design of DoE and prepared by the wet granulation method. The in vitro dissolution patterns of donepezil SR tablets were described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The mathematical relationship describing the effects of SR tablet compositions on the in vitro dissolution parameter, i.e., the in vitro maximum rate of release (Vmax), was derived. The predictability of the derived DoE model was validated by an additional five SR tablets with a mean prediction error (PE%) of less than 3.50% for in vitro Vmax. The pharmacokinetics of three types of donepezil SR and the immediate-release (IR) tablets was assessed in Beagle dogs following oral administration (n = 3, each). Based on the plasma concentration-time profile, a population pharmacokinetic model was developed, and the in vivo dissolution of SR tablets, represented by in vivo Vmax, was estimated. By correlating the in vitro and in vivo Vmax, level A IVIVC was established. Finally, the extended DoE-IVIVC model was developed by integrating the DoE equation and IVIVC into the population pharmacokinetic model. The extended DoE-IVIVC model allowed one to predict the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of donepezil SR tablets with PE% less than 10.30% and 5.19%, respectively, by their formulation composition as an input. The present extended DoE-IVIVC model may provide a valuable tool to predict the effect of formulation changes on in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior, leading to the more efficient development of SR formulations. The application of the present modeling approaches to develop other forms of drug formulation may be of interest for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Young Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Soyoung Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan 54538, Korea;
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, 13-13 Hayang-ro, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea;
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-290-7705
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13
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Lim JY, Kim TH, Song CH, Kim DH, Shin BS, Shin S. Novel extended IVIVC combined with DoE to predict pharmacokinetics from formulation compositions. J Control Release 2022; 343:443-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Awad A, Madla CM, McCoubrey LE, Ferraro F, Gavins FK, Buanz A, Gaisford S, Orlu M, Siepmann F, Siepmann J, Basit AW. Clinical translation of advanced colonic drug delivery technologies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114076. [PMID: 34890739 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to the colon offers a myriad of benefits, including treatment of local diseases, direct access to unique therapeutic targets and the potential for increasing systemic drug bioavailability and efficacy. Although a range of traditional colonic delivery technologies are available, these systems exhibit inconsistent drug release due to physiological variability between and within individuals, which may be further exacerbated by underlying disease states. In recent years, significant translational and commercial advances have been made with the introduction of new technologies that incorporate independent multi-stimuli release mechanisms (pH and/or microbiota-dependent release). Harnessing these advanced technologies offers new possibilities for drug delivery via the colon, including the delivery of biopharmaceuticals, vaccines, nutrients, and microbiome therapeutics for the treatment of both local and systemic diseases. This review details the latest advances in colonic drug delivery, with an emphasis on emerging therapeutic opportunities and clinical technology translation.
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15
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Kambayashi A, Murano M, Imai S, Miyata K, Sugita K, Fujii Y, Kinoshita M, Nomura A, Kimoto T, Miyazaki Y, Sakakibara H, Kakuda S, Tsujimoto T, Fujita Y, Kano M, Nakamura H, Akaogi S, Honda M, Anraku M, Kamada N, Ohta K, Uchida M, Kataoka M, Kikuchi H, Yamashita S, Kondo H. Interspecies differences in gastrointestinal physiology affecting the in vivo performance of oral pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Tsompanidou P, Robben JH, Savvas I, Anagnostou T, Prassinos NN, Kazakos GM. The Effect of the Preoperative Fasting Regimen on the Incidence of Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux in 90 Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010064. [PMID: 35011170 PMCID: PMC8749624 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR), a potential risk during anaesthesia, happens when the stomach contents move up into the oesophagus. The refluxed contents can damage the lining of the oesophagus or the respiratory tract. For many years it was believed that an increase in the stomach contents’ volume increases the risk of GOR. However, more recent studies have demonstrated this to be incorrect. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of three different pre-anaesthetic fasting regimens on the frequency of GOR in dogs under anaesthesia. Ninety dogs undergoing non-abdominal and non-thoracic elective surgery were included in the study and equally allocated to three groups. The results of this study suggest that the administration of a meal 3 h before anaesthesia does not have any beneficial effect in the reduction of GOR incidence in dogs compared to the administration of a meal 12 h before anaesthesia. Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effect of three different preoperative fasting regimens on the incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in dogs under general anaesthesia. Ninety dogs undergoing non-abdominal and non-thoracic elective surgery were included in the study and equally allocated to three groups. Dogs received canned food providing half the daily resting energy requirements (RER) 3 h prior to premedication (group 3H), a quarter of the daily RER 3 h before premedication (group 3Q), and half the daily RER 12 h before premedication (group 12H). The animals were premedicated with acepromazine and pethidine, anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane vaporised in oxygen. Oesophageal pH was monitored throughout anaesthesia. Demographic and surgery-related parameters were not different among groups. The incidence of GOR was 11/30 in group 3H (36.7%), 9/30 in group 3Q (30.0%) and 5/30 in group 12H (16.7%), which was not statistically different (p = 0.262). Reduction of the amount of the preoperative meal from half to a quarter of the daily RER did not reduce the incidence of GOR but resulted in a lower oesophageal pH (p = 0.003). The results of this study suggest that the administration of a meal 3 h before anaesthesia does not have any beneficial effect in the reduction of GOR incidence in dogs compared to the administration of a meal 12 h before anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Tsompanidou
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.S.); (T.A.); (G.M.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Joris H. Robben
- Section of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Ioannis Savvas
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.S.); (T.A.); (G.M.K.)
