1
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Maher S, Geoghegan C, Brayden DJ. Safety of surfactant excipients in oral drug formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 202:115086. [PMID: 37739041 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are a diverse group of compounds that share the capacity to adsorb at the boundary between distinct phases of matter. They are used as pharmaceutical excipients, food additives, emulsifiers in cosmetics, and as household/industrial detergents. This review outlines the interaction of surfactant-type excipients present in oral pharmaceutical dosage forms with the intestinal epithelium of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Many surfactants permitted for human consumption in oral products reduce intestinal epithelial cell viability in vitro and alter barrier integrity in epithelial cell monolayers, isolated GI tissue mucosae, and in animal models. This suggests a degree of mis-match for predicting safety issues in humans from such models. Recent controversial preclinical research also infers that some widely used emulsifiers used in oral products may be linked to ulcerative colitis, some metabolic disorders, and cancers. We review a wide range of surfactant excipients in oral dosage forms regarding their interactions with the GI tract. Safety data is reviewed across in vitro, ex vivo, pre-clinical animal, and human studies. The factors that may mitigate against some of the potentially abrasive effects of surfactants on GI epithelia observed in pre-clinical studies are summarised. We conclude with a perspective on the overall safety of surfactants in oral pharmaceutical dosage forms, which has relevance for delivery system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Maher
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Caroline Geoghegan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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2
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Koziolek M, Augustijns P, Berger C, Cristofoletti R, Dahlgren D, Keemink J, Matsson P, McCartney F, Metzger M, Mezler M, Niessen J, Polli JE, Vertzoni M, Weitschies W, Dressman J. Challenges in Permeability Assessment for Oral Drug Product Development. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2397. [PMID: 37896157 PMCID: PMC10609725 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug permeation across the intestinal epithelium is a prerequisite for successful oral drug delivery. The increased interest in oral administration of peptides, as well as poorly soluble and poorly permeable compounds such as drugs for targeted protein degradation, have made permeability a key parameter in oral drug product development. This review describes the various in vitro, in silico and in vivo methodologies that are applied to determine drug permeability in the human gastrointestinal tract and identifies how they are applied in the different stages of drug development. The various methods used to predict, estimate or measure permeability values, ranging from in silico and in vitro methods all the way to studies in animals and humans, are discussed with regard to their advantages, limitations and applications. A special focus is put on novel techniques such as computational approaches, gut-on-chip models and human tissue-based models, where significant progress has been made in the last few years. In addition, the impact of permeability estimations on PK predictions in PBPK modeling, the degree to which excipients can affect drug permeability in clinical studies and the requirements for colonic drug absorption are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Koziolek
- NCE Drug Product Development, Development Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Constantin Berger
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - David Dahlgren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden (J.N.)
| | - Janneke Keemink
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacology and SciLifeLab Gothenburg, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Fiona McCartney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Marco Metzger
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLZ-RT) Würzburg, Branch of the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Mezler
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany;
| | - Janis Niessen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden (J.N.)
| | - James E. Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21021, USA;
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 84 Zografou, Greece;
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
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3
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Ren P, Chan T, Yang WC, Frost M, Wang Y, Luke M, Kim MJ, Lionberger R, Zhang Y. Effect of the Similarity of Formulations and Excipients of Approved Generic Drug Products on In Vivo Bioequivalence for Putative Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class III Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2366. [PMID: 37765334 PMCID: PMC10534858 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the potential essential factors that restricts generic industry from applying the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class III biowaiver is adherence to the stringent formulation criteria for formulation qualitative (Q1) sameness and quantitative (Q2) similarity. The present study has investigated formulations and excipients from 16 putative BCS Class III drug substances in a total of 19 drug products via 133 approved abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) containing in vivo bioequivalence (BE) studies in human subjects during the time period from 2006 to 2022. We included the BCS Class III drugs in this study by referring to published literature, the World Health Organization (WHO) BCS Class I-IV list, FDA internal assessments, and physicochemical properties (high solubility and low permeability) of specific drug substances. Based upon all 133 approved generic formulations in this study, the highest amount of each different compendial excipient with a total of 40 is defined as its corresponding typical amount that has not shown any potential impact on in vivo drug absorption. In the present study, although only 30.08% of the investigated generic formulations met Q1 the same/Q2 similar formulation criteria for the BCS Class III biowaiver, and while approximately 69.92% failed to meet those criteria with non-Q1/Q2 similar formulations, all test/reference ratios (T/R) and 90% confidence intervals for all instrumental PK parameters (AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, and Cmax) met the bioequivalence (BE) criteria (80-125%). The results of formulation assessment suggest that the commonly used excipients without atypical amounts did not impact absorption of 16 putative BCS Class III drug substances. The rate and extent of absorption of drugs appears to be more dependent upon the biopharmaceutic and physiochemical properties of BCS Class III drug substance and less, or not dependent upon their formulations, excipients, and the excipients class. Our findings may lead to a more flexible formulation design space regarding the stringent BCS Class III formulation criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ren
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Division of Therapeutic Performance II, Immediate Office, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Theresa Chan
