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Uddin J, Fatima M, Riaz A, Kamal GM, Muhsinah AB, Ahmed AR, Iftikhar R. Pharmacological potential of micheliolide: A focus on anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27299. [PMID: 38496875 PMCID: PMC10944196 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Micheliolide (MCL) is a chief constituent of plants such as Magnolia grandiflora L., Michelia compressa (Maxim.) Sarg. and Michelia champaca L. It is known to exhibit significant anticancer activity by various scientific investigations. This review aims to emphasize the anticancer and antiinflammatory activities of MCL. In this review, we summarized the published data in peer-reviewed manuscripts published in English. Our search was based on the following scientific search engines and databases: Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer, PubMed, and SciFinder, MCL possesses a broad spectrum of medicinal properties like other sesquiterpene lactones. The anticancer activity of this compound may be attributed to the modulation of several signaling cascades (PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways). It also induces apoptosis by arresting the cell cycle at the G1/G0 phase, S phase, and G2/M phase in many cancer cell lines. Very little data is available on its modulatory action on other signaling cascades like MAPK, STAT3, Wnt, TGFβ, Notch, EGFR, etc. This compound can be potentiated as a novel anticancer drug after thorough investigations in vitro, in vivo, and in silico-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Asir, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehwish Fatima
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Riaz
- Department of Life Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa Kamal
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Asir, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Razzaq Ahmed
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramsha Iftikhar
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, 2033, Sydney, Australia
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Phytoestrogens and Health Effects. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020317. [PMID: 36678189 PMCID: PMC9864699 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are literally estrogenic substances of plant origin. Although these substances are useful for plants in many aspects, their estrogenic properties are essentially relevant to their predators. As such, phytoestrogens can be considered to be substances potentially dedicated to plant-predator interaction. Therefore, it is not surprising to note that the word phytoestrogen comes from the early discovery of estrogenic effects in grazing animals and humans. Here, several compounds whose activities have been discovered at nutritional concentrations in animals and humans are examined. The substances analyzed belong to several chemical families, i.e., the flavanones, the coumestans, the resorcylic acid lactones, the isoflavones, and the enterolignans. Following their definition and the evocation of their role in plants, their metabolic transformations and bioavailabilities are discussed. A point is then made regarding their health effects, which can either be beneficial or adverse depending on the subject studied, the sex, the age, and the physiological status. Toxicological information is given based on official data. The effects are first presented in humans. Animal models are evoked when no data are available in humans. The effects are presented with a constant reference to doses and plausible exposure.
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The Potential of Jatropha variegata Fruits as a Natural Contraceptive: Antifertility Activity and Phytochemical Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1365526. [PMID: 35237332 PMCID: PMC8885185 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1365526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Jatropha variegata (family, Euphorbiaceae) is native to Yemen, where it is commonly known as the Ebki shrub. The fruits of the plant are traditionally ingested by local women as a natural method of contraception. This study was undertaken to investigate the phytochemical content of the methanol extract of J. variegata fruits and to evaluate its antifertility potential. Methods Isolation of the chemical constituents was performed by chromatographic techniques, and the chemical structures of these compounds were identified by spectroscopy. The antifertility activity of the methanol extract was assessed in two experimental rat models to explore both the anti-implantation and the estrogenic/antiestrogenic activities in females. In these models, the number of successful implants, the size of litter, and body/ovary weights were all recorded. The development of ovarian follicles was also monitored via histological staining. Results Phytochemical work on the fruit extract of J. variegata led to the isolation of two oils (JF1 and JF2) and methyl elaidate. GC-MS analysis of the JF1 oil revealed that the major chemical constituents were fatty acid esters (43.77%), hydrocarbon alkanes (20.65%), and terpenoids (4.65%), while terpenoids (28.8%), fatty acids and their esters, (29.47%), and phytosterol (10.49%) were the major components found in the JF2 oil. The methanol extract of J. variegata fruit exhibited 50% and 93% abortifacient activity at 150 and 300 mg/kg doses, respectively. The extract also showed significant estrogenic activity as evidenced by the increase in rat ovary weight at a dose of 300 mg/kg compared to the control group. Histological analyses further confirmed this estrogenic activity. Conclusions J. variegata fruits possess an antifertility activity that appeared to result from its antiembryo implantation potential and from its estrogenic activity. The bioactive constituents involved in these activities may need to be further explored and exploited in the pursuit of newer contraceptives.