| | - Tilemahos Anagnostou
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.S.); (T.A.); (G.M.K.)
| | - Nikitas N. Prassinos
- Surgery and Obstetrics Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - George M. Kazakos
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.S.); (T.A.); (G.M.K.)
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17
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Stamatopoulos K, O'Farrell C, Simmons M, Batchelor H. In vivo models to evaluate ingestible devices: Present status and current trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113915. [PMID: 34371085 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of orally ingestible devices is critical to optimize their performance early in development. Using animals as a pre-clinical tool can provide useful information on functionality, yet it is important to recognize that animal gastrointestinal physiology, pathophysiology and anatomy can differ to that in humans and that the most suitable species needs to be selected to inform the evaluation. There has been a move towards in vitro and in silico models rather than animal models in line with the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) as well as the better control and reproducibility associated with these systems. However, there are still instances where animal models provide the greatest understanding. This paper provides an overview of key aspects of human gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology and compares parameters to those reported in animal species. The value of each species can be determined based upon the parameter of interest from the ingested device when considering the use of pre-clinical animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Stamatopoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Development, PDS, MST, RD Platform Technology & Science, GSK, David Jack Centre, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Connor O'Farrell
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark Simmons
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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18
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Martinez MN, Mochel JP, Neuhoff S, Pade D. Comparison of Canine and Human Physiological Factors: Understanding Interspecies Differences that Impact Drug Pharmacokinetics. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:59. [PMID: 33907906 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is a summary of factors affecting the drug pharmacokinetics (PK) of dogs versus humans. Identifying these interspecies differences can facilitate canine-human PK extrapolations while providing mechanistic insights into species-specific drug in vivo behavior. Such a cross-cutting perspective can be particularly useful when developing therapeutics targeting diseases shared between the two species such as cancer, diabetes, cognitive dysfunction, and inflammatory bowel disease. Furthermore, recognizing these differences also supports a reverse PK extrapolations from humans to dogs. To appreciate the canine-human differences that can affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, this review provides a comparison of the physiology, drug transporter/enzyme location, abundance, activity, and specificity between dogs and humans. Supplemental material provides an in-depth discussion of certain topics, offering additional critical points to consider. Based upon an assessment of available state-of-the-art information, data gaps were identified. The hope is that this manuscript will encourage the research needed to support an understanding of similarities and differences in human versus canine drug PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn N Martinez
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA.
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- SMART Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Sibylle Neuhoff
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Devendra Pade
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
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19
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Berg S, Krause J, Björkbom A, Walter K, Harun S, Granfeldt A, Janzén D, Nunes SF, Antonsson M, Van Zuydam N, Skrtic S, Hugerth A, Weitschies W, Davies N, Abrahamsson B, Bergström CAS. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of 3D Printed Capsules with Pressure Triggered Release Mechanism for Oral Peptide Delivery. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:228-238. [PMID: 33212160 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study a 3D printed capsule designed to break from the physiological pressures in the antropyloric region was evaluated for its ability to deliver the synthetic octapeptide octreotide in beagle dogs when co-formulated with the permeation enhancer sodium caprate. The pressure sensitive capsules were compared to traditional enteric coated hard gelatin capsules and enteric coated tablets. Paracetamol, which is completely absorbed in dogs, was included in the formulations and used as an absorption marker to give information about the in vivo performance of the dosage forms. The pressure sensitive capsules released drug in 50% of the dogs. In the cases where drug was released, there was no difference in octreotide bioavailability or Cmax compared to the enteric coated dosage forms. When comparing all dosage forms, a correlation was seen between paracetamol Cmax and octreotide bioavailability, suggesting that a high drug release rate may be beneficial for peptide absorption when delivered together with sodium caprate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Berg
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julius Krause
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anders Björkbom
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katrin Walter
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Said Harun
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Granfeldt
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Janzén
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sandro Filipe Nunes
- Animal Sciences and Technologies, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, Astrazeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Antonsson
- Animal Sciences and Technologies, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, Astrazeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natalie Van Zuydam
- Data Science and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stanko Skrtic
- Innovation Sciences & External Liaison, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Hugerth
