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Wei D, Pu N, Li SY, Wang YG, Tao Y. Application of iontophoresis in ophthalmic practice: an innovative strategy to deliver drugs into the eye. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2165736. [PMID: 36628545 PMCID: PMC9851230 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2165736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of drugs to special locations of ocular lesions, while minimizing systemic and local toxic effects, is recognized as a critical challenge in the ophthalmic practice. The special anatomy and physiology barriers within the eyeball entail effective drug delivery systems. Emerging attempts in drug delivery has led to developments in ocular iontophoresis, which acts as a noninvasive technology to enhance drug penetration using a small electric current. This technique offers greater flexibility to deliver desired drug dose in a controlled and tolerable manner. In previous studies, this technique has been testified to deliver antibiotics, corticoid, proteins and other gene drugs into the eye with the potency of treating or alleviating diverse ophthalmological diseases including uveitis, cataract, retinoblastoma, herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR), etc. In this review, we will introduce the recent developments in iontophoresis device. We also summarize the latest progress in coulomb controlled iontophoresis (CCI), hydrogel ionic circuit (HIC) and EyeGate II delivery system (EGDS), as well as overview the potential toxicity of iontophoresis. We will discuss these factors that affect the efficacy of iontophoresis experiments, and focus on the latest progress in its clinical application in the treatment of eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning Pu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Li
- College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ge Wang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,CONTACT Yan-Ge Wang
| | - Ye Tao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,Ye Tao Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou450003, China
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Marschall C, Filster J, Witt M, Hauptmeier B, Frieß W. Topical ocular protein delivery based on protein powder suspensions in semifluorinated alkanes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023:S0939-6411(23)00167-4. [PMID: 37356639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The field of ocular diseases, specifically retinal diseases is a successful target area for protein drugs with various marketed products. Besides the intraocular treatment of the retina, the topical treatment of corneal or conjunctival diseases is a promising approach. Topical ocular protein formulations face the challenges of poor penetration and potentially low stability. In this study we tested suspensions based on the semifluorinated alkane F6H8 to improve the topical ocular protein delivery. Such suspensions are well known for the increased protein stability compared to aqueous solutions. Furthermore, F6H8 is well known as vehicle for ocular delivery due to its easy spreading on the cornea. Penetration of a model mAb and its Fab fragment was tested in an ex vivo corneal penetration test. The amount of penetrated protein was increased when the protein powder suspensions were used compared to the respective aqueous solutions. Sodium caprate as penetration enhancer at 5mg/ml substantially increased the Fab fragment (7-fold) and the mAB (3-fold) concentration in the corneal tissue when applied as an aqueous solution. The effect was surprisingly more pronounced, when Fab fragment (31-fold) or mAb (13-fold) and the penetration enhancer were formulated as F6H8 suspensions. The same penetration enhancement from suspensions could be achieved with 2.5mg/ml, but the penetration was reduced compared to 2.5 mg/ml in the aqueous solution. A test based on stratified human keratinocytes did not indicate eye irritation by the tested formulations. Furthermore, stability studies for bevacizumab suspensions in semifluorinated alkanes were investigated and showed superior long-term stability compared to the marketed aqueous solution. Overall results demonstrate the high potential of topical ocular protein delivery using powder suspensions in non-aqueous vehicles based on semifluorinated alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Marschall
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstraße 5, D-81377 München, Germany; AbbVie Deutschland GmbH, Knollstraße 50, D-67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Julia Filster
- Novaliq GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Madlen Witt
- Novaliq GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauptmeier
- Novaliq GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim, Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Straße 173, D-55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frieß
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstraße 5, D-81377 München, Germany.
