1
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Tang J, Bai JF, Zheng J, Li S, Jiang ZJ, Chen J, Gao K, Gao Z. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation Deuteration Reactions of Unactivated Alkynyl Alcohols. Org Lett 2023; 25:6891-6896. [PMID: 37735994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Using D2O as a deuterium source, a method for the deuteration of intra- and extra-cyclic methylene has been developed for cyclic ethers with moderate yield and excellent deuterium incorporation. This transformation features superb functional group tolerance in a wide range of alkynols. Notably, the critical factor to achieve high deuterium incorporation is determined by the hydrogen isotope exchange reaction of an unstable oxonium ion. This novel methodology provides an efficient and concise synthetic route to a number of valuable deuterated cyclic ethers that are often difficult to prepare with other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Tang
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Fei Bai
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Zheng
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jiang Jiang
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Chen
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanghua Gao
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Cuiying Chemical Technology Co. Ltd., Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
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2
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Yaglova NV, Timokhina EP, Obernikhin SS, Yaglov VV. Emerging Role of Deuterium/Protium Disbalance in Cell Cycle and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043107. [PMID: 36834518 PMCID: PMC9963022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Deuterium, a stable isotope of hydrogen, is a component of water and organic compounds. It is the second most abundant element in the human body after sodium. Although the concentration of deuterium in an organism is much lower than that of protium, a wide variety of morphological, biochemical, and physiological changes are known to occur in deuterium-treated cells, including changes in fundamental processes such as cell division or energy metabolism. The mode and degree of changes in cells and tissues, both with an increase and a decrease in the concentration of deuterium, depends primarily on the time of exposure, as well as on the concentration. The reviewed data show that plant and animal cells are sensitive to deuterium content. Any shifts in the D/H balance outside or inside cells promote immediate responses. The review summarizes reported data on the proliferation and apoptosis of normal and neoplastic cells in different modes of deuteration and deuterium depletion in vivo and in vitro. The authors propose their own concept of the effects of changes in deuterium content in the body on cell proliferation and death. The altered rate of proliferation and apoptosis indicate a pivotal role of the hydrogen isotope content in living organisms and suggest the presence of a D/H sensor, which is yet to be detected.
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3
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Belete TM. Recent Updates on the Development of Deuterium-Containing Drugs for the Treatment of Cancer. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3465-3472. [PMID: 36217450 PMCID: PMC9547620 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s379496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world. In 2020, 19.3 million cancer cases and 10 million deaths were reported in the world. It is supposed that the prevalence of cancer cases will rise to 28.4 million by 2040. Chemotherapy-based regimens have a narrow therapeutic index, severe adverse drug reactions, and lack metabolic stability. Besides, the metabolism of anticancer produces several non-active and toxic metabolites that reduce exposure of the target site to the parent drug. Therefore, developing better-tolerated and effective new anticancer drugs and modification of the existing anticancer drugs to minimize toxicity and increase efficacy has become a very urgent need. Deuterium incorporation reduces the metabolism of certain drugs that are breakdown by pathways involving hydrogen-carbon bond scission. For example, CYP450 mediated oxidative metabolism of drugs that involves the breakdown of a hydrogen-carbon bond affected by deuteration. Deuterium incorporation into the drug increases the half-life and reduces the dose, which provides better safety and efficacy. Deutetrabenazine is the first deuterated form of tetrabenazine approved to treat chorea associated with Huntington’s disease and tardive dyskinesia. The study revealed that Deutetrabenazine has fewer neuropsychiatric side effects with favorable safety than tetrabenazine. The current review highlights the deuterium kinetic isotope effect on drug metabolism, deuterated compound pharmacokinetic property, and safety profile. Besides, this review explains the deuterated anticancer drug development update status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafere Mulaw Belete
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Tafere Mulaw Belete, Tel +251 918045943, Email
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4
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Zeng K, Mei R, Zhang XC, Andreas LB, Zhang K. Direct nitrogen interception from chitin/chitosan for imidazo[1,5- a]pyridines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6068-6071. [PMID: 35445681 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A catalyst-free one-pot methodology that enables direct nitrogen interception of chitosan/chitin for imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines was developed. This strategy features direct synthesis of important deuterated imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines and tridentate ligands. In particular, a broad group of previously inaccessible products including saturated 1-alkylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridines are unprecedently synthesized by this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zeng
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Dept. Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ruhuai Mei
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Dept. Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Xizhou Cecily Zhang
- NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Loren B Andreas
- NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kai Zhang
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Dept. Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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5
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Zeng K, Ye J, Meng X, Dechert S, Simon M, Gong S, Mata RA, Zhang K. Anomeric Stereoauxiliary Cleavage of the C−N Bond of
d