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Palerme JS, Silverstone A, Riedesel EA, Simone KM, Pomrantz JS. A pilot study on the effect of fat loading on the gastrointestinal tract of healthy dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:732-737. [PMID: 33035376 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of a high fat meal (fat loading) on gastrointestinal motility and the appearance of intestinal villi using video capsule endoscopy and ultrasound. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four healthy staff-owned dogs were included in a prospective blinded crossover study. Dogs had initial baseline video capsule endoscopy to measure gastrointestinal transit times and allow for visual assessment of intestinal mucosa. Abdominal ultrasound was also performed to obtain intestinal wall measurements and assess for the presence of mucosal hyperechoic speckling. All dogs had diagnostics repeated twice between one and two hours after ingestion of either corn oil or dairy cream for a total of four control and 16 fat loaded studies. RESULTS Dogs in the corn oil group had greater mean gastric emptying times (740.3 ± 187.6 minutes vs. 237.9 ± 155 minutes) and total transit times (54.50 ± 22.2 hours vs. 23.25 ± 6.1 hours) than controls. Feeding of a fatty meal resulted in substantial retention of the capsules (10 of 16) within the stomach. While intestinal wall thickness of fat loaded dogs did not differ from control dogs, mucosal hyperechoic speckling scores of the duodenum of dairy cream dogs were greater when compared to control dogs (1.625 ± 0.518 vs. 0.500 ± 0.577). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Data from this pilot study provides further evidence that feeding of a small high fat meal results in ultrasonographic as well as visual changes to the intestinal mucosa of healthy dogs. This data suggests that previous recommendations to feed fatty meals to dogs with lymphangiectasia might not allow differentiation with healthy individuals. In addition, due to the marked effect on gastric emptying time, video capsule endoscopy should be avoided in dogs fed a high fat meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Palerme
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - A Silverstone
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - E A Riedesel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - K M Simone
- Cypress Veterinary Imaging, Charleston, SC, 29492, USA
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21
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Chung S, Kim J, Ban E, Yun J, Park B, Kim A. Solution-Mediated Phase Transformation of Aripiprazole: Negating the Effect of Crystalline Forms on Dissolution and Oral Pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3668-3677. [PMID: 33007279 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of crystalline forms of aripiprazole, an antipsychotic drug for schizophrenia, on the dissolution rates and oral pharmacokinetics. Solubility, intrinsic dissolution rates, and tablet dissolution rates of the monohydrate (MA) and the anhydrous form (AA) were measured in various aqueous media while monitoring the phase transformation by ATR-FTIR. And their oral pharmacokinetics in dogs were compared. The intrinsic dissolution rate of MA was lower compared to AA, confirming its thermodynamic stability relative to AA in water. Phase transformations during the solubility measurement were media-dependent: In simulated gastric fluid, both AA and MA changed to HCl salt form, whereas AA and HCl salt form transformed to MA in simulated intestinal fluid. In vitro dissolution rates and dog oral pharmacokinetics of AA and MA tablets were similar. The results suggest that the solution-mediated transformation to HCl salt or MA negates the effect of different crystalline forms on dissolution rates in vivo and, consequently, on oral pharmacokinetics. We emphasize the importance of the dissolution tests employing various bio-relevant media for better prediction of in vivo performance and the selection of a solid form for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyoon Chung
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13844, Korea
| | - Jongyeob Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13844, Korea
| | - Eunmi Ban
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13844, Korea
| | - Jungmin Yun
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13844, Korea
| | - Boosung Park
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13844, Korea
| | - Aeri Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam 13844, Korea.
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22
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Broesder A, Kosta AMMAC, Woerdenbag HJ, Nguyen DN, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ. pH-dependent ileocolonic drug delivery, part II: preclinical evaluation of novel drugs and novel excipients. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1374-1388. [PMID: 32562842 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Novel drugs and novel excipients in pH-dependent ileocolonic drug delivery systems have to be tested in animals. Which animal species are suitable and what in vivo methods are used to verify ileocolonic drug delivery?
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Broesder
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marijke M A C Kosta
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman J Woerdenbag
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Duong N Nguyen
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Pereira AM, Guedes M, Matos E, Pinto E, Almeida AA, Segundo MA, Correia A, Vilanova M, Fonseca AJM, Cabrita ARJ. Effect of Zinc Source and Exogenous Enzymes Supplementation on Zinc Status in Dogs Fed High Phytate Diets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030400. [PMID: 32121315 PMCID: PMC7142709 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential element, a cofactor of many enzymes, and performs catalytic, structural and regulatory functions. Once in the gastrointestinal tract, zinc can interact with food constituents. Phytic acid, the major phosphorus storage in plants, limits zinc availability from animal feeds due to the formation of insoluble complexes with phytates. This study tested the effect of supplemental zinc source (zinc sulfate and a chelate zinc proteinate) and the addition of exogenous enzymes from a solid-state fermentation product of Aspergillus niger to a high phytate diet. The study was designed according to three Latin Squares 4 × 4 with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with four periods, four diets, and 12 young adult Beagles. Periods lasted 5 weeks each. Diets were supplemented with 75 mg/kg of zinc sulfate (IZ) or zinc proteinate (OZ), and without or with 200 mg/kg of exogenous enzymes (IZ+, OZ+). Results showed that zinc proteinate increased the bioavailability of phosphorus, yet the zinc biomarkers remained unaffected by the zinc source, with the exception of lymphocyte subsets that benefit from zinc proteinate. The use of exogenous enzymes did not affect zinc availability nor nutrient and energy digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.P.); (M.G.); (A.J.M.F.)