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Division of Therapeutic Performance II, Immediate Office, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Yang
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Division of Therapeutic Performance II, Immediate Office, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Mitchell Frost
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Division of Therapeutic Performance II, Immediate Office, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Division of Therapeutic Performance II, Immediate Office, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Markham Luke
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Division of Therapeutic Performance II, Immediate Office, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Myong-Jin Kim
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Division of Therapeutic Performance II, Immediate Office, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Robert Lionberger
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Division of Therapeutic Performance II, Immediate Office, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Division of Therapeutic Performance II, Immediate Office, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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4
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Badshah SF, Minhas MU, Khan KU, Barkat K, Abdullah O, Munir A, Suhail M, Malik NS, Jan N, Chopra H. Structural and in-vitro characterization of highly swellable β-cyclodextrin polymeric nanogels fabricated by free radical polymerization for solubility enhancement of rosuvastatin. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2023.2183161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kashif Barkat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Orva Abdullah
- Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abubakar Munir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Suhail
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Nadia Shamshad Malik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nasrullah Jan
- Akson College of Pharmacy, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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5
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Kambayashi A, de Meijer M, Wegman K, van Veldhuizen C, Abrahamsson B, Cristofoletti R, Langguth P, Mehta M, Parr A, Polli JE, Shah VP, Dressman J. Biowaiver Monograph for Immediate-Release Dosage Forms: Levamisole Hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:634-639. [PMID: 36563854 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the potential applicability of the BCS-based Biowaiver to oral solid dosage forms containing Levamisole hydrochloride, an anthelmintic drug on the WHO List of Essential Medicines. Solubility and permeability data of levamisole hydrochloride were searched in the literature and/or measured experimentally. Levamisole hydrochloride is a highly soluble drug, but there is no clear evidence of high permeability in humans, indicating that it should provisionally be assigned to BCS class III. The biowaiver procedure would thus be applicable for solid oral dosage forms containing levamisole hydrochloride as the only active ingredient. Due to the lack of data in the literature regarding excipient effects on the bioequivalence of products containing levamisole, it is currently recommended that the products comply with the ICH and WHO guidelines: the test formulation should have the same qualitative composition as the comparator, contain very similar quantities of those excipients, and be very rapidly dissolving at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8. However, for certain well-studied excipients, there appears to be opportunity for additional regulatory relief in future versions of the ICH BCS Guidance M9, such as not requiring that the quantities of these common excipients in the test and comparator be the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kambayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Yaizu, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Mariska de Meijer
- Baggerman Farma Consult BV, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; ACE Pharmaceuticals BV, Zeewolde, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Wegman
- ACE Pharmaceuticals BV, Zeewolde, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Peter Langguth
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mehul Mehta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Alan Parr
- BioCeutics LLC, Cary, North Carolina
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vinod P Shah
- The International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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6
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Mady OY, Osman MA, sarhan NI, Shatla AA, Haggag YA. Bioavailability enhancement of acyclovir by honey: Analytical and histological evidence. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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7
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Pharmacokinetic modulation of substrate drugs via the inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters using pharmaceutical excipients. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Han M, Xu J, Lin Y. Approaches of formulation bridging in support of orally administered drug product development. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Metry M, Krug SA, Karra VK, Ekins S, Hoag SW, Kane MA, Fink JC, Polli JE. Lack of an Effect of Polysorbate 80 on Intestinal Drug Permeability in Humans. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1881-1890. [PMID: 35672541 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite no broad, direct evidence in humans, there is a potential concern that surfactants alter active or passive drug intestinal permeation to modulate oral drug absorption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the surfactant polysorbate 80 on active and passive intestinal drug absorption in humans. METHODS The human (n = 12) pharmacokinetics (PK) of three probe substrates of intestinal absorption, valacyclovir, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and enalaprilat, were assessed. Endogenous bile acid levels were assessed as a secondary measure of transporter and microbiota impact. RESULTS Polysorbate 80 did not inhibit peptide transporter 1 (PepT1)- or apical sodium bile acid transporter (ASBT)-mediated PK of valacyclovir and CDCA, respectively. Polysorbate 80 did not increase enalaprilat absorption. Modest increases in unconjugated secondary bile acid Cmax ratios suggest a potential alteration of the in vivo intestinal microbiota by polysorbate 80. CONCLUSIONS Polysorbate 80 did not alter intestinal membrane fluidity or cause intestinal membrane disruption. This finding supports regulatory relief of excipient restrictions for Biopharmaceutics Classification System-based biowaivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Metry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, N62321201, USA
| | - Samuel A Krug
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, N62321201, USA
| | - Vijaya Kumari Karra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, N62321201, USA
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen W Hoag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, N62321201, USA
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, N62321201, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Fink
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland, N62321201, USA.