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González-Fernández FM, Delledonne A, Nicoli S, Gasco P, Padula C, Santi P, Sissa C, Pescina S. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Enhanced Transscleral Delivery of Dexamethasone Acetate: Development, Ex Vivo Characterization and Multiphoton Microscopy Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020407. [PMID: 36839729 PMCID: PMC9961953 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroids, although highly effective for the treatment of both anterior and posterior ocular segment inflammation, still nowadays struggle for effective drug delivery due to their poor solubilization capabilities in water. This research work aims to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) intended for periocular administration of dexamethasone acetate to the posterior segment of the eye. Pre-formulation studies were initially performed to find solid and liquid lipid mixtures for dexamethasone acetate solubilization. Pseudoternary diagrams at 65 °C were constructed to select the best surfactant based on the macroscopic transparency and microscopic isotropy of the systems. The resulting NLC, obtained following an organic solvent-free methodology, was composed of triacetin, Imwitor® 491 (glycerol monostearate >90%) and tyloxapol with Z-average = 106.9 ± 1.2 nm, PDI = 0.104 ± 0.019 and zeta potential = -6.51 ± 0.575 mV. Ex vivo porcine sclera and choroid permeation studies revealed a considerable metabolism in the sclera of dexamethasone acetate into free dexamethasone, which demonstrated higher permeation capabilities across both tissues. In addition, the NLC behavior once applied onto the sclera was further studied by means of multiphoton microscopy by loading the NLC with the fluorescent probe Nile red.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M. González-Fernández
- ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Nanovector S.r.l., Via Livorno, 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.M.G.-F.); (S.P.)
| | - Andrea Delledonne
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Nicoli
- ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasco
- Nanovector S.r.l., Via Livorno, 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Padula
- ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Santi
- ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Sissa
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Pescina
- ADDRes Lab, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.M.G.-F.); (S.P.)
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González Iglesias LG, Messaoudi S, Kalia YN. Non-Invasive Iontophoretic Delivery of Cytochrome c to the Posterior Segment and Determination of Its Ocular Biodistribution. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091832. [PMID: 36145581 PMCID: PMC9504550 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The intact porcine eye globe model was used to demonstrate that transscleral iontophoresis could deliver a small protein, cytochrome c (Cyt c), to the posterior segment and to investigate post-iontophoretic biodistribution in the different ocular compartments. The effects of Cyt c concentration (1, 5, and 10 mg/mL), current density (3.5 and 5.5 mA/cm2), and duration of the current application (10 min and 1, 2, and 4 h) were evaluated. The data confirmed that transscleral iontophoresis enhanced the intraocular delivery of Cyt c under all conditions as compared to passive controls (same setup but without the current application). Increasing the Cyt c concentration resulted in a proportional enhancement in the Cyt c delivery. Increasing the current density from 3.5 to 5.5 mA/cm2 increased iontophoretic delivery at a Cyt c concentration of 10 mg/mL but did not appear to do so at 5 mg/mL; this was attributed in part to the effect of melanin binding. Short duration iontophoresis (10 min, 3.5 mA/cm2) of a 10 mg/mL Cyt c solution created a depot in the sclera. When this was followed by a 4 h incubation period, post-iontophoretic Cyt c diffusion from the sclera resulted in a different biodistribution, and Cyt c could be quantified in the posterior segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gisela González Iglesias
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Siwar Messaoudi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N. Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Kodetova M, Hobzova R, Sirc J, Uhlik J, Dunovska K, Svojgr K, Cocarta AI, Felsoova A, Slanar O, Sima M, Kozak I, Pochop P. The Role of Cryotherapy in Vitreous Concentrations of Topotecan Delivered by Episcleral Hydrogel Implant. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050903. [PMID: 35631489 PMCID: PMC9144907 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transscleral diffusion delivery of chemotherapy is a promising way to reach the vitreal seeds of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular malignancy in childhood. In this in vivo study, the delivery of topotecan via lens-shaped, bi-layered hydrogel implants was combined with transconjunctival cryotherapy to assess whether cryotherapy leads to higher concentrations of topotecan in the vitreous. The study included 18 New Zealand albino rabbits; nine rabbits received a topotecan-loaded implant episclerally and another nine rabbits received transconjunctival cryotherapy superotemporally 2 weeks before implant administration. Median vitreous total topotecan exposures (area under the curve, AUC) were 455 ng·h/mL for the cryotherapy group and 281 ng·h/mL for the non-cryotherapy group, and were significantly higher in the cryotherapy group, similar to maximum levels. Median plasma AUC were 50 ng·h/mL and 34 ng·h/mL for the cryotherapy and non-cryotherapy groups, respectively, with no statistically significant differences between them. In both groups, AUC values in the vitreous were significantly higher than in plasma, with plasma exposure at only approximately 11–12% of the level of vitreous exposure. The results confirmed the important role of the choroidal vessels in the pharmacokinetics of topotecan during transscleral administration and showed a positive effect of cryotherapy on intravitreal penetration, resulting in a significantly higher total exposure in the vitreous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kodetova
- Department of Ophthalmology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Radka Hobzova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.H.); (A.-I.C.)