‐Glucosamine for the Preparation of Imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridines. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200648. [PMID: 35319128 PMCID: PMC9325398 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The targeted cleavage of the C−N bonds of alkyl primary amines in sustainable compounds of biomass according to a metal‐free pathway and the conjunction of nitrogen in the synthesis of imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridines are still highly challenging. Despite tremendous progress in the synthesis of imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridines over the past decade, many of them can still not be efficiently prepared. Herein, we report an anomeric stereoauxiliary approach for the synthesis of a wide range of imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridines after cleaving the C−N bond of d‐glucosamine (α‐2° amine) from biobased resources. This new approach expands the scope of readily accessible imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridines relative to existing state‐of‐the‐art methods. A key strategic advantage of this approach is that the α‐anomer of d‐glucosamine enables C−N bond cleavage via a seven‐membered ring transition state. By using this novel method, a series of imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridine derivatives (>80 examples) was synthesized from pyridine ketones (including para‐dipyridine ketone) and aldehydes (including para‐dialdehyde). Imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridine derivatives containing diverse important deuterated C(sp2)−H and C(sp3)−H bonds were also efficiently achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zeng
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry Georg-August-University of Göttingen Büsgenweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Jin Ye
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Georg-August-University of Göttingen Tammannstraße 6 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Xintong Meng
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry Georg-August-University of Göttingen Büsgenweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Georg-August-University of Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Martin Simon
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Georg-August-University of Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Shuaiyu Gong
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry Georg-August-University of Göttingen Büsgenweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Ricardo A. Mata
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Georg-August-University of Göttingen Tammannstraße 6 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Kai Zhang
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry Georg-August-University of Göttingen Büsgenweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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6
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Linford-Wood TG, Mahon MF, Grayson MN, Webster RL. Iron-Catalyzed H/D Exchange of Primary Silanes, Secondary Silanes, and Tertiary Siloxanes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:2979-2985. [PMID: 35433105 PMCID: PMC9007460 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A synthetic
study into the catalytic hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange
of 1° silanes, 2° silanes, and 3° siloxanes is presented,
facilitated by iron-β-diketiminato complexes (1a and 1b). Near-complete H/D exchange is observed for
a variety of aryl- and alkyl-containing hydrosilanes and hydrosiloxanes.
The reaction tolerates alternative hydride source pinacolborane (HBpin),
with quantitative H/D exchange. A synthetic and density functional
theory (DFT) investigation suggests that a monomeric iron-deuteride
is responsible for the H/D exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Matthew N. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Ruth L. Webster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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7
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Li J, Li J, Ji X, He R, Liu Y, Chen Z, Huang Y, Liu Q, Li Y. Synthesis of Deuterated ( E)-Alkene through Xanthate-Mediated Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Reactions. Org Lett 2021; 23:7412-7417. [PMID: 34499519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein we have developed a reversible hydrogen-deuterium exchange reaction of nonactivated olefins. By using EtOCS2K as a mediator, the H/D exchange reaction was realized through repeated addition and elimination reactions, demonstrating reversible H/D exchange between ordinary olefins and deuterated olefins. Using the lowest cost D2O without precious metal catalysts and ligands, a broad spectrum of compatibility of functional groups was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Xiaoliang Ji
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Runfa He
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Zebin Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Yubing Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China.,Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529090, China
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8
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Wulf T, Warneke J, Heine T. B 12X 11(H 2) −: exploring the limits of isotopologue selectivity of hydrogen adsorption. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28466-28475. [PMID: 35478551 PMCID: PMC9038111 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06322g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the isotopologue-selective binding of dihydrogen at the undercoordinated boron site of B12X11− (X = H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN) using ab initio quantum chemistry. With a Gibbs free energy of H2 attachment reaching up to 80 kJ mol−1 (ΔG at 300 K for X = CN), these sites are even more attractive than most undercoordinated metal centers studied so far. We thus believe that they can serve as an edge case close to the upper limit of isotopologue-selective H2 adsorption sites. Differences of the zero-point energy of attachment average 5.0 kJ mol−1 between D2 and H2 and 2.7 kJ mol−1 between HD and H2, resulting in hypothetical isotopologue selectivities as high as 2.0 and 1.5, respectively, even at 300 K. Interestingly, even though attachment energies vary substantially according to the chemical nature of X, isotopologue selectivities remain very similar. We find that the H–H activation is so strong that it likely results in the instantaneous heterolytic dissociation of H2 in all cases (except, possibly, for X = H), highlighting the extremely electrophilic nature of B12X11− despite its negative charge. Unfortunately, this high reactivity also makes B12X11− unsuitable for practical application in the field of dihydrogen isotopologue separation. Thus, this example stresses the two-edged nature of strong H2 affinity, yielding a higher isotopologue selectivity on the one hand but risking dissociation on the other, and helps define a window of adsorption energies into which a material for selective adsorption near room temperature should ideally fall. The extreme H2 affinity of B12X11− gives a glimpse of how higher selectivities in adsorptive isotopologue separation may be achieved.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Wulf
- Wilhelm Ostwald Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm Ostwald Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Research Site Leipzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Yang P, Zhang L, Fu K, Sun Y, Wang X, Yue J, Ma Y, Tang B. Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation and α-Selective Deuteration of N-Sulfonyl Imines with Alcohols: Access to α-Deuterated Chiral Amines. Org Lett 2020; 22:8278-8284. [PMID: 33044081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed enantioselective transfer hydrogenation and deuteration of N-sulfonyl imines was developed. Excellent α-selectivity and high deuterium content were achieved by using inexpensive 2-propanol-d8 as a deuterium source. As a highlight, no deuteration of β-C-H and the remote C-H of N-sulfonyl amines occurred, which is hard to achieve using other imines or by hydrogen isotope exchange with D2O. Mechanism studies indicated a stepwise pathway through the [Ni-D] intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyue Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yaxin Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xiuhua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jieyu Yue