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10
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Martinez MN, Sinko B, Wu F, Flanagan T, Borbás E, Tsakalozou E, Giacomini KM. A Critical Overview of the Biological Effects of Excipients (Part I): Impact on Gastrointestinal Absorption. AAPS J 2022; 24:60. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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11
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Metry M, Polli JE. Evaluation of Excipient Risk in BCS Class I and III Biowaivers. AAPS J 2022; 24:20. [PMID: 34988701 PMCID: PMC8817461 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review article is to summarize literature data pertinent to potential excipient effects on intestinal drug permeability and transit. Despite the use of excipients in drug products for decades, considerable research efforts have been directed towards evaluating their potential effects on drug bioavailability. Potential excipient concerns stem from drug formulation changes (e.g., scale-up and post-approval changes, development of a new generic product). Regulatory agencies have established in vivo bioequivalence standards and, as a result, may waive the in vivo requirement, known as a biowaiver, for some oral products. Biowaiver acceptance criteria are based on the in vitro characterization of the drug substance and drug product using the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). Various regulatory guidance documents have been issued regarding BCS-based biowaivers, such that the current FDA guidance is more restrictive than prior guidance, specifically about excipient risk. In particular, sugar alcohols have been identified as potential absorption-modifying excipients. These biowaivers and excipient risks are discussed here. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Metry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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12
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Lazo REL, Teleginski LK, Maciel AB, Silva MAS, Mendes C, Bernardi LS, Murakami FS, Sonvico F, Oliveira PR. Comparator product issues for biowaiver implementation: the case of Fluconazole. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Predicting Pharmacokinetics of Multisource Acyclovir Oral Products Through Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:262-273. [PMID: 34678271 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Highly variable disposition after oral ingestion of acyclovir has been reported, although little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms. Different studies using the same reference product (Zovirax ®) showed that Cmax and AUC were respectively 44 and 35% lower in Saudi Arabians than Europeans, consistent with higher frequencies of reduced-activity polymorphs of the organic cation transporter (OCT1) in Europeans. In this study, the contribution of physiology (i.e., OCT1 activity) to the oral disposition of acyclovir immediate release (IR) tablets was hypothesized to be greater than dissolution. The potential role of OCT1 was studied in a validated physiologically-based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM), while dissolution of two Chilean generics (with demonstrated bioequivalence) and the reference product was assessed in vitro. The PBBM suggested that OCT1 activity could partially explain population-related pharmacokinetic differences. Further, dissolution of generics was slower than the regulatory criterion for BCS III IR products. Remarkably, virtual bioequivalence (incorporating in vitro dissolution into the PBBM) correctly and robustly predicted the bioequivalence of these products, showcasing its value in support of failed BCS biowaivers. These findings suggest that very-rapid dissolution for acyclovir IR products may not be critical for BCS biowaiver. They also endorse the relevance of cross-over designs in bioequivalence trials.