| | - Jakub Sirc
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.H.); (A.-I.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jiri Uhlik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.U.); (A.F.)
| | - Katerina Dunovska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Karel Svojgr
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Ana-Irina Cocarta
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.H.); (A.-I.C.)
| | - Andrea Felsoova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.U.); (A.F.)
- Clinical and Transplant Pathology Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Slanar
- Department of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Martin Sima
- Department of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Igor Kozak
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 62807, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Pavel Pochop
- Department of Ophthalmology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (P.P.)
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6
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Torres Jimenez N, Miller RF, McLoon LK. Effects of D-serine treatment on outer retinal function. Exp Eye Res 2021; 211:108732. [PMID: 34419444 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) in the outer retina is unclear despite expression of the NMDAR-complex and its subunits in the outer retina. The flash-electroretinogram (fERG) offers a non-invasive measurement of the retinal field potentials of the outer retina that can serve to clarify NMDAR contribution to early retinal processing. The role of the NMDAR in retinal function was assessed using a genetic mouse model for NMDAR hypofunction (SR-/-), where the absence of the enzyme serine racemase (SR) results in an 85% reduction of retinal D-serine. NMDAR hypo- and hyperfunction in the retina results in alterations in the components of the fERG. The fERG was examined after application of exogenous D-serine to the eye in order to determine whether pre- and post-topical delivery of D-serine would alter the fERG in SR-/- mice and their littermate WT controls. Amplitude and implicit time of the low-frequency components, the a- and b-wave, were conducted. Reduced NMDAR function resulted in a statistically significantly delayed a-wave and reduced b-wave in SR-/- animals. The effect of NMDAR deprivation was more prominent in male SR-/- mice. A hyperfunction of the NMDAR, through exogenous topical delivery of 5 mM D-serine, in WT mice caused a significantly delayed a-wave implicit time and reduced b-wave amplitude. These changes were not observed in female WT mice. There were temporal delays in the a-wave and amplitude and a decrease in the b-wave amplitude and implicit time in both hypo- and NMDAR hyperfunctional male mice. These results suggest that NMDAR and D-serine are involved in the retinal field potentials of the outer retina that interact based on the animal's sex. This implicates the involvement of gonadal hormones and D-serine in retinal functional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Torres Jimenez
- Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert F Miller
- Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linda K McLoon
- Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Pescina S, Sonvico F, Clementino A, Padula C, Santi P, Nicoli S. Preliminary Investigation on Simvastatin-Loaded Polymeric Micelles in View of the Treatment of the Back of the Eye. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060855. [PMID: 34207544 PMCID: PMC8230077 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing consensus in considering statins beneficial for age-related macular degeneration and in general, for immune and inflammatory mediated diseases affecting the posterior segment of the eye. However, all available data relate to oral administration, and safety and effectiveness of statins directly administered to the eye are not yet known, despite their ophthalmic administration could be beneficial. The aim was the development and the characterization of polymeric micelles based on TPGS or TPGS/poloxamer 407 to increase simvastatin solubility and stability and to enhance the delivery of the drug to the posterior segment of the eye via trans-scleral permeation. Simvastatin was chosen as a model statin and its active hydroxy acid metabolite was investigated as well. Results demonstrated that polymeric micelles increased simvastatin solubility at least 30-fold and particularly TPGS/poloxamer 407 mixed micelles, successfully stabilized simvastatin over time, preventing the hydrolysis when stored for 1 month at 4 °C. Furthermore, both TPGS (1.3 mPas) and mixed micelles (33.2 mPas) showed low viscosity, suitable for periocular administration. TPGS micelles resulted the best performing in delivery simvastatin either across conjunctiva or sclera in ex vivo porcine models. The data pave the way for a future viable ocular administration of statins.