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yu Ma
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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10
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Ranzenigo A, Mercurio C, Karrenbrock M, Cordero FM, Cardini G, Pagliai M, Brandi A. Regioselective Deuteration of a 3,4-Dialkoxypyrroline N
-Oxide and Synthesis of 8a- d
-Indolizidines. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ranzenigo
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università degli Studi di Firenze; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Chiara Mercurio
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università degli Studi di Firenze; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Maurice Karrenbrock
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università degli Studi di Firenze; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Franca M. Cordero
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università degli Studi di Firenze; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Gianni Cardini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università degli Studi di Firenze; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Marco Pagliai
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università degli Studi di Firenze; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Alberto Brandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università degli Studi di Firenze; via della Lastruccia 3-13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
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11
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Deuterium and its impact on living organisms. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:673-681. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Liu B, Deng L, Chen H, Liao R, Li Y, Zeng X, Deng F, Zhang L, Li Z. Design, synthesis and biological activity of deuterium-based FFA1 agonists with improved pharmacokinetic profiles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1471-1475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Liu S, Shen T, Luo Z, Liu ZQ. A free radical alkylation of quinones with olefins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4027-4030. [PMID: 30882129 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01704f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated herein an Fe(iii)-mediated radical alkylation of quinones. A wide range of bioactive molecules with quinone motifs can be rapidly synthesized by using readily available and inexpensive NaBH4/NaBD4 with alkenes at room temperature under open flask conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P. R. China
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14
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Chen P, Ren S, Song H, Chen C, Chen F, Xu Q, Kong Y, Sun H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of BMS-986120 and its deuterated derivatives as PAR4 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:116-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Lipid bilayer position and orientation of novel carprofens, modulators of γ-secretase in Alzheimer's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2224-2233. [PMID: 30409518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an integral membrane protein complex and is involved in the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein APP to produce amyloid-β peptides. Amyloid-β peptides are considered causative agents for Alzheimer's disease and drugs targeted at γ-secretase are investigated as therapeutic treatments. We synthesized new carprofen derivatives, which showed γ-secretase modulating activity and determined their precise position, orientation, and dynamics in lipid membranes by combining neutron diffraction, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. Our data indicate that the carprofen derivatives are inserted into the membrane interface, where the exact position and orientation depends on the lipid phase. This knowledge will help to understand the docking of carprofen derivatives to γ-secretase and in the design of new potent drugs. The approach presented here promises to serve as a general guideline how drug/target interactions in membranes can be analyzed in a comprehensive manner.
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16
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Liu C, Li Z, Shi W, Li H, Wang N, Dai Y, Liao C, Huang W, Qian H. Improving metabolic stability with deuterium: The discovery of HWL-066, a potent and long-acting free fatty acid receptor 1 agonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1547-1554. [PMID: 29777569 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1) is a potential target due to its function in enhancing of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The FFA1 agonist GW9508 has great potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but it has been suffering from high plasma clearance probably because the phenylpropanoic acid is vulnerable to β-oxidation. To identify orally available analog without influence on the unique pharmacological mechanism of GW9508, we tried to interdict the metabolically labile group by incorporating two deuterium atoms at the α-position of phenylpropionic acid affording compound 4 (HWL-066). As expected, HWL-066 revealed a lower clearance (CL = 0.23 L-1 hr-1 kg-1 ), higher maximum concentration (Cmax = 5907.47 μg/L), and longer half-life (T1/2 = 3.50 hr), resulting in a 2.8-fold higher exposure than GW9508. Moreover, the glucose-lowering effect of HWL-066 was far better than that of GW9508 and comparable with TAK-875. Different from glibenclamide, no side-effect of hypoglycemia was observed in mice after oral administrating HWL-066 (80 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Liu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huilan Li
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nasi Wang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxuan Dai
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Liao
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of deuterated phenylpropionic acid derivatives as potent and long-acting free fatty acid receptor 1 agonists. Bioorg Chem 2018; 76:303-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- und tritiummarkierte Verbindungen: Anwendungen in den modernen Biowissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- and Tritium-Labelled Compounds: Applications in the Life Sciences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1758-1784. [PMID: 28815899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotopes are unique tools for identifying and understanding biological and chemical processes. Hydrogen isotope labelling allows for the traceless and direct incorporation of an additional mass or radioactive tag into an organic molecule with almost no changes in its chemical structure, physical properties, or biological activity. Using deuterium-labelled isotopologues to study the unique mass-spectrometric patterns generated from mixtures of biologically relevant molecules drastically simplifies analysis. Such methods are now providing unprecedented levels of insight in a wide and continuously growing range of applications in the life sciences and beyond. Tritium (3 H), in particular, has seen an increase in utilization, especially in pharmaceutical drug discovery. The efforts and costs associated with the synthesis of labelled compounds are more than compensated for by the enhanced molecular sensitivity during analysis and the high reliability of the data obtained. In this Review, advances in the application of hydrogen isotopes in the life sciences are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