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Kumar V, Chauhan SS. Daidzein Induces Intrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis along with ER α/β Ratio Alteration and ROS Production. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:603-610. [PMID: 33639680 PMCID: PMC8190374 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.2.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Low risk of breast cancer is observed among females consuming a moderate quantity of soy throughout their life. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anticancer potential of Daidzein, one of the major Isoflavones in soy using Human breast cancer cells MCF-7. Methods: MCF-7 were subjected to various doses of Daidzein treatment to determine the IC50 value. Onset of apoptosis was ascertained by AnnexinV assay and caspase 3/7 activity post treatment. Expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 was also assessed to further confirm apoptotic mode of cell death. ROS production post treatment with Daidzein was assessed to ascertain the apoptosis via intrinsic pathway. Expression of ER α and ER β was evaluated by western blot analysis. Results: Human breast cancer cells MCF-7 were found to be sensitive to Daidzein treatment, with an IC50 value of 50µM. Increased percentage of treated cells stained with Annexin V confirmed apoptosis mediated cell death. Activity of Caspase 3/7 activity was found to be 1.4-fold higher in Daidzein treated cells than control cells, confirming apoptosis. Daidzein caused over expression of Bax and down-regulated expression of Bcl2. There has been an outburst of ROS in Daidzein treated cells indicating that Daidzein induces apoptosis via intrinsic pathway. A decrease in the expression of ER α and increase in levels of ER β has been observed which are conducive indicator of apoptosis. Conclusions: In conclusion, the present study suggests that Daidzein induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by mitochondrial pathway along with lowering the ratio of ER α/β and an outburst of Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam S Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Torrens-Mas M, Roca P. Phytoestrogens for Cancer Prevention and Treatment. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E427. [PMID: 33261116 PMCID: PMC7759898 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are a large group of natural compounds found in more than 300 plants. They have a close structural similarity to estrogens, which allow them to bind to both estrogen receptors (ER), ERα and ERβ, presenting a weak estrogenic activity. Phytoestrogens have been described as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-allergic, and anti-tumoral agents. Their role in cancer prevention has been well documented, although their impact on treatment efficiency is controversial. Several reports suggest that phytoestrogens may interfere with the effect of anti-cancer drugs through the regulation of oxidative stress and other mechanisms. Furthermore, some phytoestrogens could exert a protective effect on healthy cells, thus reducing the secondary effects of cancer treatment. In this review, we have studied the recent research in this area to find evidence for the role of phytoestrogens in cancer prevention and therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Torrens-Mas
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, 07010 Palma, Spain
| | - Pilar Roca
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, 07010 Palma, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Chen X, Dong Y, Wang J. The Practical Total Synthesis of Rottlerin and Rottlerone. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu‐Ling Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yu Dong
- Chengdu Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ji‐Yu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
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Mohd Siddique MU, Barbhuiya TK, Sinha BN, Jayaprakash V. Phytoestrogens and their synthetic analogues as substrate mimic inhibitors of CYP1B1. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 163:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bruno LO, Simoes RS, de Jesus Simoes M, Girão MJBC, Grundmann O. Pregnancy and herbal medicines: An unnecessary risk for women's health-A narrative review. Phytother Res 2018; 32:796-810. [PMID: 29417644 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of herbal medicines to prevent or to heal diseases or even the use for questionable purposes such as weight loss has received both interest and scrutiny from the scientific community and general public alike. An increasing number of women put their own and the unborn child's health at risk due to a lack of knowledge about the phytochemical properties and adequate use of herbal medicine (phytomedicines or herbal supplements) and lack of communication with their healthcare provider. The purpose of this narrative review was to summarize the use of herbal medicines during pregnancy and their potential toxic effects to highlight the importance of caution when prescribing herbal medicines or supplements for women, because, in addition to suffering interactions and a great amount of information obtained in preclinical predictive studies, assessment of nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, and teratogenicity of traditional medicinal herbs still remains scarce in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana O Bruno
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Santos Simoes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Manuel de Jesus Simoes
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04021-001, Brazil
| | | | - Oliver Grundmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida (UFL), Gainesville, 32611, FL, USA.,Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida (UFL), Gainesville, 32611, FL, USA
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Abstract
This review summarizes the 2016 NAMS/Pfizer-Wulf H. Utian Endowed Lecture that focused on the history and basic science of soy isoflavones. Described is a personal perspective of the background and history that led to the current interest in soy and isoflavones with a specific focus on the role that soy isoflavones play in the health of postmenopausal women. This overview covers the metabolism and physiological behavior of isoflavones, their biological properties that are of potential relevance to aging, issues related to the safety of soy isoflavones, and the role of the important intestinally derived metabolite S-(-)equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D R Setchell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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Pons DG, Nadal-Serrano M, Torrens-Mas M, Oliver J, Roca P. The Phytoestrogen Genistein Affects Breast Cancer Cells Treatment Depending on the ERα/ERβ Ratio. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:218-29. [PMID: 26100284 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genistein (GEN) is a phytoestrogen found in soybeans. GEN exerts its functions through its interaction with the estrogen receptors (ER), ERα and ERβ, and we previously reported that the ERα/ERβ ratio is an important factor to consider in GEN-treated breast cancer cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GEN in breast cancer cells with different ERα/ERβ ratio: MCF-7 (high ratio), T47D (low ratio), and MCF-7 overexpressing ERβ (MCF7 + ERβ) treated with cisplatin (CDDP), paclitaxel (PTX) or tamoxifen (TAM). Cell viability, ROS production, autophagy, apoptosis, antioxidant enzymes protein levels, and cell cycle were analyzed. GEN treatment provoked an increase in cell viability in MCF-7 cells and in the antioxidant enzymes protein levels in combination with the cytotoxic agents, decreasing ROS production (CDDP + GEN and TAM+GEN) and autophagy (TAM + GEN) or apoptosis (CDDP + GEN and TAM + GEN). Moreover GEN treatment enhanced the cell cycle S phase entry in CDDP+GEN- and TAM + GEN-treated MCF-7 cells and, in the case of CDDP + GEN, increased the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase and decreased it in the subG0 /G1 phase. Otherwise, in the T47D and MCF7 + ERβ cells the combination of GEN with cytotoxic treatments did not cause significant changes in these parameters, even TAM + GEN-treated T47D cells showed less cell viability due to an increment in the autophagy. In conclusion, GEN consumption may be counterproductive in those patients receiving anticancer treatment with a high ERα/ERβ ratio diagnosed breast cancer and it could be harmless or even beneficial in those patients with a lower ERα/ERβ ratio breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gabriel Pons
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS-IdISPa), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Mercedes Nadal-Serrano
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS-IdISPa), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Margalida Torrens-Mas
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS-IdISPa), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Jordi Oliver