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Brütsch DR, Hunziker P, Pot S, Tappeiner C, Voelter K. Corneal and scleral permeability of Desmoteplase in different species. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:785-791. [PMID: 32862517 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intraocular fibrin clots caused by severe uveitis can be a sight-threatening condition that needs to be resolved quickly and reliably. Intracameral injection of tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA) is commonly used to resolve intraocular fibrin. However, the drug does not reach fibrinolytic concentrations after topical application. Desmoteplase (DSPA) is a structurally similar but smaller fibrinolytic agent with a higher fibrin selectivity, a longer half-life, and better biocompatibility compared with tPA. This study was designed to evaluate the corneal and scleral permeability of DSPA in rabbits, pigs, dogs, horses, and humans ex vivo. PROCEDURES Corneal and scleral tissues (n = 5 per group) were inserted into Franz-type diffusion chambers and exposed to 1.4 mg/mL DSPA for 30 minutes. Drug concentrations on the receiver side were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Concentrations of DSPA after corneal and scleral permeation through fresh tissues ranged from 0.0 to 16.3 µg/mL and 0.0 to 11.4 µg/mL (rabbits), 0.3 to 5.6 µg/mL and 3.1 to 9.2 µg/mL (dogs), 2.1 to 14.9 µg/mL and 4 to 8.7 µg/mL (horses), and 0.6 to 3 µg/mL and 2.9 to 18.1 µg/mL (pigs), respectively. A concentration of 0.07-12.9 µg/mL DSPA was detectable after diffusion through tissue culture preserved human donor bank corneas (Table 1). CONCLUSIONS Desmoteplase has the ability to permeate both cornea and sclera ex vivo in all species tested. Implications of the ex vivo permeability of DSPA suggest that in vivo permeability may be possible, and if so, it could lead to a novel topical application for lysing fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Brütsch
- Ophthalmology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hunziker
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Pot
- Ophthalmology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Tappeiner
- Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Voelter
- Ophthalmology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Synthesis and Ex Vivo Trans-Corneal Permeation of Penetratin Analogues as Ophthalmic Carriers: Preliminary Results. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080728. [PMID: 32756470 PMCID: PMC7466059 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among enhancing strategies proposed in ocular drug delivery, a rising interest is directed to cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), amino acid short sequences primarily known for their intrinsic ability to cell internalization and, by extension, to cross biological barriers. In fact, CPPs may be considered as carrier for delivering therapeutic agents across biological membranes, including ocular tissues. Several CPPs have been proposed in ophthalmic delivery, and, among them, penetratin (PNT), a 16-amino acids natural peptide, stands out. Therefore, we describe the synthesis via the mimotopic approach of short fluorescently labeled analogues of both PNT and its reversed sequence PNT-R. Their ability to cross ocular membranes was checked ex vivo using freshly explanted porcine cornea. Furthermore, some sequences were studied by circular dichroism. Despite the hydrophilic nature and the relatively high molecular weight (approx. 1.6 kDa), all analogues showed a not negligible trans-corneal diffusion, indicating a partial preservation of penetration activity, even if no sequences reached the noteworthy ability of PNT. It was not possible to find a correlation between structure and corneal penetration ability, and further studies, exploring peptides distribution within corneal layers, for example using imaging techniques, deserve to be performed to figure out a possible difference in intracellular delivery.