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14
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An Assessment of Occasional Bio-Inequivalence for BCS1 and BCS3 Drugs: What are the Underlying Reasons? J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:124-134. [PMID: 34363838 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite having adequate solubility properties, bioequivalence (BE) studies performed on immediate release formulations containing BCS1/3 drugs occasionally fail. By systematically evaluating a set of 17 soluble drugs where unexpected BE failures have been reported and comparing to a set of 29 drugs where no such reports have been documented, a broad assessment of the risk factors leading to BE failure was performed. BE failures for BCS1/3 drugs were predominantly related to changes in Cmax rather than AUC. Cmax changes were typically modest, with minimal clinical significance for most drugs. Overall, drugs with a sharp plasma peak were identified as a key factor in BE failure risk. A new pharmacokinetic term (t½Cmax) is proposed to identify drugs at higher risk due to their peak plasma profile shape. In addition, the analysis revealed that weak acids, and drugs with particularly high gastric solubility are potentially more vulnerable to BE failure, particularly when these features are combined with a sharp Cmax peak. BCS3 drugs, which are often characterised as being more vulnerable to BE failure due to their potential for permeation and transit to be altered, particularly by excipient change, were not in general at greater risk of BE failures. These findings will help to inform how biowaivers may be optimally applied in the future.
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15
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Jin S, Lee CH, Lim DY, Lee J, Park SJ, Song IS, Choi MK. Improved Hygroscopicity and Bioavailability of Solid Dispersion of Red Ginseng Extract with Silicon Dioxide. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071022. [PMID: 34371714 PMCID: PMC8309041 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to develop a powder formulation for the Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) and to evaluate its in vitro and in vivo formulation characteristics. The solid dispersion of RGE was prepared with hydrophilic carriers using a freeze-drying method. After conducting the water sorption–desorption isothermogram (relative humidity between 30 and 70% RH), differential scanning calorimetry thermal behavior, dissolution test, and intestinal permeation study, a solid dispersion formulation of RGE and silicon dioxide (RGE-SiO2) was selected. RGE-SiO2 formulation increased intestinal permeability of ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1), GRb2, GRc, and GRd by 1.6-fold in rat jejunal segments as measured by the Ussing chamber system. A 1.6- to 1.8-fold increase in plasma exposure of GRb1, GRb2, GRc, and GRd in rats was observed following oral administration of RGE-SiO2 (375 mg/kg as RGE). No significant difference was observed in the time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) and half-life in comparison to those in RGE administered rats (375 mg/kg). In conclusion, formulating solid dispersion of RGE with amorphous SiO2, the powder formulation of RGE was successfully formulated with improved hygroscopicity, increased intestinal permeability, and enhanced oral bioavailability and is therefore suitable for processing solid formulations of RGE product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojeong Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (S.J.); (C.H.L.); (D.Y.L.)
| | - Chul Haeng Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (S.J.); (C.H.L.); (D.Y.L.)
| | - Dong Yu Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (S.J.); (C.H.L.); (D.Y.L.)
| | - Jaehyeok Lee
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 38610, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.P.); (I.-S.S.); (M.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-53-819-1459 (S.-J.P.); +82-53-950-8575 (I.-S.S.); +82-41-550-1438 (M.-K.C.); Fax: +82-53-819-1576 (S.-J.P.); +82-53-950-8557 (I.-S.S.)
| | - Im-Sook Song
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.-J.P.); (I.-S.S.); (M.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-53-819-1459 (S.-J.P.); +82-53-950-8575 (I.-S.S.); +82-41-550-1438 (M.-K.C.); Fax: +82-53-819-1576 (S.-J.P.); +82-53-950-8557 (I.-S.S.)
| | - Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (S.J.); (C.H.L.); (D.Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.P.); (I.-S.S.); (M.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-53-819-1459 (S.-J.P.); +82-53-950-8575 (I.-S.S.); +82-41-550-1438 (M.-K.C.); Fax: +82-53-819-1576 (S.-J.P.); +82-53-950-8557 (I.-S.S.)