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS-IdISPa), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Pilar Roca
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS-IdISPa), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The estrogenic effects of genistein, as reconfirmed by the American National Toxicology Program (USA-NTP), have led to several new clinical studies being undertaken. Here, we highlight the most relevant recent data, reporting either beneficial or adverse effects. RECENT FINDINGS Phytoestrogens are natural molecules from edible plants exhibiting estrogenic activities. Post-USA-NTP studies investigated both human and animal reproductive and other physiological issues. These studies showed that estrogens can be either deleterious for reproduction and estrogen-dependent diseases, or beneficial for those with steroid deficiencies, that is more than 50. The specific outcome depends on exposure level and on the estrogenic status of the patients exposed. Recently, it was reported that, with the industrialization of soybean process, phytoestrogen exposure dramatically increased in both humans and cattle, whereas traditional Asian soy-food-processing empirically removed isoflavones. Phytoestrogen exposure has also become more widespread with the progressive internationalization of soybean use in human and cattle food. SUMMARY Phytoestrogens should be considered as modern endocrine disruptors and studied as such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bennetau-Pelissero
- aUniversity Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la plasticité neuronale, U862 bINSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la plasticité neuronale, U1215 Bordeaux cBordeaux Sciences Agro, Gradignan, France
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Oh SM, Kim HR, Park YJ, Lee YH, Chung KH. Ethanolic extract of dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) induces estrogenic activity in MCF-7 cells and immature rats. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 13:808-814. [PMID: 26614455 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants of the genus Taraxacum, commonly known as dandelions, are used to treat breast cancer in traditional folk medicine. However, their use has mainly been based on empirical findings without sufficient scientific evidence. Therefore, we hypothesized that dandelions would behave as a Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and be effective as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in the postmenopausal women. In the present study, in vitro assay systems, including cell proliferation assay, reporter gene assay, and RT-PCR to evaluate the mRNA expression of estrogen-related genes (pS2 and progesterone receptor, PR), were performed in human breast cancer cells. Dandelion ethanol extract (DEE) significantly increased cell proliferation and estrogen response element (ERE)-driven luciferase activity. DEE significantly induced the expression of estrogen related genes such as pS2 and PR, which was inhibited by tamoxifen at 1 μmol·L(-1). These results indicated that DEE could induce estrogenic activities mediated by a classical estrogen receptor pathway. In addition, immature rat uterotrophic assay was carried out to identify estrogenic activity of DEE in vivo. The lowest concentration of DEE slightly increased the uterine wet weight, but there was no significant effect with the highest concentration of DEE. The results demonstrate the potential estrogenic activities of DEE, providing scientific evidence supporting their use in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Oh
- Fusion Technology Laboratory, Hoseo University, Hoseoro79 bungil20, Baebang, Asan, Chungcheong Nam-do, 336-795, Korea
| | - Ha Ryong Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Korea
| | - Yong Joo Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Lee
- Fusion Technology Laboratory, Hoseo University, Hoseoro79 bungil20, Baebang, Asan, Chungcheong Nam-do, 336-795, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyuck Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Korea.
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Akour A, Kasabri V, Afifi FU, Bulatova N. The use of medicinal herbs in gynecological and pregnancy-related disorders by Jordanian women: a review of folkloric practice vs. evidence-based pharmacology. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1901-1918. [PMID: 26911517 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context National statistical reports in Jordan indicate a decrease in the total fertility rate along with a parallel increase in contraceptive use. The folkloric use of medicinal herbs in gynecological disorders has been growing in Jordan, despite of deficient reports on the evidence-based safety and efficacy of these practices. Objective The aim of this comprehensive article is to review medicinal plants with claimed ethnonpharmacological usage in various gynecological and pregnancy-related issues in Jordan, and to assess their evidence-based pharmacological studies as well as their phytochemistry. Methods The published literature was surveyed using Google Scholar entering the terms "ethnopharmacology AND Jordan AND infertility AND gynecology OR gestation". We included ethnopharmacological surveys in Jordan with available full-text. Results Twelve articles were reviewed. Plant species which are commonly used for female gynecological issues such as Artemisia monosperma Del. and A. herba-alba Asso. (Asteraceae) have been found to exert an antifertility effect. Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) and Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae) had antifertility effects in male rats, but Nigella sativa oil L. (Ranunculaceae) and Cinnamon zeylanicum J. Presl (Lauraceae) were found to enhance it. Conclusion Using plants for gynecological disorders is a common practice in Jordan. Many of them, whether utilised for gynecological or non-gynecological conditions equally, were found to have detrimental effects on female or male fertility. Thus, couples planning pregnancy should be discouraged from the consumption of these herbs. Further local studies are warranted to confirm the appreciable beneficial pharmacological effects and safety of these plants.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ethnopharmacology
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- Female
- Fertility/drug effects
- Folklore
- Genital Diseases, Female/drug therapy
- Genital Diseases, Female/epidemiology
- Humans
- Infertility, Female/chemically induced
- Infertility, Female/epidemiology
- Infertility, Female/physiopathology
- Infertility, Male/chemically induced
- Infertility, Male/epidemiology
- Infertility, Male/physiopathology
- Jordan/epidemiology
- Male
- Medicine, Traditional
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Preparations/adverse effects
- Plant Preparations/therapeutic use
- Plants, Medicinal
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications/drug therapy
- Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Akour
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - Violet Kasabri
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - Fatma U Afifi
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - Nailya Bulatova
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
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Boukandou Mounanga M, Mewono L, Aboughe Angone S. Toxicity studies of medicinal plants used in sub-Saharan Africa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 174:618-627. [PMID: 26087230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, traditional medicine is widely used in rural and urban areas also. This is essentially due to the prohibitive cost of pharmaceutical-based medicine and the low incomes of a major part of the population. In addition, the efficacies of many of these traditional and plant-based medicines are proven, but the fact remains that certain plants used in traditional medicine have toxic effects. It is in this perspective that we investigated by bibliographic literature on the toxicity of plants used in traditional medicine. It is crucial to gain knowledge on these plant-based medicines prepared and prescribed by practitioners, particularly in terms of toxicity, composition, specific efficacy of disease and to advise practitioners of this alternative medicine on the protection and security of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlaine Boukandou Mounanga
- Pharmacopeia and Traditional Medicine Institute: National Center of Technological and Scientific Research, Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Ludovic Mewono
- Groupe de Recherche en Immunologie, Microbiologie appliquée, Hygiène et Physiologie (GRIMAH.P), Département des Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre- Ecole Normale Supérieure, BP 17009 Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Sophie Aboughe Angone
- Pharmacopeia and Traditional Medicine Institute: National Center of Technological and Scientific Research, Libreville, Gabon.