| | - Margarida Guedes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.P.); (M.G.); (A.J.M.F.)
| | - Elisabete Matos
- SORGAL, Sociedade de Óleos e Rações S.A., Estrada Nacional 109 Lugar da Pardala, 3880-728 S. João Ovar, Portugal;
| | - Edgar Pinto
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (E.P.); (A.A.A.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Agostinho A. Almeida
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (E.P.); (A.A.A.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Marcela A. Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (E.P.); (A.A.A.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Alexandra Correia
- i3S/IBMC—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- i3S/IBMC—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.); (M.V.)
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António J. M. Fonseca
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.P.); (M.G.); (A.J.M.F.)
| | - Ana Rita J. Cabrita
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.P.); (M.G.); (A.J.M.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220-428-000
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Shin S, Kim TH, Lee DY, Chung SE, Lee JB, Kim DH, Shin BS. Development of a Population Pharmacokinetics-Based in vitro-in vivo Correlation Model for Drugs with Site-Dependent Absorption: the Acyclovir Case Study. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:27. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Lesellier S, Boschiroli ML, Barrat J, Wanke C, Salguero FJ, Garcia-Jimenez WL, Nunez A, Godinho A, Spiropoulos J, Palmer S, Dave D, Anderson P, Boucher JM, de Cruz K, Henault S, Michelet L, Gowtage S, Williams GA, Nadian AK, Monchâtre-Leroy E, Boué F, Chambers MA, Richomme C. Detection of live M. bovis BCG in tissues and IFN-γ responses in European badgers (Meles meles) vaccinated by oropharyngeal instillation or directly in the ileum. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:445. [PMID: 31810466 PMCID: PMC6898942 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) has provided protection against M. bovis to badgers both experimentally and in the field. There is also evidence suggesting that the persistence of live BCG within the host is important for maintaining protection against TB. Here we investigated the capacity of badger inductive mucosal sites to absorb and maintain live BCG. The targeted mucosae were the oropharyngeal cavity (tonsils and sublingual area) and the small intestine (ileum). Results We showed that significant quantities of live BCG persisted within badger in tissues of vaccinated badgers for at least 8 weeks following oral vaccination with only very mild pathological features and induced the circulation of IFNγ-producing mononuclear cells. The uptake of live BCG by tonsils and drainage to retro-pharyngeal lymph nodes was repeatable in the animal group vaccinated by oropharyngeal instillation whereas those vaccinated directly in the ileum displayed a lower frequency of BCG detection in the enteric wall or draining mesenteric lymph nodes. No faecal excretion of live BCG was observed, including when BCG was delivered directly in the ileum. Conclusions The apparent local loss of BCG viability suggests an unfavorable gastro-enteric environment for BCG in badgers, which should be taken in consideration when developing an oral vaccine for use in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lesellier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK. .,Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France. .,Public Health England, Porton Down, UK.
| | - Maria-Laura Boschiroli
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jacques Barrat
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | - Christoph Wanke
- Medimetrics Personalized Drug Delivery B.V., High Tech Campus 10, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK.,Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | | | - Alex Nunez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Krystel de Cruz
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Henault
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lorraine Michelet
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Boué
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | - Mark A Chambers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, UK.,University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Céline Richomme
- Anses, Nancy laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Malzéville, France
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Kambayashi A, Dressman JB. A novel in vivo predictive dissolution testing coupled with a modeling and simulation for hydrogel matrix monolithic extended release oral dosage forms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 138:105044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Williams GA, Koenen ME, Havenaar R, Wheeler P, Gowtage S, Lesellier S, Chambers MA. Survival of Mycobacterium bovis BCG oral vaccine during transit through a dynamic in vitro model simulating the upper gastrointestinal tract of badgers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214859. [PMID: 31002668 PMCID: PMC6474584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing an oral bait BCG vaccine against tuberculosis in badgers we wanted to understand the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and their impact on vaccine viability. Conditions mimicking stomach and small-intestine caused substantial reduction in BCG viability. We performed in vivo experiments using a telemetric pH monitoring system and used the data to parameterise a dynamic in vitro system (TIM-1) of the stomach and small intestine. Some BCG died in the stomach compartment and through the duodenum and jejunum compartments. BCG survival in the stomach was greatest when bait was absent but by the time BCG reached the jejunum, BCG viability was not significantly affected by the presence of bait. Our data suggest that from a starting quantity of 2.85 ± 0.45 x 108 colony-forming units of BCG around 2 log10 may be killed before delivery to the intestinal lymphoid tissue. There are economic arguments for reducing the dose of BCG to vaccinate badgers orally. Our findings imply this could be achieved if we can protect BCG from the harsh environment of the stomach and duodenum. TIM-1 is a valuable, non-animal model with which to evaluate and optimise formulations to maximise BCG survival in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth A. Williams
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Marjorie E. Koenen
- Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Havenaar
- Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Wheeler
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Sonya Gowtage