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Raffa RB, Pergolizzi JV, Taylor R. The First Approved “Deuterated” Drug: A Short Review of the Concept. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2018.910033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Li Z, Xu X, Li G, Fu X, Liu Y, Feng Y, Wang M, Ouyang Y, Han J. Improving metabolic stability with deuterium: The discovery of GPU-028, a potent free fatty acid receptor 4 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6647-6652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Smarun AV, Petković M, Shchepinov MS, Vidović D. Site-Specific Deuteration of Polyunsaturated Alkenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13115-13120. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Smarun
- School
of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang 637371, Singapore
| | - M. Petković
- Faculty
of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - M. S. Shchepinov
- Retrotope, Inc., Los Altos Hills, California 94022, United States
| | - D. Vidović
- School
of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang 637371, Singapore
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
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Abstract
The bioavailability of a drug is usually assessed in healthy subjects. However, it is reasonable to expect that significant alterations in bioavailability may occur in actual patients with different diseases or in individuals belonging to special populations. Relatively few studies have been conducted to examine this possibility. The stable isotope method is well suited to compare absolute bioavailability in patients and healthy subjects. Studies in which this method was used indicate that significant changes in the bioavailability of some drugs are particularly likely in patients with advanced liver disease and in those whose splanchnic blood flow is reduced. The expectation is that bioavailability in neonates, children, and pregnant women may also differ from that in non-pregnant adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J. Atkinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Caporaso R, Manna S, Zinken S, Kochnev AR, Lukyanenko ER, Kurkin AV, Antonchick AP. Radical trideuteromethylation with deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide in the synthesis of heterocycles and labelled building blocks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12486-12489. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A selective introduction of trideuteromethyl groups for the synthesis of labelled compounds under radical reaction conditions is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Caporaso
- Chemical Biology
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology
- Otto-Hahn-Straβe 11
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Srimanta Manna
- Chemical Biology
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology
- Otto-Hahn-Straβe 11
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Sarah Zinken
- Chemical Biology
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology
- Otto-Hahn-Straβe 11
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Alexander R. Kochnev
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 1/3 Leninskie Gory
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
| | - Evgeny R. Lukyanenko
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 1/3 Leninskie Gory
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
| | - Alexander V. Kurkin
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- 1/3 Leninskie Gory
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
| | - Andrey P. Antonchick
- Chemical Biology
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology
- Otto-Hahn-Straβe 11
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
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25
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Meanwell NA. The Influence of Bioisosteres in Drug Design: Tactical Applications to Address Developability Problems. TACTICS IN CONTEMPORARY DRUG DESIGN 2014; 9. [PMCID: PMC7416817 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of bioisosteres in drug discovery is a well-established design concept that has demonstrated utility as an approach to solving a range of problems that affect candidate optimization, progression, and durability. In this chapter, the application of isosteric substitution is explored in a fashion that focuses on the development of practical solutions to problems that are encountered in typical optimization campaigns. The role of bioisosteres to affect intrinsic potency and selectivity, influence conformation, solve problems associated with drug developability, including P-glycoprotein recognition, modulating basicity, solubility, and lipophilicity, and to address issues associated with metabolism and toxicity is used as the underlying theme to capture a spectrum of creative applications of structural emulation in the design of drug candidates.
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Atzrodt J, Blankenstein J, Brasseur D, Calvo-Vicente S, Denoux M, Derdau V, Lavisse M, Perard S, Roy S, Sandvoss M, Schofield J, Zimmermann J. Synthesis of stable isotope labelled internal standards for drug–drug interaction (DDI) studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5658-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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27
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Lin YF, Wu YH, Lai SM. Real-Time Thermal Imaging of Fast Exothermic Reactions Involving the Hazardous Combination of Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide and Inorganic Acids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301280c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227,
Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Huan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227,
Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Syu-Ming Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227,
Taiwan, Republic of China
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Meanwell NA. Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2529-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1013693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1876] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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30
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Krumbiegel P. Large deuterium isotope effects and their use: a historical review. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2011; 47:1-17. [PMID: 21390986 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2011.556725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Isotope effects are differences in the properties of the isotopes of an element resulting in different reaction rates of a corresponding compound, in equilibrium constants and in the spectra. Shortly after the discovery of stable isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon, Jacob Bigeleisen formulated a theory of isotope effects and calculated possible maximum values. Large isotope effects of (2)H (deuterium) against (1)H (protium) were seen to possibly influence interpretations of reaction mechanisms if corresponding labelling is used. Much work was invested to ensure the safety of deuterium use in men in spite of the large isotope effect. On the other hand, large deuterium isotope effects gave rise to several practical applications. Examples are the enhancement of the stability of some technical products against oxidative and against hydrolytic degradation (oils, pharmaceuticals) as well as alterations of the detoxification metabolism of pharmaceuticals in vivo.