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Nelson CJ, Moser LE. Plant Factors Affecting Forage Quality. FORAGE QUALITY, EVALUATION, AND UTILIZATION 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/1994.foragequality.c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Nelson
- Dep. of Agronomy; Univ. of Missouri; Columbia MO 65211
| | - L. E. Moser
- Dep. of Agronomy; Univ. of Nebraska; Lincoln NE 68506
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Kim MY, Choi SD, Ryu A. Is complementary and alternative therapy effective for women in the climacteric period? J Menopausal Med 2015; 21:28-35. [PMID: 26046035 PMCID: PMC4452811 DOI: 10.6118/jmm.2015.21.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasomotor symptoms start about 2 years prior to menopause in women who are approaching menopause, and early menopause symptoms appear including emotional disturbance and anxiety, followed by physical changes such as vaginal dryness, urinary incontinence and skin wrinkles. As time progresses, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia occur consecutively. Hormone therapy is primarily considered for the relief of menopause symptoms in postmenopausal women. However, as hormone replacement has emerged as a therapy that increases the potential risk of thrombosis, cerebral infarction and breast cancer, complementary and alternative medicine has drawn much attention. This study aimed to examine the types and effects of evidence-based complementary and alternative therapies that are currently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Seung Do Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Aeli Ryu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
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Biswal S. Phytochemical analysis and a study on the antiestrogenic antifertility effect of leaves of Piper betel in female albino rat. Anc Sci Life 2015; 34:16-22. [PMID: 25737606 PMCID: PMC4342644 DOI: 10.4103/0257-7941.150770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To study the effect of graded doses of the aqueous and methanolic extract of the leaves of Piper betel (PB) Linn (PBL) on the estrous cycle of female albino rats. Materials and Methods: Both the extracts were tested for their effect on the estrous cycle at three dose levels of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg/day and the vaginal smears were examined daily microscopically for the different phases of the estrous cycle for a period of 30 days. Result: The estrous cycle was irregular and prolonged in the treated groups indicating anestrus condition, which would result in infertility. Both types of the extract showed a significant decrease in the duration of proestrus and estrus with a prolonged diestrus at 1000 mg/kg/day and 1500 mg/kg/day doses as compared with control. However, no change was seen in the metestrus phase. The rats treated with PB showed a significant (P < 0.05), dose-dependent decrease in the estrus phase, in comparison to the control group, the effect was more with the methanolic extract. Large, cornified cells appeared after proestrus phase with decreased number of cornified cells. There was a significant reduction in the number of the estrous cycle, in the PBL treated group. Anestrus phase appeared in all the rats treated with the aqueous and methanolic PB extract, which was not observed in the control group. However, the aqueous extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day had no effect either on the estrous cycle or on its different phases. The observed effect of PB leaves could be due to the flavonoids and saponin contents, which also contributes to its antiestrogenic mechanism of action. Conclusion: Both the aqueous and methanolic extract of PBL possesses antifertility effect in female albino rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Biswal
- Department of Pharmacology, VSS Medical College and Hospital, Burla, Odisha, India
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18
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Antifertility activity of Artemisia vulgaris leaves on female Wistar rats. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 12:180-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nordeen SK, Bona BJ, Jones DN, Lambert JR, Jackson TA. Endocrine disrupting activities of the flavonoid nutraceuticals luteolin and quercetin. Discov Oncol 2013; 4:293-300. [PMID: 23836117 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary plant flavonoids have been proposed to contribute to cancer prevention, neuroprotection, and cardiovascular health through their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic, and antiproliferative activities. As a consequence, flavonoid supplements are aggressively marketed by the nutraceutical industry for many purposes, including pediatric applications, despite inadequate understanding of their value and drawbacks. We show that two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, are promiscuous endocrine disruptors. These flavonoids display progesterone antagonist activity beneficial in a breast cancer model but deleterious in an endometrial cancer model. Concurrently, luteolin possesses potent estrogen agonist activity while quercetin is considerably less effective. These results highlight the promise and peril of flavonoid nutraceuticals and suggest caution in supplementation beyond levels attained in a healthy, plant-rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Nordeen
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Tran TT, Hinds LA. Fertility control of rodent pests: a review of the inhibitory effects of plant extracts on ovarian function. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:342-354. [PMID: 22753347 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant extracts can inhibit fertility by adversely affecting, directly or indirectly, reproductive processes ranging from gonadal function and development to gestation. This review focuses on plant extracts that disrupt ovarian function in rodents. RESULTS Extracts from at least 40 plant species exert some of their disruptive reproductive effects at the ovarian level. Of those, 13 plants induce a reduction in the number and type of ovarian follicles and also cause disruption to the oestrous cycle. Their effects are short term and reversible once treatment ceases. CONCLUSIONS Protection of plant extracts to prevent their degradation before uptake in the gastrointestinal tract could enhance short-term efficacy but would not enhance the longevity of their effects. Identification and further testing of the specific chemicals responsible for reproductive effects would be beneficial. The adoption of a standard protocol for treatment and assessment of the inhibitory effects of potential control agents on reproductive function in rodents is essential. Treatment with higher concentrations of extracts in conjunction with other extracts or with other chemosterilants could have potential complementary effects and lead to more rapid and permanent changes in ovarian function. An orally delivered agent(s) that causes major depletion of all follicle types, and particularly of non-regenerating primordial follicles, could be an ideal fertility control product and serve as an additional tool for population control of pest rodents.