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Chambers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Marks SL, Kook PH, Papich MG, Tolbert MK, Willard MD. ACVIM consensus statement: Support for rational administration of gastrointestinal protectants to dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1823-1840. [PMID: 30378711 PMCID: PMC6271318 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal barrier is continuously exposed to noxious toxins, reactive oxygen species, microbes, and drugs, leading to the development of inflammatory, erosive, and ultimately ulcerative lesions. This report offers a consensus opinion on the rational administration of GI protectants to dogs and cats, with an emphasis on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine type-2 receptor antagonists (H2 RAs), misoprostol, and sucralfate. These medications decrease gastric acidity or promote mucosal protective mechanisms, transforming the management of dyspepsia, peptic ulceration, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. In contrast to guidelines that have been established in people for the optimal treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease, effective clinical dosages of antisecretory drugs have not been well established in the dog and cat to date. Similar to the situation in human medicine, practice of inappropriate prescription of acid suppressants is also commonplace in veterinary medicine. This report challenges the dogma and clinical practice of administering GI protectants for the routine management of gastritis, pancreatitis, hepatic disease, and renal disease in dogs and cats lacking additional risk factors for ulceration or concerns for GI bleeding. Judicious use of acid suppressants is warranted considering recent studies that have documented adverse effects of long-term supplementation of PPIs in people and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley L. Marks
- Department of Medicine & EpidemiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Peter H. Kook
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mark G. Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State University, College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - M. K. Tolbert
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Michael D. Willard
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M UniversityCollege StationTexas
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Warrit K, Boscan P, Ferguson LE, Bradley AM, Dowers KL, Rao S, Twedt DC. Minimally invasive wireless motility capsule to study canine gastrointestinal motility and pH. Vet J 2017; 227:36-41. [PMID: 29031328 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the feasibility of using a gastrointestinal tract wireless motility capsule (WMC) that measured intraluminal pressure, pH and transit time through the gastrointestinal tract, in dogs in their home environment. Forty-four adult healthy dogs, eating a standard diet, were prospectively enrolled. The WMC was well tolerated by all dogs and provided data from the different sections of the gastrointestinal tract. Median gastric emptying time was 20h (range, 6.3-119h), demonstrating a large range. The gastric pressure pattern and pH depended on the phase of food consumption. The small bowel transit time was 3.1h (range, 1.6-5.4h) with average contraction pressures of 6.5mmHg (range, 1.1-21.4mmHg) and pH 7.8 (range, 7-8.9). The large bowel transit time was 21h (range, 1-69h) with average contractions pressures of 0.9mmHg (range, 0.3-2.7mmHg) and pH 6.4 (range, 5.3-8.2). There was considerable individual variation in motility patterns and transit times between dogs. No difference was observed between the sexes. No relationships between any transit time, bowel pH or pressure pattern and bodyweights were identified. The WMC likely represents movement of a large non-digestible particle rather than normal ingesta. Due to its large size, the WMC should not be use in smaller dogs. The WMC is a promising minimally invasive tool to assess GIT solid phase transit times, pressures and pH. However, further studies are necessary due to the current limitations observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Warrit
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - P Boscan
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - L E Ferguson
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - A M Bradley
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - K L Dowers
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - S Rao
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - D C Twedt
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Hwang JH, Jeong JW, Song GH, Koo TS, Seo KW. Pharmacokinetics and Acid Suppressant Efficacy of Esomeprazole after Intravenous, Oral, and Subcutaneous Administration to Healthy Beagle Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:743-750. [PMID: 28407418 PMCID: PMC5435062 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Esomeprazole is an S‐enantiomer of omeprazole that has favorable pharmacokinetics and efficacious acid suppressant properties in humans. However, the pharmacokinetics and effects on intragastric pH of esomeprazole in dogs have not been reported. Objective To determine the pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole administered via various routes (PK study) and to investigate the effect of esomeprazole on intragastric pH with a Bravo pH monitoring system (PD study). Animals Seven adult male Beagle dogs and 5 adult male Beagle dogs were used for PK and PD study, respectively. Methods Both studies used an open, randomized, and crossover design. In the PK study, 7 dogs received intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), and oral doses (PO) of esomeprazole (1 mg/kg). Each treatment period was separated by a washout period of at least 10 days. Esomeprazole plasma concentrations were measured by HPLC/MS/MS. In the efficacy study, intragastric pH was recorded without medication (baseline pH) and following IV, SC, and PO esomeprazole dosing regimens (1 mg/kg) in 5 dogs. Results The bioavailability of esomeprazole administered as PO enteric‐coated granules and as SC injections was 71.4 and 106%, respectively. The half‐life was approximately 1 hour. Mean ± SD percent time intragastric pH was ≥3 and ≥4 was 58.9 ± 21.1% and 40.9 ± 17.3% for IV group, 75.8 ± 16.4% and 62.7 ± 17.7% for SC group, 88.2 ± 8.9% and 82.5 ± 7.7% for PO group, and 12.5 ± 3.6% and 3.7 ± 1.8% for baseline. The mean percent time with intragastric pH was ≥3 or ≥4 was significantly increased regardless of the dosing route (P < .05). Conclusion The PK parameters for PO and SC esomeprazole administration were favorable, and esomeprazole significantly increased intragastric pH after IV, PO, and SC administration. IV and SC administration of esomeprazole might be useful when PO administration is not possible. No significant adverse effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Hwang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - J-W Jeong