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Malmlöf T, Rylander D, Alken RG, Schneider F, Svensson TH, Cenci MA, Schilström B. Deuterium substitutions in the L-DOPA molecule improve its anti-akinetic potency without increasing dyskinesias. Exp Neurol 2010; 225:408-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Ötvös SB, Mándity IM, Fülöp F. Highly selective deuteration of pharmaceutically relevant nitrogen-containing heterocycles: a flow chemistry approach. Mol Divers 2010; 15:605-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-010-9276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Gérardy BM, Poupaert J, Dumont P. An Efficient Synthesis of the Enantiomers of Methadone-D10. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19810900914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Maltais F, Jung YC, Chen M, Tanoury J, Perni RB, Mani N, Laitinen L, Huang H, Liao S, Gao H, Tsao H, Block E, Ma C, Shawgo RS, Town C, Brummel CL, Howe D, Pazhanisamy S, Raybuck S, Namchuk M, Bennani YL. In Vitro and In Vivo Isotope Effects with Hepatitis C Protease Inhibitors: Enhanced Plasma Exposure of Deuterated Telaprevir versus Telaprevir in Rats. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7993-8001. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901023f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Maltais
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Young Chun Jung
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Minzhang Chen
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jerry Tanoury
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Robert B. Perni
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Nagraj Mani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Leena Laitinen
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Hui Huang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Shengkai Liao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Hongying Gao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Hong Tsao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Eric Block
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Chien Ma
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Rebecca S. Shawgo
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Christopher Town
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | - David Howe
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - S. Pazhanisamy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Scott Raybuck
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Mark Namchuk
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Youssef L. Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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36
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Berlioz C, Falconnet JJ, Desage M, Brazier JJ. Synthesis of 1-C2H3 theophylline and 3-C2H3 theophylline. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580240307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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37
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Gal J. Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-amphetamine-d3 from the corresponding phenylalanines. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Raguso CA, Regan MM, Young VR. Cysteine kinetics and oxidation at different intakes of methionine and cystine in young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:491-9. [PMID: 10648263 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.2.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously studied methionine kinetics and oxidation with the tracer L-[1-(13)C, methyl-(2)H(3)]methionine. OBJECTIVES We sought to explore methionine-cysteine interrelations in adults by using L-[1-(13)C]cysteine under different dietary conditions. DESIGN In experiment 1, 12 adults consumed a protein-free diet for 6 d. On day 7, methionine (n = 6) or cysteine (n = 6) oxidation rates were measured during an 8-h continuous infusion of L-[1-(13)C, methyl-(2)H(3)]methionine or L-[1-(13)C]cysteine, respectively. In experiment 2, 6 young men consumed 3 diets for 6 d each before a tracer study on day 7 with L-[1-(13)C]cysteine. The amounts (in mg*kg(-)(1)*d(-)(1)) of methionine and cysteine, respectively, were: high-methionine (HM) diet, 13 and 0; low-methionine (LM) diet, 6.5 and 0; and methionine-plus-cystine (MC) diet, 6.5 and 5.6. Cysteine flux and oxidation rates were determined and sulfur amino acid (SAA, methionine plus cysteine) balances were estimated. RESULTS In experiment 1, rates of methionine and cysteine oxidation were similar to losses predicted from obligatory nitrogen losses. In experiment 2, SAA balance was less negative when subjects consumed the HM diet than the LM and MC diets (interaction, P = 0.034), largely because of a difference in fed-state balance (HM compared with LM, P < 0.01; HM compared with MC, P < 0.05). There was no evidence of a sparing effect of dietary cystine on the methionine requirement. CONCLUSION These studies support use of [1-(13)C]cysteine for studying whole-body SAA oxidation and conclusions that maintenance of SAA balance is best achieved by supplying methionine at approximately the FAO/WHO/UNU recommendations for total SAA intake (13 mg*kg(-)(1)*d(-)(1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Raguso
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, School of Science and Clinical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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39
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Kushner DJ, Baker A, Dunstall TG. Pharmacological uses and perspectives of heavy water and deuterated compounds. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1999. [DOI: 10.1139/y99-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of D2O (heavy water) and its use as a moderator in nuclear reactors, its biological effects have been extensively, although seldom deeply, studied. This article reviews these effects on whole animals, animal cells, and microorganisms. Both "solvent isotope effects," those due to the special properties of D2O as a solvent, and "deuterium isotope effects" (DIE), which result when D replaces H in many biological molecules, are considered. The low toxicity of D2O toward mammals is reflected in its widespread use for measuring water spaces in humans and other animals. Higher concentrations (usually >20% of body weight) can be toxic to animals and animal cells. Effects on the nervous system and the liver and on formation of different blood cells have been noted. At the cellular level, D2O may affect mitosis and membrane function. Protozoa are able to withstand up to 70% D2O. Algae and bacteria can adapt to grow in 100% D2O and can serve as sources of a large number of deuterated molecules. D2O increases heat stability of macromolecules but may decrease cellular heat stability, possibly as a result of inhibition of chaperonin formation. High D2O concentrations can reduce salt- and ethanol-induced hypertension in rats and protect mice from gamma irradation. Such concentrations are also used in boron neutron capture therapy to increase neutron penetration to boron compounds bound to malignant cells. D2O is more toxic to malignant than normal animal cells, but at concentrations too high for regular therapeutic use. D2O and deuterated drugs are widely used in studies of metabolism of drugs and toxic substances in humans and other animals. The deuterated forms of drugs often have different actions than the protonated forms. Some deuterated drugs show different transport processes. Most are more resistant to metabolic changes, especially those changes mediated by cytochrome P450 systems. Deuteration may also change the pathway of drug metabolism (metabolic switching). Changed metabolism may lead to increased duration of action and lower toxicity. It may also lead to lower activity, if the drug is normally changed to the active form in vivo. Deuteration can also lower the genotoxicity of the anticancer drug tamoxifen and other compounds. Deuteration increases effectiveness of long-chain fatty acids and fluoro-D-phenylalanine by preventing their breakdown by target microorganisms. A few deuterated antibiotics have been prepared, and their antimicrobial activity was found to be little changed. Their action on resistant bacteria has not been studied, but there is no reason to believe that they would be more effective against such bacteria. Insect resistance to insecticides is very often due to insecticide destruction through the cytochrome P450 system. Deuterated insecticides might well be more effective against resistant insects, but this potentially valuable possibility has not yet been studied.Key words: deuterium, heavy water, D2O, deuterium isotope effects.