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16
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Wu F, Cristofoletti R, Zhao L, Rostami‐Hodjegan A. Scientific considerations to move towards biowaiver for biopharmaceutical classification system class III drugs: How modeling and simulation can help. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:118-127. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling Office of Research and Standards Office of Generic Drugs Center for Drug Evaluation and Research U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Florida Orlando Florida USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling Office of Research and Standards Office of Generic Drugs Center for Drug Evaluation and Research U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Amin Rostami‐Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Certara UK Limited Sheffield UK
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17
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Metry M, Shu Y, Abrahamsson B, Cristofoletti R, Dressman JB, Groot DW, Parr A, Langguth P, Shah VP, Tajiri T, Mehta MU, Polli JE. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Metformin Hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1513-1526. [PMID: 33450218 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Data are examined regarding possible waiver of in vivo bioequivalence testing (i.e. biowaiver) for approval of metformin hydrochloride (metformin) immediate-release solid oral dosage forms. Data include metformin's Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) properties, including potential excipient interactions. Metformin is a prototypical transporter-mediated drug and is highly soluble, but only 50% of an orally administered dose is absorbed from the gut. Therefore, metformin is a BCS Class III substance. A BCS-based approval approach for major changes to marketed products and new generics is admissible if test and reference dosage forms have the identical active pharmaceutical ingredient and if in vitro dissolution from both are very rapid (i.e. at least 85% within 15 min at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8). Recent International Council for Harmonisation BCS guidance indicates all excipients for Class III biowaivers are recommended to be qualitatively the same and quantitatively similar (except for preservatives, flavor agents, colorant, or capsule shell or film coating excipients). However, despite metformin being a prototypical transporter-mediated drug, there is no evidence that commonly used excipients impact metformin absorption, such that this restriction on excipients for BCS III drugs merits regulatory relief. Commonly used excipients in usual amounts are not likely to impact metformin absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Metry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), Division of Bioequivalence, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D W Groot
- RIVM-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Parr
- Bioceutics LCC, Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vinod P Shah
- International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Tomokazu Tajiri
- Astellas Pharma Inc, Analytical Research Laboratories, Yaizu, Japan
| | - Mehul U Mehta
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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18
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Mahmood S, Kiong KC, Tham CS, Chien TC, Hilles AR, Venugopal JR. PEGylated Lipid Polymeric Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Acyclovir for In Vitro Controlled Release and Ex Vivo Gut Sac Permeation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:285. [PMID: 33057878 PMCID: PMC7556614 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, pharmaceutical research is directed wide range for developing new drugs for oral administration to target disease. Acyclovir formulation is having common issues of short half-life and poor permeability, causing messy treatment which results in patient incompliance. The present study formulates a lipid polymeric hybrid nanoparticles for antiviral acyclovir (ACV) agent with Phospholipon® 90G (lecithin), chitosan, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to improve controlled release of the drugs. The study focused on the encapsulation of the ACV in lipid polymeric particle and their sustained delivery. The formulation developed for the self-assembly of chitosan and lecithin to form a shell encapsulating acyclovir, followed by PEGylation. Optimisation was performed via Box-Behnken Design (BBD), forming nanoparticles with size of 187.7 ± 3.75 nm, 83.81 ± 1.93% drug-entrapped efficiency (EE), and + 37.7 ± 1.16 mV zeta potential. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images displayed spherical nanoparticles formation. Encapsulation of ACV and complexity with other physical parameters are confirmed through analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. Nanoparticle produced was capable of achieving 24-h sustained release in vitro on gastric and intestinal environments. Ex vivo study proved the improvement of acyclovir's apparent permeability from 2 × 10-6 to 6.46 × 10-6 cm s-1. Acyclovir new formulation was achieved to be stable up to 60 days for controlled release of the drugs. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Malaysia.
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow (CARIFF), University Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Kong Chak Kiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Malaysia
| | - Chun Shern Tham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Malaysia
| | - Tan Choo Chien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Malaysia
| | - Ayah Rebhi Hilles
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Science and Technology, PICOMS International University College of Medical Sciences, 68100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jayarama Reddy Venugopal
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Malaysia
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19
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Ruiz-Picazo A, Gonzalez-Alvarez M, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Bermejo M. Effect of Common Excipients on Intestinal Drug Absorption in Wistar Rats. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2310-2318. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ruiz-Picazo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
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20
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Yamane M, Matsui K, Sugihara M, Tokunaga Y. The Provisional No-Effect Threshold of Sugar Alcohols on Oral Drug Absorption Estimated by Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Model. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:467-477. [PMID: 32470348 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sugar alcohols reduce oral drug bioavailability by osmotic effects, but the magnitude of these effects differs among different drugs. This study aimed to identify the drug-related critical attributes of osmotic effects and estimate the impact of a "practical" sugar alcohol dose on the pharmacokinetics of various molecules using modeling and simulation approaches. We developed a physiologically based biopharmaceutics model that considers the dose-dependent effects of sugar alcohols on the gastrointestinal physiology. The developed model captured the effects of sugar alcohols on ranitidine hydrochloride, metoprolol tartrate, theophylline, cimetidine, and lamivudine. Sensitivity analysis provided quantitative insights into the effects of sugar alcohols dependent on different drug permeability. In addition, our developed model indicated for the first time that a high systemic elimination rate is crucial for the reduction in maximum plasma concentration even for highly permeable drugs. Nonetheless, mannitol/sorbitol level of less than 400 mg had minor effects on the pharmacokinetics of the most sensitive drugs, indicating a provisional no-effect threshold dose. This mechanistic approach provides comprehensive estimation of osmotic effects on variety of drugs. Subsequently, these findings may invoke scientific discussion on the criteria for excipient changes in the context of biowaiver guidelines (e.g. biopharmaceutics classification system-based biowaiver).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Yamane
- Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-2-30, Miyahara, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-0003, Japan
| | - Kazuki Matsui
- Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-2-30, Miyahara, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-0003, Japan.