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - G-H Song
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - T-S Koo
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - K-W Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
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31
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Carr DF, Ayehunie S, Davies A, Duckworth CA, French S, Hall N, Hussain S, Mellor HR, Norris A, Park BK, Penrose A, Pritchard DM, Probert CS, Ramaiah S, Sadler C, Schmitt M, Shaw A, Sidaway JE, Vries RG, Wagoner M, Pirmohamed M. Towards better models and mechanistic biomarkers for drug-induced gastrointestinal injury. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 172:181-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Martinez MN, Mistry B, Lukacova V, Lentz KA, Polli JE, Hoag SW, Dowling T, Kona R, Fahmy RM. Exploring Canine-Human Differences in Product Performance. Part II: Use of Modeling and Simulation to Explore the Impact of Formulation on Ciprofloxacin In Vivo Absorption and Dissolution in Dogs. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:712-726. [PMID: 28265981 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the in vivo performance of three oral ciprofloxacin formulations (oral solution, fast, or slow dissolving tablets) in beagle dogs. The in vivo absorption and dissolution behaviors, estimated with in silico mechanistic models, were compared to the results previously published in human volunteers. Six normal healthy male beagle dogs (five to completion) received three oral formulations and an intravenous infusion in a randomized crossover design. Plasma ciprofloxacin concentrations were estimated by tandem mass spectrometry detection. A mechanistic absorption model was used to predict the in vivo dissolution and absorption characteristics of the oral formulations. Canine ciprofloxacin absorption was constrained to the duodenum/jejunum. This absorption window was far narrower than that seen in humans. Furthermore, while substantial within-individual variability in drug absorption was seen in human subjects, a greater magnitude of variability was observed in dogs. For three sets of data, a lag time in gastric emptying was necessary to improve the accuracy of model-generated in vivo blood level profile predictions. In addition to species-associated dissimilarities in drug solubilization due to human versus canine differences in gastrointestinal fluid compositions, the far more rapid intestinal transit time and potential segmental differences in drug absorption needed to be considered during human-canine extrapolation of oral drug and drug product performance. Through the use of mechanistic models, the data generated in the human and canine studies contributed insights into some aspects of the interspecies differences to be considered when extrapolating oral bioavailability/formulation effect data between dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Martinez
- The Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA.
| | - B Mistry
- The Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
| | - V Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - K A Lentz
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - J E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - S W Hoag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - T Dowling
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, Michigan, 49307, USA
| | - R Kona
- Division of Formulation Development, Actavis Inc., Parsippany, New Jersey, 07054, USA
| | - R M Fahmy
- The Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
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Kim TH, Shin S, Bulitta JB, Youn YS, Yoo SD, Shin BS. Development of a Physiologically Relevant Population Pharmacokinetic in Vitro–in Vivo Correlation Approach for Designing Extended-Release Oral Dosage Formulation. Mol Pharm 2016; 14:53-65. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwan Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Department of Pharmacy,
College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea
| | - Jürgen B. Bulitta
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - Sun Dong Yoo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38430, Korea
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Cardiovascular safety pharmacology studies in dogs enabled for a poorly soluble molecule using spray-dried dispersion: Impact on lead selection. Int J Pharm 2016; 512:137-146. [PMID: 27543349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify an adequate formulation for a poorly soluble lead molecule (BI-A) that would achieve sufficiently high plasma concentrations after oral administration in dogs to enable a robust cardiovascular safety pharmacology assessment in telemetry-instrumented conscious dogs during lead optimization in drug discovery. A spray-dried dispersion of BI-A (BI-A-SDD) containing a 1:2 ratio of BI-A and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate-LF was prepared using a Büchi spray dryer B-90 (B-90). Physical form characterization, an in vitro dissolution test and a preliminary pharmacokinetic (PK) study following oral administration of BI-A-SDD were performed. Thereafter, effects on cardiovascular parameters in conscious, chronically-instrumented dogs were investigated for 24h after a single oral dose (5, 10, and 50mg/kg) using a modified Latin square cross-over study design. The BI-A-SDD powder was confirmed to be amorphous and was stable as an aqueous suspension for at least 4h. The BI-A-SDD suspension provided a greater rate and extent of dissolution than the crystalline BI-A suspension and the supersaturation was maintained for at least 4h. In PK studies the Cmax of the BI-A-SDD formulation (25.4μM; 77-fold the projected efficacious Cmax of 0.33μM) was 7.5-fold higher than the Cmax observed using oral administration of a 10% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin formulation at 100mg/kg in dogs (3.4μM). In conscious, chronically-instrumented dogs, the doses tested and plasma concentrations achieved were sufficient to enable a robust safety pharmacology evaluation. Multiple off-target hemodynamic effects were detected including acute elevations in aortic blood pressure (up to 22% elevation in systolic and diastolic blood pressure) and tachycardia (68% elevation in heart rate), results that were confirmed in other in vivo models. These results led to a deprioritization of BI-A. The study demonstrated that a spray-dried dispersion, prepared using the B-90 in drug discovery, enhanced the oral exposure of a poorly water-soluble molecule, BI-A, and thereby enabled its evaluation in safety pharmacology studies that ultimately resulted in deprioritization of BI-A from a pool of lead compounds.