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21
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El-Halawany AM, El Dine RS, Chung MH, Nishihara T, Hattori M. Screening for estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of plants growing in Egypt and Thailand. Pharmacognosy Res 2011; 3:107-13. [PMID: 21772754 PMCID: PMC3129019 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.81958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a growing demand for the discovery of new phytoestrogens to be used as a safe and effective hormonal replacement therapy. Materials and Methods: The methanol extracts of 40 plants from the Egyptian and Thailand folk medicines were screened for their estrogen agonist and antagonist activities. The estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects of the tested extracts were carried out using the yeast two-hybrid assay system expressing ERα and ERβ. In addition, all the extracts were subjected to a naringinase treatment and retested for their estrogenic activity. Results: The methanol extracts of Derris reticulata and Dracaena lourieri showed the most potent estrogenic activity on both estrogen-receptor subtypes, while, the methanol extracts of Butea monosperma, Erythrina fusca, and Dalbergia candenatensis revealed significant estrogenic activity on ERβ only. Nigella sativa, Sophora japonica, Artabotrys harmandii, and Clitorea hanceana showed estrogenic effect only after naringinase treatment. The most potent antiestrogenic effect was revealed by Aframomum melegueta, Dalbergia candenatensis, Dracena loureiri, and Mansonia gagei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M El-Halawany
- Department of Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Sperm quotient in Sprague–Dawley rats fed graded doses of seed extract of Momordica charantia. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mefs.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Sunita P, Pattanayak SP. Phytoestrogens in postmenopausal indications: A theoretical perspective. Pharmacogn Rev 2011; 5:41-7. [PMID: 22096317 PMCID: PMC3210008 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.79098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses plant-derived compounds with estrogenic activity. The authors rightly emphasize the need for the intake of foods containing phytoestrogens in view of their positive effects on postmenopausal indications. This is particularly significant in the light of the current wave of enthusiasm for vegetarian food, in general, and phytoestrogens, in particular. Phytoestrogens are plant-derived hormone-like diphenolic compounds of dietary origin. These compounds are weakly estrogenic and could play a role in the prevention of other estrogen-related conditions, namely, cardiovascular diseases, menopausal symptoms, postmenopausal osteoporosis, neuroprotective effects, and hormone-dependent cancers (breast and endometrium cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Sunita
- Government Pharmacy Institute, Ranchi - 834 009, Jharkhand, India
| | - S. P. Pattanayak
- Division of Pharmacology, Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), Ranchi - 835 215, Jharkhand, India
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Evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Inula viscosa leaf extracts with Allium test. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:189252. [PMID: 20617136 PMCID: PMC2896651 DOI: 10.1155/2010/189252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
I. viscosa has been used for years in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, and paper antiphlogistic activities. In this study, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of I. viscosa leaf extracts on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa have been examined. Onion bulbs were exposed to 2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml concentrations of the extracts for macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Tap water has been used as a negative control and Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) (2 * 10(-2) M) has been used as a positive control. The test concentrations have been determined according to doses which are recommended for use in alternative medicine. There has been statistically significant (P < .05) inhibition of root growth depending on concentration by the extracts when compared with the control groups. All the tested extracts have been observed to have cytotoxic effects on cell division in A. cepa. I. viscosa leaf extract induces the total number of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei (MNC) formations in A. cepa root tip cells significantly when compared with control groups. Also, this paper shows for the first time the induction of cell death, ghost cells, cells with membrane damage, and binucleated cells by extract treatment. These results suggest the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the I. viscosa leaf extracts on A. cepa.