| | - Masahisa Sugihara
- Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-2-30, Miyahara, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-0003, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Sawai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-2-30, Miyahara, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-0003, Japan
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21
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Mayumi K, Akazawa T, Kanazu T, Ohnishi S, Hasegawa H. Successful Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics After Oral Administration by Optimized Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics Approach and Permeation Assay Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1605-1614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Zarmpi P, Flanagan T, Meehan E, Mann J, Fotaki N. Biopharmaceutical Understanding of Excipient Variability on Drug Apparent Solubility Based on Drug Physicochemical Properties. Case Study: Superdisintegrants. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:46. [PMID: 32048079 PMCID: PMC7012964 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The presence of different excipient types/brands in solid oral dosage forms may affect product performance and drug bioavailability. Understanding the biopharmaceutical implications of superdisintegrant variability (changes in material properties), variation (changes in excipient amount) and interchangeability (use of different excipient types with the same intended functionality) in oral drug performance would be beneficial for the development of robust final dosage forms. The current study investigated the impact of superdisintegrants (sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone) on the apparent solubility of drugs with different physicochemical properties (drug ionisation, drug lipophilicity, drug aqueous solubility). Compendial and biorelevant media were used to assess the impact of gastrointestinal conditions on the effects of excipient on drug apparent solubility. For the majority of compounds, changes in drug apparent solubility were not observed in superdisintegrant presence, apart from the cases of highly ionised compounds (significant decrease in drug solubility) and/or compounds that aggregate/precipitate in solution (significant increase in drug solubility). Excipient variability did not greatly affect the impact of excipients on drug apparent solubility. The use of multivariate data analysis identified the biopharmaceutical factors affecting excipient performance. The construction of roadmaps revealed that superdisintegrants may be of low risk for the impact of excipients on oral drug performance based on drug solubility alone; superdisintegrants activity could still be a risk for oral bioavailability due to their effects on tablet disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Zarmpi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Talia Flanagan
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK.,UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Meehan
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - James Mann
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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23
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Dash RP, Srinivas NR, Babu RJ. Use of sorbitol as pharmaceutical excipient in the present day formulations - issues and challenges for drug absorption and bioavailability. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1421-1429. [PMID: 31271324 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1640722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sorbitol is a popular sugar alcohol which has been used as an excipient in formulations of various drugs. Although from a safety perspective the presence of sorbitol in drug formulations does not raise a concern, reports have emerged and these suggest that sorbitol in drug formulations may alter oral absorption and bioavailability of certain drugs. The focus of this article was to review the published literature of various drugs where pharmacokinetic data has been reported for the drug alone versus drug administered with sorbitol and provide perspectives on the pharmacokinetic findings. Interestingly, for BCS class I drugs such as theophylline, metoprolol, the oral absorption, and bioavailability were generally not affected by sorbitol. However, theophylline oral absorption and bioavailability were decreased when sustained release formulation was used in place of immediate release formulation. For drugs such as risperidone (BCS class II) and lamivudine and ranitidine (BCS class III), the solution formulations showed diminished oral bioavailability in presence of sorbitol, whereas cimetidine and acyclovir (BCS class III), did not show any changes in pharmacokinetic profiles due to sorbitol. Finally, the presence of activated charcoal with sorbitol showed different pharmacokinetic outcome for BCS class I and II drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Prasad Dash
- a Department of Drug Discovery and Development , Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University , AL , USA
| | - Nuggehally R Srinivas
- b Department of Innovation and Technology, Jubilant Life Sciences , Uttar Pradesh , Noida , India
| | - R Jayachandra Babu
- a Department of Drug Discovery and Development , Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University , AL , USA
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24