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10
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Cheng KJ, Hsieh CM, Nepali K, Liou JP. Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10533-10593. [PMID: 32482069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ocular drug discovery field has evidenced significant advancement in the past decade. The FDA approvals of Rhopressa, Vyzulta, and Roclatan for glaucoma, Brolucizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), Luxturna for retinitis pigmentosa, Dextenza (0.4 mg dexamethasone intracanalicular insert) for ocular inflammation, ReSure sealant to seal corneal incisions, and Lifitegrast for dry eye represent some of the major developments in the field of ocular therapeutics. A literature survey also indicates that gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and target discovery through genomic research represent significant promise as potential strategies to achieve tissue repair or regeneration and to attain therapeutic benefits in ocular diseases. Overall, the emergence of new technologies coupled with first-in-class entries in ophthalmology are highly anticipated to restructure and boost the future trends in the field of ophthalmic drug discovery. This perspective focuses on various aspects of ocular drug discovery and the recent advances therein. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns along with a brief overview of the structure-activity relationships of the diverse chemical classes and developments in ocular drug delivery (ODD) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Ju Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 111, Section 3, Xing-Long Road, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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11
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Dexamethasone pharmacokinetics characteristics via sub-tenon microfluidic system in uveitis rabbits. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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New nanoparticles for topical ocular delivery of erythropoietin. Int J Pharm 2020; 576:119020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Pescina S, Ostacolo C, Gomez-Monterrey IM, Sala M, Bertamino A, Sonvico F, Padula C, Santi P, Bianchera A, Nicoli S. Cell penetrating peptides in ocular drug delivery: State of the art. J Control Release 2018; 284:84-102. [PMID: 29913221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing number of effective therapeutics for eye diseases, their treatment is still challenging due to the presence of effective barriers protecting eye tissues. Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs), synthetic and natural short amino acid sequences able to cross cellular membrane thanks to a transduction domain, have been proposed as possible enhancing strategies for ophthalmic delivery. In this review, a general description of CPPs classes, design approaches and proposed cellular uptake mechanisms will be provided to the reader as an introduction to ocular CPPs application, together with an overview of the main problems related to ocular administration. The results obtained with CPPs for the treatment of anterior and posterior segment eye diseases will be then introduced, with a focus on non-invasive or minimally invasive administration, shifting from CPPs capability to obtain intracellular delivery to their ability to cross biological barriers. The problems related to in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models used to investigate CPPs mediated ocular delivery will be also addressed together with potential ocular toxicity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pescina
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - C Ostacolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - I M Gomez-Monterrey
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - M Sala
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - A Bertamino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - F Sonvico
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - C Padula
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - P Santi
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - A Bianchera
- BiopharmanetTEC, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - S Nicoli
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Huang D, Chen YS, Rupenthal ID. Overcoming ocular drug delivery barriers through the use of physical forces. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 126:96-112. [PMID: 28916492 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming the physiological barriers in the eye remains a key obstacle in the field of ocular drug delivery. While ocular barriers naturally have a protective function, they also limit drug entry into the eye. Various pharmaceutical strategies, such as novel formulations and physical force-based techniques, have been investigated to weaken these barriers and transport therapeutic agents effectively to both the anterior and the posterior segments of the eye. This review summarizes and discusses the recent research progress in the field of ocular drug delivery with a focus on the application of physical methods, including electrical fields, sonophoresis, and microneedles, which can enhance penetration efficiency by transiently disrupting the ocular barriers in a minimally or non-invasive manner.
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Grimaudo MA, Pescina S, Padula C, Santi P, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Nicoli S. Poloxamer 407/TPGS Mixed Micelles as Promising Carriers for Cyclosporine Ocular Delivery. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:571-584. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Pescina
- Food
and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Padula
- Food
and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Santi
- Food
and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica,
R+DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research
Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica,
R+DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research
Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara Nicoli
- Food