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Hesse R, Hoffmann B, Karg H, Vogt K. Untersuchungen über den Nachweis von Phytoöstrogenen in Futterpflanzen und Hopfen mit Hilfe eines Rezeptortests1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1981.tb01211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hijazi AM, Salhab AS. Effects of Artemisia monosperma ethanolic leaves extract on implantation, mid-term abortion and parturition of pregnant rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 128:446-451. [PMID: 20083188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The herb, Artemisia monosperma, is a perennial fragrant plant which grows widely and wildly in the Arabian deserts. The leaves of the plant are taken in folk medicine by certain women of Jordan for abortion induction. The aim of this study was to asses the ethanolic leaves extract of the plant on the outcome of rat pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, sub-lethal doses of ethanolic extract of the plant leaves were used to evaluate the effects of the extract on implantation, mid-term abortion and parturition. RESULTS The intraperetoneal administration of 150 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg of the plant ethanolic extract on days 3-5 of gestation exhibited a decrease of viable fetus implantation and an increased in the number of adsorbing sites compared to control. Meanwhile, the administration of 50mg/kg or 300 mg/kg of the ethanolic extract on days 10-12 of gestation exhibited dramatic mid-term abortion. Furthermore, the administration of 150 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg of the ethanolic extract on days 19-21 of gestation exhibited a delay of onset of delivery and failure of the spontaneous delivery of rat and also resulted in significant increase in serum oxytocin hormone level. CONCLUSION Since, Artemisia monosperma caused a drastic harm of the pregnancy outcomes of rat, as shown in this study, therefore, taking the leaves of the plant by pregnant women is not advisable.
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Yakubu MT, Bukoye BB. Abortifacient potentials of the aqueous extract of Bambusa vulgaris leaves in pregnant Dutch rabbits. Contraception 2009; 80:308-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bergeron C, Marston A, Gauthier R, Hostettmann K. Screening of plants used by North American indians for antifungal, bactericidal, larvicidal and molluscicidal activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1076/phbi.34.4.233.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Bergeron
- Institut de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Universite de Lausanne, BEP, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Marston
- Institut de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Universite de Lausanne, BEP, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Herbier Louis-Marie, Departement de Phytologie, Pavillon Marchand, Universite Laval, G1K 7P4, Cite Universitaire, Quebec, Canada
| | - R Gauthier
- Institut de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Universite de Lausanne, BEP, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Hostettmann
- Institut de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Universite de Lausanne, BEP, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Sharma BB, Varshney MD, Gupta DN, Prakash AO. Antifertility Screening of Plants. Part I. Effect of Ten Indigenous Plants on Early Pregnancy in Albino Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/13880208309070640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- N. K. Bhattarai
- National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories Department of Forestry and Plant Research, G.P.O. Box 938 Godawari, Lalitpur, Nepal
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32
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Kim IG, Kang SC, Kim KC, Choung ES, Zee OP. Screening of estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities from medicinal plants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 25:75-82. [PMID: 21783839 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant extracts commercially used in Asia were screened for their estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities in a recombinant yeast system featuring both a human estrogen receptor (ER) expression plasmid and a reporter plasmid. Pueraria lobata (flower) had the highest estrogenic relative potency (RP, 7.75×10(-3); RP of 17β-estradiol=1), followed by Amomum xanthioides (1.25×10(-3)). Next potent were a group consisting of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Zingiber officinale, Rheum undulatum, Curcuma aromatica, Eriobotrya japonica, Sophora flavescens, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Polygonum multiflorum, and Pueraria lobata (root) (ranging from 9.5×10(-4) to 1.0×10(-4)). Least potent were Prunus persica, Lycoppus lucidus, and Adenophora stricta (ranging from 9.0×10(-5) to 8.0×10(-5)). The extracts exerting antiestrogenic effects, Cinnamomum cassia and Prunus persica, had relative potencies of 1.14×10(-3) and 7.4×10(-4), respectively (RP of tamoxifen=1). The solvent fractions from selected estrogenic or antiestrogenic herbs had higher estrogenic relative potencies, with their RP ranging from 9.3×10(-1) to 2.7×10(-4) and from 8.2×10(-1) to 9.1×10(-3), respectively. These results support previous reports on the efficacy of Oriental medicinal plants used or not used as phytoestrogens for hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Gyu Kim
- Department of Radiation Biology, Environment Radiation Research Group, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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33
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Li Y, He W, Liu H, Yao X, Hu Z. Daidzein interaction with human serum albumin studied using optical spectroscopy and molecular modeling methods. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring plant substances that can either mimic or antagonize the action of endogenous estrogens. This is because of the similarity of the functional structure of phytoestrogens and endogenous estrogens. In premenopausal women, phytoestrogen intake might induce a decrease in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol (E2), which are associated with a longer follicular phase. The circulating transport protein, sex hormone-binding globulin, is increased, resulting in less cellular availability of E2. Phytoestrogens inhibit the activities of E2 synthetic enzymes through adenylate cyclase and tyrosine kinase cascades. This might decrease of risk of hormone dependent cancers. A phytoestrogen-rich diet might reproduce normal body composition, affecting the course of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Some herbs used in traditional Japanese medicine contain phytoestrogens that influence endogenous hormone levels to directly regulate the pituitary-ovarian system, in particular, the chemotactic effects on ovaries. (Reprod Med Biol 2005; 4: 225 -229).