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Benchekroun Y, Dautraix S, Desage M, Brazier JL. Deuterium isotope effects on caffeine metabolism. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1997; 22:127-33. [PMID: 9248780 DOI: 10.1007/bf03189795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the influence of labelling on caffeine metabolism according to the incubation mode. It has been observed that labelling induces an isotopic effect on metabolisation speed: apparent half-lives are systematically increased. Moreover, isotopic effects are in agreement with those previously observed for retention times. Qualitatively, caffeine labelling systematically induces metabolic variations to the detriment of the metabolic pathway that induces the loss of the trideuteromethyl group. Caffeine accumulation and the release of the main metabolites have been studied with respect to isotopic effects on crossing the cell membrane. It has been demonstrated that, in most of the cases, accumulation decreased and that either metabolite release was increased or no isotopic effect was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Benchekroun
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Analytiques et Cinétiques du Médicament, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques de Lyon, France
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41
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Chapter 7 alternatives to mass spectrometry for quantitation of stable isotopes: High performance liquid chromatography with conventional ultraviolet detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-7208(97)80154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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42
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Theis DL, Lucisano LJ, Halstead GW. Use of stable isotopes for evaluation of drug delivery systems: comparison of ibuprofen release in vivo and in vitro from two biphasic release formulations utilizing different rate-controlling polymers. Pharm Res 1994; 11:1069-76. [PMID: 7971703 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018912210202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Certain delivery systems are intended to release the active ingredient in different phases to obtain the desired therapeutic effect. For these formulations, such as a bilayer tablet, it is desirable to distinguish and measure the release of drug from the different phases simultaneously. Mass spectrometric methods were developed to measure three ibuprofen isotopomers in serum and two in dissolution fluid. The analytical methods were linear (r > or = 0.992) over the concentration range of interest and recovery was greater than 99.2% for all isotopomers. Coadministration of [2H0]ibuprofen, [2H4]ibuprofen, and [2H7]ibuprofen to male beagles demonstrated that the isotopomers were bioequivalent and verified the absence of any kinetic isotope effect due to deuterium incorporation (p = 0.286). These methods were then used to evaluate a bilayer tablet formulation composed of an immediate release layer of 100 mg [2H4]ibuprofen and a sustained release layer with a drug load of 300 mg [2H0]ibuprofen. Two different rate-controlling polymer matrices that provided similar in vitro dissolution profiles were compared in the sustained release phase, while the immediate release formulation remained the same. In male beagles, the HPMC matrix delivered a significantly greater amount of ibuprofen (p < 0.05). The AUC was threefold greater for HPMC (1067 +/- 437 nmole*h/ml) versus EUDRAGIT (320 +/- 51), and Cmax was nearly four times greater (145 +/- 62.1 nmole/ml for HPMC versus 37.9 +/- 14.4 for EUDRAGIT).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Theis
- Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
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Marchini JS, Castillo L, Chapman TE, Vogt JA, Ajami A, Young VR. Phenylalanine conversion to tyrosine: comparative determination with L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and L-[1-13C]phenylalanine as tracers in man. Metabolism 1993; 42:1316-22. [PMID: 8412744 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(93)90131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo rate of conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine (PheOH) can be estimated using combinations of stable isotope-labeled phenylalanine and tyrosine. We have compared in four healthy adult men the rates of phenylalanine conversion to tyrosine based on the following pairs of primed, continuous tracer infusions administered simultaneously: (1) L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and 2H2-tyrosine with a 2H4-tyrosine prime, and (2) L-[1-13C]phenylalanine and 2H2-tyrosine with a 1-13C-tyrosine prime. Phenylalanine oxidation was determined from measurement of 13CO2 excretion in expired air. Tracers were given for 8 hours, with subjects being in the postabsorptive state during the first 3 hours and in the fed state during the remaining 5 hours. Mean (+/- SD) rates (mumol.kg-1.h-1) of phenylalanine conversion to tyrosine for fasted and fed states, respectively, were 5.1 +/- 2.9 and 6.8 +/- 3.4 with 2H5-phenylalanine and significantly higher (P < .05) at 11.1 +/- 5.6 and 12.7 +/- 7.7 with 13C-phenylalanine as tracer. Phenylalanine oxidation was 9.9 +/- 2.0 and 13.5 +/- 2.6, respectively, for fasted and fed states, and these mean values did not differ (P > .1) from the rate of phenylalanine conversion to tyrosine determined using 13C-phenylalanine. These results indicate the need for caution in interpreting kinetic aspects of phenylalanine metabolism when based on isotopic data from multideuterated phenylalanine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Marchini
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