and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The sclera is considered the 'static barrier,' a main barrier for transscleral drug delivery. The characterization of passive and iontophoretic transport across the sclera in vitro is the first step toward our ability to predict transscleral drug delivery. Although previous studies have investigated this topic, the quantitative structure permeation relationships (QSPR) for passive and iontophoretic transscleral transport are not available. AREAS COVERED This review evaluated previous results of transscleral passive and iontophoretic transport in vitro and examined QSPR for transscleral permeation of small permeants and macromolecules. Passive permeation data in the literature were compared with respective to the animal species employed in the studies. Data variability was investigated. Electrotransport theory and the mechanisms of iontophoresis were reviewed and used to analyze the iontophoresis data. EXPERT OPINION QSPR was examined for passive transscleral permeation, showing correlations between logarithm of permeability coefficient and logarithm of molecular weight. Potential causes of data variability were proposed. QSPR were established for electroosmosis using the molecular weight of neutral permeants and for iontophoresis enhancement using the molecular weight and charge of ionic permeants. However, QSPR for charged macromolecules were empirical; iontophoretic flux enhancement was significantly smaller than Nernst-Planck model prediction due to complicating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kevin Li
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Jinsong Hao
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, School of Pharmacy , Marshall University , Huntington , WV , USA
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Karavasili C, Komnenou A, Katsamenis OL, Charalampidou G, Kofidou E, Andreadis D, Koutsopoulos S, Fatouros DG. Self-Assembling Peptide Nanofiber Hydrogels for Controlled Ocular Delivery of Timolol Maleate. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:3386-3394. [PMID: 33445378 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembling peptides Ac-(RADA)4-CONH2 and Ac-(IEIK)3I-CONH2, which form hydrogels in physiological conditions, were evaluated as carriers for ocular delivery of the β-blocker timolol maleate. Electron microscopy studies revealed that hydrogels contain nanofibers, whereas rheological studies showed that the Ac-(IEIK)3I-CONH2 self-assembles in a stiffer hydrogel compared with the Ac-(RADA)4-CONH2 peptide. The in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies demonstrated controlled release and transport of the drug through the cornea, which depended on the self-assembling peptide sequence. In vivo studies in rabbits showed significant increase in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) after administration of the drug through the Ac-(RADA)4-CONH2 hydrogel compared to drug solution, whereas a sustained reduction of intraocular pressure for up to 24 h after instillation was achieved for both drug-loaded hydrogels. Histological studies revealed good ocular tolerability upon application of the formulations, suggesting that self-assembling peptide hydrogels are promising systems for sustained ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orestis L Katsamenis
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Sotirios Koutsopoulos
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Huang J, Wang W, Yu J, Yu X, Zheng Q, Peng F, He Z, Zhao W, Zhang Z, Li X, Wang Q. Combination of dexamethasone and Avastin® by supramolecular hydrogel attenuates the inflammatory corneal neovascularization in rat alkali burn model. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:241-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Huang X, Liu S, Yang Y, Duan Y, Lin D. Controllable continuous sub-tenon drug delivery of dexamethasone disodium phosphate to ocular posterior segment in rabbit. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:452-458. [PMID: 28165816 PMCID: PMC8241022 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1264498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroids have been used for treatment of posterior segment eye diseases, but the delivery of drug to the posterior segments is still a problem to resolve. In our study, we explore the feasibility of Sub-tenon's Controllable Continuous Drug Delivery to ocular posterior segment. Controllable continuous sub-tenon drug delivery (CCSDD) system, intravenous injections (IV) and sub-conjunctival injections (SC) were used to deliver dexamethasone disodium phosphate (DEXP) in rabbits, the dexamethasone concentration was measured in the ocular posterior segment tissue by Shimadzu LC-MS 2010 system at different time points in 24 h after first dose injection. Levels of dexamethasone were significantly higher at 12, 24 h in CCSDD than two other approaches, and at 3, 6 h in CCSDD than IV in vitreous body (p < 0.01); at 6, 12, 24 h in CCSDD than two other approaches, and at 1, 3 h in CCSDD than IV in retinal/choroidal compound (p < 0.01); at 3, 6, 12, 24 h in CCSDD than two other approaches, and at 1 h in CCSDD than IV in sclera (p < 0.05). The AUC0-24 in CCSDD group is higher than two other groups in all ocular posterior segment tissue. Our results demonstrated that dexamethasone concentration could be sustained moderately higher in the posterior segment by CCSDD than SC and IV, indicating that CCSDD might be a therapeutic alternative to treat a variety of intractable posterior segment diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changsha Aier Hospital, Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China, and
| | - Shaogang Liu
- Advanced Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yezhen Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changsha Aier Hospital, Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China, and
| | - Yiqin Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changsha Aier Hospital, Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China, and
| | - Ding Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changsha Aier Hospital, Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China, and