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Tamaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Yoo HH, Kim T, Ahn S, Kim YJ, Kim HY, Piao XL, Park JH. Evaluation of the estrogenic activity of Leguminosae plants. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:538-40. [PMID: 15744086 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The plant extracts of the Leguminosae family were screened for their estrogenic activity with the Ishikawa cell system. Of the tested plants, Desmodium oxyphyllum, Dunbaria villosa, Kummerowia striata, Lespedeza bicolor, Maackia amurensis, Maackia fauriei, Pueraria thunbergiana, and Sophora flavescens were highly estrogenic with EC50 values of less than 10 microg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Hyun Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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36
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Mukherjee S, Mukherjee A, Saha A. QSAR modeling on binding affinity of diverse estrogenic flavonoids: electronic, topological and spatial functions in quantitative approximation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2004.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Marin F, Perez-Alvarez J, Soler-Rivas C. Isoflavones as functional food components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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38
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Clarke DB, Barnes KA, Lloyd AS. Determination of unusual soya and non-soya phytoestrogen sources in beer, fish products and other foods. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2004; 21:949-62. [PMID: 15712520 DOI: 10.1080/02652030400006858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fish and fish products (14 samples), Indian foods and meals (10 samples), spices (30 samples) and beers (10 samples) were analysed for their phytoestrogen content, and a number of significant non-soya sources of dietary phytoestrogens were identified. No isoflavones were detected in unprocessed, farmed or ocean fish, but some samples of processed fish products contained soya isoflavones, which are assumed to come from coatings or protein addition. Additionally, some processed fish products contained, genistein glycocongugates not derived from soya. Genistein was detected in Indian meals such that, for example, a single portion of a vindalooo curry contained 11 mg genistein. The origin was most likely from the spices used, since the analysis of curry powders, chilli powder, crushed red chillies, garam masala and tandoori powder revealed that some contained genistein at more than 100 mg kg(-1). Cumin was the most likely source material, although not all individual samples of cumin tested contained high levels of genistein. Prenylnaringenin phytoestrogens were determined in UK hop-based beers at mean concentrations of 0.21 mg(-1) 6-prenylnaringenin and 0.06mg(-1) 8-prenylnaringenin. The beers also contained traces of daidzein, genistein and biochanin A. The significance of 'hidden soya' in processed foods and these non-soya sources of phytoestrogens is that UK dietary intake of phytoestrogens must be assumed to be higher than estimated previously and that some sources of phytoestrogens remain poorly characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Clarke
- Central Science Laboratory, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
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Kim OS, Choi JH, Soung YH, Lee SH, Lee JH, Ha JM, Ha BJ, Heo MS, Lee SH. Establishment ofin vitro test system for the evaluation of the estrogenic activities of natural products. Arch Pharm Res 2004; 27:906-11. [PMID: 15473658 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate estrogenic compounds in natural products, an in vitro detection system was established. For this system, the human breast cancer cell line MCF7 was stably transfected using an estrogen responsive chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter plasmid yielding MCF7/pDsCAT-ERE119-Ad2MLP cells. To test the estrogenic responsiveness of this in vitro assay system, MCF7/pDsCAT-ERE119-Ad2MLP cells were treated with various concentrations of 17beta-estradiol. Treatments of 10(-8) to 10(-12) M 17beta-estradiol revealed significant concentration dependent estrogenic activities compared with ethanol. We used in vitro assay system to detect estrogenic effects in Puerariae radix and Ginseng radix Rubra extracts. Treatment of 500 and 50 microg/ml of Puerariae radix extracts increased the transcriptional activity approximately 4- and 1.5-fold, respectively, compared with the ethanol treatment. Treatment of 500, 50, and 5 microg/ml of Ginseng radix Rubra extracts increased the transcriptional activity approximately 3.2-, 2.7-, and 1.4-fold, respectively, compared with the ethanol treatment. These observations suggest that Puerariae radix and Ginseng radix Rubra extracts have effective estrogenic actions and that they could be developed as estrogenic supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok Soo Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Korea
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40
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Adachi T, Ono Y, Koh KB, Takashima K, Tainaka H, Matsuno Y, Nakagawa S, Todaka E, Sakurai K, Fukata H, Iguchi T, Komiyama M, Mori C. Long-term alteration of gene expression without morphological change in testis after neonatal exposure to genistein in mice: toxicogenomic analysis using cDNA microarray. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:445-52. [PMID: 14871586 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we carried out toxicogenomic analysis using in-house cDNA microarray to ascertain the long-term effects of neonatal exposure to genistein, also known as phytoestrogen, on testicular gene expression in mice. Male ICR mice, 1 day after birth, were exposed for 5 days to genistein (1000 microg/mouse/day) or diethylstilbestrol (DES) (50 microg/mouse/day), used as an example of a potent estrogen, and their testes were used when they were 12 weeks old. Since exposure to DES was been reported to induce morphological changes and alteration of gene expression in reproductive organs, DES was used as a positive control. Genistein-treated mice did not show any histological abnormalities or increased apoptotic cells in testes, but these abnormalities and increases were found in DES-treated mice. On the other hand, mRNA expression analysis using in-house cDNA microarray revealed that 2 down-regulated genes (GeneBank accession No. W49392 and AI430907) were detected in genistein-treated mouse testes. Moreover, real-time PCR analysis revealed that mRNAs of the W49392 gene, estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and androgen receptor (AR), were down-regulated in the testes of both genistein-treated and DES-treated mice. In our present study using toxicogenomic analysis, long-term alteration in testicular mRNA expression, without morphological change in testes, was detected after neonatal treatment with genistein, indicating that the W49392 gene, in addition to ERalpha and AR, might be useful as a biological marker for predicting the effects of neonatal exposure to DES and genistein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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41