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Rajawat GS, Belubbi T, Nagarsenker MS, Abrahamsson B, Cristofoletti R, Groot DW, Langguth P, Parr A, Polli JE, Mehta M, Shah VP, Tajiri T, Dressman J. Biowaiver Monograph for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Ondansetron. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3157-3168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Hofsäss MA, Dressman JB. The Discriminatory Power of the BCS-Based Biowaiver: A Retrospective With Focus on Essential Medicines. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2824-2837. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Flanagan T. Potential for pharmaceutical excipients to impact absorption: A mechanistic review for BCS Class 1 and 3 drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 141:130-138. [PMID: 31128247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The potential for certain excipients to impact drug absorption is the subject of numerous publications. Reflecting this, current Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) guidelines place restrictions on the level of change in excipients to be eligible for a BCS biowaiver. The degree of change permitted between test and reference formulations varies between BCS Class 1 and 3, and also across different regulatory authorities. This article reviews the literature evidence for excipients to impact drug absorption, with a particular focus on identifying effects which may be important for BCS Class 1 and 3 compounds and formulations. Literature examples were categorised according to the mechanism by which the excipient was believed to impact drug absorption, and the relevance of these mechanisms for compounds within BCS Class 1 and 3 was assessed. The likelihood of using the excipient in solid oral immediate release formulations (i.e. formulation types which would be eligible for BCS biowaivers) was also considered. Using this mechanistic and risk-based approach, potential critical excipients for BCS Class 1 and 3 compounds were identified. Based on the literature data, there are only a limited number of mechanisms by which excipients could affect the absorption of a BCS Class 3 drug. For BCS1, absorption is very unlikely to be affected by excipient changes. For many of these excipients, there is no in vivo evidence of such an effect having occurred. The risk can be mitigated to a large extent by applying some compound-specific understanding of the absorption site, rate and mechanism of the particular API under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Flanagan
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
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27
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d-glucose elicits significant increase in the oral bioavailability of model BCS class III drugs in the rabbit. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Kubbinga M, Augustijns P, García MA, Heinen C, Wortelboer HM, Verwei M, Langguth P. The effect of chitosan on the bioaccessibility and intestinal permeability of acyclovir. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 136:147-155. [PMID: 30682491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is object of pharmaceutical research as a candidate permeability enhancer. However, chitosan was recently shown to reduce the oral bioavailability of acyclovir in humans. The effect of chitosan on two processes determining the oral bioavailability of acyclovir, bioaccessibility and intestinal absorption, was now investigated. Acyclovir's bioaccessibility was studied using the dynamic TNO gastro-Intestinal Model (TIM-1). Four epithelial models were used for permeability experiments: a Caco-2 cell model in absence and presence of mucus and both rat and porcine excised intestinal segments. Study concentrations of acyclovir (0.8 g/l) and chitosan (1.6 g/l and 4 g/l) were in line with those used in the aforementioned human study. No effect of chitosan was measured on the bioaccessibility of acyclovir in the TIM-1 system. The results obtained with the Caco-2 models were not in line with the in vivo data. The tissue segment models (rat and porcine intestine) showed a negative trend of acyclovir's permeation in presence of chitosan. The Ussing type chamber showed to be the most biopredictive, as it did point to an overall statistically significantly reduced absorption of acyclovir. This model thus seems most appropriate for pharmaceutical development purposes, in particular when interactions between excipients and drugs are to become addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Kubbinga
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Belgium
| | - Mauricio A García
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Heinen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Miriam Verwei
- TNO Zeist, the Netherlands; TNO Triskelion, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Langguth
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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29
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Relative Bioavailability Risk Assessment: A Systematic Approach to Assessing In Vivo Risk Associated With CM&C-Related Changes. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:8-17. [PMID: 30053554 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Relative bioavailability (RBA) studies are often carried out to bridge changes made between drug products used for clinical studies. In this work, we describe the development of a risk assessment (RA) tool that comprehensively and objectively assesses the risk of noncomparable in vivo performance associated with Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CM&C)-related changes. The RA tool is based on a risk grid that provides a quantitative context to facilitate discussions to determine the need for an in vivo RBA study. Relevant regulatory guidances and the required in vitro and in silico absorption modeling data, on which the RA is based, are discussed. In addition, an analysis of previously executed RBA studies at Eli Lilly and Company over a period of several years is presented. The risk grid incorporates individual risk factors for a given study and provides a recommendation on the risk associated with bypassing an RBA study. The outcome of an RA results in 1 of 3 possible risk zones; lower tier risk, intermediate tier risk, and upper tier risk. In cases where the outcome from the RA falls into the intermediate tier risk zone, further in depth data analysis is required.