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Ex vivo permeation of erythropoietin through porcine conjunctiva, cornea, and sclera. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Parameters affecting the transscleral delivery of two positively charged proteins of comparable size. Int J Pharm 2017; 521:214-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Farkouh A, Frigo P, Czejka M. Systemic side effects of eye drops: a pharmacokinetic perspective. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:2433-2441. [PMID: 27994437 PMCID: PMC5153265 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s118409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When administering eye drops, even when completely correctly applied, several routes of absorption are possible and excess amounts can sometimes cause an unwanted systemic bioavailability of the drops when not completely absorbed into the eye. Furthermore, the concentration of active ingredients in such medicinal preparations is usually very high, so that despite the correct application of the recommended dose, considerable amounts may be absorbed in an unwanted manner through various routes. Children are subject to a much higher risk of systemic side effects because ocular dosing is not weight adjusted and physiological development (eg, liver status) differs from that of adults. There is a lack of information about pediatric dosing in the current literature. This review summarizes the most important clinically relevant systemic side effects that may occur during ophthalmic eye treatments. In this review, we discuss general pharmacokinetic considerations as well as the advantages, disadvantages, and consequences of administering drugs from some important drug groups to the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Farkouh
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna
| | - Peter Frigo
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Martin Czejka
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna; Austrian Society of Applied Pharmacokinetics, Vienna, Austria
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Pescina S, Sala M, Padula C, Scala MC, Spensiero A, Belletti S, Gatti R, Novellino E, Campiglia P, Santi P, Nicoli S, Ostacolo C. Design and Synthesis of New Cell Penetrating Peptides: Diffusion and Distribution Inside the Cornea. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3876-3883. [PMID: 27676095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) has been challenged in recent years for drug delivery to ocular tissues for the targeting of both anterior and posterior segments. The enhancement of trans-corneal transport for anterior segment targeting is a very important issue possibly leading to important outcomes on efficacy and to the opportunity of topical administration of molecules with unfavorable penetration properties. The aim of the present work was the design and synthesis of new CPPs, deriving from the structure of PEP-1 peptide. Synthesized peptides were labeled with 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), and their diffusion behavior and distribution inside the cornea were evaluated by a validated ex vivo model and a confocal microscopy approach. Newly synthesized peptides showed similar corneal permeation profiles as PEP-1 (Papp = 0.75 ± 0.56 × 10-6 cm/s), about 2.6-fold higher than 5-FAM (Papp = 0.29 ± 0.08 × 10-6 cm/s) despite the higher molecular weight. Confocal microscopy experiments highlighted the tendency of PEP-1 and its derived peptides to localize in the intercellular space and/or in the plasma membrane. Noteworthy, using penetratin as positive control, a higher trans-corneal permeation (Papp = 6.18 ± 1.46 × 10-6 cm/s) was evidenced together with a diffusion by intracellular route and a different accumulation between wings and basal epithelial cells, probably depending on the stage of cell development. Finally, PEP-1 and pep-7 proved to be safe and well tolerated when tested on human conjuctival cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pescina
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Sala
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno , Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Cristina Padula
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Carmina Scala
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno , Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Antonia Spensiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno , Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Silvana Belletti
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma , Via Volturno 39, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Rita Gatti
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma , Via Volturno 39, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno , Via G. Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Patrizia Santi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Nicoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Carmine Ostacolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Lee YH, Chang SF, Liaw J. Anti-Apoptotic Gene Delivery with cyclo-(d-Trp-Tyr) Peptide Nanotube via Eye Drop Following Corneal Epithelial Debridement. Pharmaceutics 2015; 7:122-36. [PMID: 26193308 PMCID: PMC4588189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal keratocyte apoptosis triggered by cornel debridement is one mechanism of corneal disorders. In this study, the feasibility of cyclo-(d-Trp-Tyr) peptide nanotubes (PNTs) as carriers of caspase 3 silence shRNA delivery was assessed. A model of epithelial injury by epithelial debridement was applied to investigate the feasibility of PNTs as gene delivery carriers on corneal injury. First, the PNTs were found within 2 μm in length and 300 nm in width by an atomic force microscope and confocal laser microscope system. Plasmid DNAs were observed to be associated with PNTs by atomic force microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope. The plasmids were associated with tyrosine of PNTs with a binding constant of 2.7 × 108 M-1. The stability of plasmid DNA with PNTs against the DNase was found at 60 min. Using thioflavin T pre-stained PNTs on the corneal eye drop delivery, the distribution of PNTs was in the epithelial and stroma regions. After corneal debridement, the rhodamine-labeled plasmid DNA and thioflavin T pre-stained PNTs were also delivered and could be observed in the stroma of cornea. PNTs complexed with anti-apoptotic plasmid caspase 3 silencing shRNA eye drop delivery decreased 41% of caspase 3 activity after the first dose by caspase 3 activity and Western blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsing Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Shwu-Fen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Jiahorng Liaw
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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