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Song Y, Peressin K, Wong PY, Page SW, Garg S. Key Considerations in Designing Oral Drug Delivery Systems for Dogs. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1576-1585. [PMID: 27056627 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review discusses the pharmaceutical impact of the anatomy and physiology of the canine gastrointestinal tract to provide a comprehensive guide to the theories and challenges associated with the development of oral drug delivery systems for dogs. Novel pharmaceutical technologies applied to veterinary drugs are discussed indicating the advantages and benefits for animals. There are currently immense research and development efforts being funneled into novel canine health products. Such products are being used to overcome limitations of drugs that display site-dependent absorption or possess poor biopharmaceutical properties. Techniques that are employed to increase bioavailability of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II drugs are discussed in this article. Furthermore, an overview of palatable oral formulations for dog care is provided as an approach to easy administration. In vitro and in vivo evaluation and correlation of oral drug formulations in dogs are also addressed. This article assesses the outlook of canine oral drug development recognizing substantial growth forecasts of the dog care market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmei Song
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Karl Peressin
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Pooi Yin Wong
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | | | - Sanjay Garg
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Al-Saffar A, Nogueira da Costa A, Delaunois A, Leishman DJ, Marks L, Rosseels ML, Valentin JP. Gastrointestinal Safety Pharmacology in Drug Discovery and Development. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 229:291-321. [PMID: 26091645 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-46943-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the basic structure of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is similar across species, there are significant differences in the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry between humans and laboratory animals, which should be taken into account when conducting a gastrointestinal (GI) assessment. Historically, the percentage of cases of drug attrition associated with GI-related adverse effects is small; however, this incidence has increased over the last few years. Drug-related GI effects are very diverse, usually functional in nature, and not limited to a single pharmacological class. The most common GI signs are nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and gastric ulceration. Despite being generally not life-threatening, they can greatly affect patient compliance and quality of life. There is therefore a real need for improved and/or more extensive GI screening of candidate drugs in preclinical development, which may help to better predict clinical effects. Models to identify drug effects on GI function cover GI motility, nausea and emesis liability, secretory function (mainly gastric secretion), and absorption aspects. Both in vitro and in vivo assessments are described in this chapter. Drug-induced effects on GI function can be assessed in stand-alone safety pharmacology studies or as endpoints integrated into toxicology studies. In silico approaches are also being developed, such as the gut-on-a-chip model, but await further optimization and validation before routine use in drug development. GI injuries are still in their infancy with regard to biomarkers, probably due to their greater diversity. Nevertheless, several potential blood, stool, and breath biomarkers have been investigated. However, additional validation studies are necessary to assess the relevance of these biomarkers and their predictive value for GI injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al-Saffar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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Tolbert MK, Odunayo A, Craig LE. Gastric perforation following endoscopic removal of a Bravo pH capsule in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:562-4. [PMID: 25769622 PMCID: PMC10816791 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15576588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A 7-year-old domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for hyporexia and weight loss following endoscopic placement of an intragastric pH monitoring device. Physical examination of the cat was unremarkable, and its blood work was notable for a mild hypoalbuminemia. The cat's acute hyporexia and weight loss was attributed to discomfort associated with the intragastric pH monitoring device, as has been reported in humans. Endoscopic removal of the intragastric pH monitoring device resulted in gastric perforation. The cat underwent exploratory laparotomy for surgical resection and repair of the perforated area. To our knowledge, this is the first report of gastric perforation secondary to removal of a Bravo pH capsule. Caution may be advised when considering intragastric pH capsule removal in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katherine Tolbert
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Adesola Odunayo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Linden E Craig