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30
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Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Proguanil Hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1761-1772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Thambavita D, Galappatthy P, Mannapperuma U, Jayakody L, Cristofoletti R, Abrahamsson B, Groot DW, Langguth P, Mehta M, Parr A, Polli JE, Shah VP, Dressman J. Biowaiver Monograph for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Amoxicillin Trihydrate. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2930-2945. [PMID: 28483422 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Literature and experimental data relevant to waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate-release solid oral dosage forms containing amoxicillin trihydrate are reviewed. Solubility and permeability characteristics according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), therapeutic uses, therapeutic index, excipient interactions, as well as dissolution and BE and bioavailability studies were taken into consideration. Solubility and permeability studies indicate that amoxicillin doses up to 875 mg belong to BCS class I, whereas 1000 mg belongs to BCS class II and doses of more than 1000 mg belong to BCS class IV. Considering all aspects, the biowaiver procedure can be recommended for solid oral products of amoxicillin trihydrate immediate-release preparations containing amoxicillin as the single active pharmaceutical ingredient at dose strengths of 875 mg or less, provided (a) only the excipients listed in this monograph are used, and only in their usual amounts, (b) the biowaiver study is performed according to the World Health Organization-, U.S. Food and Drug Administration-, or European Medicines Agency-recommended method using the innovator as the comparator, and (c) results comply with criteria for "very rapidly dissolving" or "similarly rapidly dissolving." Products containing other excipients and those containing more than 875 mg amoxicillin per unit should be subjected to an in vivo BE study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanusha Thambavita
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Priyadarshani Galappatthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Uthpali Mannapperuma
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Lal Jayakody
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Division of Bioequivalence, Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Dirk W Groot
- RIVM (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Langguth
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mehul Mehta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Alan Parr
- BioCeutics LLC, Cary, North Carolina 28594
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Vinod P Shah
- International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Zhang W, Li Y, Zou P, Wu M, Zhang Z, Zhang T. The Effects of Pharmaceutical Excipients on Gastrointestinal Tract Metabolic Enzymes and Transporters-an Update. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:830-43. [PMID: 27184579 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from the last decade has shown that many pharmaceutical excipients are not pharmacologically inert but instead have effects on metabolic enzymes and/or drug transporters. Hence, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) may be altered due to the modulation of their metabolism and transport by excipients. The impact of excipients is a potential concern for Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS)-based biowaivers, particularly as the BCS-based biowaivers have been extended to class 3 drugs in certain dosage forms. The presence of different excipients or varying amounts of excipients between formulations may result in bio-inequivalence. The excipient impact may lead to significant variations in clinical outcomes as well. The aim of this paper is to review the recent findings of excipient effects on gastrointestinal (GI) absorption, focusing on their interactions with the metabolic enzymes and transporters in the GI tract. A wide range of commonly used excipients such as binders, diluents, fillers, solvents, and surfactants are discussed here. We summarized the reported effects of those excipients on GI tract phase I and phase II enzymes, uptake and efflux transporters, and relevant clinical significance. This information can enhance our understanding of excipient influence on drug absorption and is useful in designing pharmacokinetic studies and evaluating the resultant data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Science and Humanities, Husson University, Bangor, Maine, USA
| | - Peng Zou
- CDER/OPQ, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Springs, Maryland, USA
| | - Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, Bangor, Maine, USA.
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García-Arieta A, Gordon J, Potthast H. On the Effect of Common Excipients on the Oral Absorption of Class 3 Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1353-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vaithianathan S, Haidar SH, Zhang X, Jiang W, Avon C, Dowling TC, Shao C, Kane M, Hoag SW, Flasar MH, Ting TY, Polli JE. Reply to “On the Effect of Common Excipients on the Oral Absorption of Class 3 Drugs”. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1355-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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