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Szabo GK, Pylilo RJ, Perchalski RJ, Browne TR. Simultaneous separation and determination (in serum) of phenytoin and carbamazepine and their deuterated analogues by high-performance liquid chromatography--ultraviolet detection for tracer studies. J Chromatogr A 1990; 535:271-7. [PMID: 2089056 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of stable isotope-labeled tracer compounds is the safest and most effective method to perform many steady state pharmacokinetic and drug interaction studies. We describe a method by which the heavily deuterated 2H10 analogues of carbamazepine (2H10 CBZ) and phenytoin (2H10 PHT) can be chromatographically separated by high-performance liquid chromatography from unlabeled CBZ and PHT. All compounds are quantitated against an internal standard (IS) (10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine) and measured using conventional UV detection rather than mass spectrometry. Baseline resolution of extracted serum containing 2H10 CBZ, CBZ, 2H10 PHT, PHT and IS is achieved on a heated (55 degrees C) 25 cm x 4.6 mm BioAnalytical Systems Phase II 5 microns ODS column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of water-acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran (80:16:4, v/v/v) at 1.2 ml/min. Eluting compounds were monitored at a UV wavelength of 214 nm. Calculated resolution of 2H10 CBZ from CBZ and of 2H10 PHT from PHT were 1.3. Serum standard curves were linear (R greater than or equal to 0.999) over a range of 0.5-14 micrograms/ml for 2H10 CBZ, 0.5-20 micrograms/ml for CBZ, 0.5-20 micrograms/ml for 2H10 PHT, and 0.5-30 micrograms/ml for PHT. Within-day percent relative standard deviations (precision) were less than 6% in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Szabo
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118
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Rodewald LE, Maiman LA, Foye HR, Borch RF, Forbes GB. Deuterium oxide as a tracer for measurement of compliance in pediatric clinical drug trials. J Pediatr 1989; 114:885-91. [PMID: 2541239 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(89)80159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that a deuterium oxide (D2O) tracer could discriminate among patterns of clinically significant, imperfect compliance during drug trials. A model was developed to predict deuterium concentration during multiple dose regimens. After developing a regression equation to predict one of the model parameters for children, we selected healthy children (N = 20) at random to receive one of five 10-day D2O regimens. Five urine samples were obtained from each child during 15 days and analyzed for deuterium level by mass spectrometry. Each child's height, weight, age, and the first four urinary deuterium levels were used to estimate the amount and timing of deuterium administration. These estimates were compared with the five regimens to determine the closest match between estimate and regimen. The closest matching regimen was the regimen actually administered to 19 (95%) of the 20 children. Two of these children had D2O administration estimates that could be confused with another regimen. The correlation between the model's predicted levels and the measured levels of all urine samples was 0.96. We conclude that a D2O tracer shows excellent promise as a quantitative method of assessing compliance with liquid medications under specified conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Rodewald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, New York 14642
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Cherrah Y, Falconnet JB, Desage M, Brazier JL, Zini R, Tillement JP. Study of isotope effects on protein binding by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of theophylline-phenobarbitone and 2H, 13C, 15N isotopomers. BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1988; 17:245-50. [PMID: 3191256 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200170403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a comparative study of human serum albumin (HSA) binding by equilibrium dialysis (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C, 3 h) for two groups of isotopic analogues: theophylline and 1-C(2H3)theophylline; unlabelled, 5(ethyl(2H5],-5(phenyl(2H5] and 1,3-15N;2-13C-phenobarbitone. Bound and free drug fractions are quantified by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In three instances, protein binding parameters are greatly affected by isotopic substitution, namely for: theophylline and 1-C(2H3)theophylline with isotope effects on total binding site concentration (N), affinity constant (Ka) and extent of HSA binding (%) respectively, equal to: NL/NH = 0.51; KaL/KaH = 1.78; %L/%H = 0.96 (L (light) and H (heavy) represent the unlabelled and labelled analogue respectively); phenobarbitone/-5-(phenyl(2H5]phenobarbitone, NL/NH = 1.72; KaL/KaH = 0.56; %L/%H = 1.26; phenobarbitone/1,3-15N;2-13C phenobarbitone, NL/NH = 2.95; KaL/KaH = 0.44; %L/%H = 1.32, together with a change from one (saturable) to two (saturable + non-saturable) families of albumin binding sites in the latter case. Contrasting with these data, no HSA binding isotope effect was observed on phenobarbitone C5 ethyl deuteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cherrah
- LEACM Faculty of Pharmacy, Lyon, France
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Cherrah Y, Falconnet JB, Desage M, Brazier JL, Zini R, Tillement JP. Study of deuterium isotope effects on protein binding by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Caffeine and deuterated isotopomers. BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1987; 14:653-7. [PMID: 2962673 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200141115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A study of the binding to human serum albumin (HSA) of caffeine and its deuterated isotopomers, 1-C2H3-,3-C2H3-, 1,7-(C2H3)2-, 3,7-(C2H3)2- and 1,3,7-(C2H3)3-caffeine, was performed by equilibrium dialysis. Free and bound fractions were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Important and significant (Fischer and Student tests) isotope effects were observed on binding parameters: sites total concentration (N = 1732 microM for 1,3,7-(C2H3)3-caffeine versus 822 microM for caffeine; number of sites (n = 3 for 1,3,7-(C2H3)3-caffeine v. 1 for caffeine); and extent of binding (46% for 1,3,7-(C2H3)3-caffeine v. 27% for caffeine). A study of competition for HSA binding between caffeine and its 1,3,7-(C2H3)3- and 3,7-(C2H3)2-isotopomers confirmed the results obtained in direct binding studies. These isotope effects are discussed in terms of (a) tools for molecular pharmacology, (b) precautions to be taken when such labelled drugs are used in clinical pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cherrah