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Kosugi Y, Yamamoto S, Sano N, Furuta A, Igari T, Fujioka Y, Amano N. Evaluation of Acid Tolerance of Drugs Using Rats and Dogs Controlled for Gastric Acid Secretion. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2887-93. [PMID: 25720462 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We attempted to establish animal models to evaluate the effects of drug degradation in the stomach on oral bioavailability. In addition, we assessed the utilization of animal studies in determining the need for enteric-coated formulations. In order to control the gastric pH in rats and dogs, appropriate dosing conditions were investigated using pentagastrin and rabeprazole, which stimulate and inhibit gastric acid secretion. Using animals controlled for gastric acid secretion, the area under curve (AUC) ratios (AUC with rabeprazole/AUC with pentagastrin) of all compounds unstable under acidic conditions were evaluated. The AUC ratios of omeprazole and erythromycin, which are administered orally to humans, as enteric-coated tablets, were greater than 1.9 in the rats and dogs controlled for gastric acid secretion. On the contrary, the AUC ratios of clarithromycin, azithromycin, and etoposide (commercially available as a standard immediate-release form) were less than 1.3 each. In conclusion, in vivo models using rats and dogs were optimized to evaluate the effects of gastric acid on the oral bioavailability of drugs, and demonstrated that in vivo models can lead to a better understanding of the oral bioavailability, with respect to the formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kosugi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Sano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Furuta
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Igari
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujioka
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Amano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
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Parkinson S, Tolbert K, Messenger K, Odunayo A, Brand M, Davidson G, Peters E, Reed A, Papich MG. Evaluation of the effect of orally administered acid suppressants on intragastric pH in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 29:104-12. [PMID: 25537303 PMCID: PMC4858072 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acid suppressant drugs are a mainstay of treatment for cats with gastrointestinal erosion and ulceration. However, clinical studies have not been performed to compare the efficacy of commonly PO administered acid suppressants in cats. Hypothesis/Objectives To compare the effect of PO administered famotidine, fractionated omeprazole tablet (fOT), and omeprazole reformulated paste (ORP) on intragastric pH in cats. We hypothesized that both omeprazole formulations would be superior to famotidine and placebo. Animals Six healthy adult DSH colony cats. Methods Utilizing a randomized, 4‐way crossover design, cats received 0.88–1.26 mg/kg PO q12h fOT, ORP, famotidine, and placebo (lactose capsules). Intragastric pH monitoring was used to continuously record intragastric pH for 96 hours beginning on day 4 of treatment. Plasma omeprazole concentrations at steady state (day 7) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection. Mean percentage time that intragastric pH was ≥3 and ≥4 were compared among groups using ANOVA with a posthoc Tukey‐Kramer test (α = 0.05). Results The mean percentage time ± SD that intragastric pH was ≥3 was 68.4 ± 35.0% for fOT, 73.9 ± 23.2% for ORP, 42.8 ± 18.6% for famotidine, and 16.0 ± 14.2% for placebo. Mean ± SD plasma omeprazole concentrations were similar in cats receiving fOT compared to those receiving ORP and in a range associated with acid suppression reported in other studies. Conclusions and Clinical Importance These results suggest that both omeprazole formulations provide superior acid suppression in cats compared to famotidine or placebo. Fractionated enteric‐coated OT is an effective acid suppressant despite disruption of the enteric coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkinson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
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Sjögren E, Abrahamsson B, Augustijns P, Becker D, Bolger MB, Brewster M, Brouwers J, Flanagan T, Harwood M, Heinen C, Holm R, Juretschke HP, Kubbinga M, Lindahl A, Lukacova V, Münster U, Neuhoff S, Nguyen MA, Peer AV, Reppas C, Hodjegan AR, Tannergren C, Weitschies W, Wilson C, Zane P, Lennernäs H, Langguth P. In vivo methods for drug absorption – Comparative physiologies, model selection, correlations with in vitro methods (IVIVC), and applications for formulation/API/excipient characterization including food effects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:99-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Collard WT, Hummel BD, Fielder AF, King VL, Boucher JF, Mullins MA, Malpas PB, Stegemann MR. The pharmacokinetics of oclacitinib maleate, a Janus kinase inhibitor, in the dog. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:279-85. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W. T. Collard
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development; Zoetis; Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - B. D. Hummel
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development; Zoetis; Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - A. F. Fielder
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development; Zoetis; Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - V. L. King
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development; Zoetis; Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - J. F. Boucher
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development; Zoetis; Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - M. A. Mullins
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development; Zoetis; Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - P. B. Malpas
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development; Zoetis; Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - M. R. Stegemann
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development; Zoetis; Zaventem Belgium
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Jay AR, Krotscheck U, Parsley E, Benson L, Kravitz A, Mulligan A, Silva J, Mohammed H, Schwark WS. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and hemodynamic effects of trazodone after intravenous and oral administration of a single dose to dogs. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:1450-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.11.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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