- LEACM Faculty of Pharmacy, Lyon, France
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Celuch SM, Juorio AV. Effects of deuterium substitution on the chronotropic responses to some sympathomimetic amines in the isolated rat atria. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1987; 336:391-5. [PMID: 3124004 DOI: 10.1007/bf00164871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In spontaneously beating rat atria the potencies for the chronotropic effects of the following deuterated phenylethylamine derivatives were higher than the potencies of the corresponding non-substituted (protio-) amines: alpha,alpha,d2-beta-phenylethylamine; alpha,alpha,beta,beta-d4-p-tyramine; alpha,alpha,beta,beta-d4-m-tyramine; alpha,alpha,beta-d3-p-octopamine. In contrast, alpha,alpha,beta-d3-noradrenaline and alpha,alpha,beta-d3-m-octopamine were equipotent with the corresponding protio-amines. Experiments performed in atria depleted of endogenous noradrenaline by pretreatment with reserpine and in atria exposed to the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor pargyline indicated: a. p-octopamine had both direct and indirect effects, but the chronotropic responses to p-octopamine in tissues with normal MAO activity depended mostly on the direct action of the amine; deuterium substitution enhanced the indirect component of action of p-octopamine; b. m-octopamine possessed considerable indirect effects while d3-m-octopamine behaved as an amine of direct action. The substitution of deuterium for hydrogens in the alpha-carbon of the alkyl-side chain of phenylethylamines decreases the rate of deamination by MAO. Therefore, the results obtained with all the amines, except for m-octopamine and alpha, alpha,p-d3-m-octopamine, could be interpreted in terms of the direct, indirect or mixed action of those compounds and/or of the influence that MAO activity has on the chronotropic responses to these amines. The results obtained with protio- and deuterio-m-octopamine suggested that deuterium substitution, either at the alpha- or the beta-carbon, can alter some other mechanisms in addition to the enzymatic deamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Celuch
- Psychiatric Research Division, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Dyck LE, Boulton AA. Effect of deuterium substitution on the disposition of intraperitoneal tryptamine. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:2893-6. [PMID: 3741480 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether alpha,alpha-dideutero substitution in the side chain of the tryptamine molecule can exert primary isotope effects and enhance its bioavailability, equimolar mixtures of tryptamine (T) and either alpha,alpha-dideutero-tryptamine (alpha,alpha-[2H2]T) or beta,beta-dideutero-tryptamine (beta,beta-[2H2]T) were injected i.p. into rats. The amounts of these amines in the brain, liver and plasma were then measured at various times following the injection, and ratios between the deuterated T and T were computed. The ratio remained close to unity in plasma, but exceeded unity in the liver and brain when alpha,alpha-[2H2]T and T were injected; however, when beta,beta-[2H2]T and T were injected, the ratios were unity in all cases at all times. In the presence of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, the relative enrichment of alpha,alpha-[2H2]T compared to T was reduced. It is concluded that alpha,alpha-dideutero substitution exerts a primary isotope effect during oxidative deamination so that much more of this amine penetrates into, and persists in, the brain.
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50
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Hatch F, McKellop K, Hansen G, MacGregor T. Relative bioavailability of metaproterenol in humans utilizing a single dose, stable isotope approach. J Pharm Sci 1986; 75:886-90. [PMID: 3783458 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600750913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The relative bioavailability of metaproterenol (3,5-dihydroxy-alpha-[(isopropylamino)methyl]benzyl alcohol) following a single dose (10-mg metaproterenol sulfate tablet) was studied in six normal male volunteers using coadministration of a solution of a deuterated analogue (metaproterenol-d7 sulfate). The bioavailability of the tablet formulation relative to that of the oral solution was 92 +/- 9%, with excellent power at the 5% significance level. Comparison of the coadministration of the labeled and unlabeled metaproterenol sulfate solutions in two subjects after a one-week washout demonstrated the absence of an isotope effect on either absorption or elimination. A GC-MS assay for metaproterenol was developed to measure plasma concentrations resulting from oral administration. The assay was linear over the range of 0.5-8 ng/mL, corresponding to typical plasma metaproterenol concentrations obtained after a single 10-mg oral dose. Accuracy and precision data were obtained at metaproterenol concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0 ng/mL plasma to demonstrate the applicability of the assay for bioavailability studies. Following oral administration, metaproterenol showed peak plasma concentrations of 2.2 to 13 ng/mL at 0.75 to 3.0 h, with a terminal harmonic mean half-life of 2.1 h over the plasma concentration range studied. The renal clearance of 133-158 mL/min for metaproterenol slightly exceeds the glomerular filtration rate in humans.
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