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Pregnancy in goats does not influence intake of novel or familiar foods with or without toxins. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Li Y, Kishimoto I, Saito Y, Harada M, Kuwahara K, Izumi T, Hamanaka I, Takahashi N, Kawakami R, Tanimoto K, Nakagawa Y, Nakanishi M, Adachi Y, Garbers DL, Fukamizu A, Nakao K. Androgen contributes to gender-related cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in mice lacking the gene encoding guanylyl cyclase-A. Endocrinology 2004; 145:951-8. [PMID: 14592959 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial hypertrophy and extended cardiac fibrosis are independent risk factors for congestive heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Before age 50, men are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease than age-matched women. In the current studies, we found that cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis were significantly more pronounced in males compared with females of guanylyl cyclase-A knockout (GC-A KO) mice at 16 wk of age. These gender-related differences were not seen in wild-type mice. In the further studies, either castration (at 10 wk of age) or flutamide, an androgen receptor antagonist, markedly attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in male GC-A KO mice without blood pressure change. In contrast, ovariectomy (at 10 wk of age) had little effect. Also, chronic testosterone infusion increased cardiac mass and fibrosis in ovariectomized GC-A mice. None of the treatments affected cardiac mass or the extent of fibrosis in wild-type mice. Overexpression of mRNAs encoding atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, collagens I and III, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta3, angiotensinogen, and angiotensin converting enzyme in the ventricles of male GC-A KO mice was substantially decreased by castration. The gender differences were virtually abolished by targeted deletion of the angiotensin II type 1A receptor gene (AT1A). Neither castration nor testosterone administration induced any change in the cardiac phenotypes of double-KO mice for GC-A and AT1A. Thus, we suggest that androgens contribute to gender-related differences in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis by a mechanism involving AT1A receptors and GC-A.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists
- Androgens/physiology
- Animals
- Blood Pressure
- Cardiomegaly/enzymology
- Female
- Fibrosis
- Flutamide/pharmacology
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Guanylate Cyclase/deficiency
- Guanylate Cyclase/genetics
- Guanylate Cyclase/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardium/pathology
- Orchiectomy
- Ovariectomy
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/deficiency
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/physiology
- Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor/physiology
- Sex Characteristics
- Testosterone/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Li
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
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43
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Benie T, Thieulant ML. Mechanisms underlying antigonadotropic effects of some traditional plant extracts in pituitary cell culture. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2004; 11:157-164. [PMID: 15070166 DOI: 10.1078/0944-7113-00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous works have demonstrated that stem bark extracts of Cola nitida (Sterculiaceae), Afrormosia laxiflora and Pterocarpus erinaceus (Fabaceae) provoked a blockade of female rat ovulation and estrous cycle by inhibiting pituitary LH release in vivo. In addition, these plant extracts exerted an inhibitory effect on LH release of rat pituitary cells. Therefore, these data could explain inhibitory effects of plant extracts on LH release in vivo. The present study was undertaken to examine the mechanisms by which these plants exert their antigonadotropic activities. So, we studied the biological activities of these plant extracts on pituitary cells in culture. Data show that C. nitida, A. laxiflora and P. erinaceus extracts only inhibit LH release and have no effect on FSH release. In fact, A. laxiflora, P. erinaceus and C. nitida extracts diminish LH release in culture medium without acting on rat pituitary cell content. Plant extracts form complexes with basic glycoproteins (but not with acid glycoproteins) and prevent them from entering the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Benie
- Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie et de Biologie de la Reproduction, UFR Biosciences Université de Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
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44
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Bennetau-Pelissero C, Latonnelle KG, Lamothe V, Shinkaruk-Poix S, Kaushik SJ. Screening for oestrogenic activity of plant and food extracts using in vitro trout hepatocyte cultures. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2004; 15:40-5. [PMID: 14979526 DOI: 10.1002/pca.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2002] [Accepted: 03/27/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of in vitro trout hepatocyte cultures is shown to provide a simple and effective way to screen plant and food products for oestrogenic activity. The relative oestrogenic activities of 0.1 g each of extracts of phytosterol, soy isoflavone, red clover, kudzu and soybean extracts were determined using this assay and found to be equivalent to 212, 1, 3.2, 132 and 1025 nM of 17beta-estradiol, respectively. Controls were performed on soybean and kudzu extracts using specific ELISAs for isoflavones and these confirmed the validity of the cell culture assay. The method described offers an advantage over current methods in that it can detect increased oestrogenic activity that may occur as a result of metabolic activation of pre- or pro-oestrogens liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bennetau-Pelissero
- Micronutriments, Reproduction and Health Unit, ENITA de Bordeaux, 1 cours du General de Gaulle, 33175 Gradignan, France.
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45
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Abstract
Phytoestrogens are a diverse group of plant-derived compounds that structurally or functionally mimic mammalian estrogens and show potential benefits for human health. The number of articles published on phytoestrogens has risen dramatically in the past couple decades. Further research continues to demonstrate the biological complexity of phytoestrogens, which belong to several different chemical classes and act through diverse mechanisms. This paper discusses the classification of phytoestrogens, methods of identification, their proposed mechanisms of action and botanical sources for phytoestrogens. The effects of phytoestrogens on breast and prostate cancers, cardiovascular disease, menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis will also be examined including research on benefits and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreana L Ososki
- Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
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46
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Miniello VL, Moro GE, Tarantino M, Natile M, Granieri L, Armenio L. Soy-based formulas and phyto-oestrogens: a safety profile. Acta Paediatr 2003; 91:93-100. [PMID: 14599051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phyto-oestrogens are non-steroidal plant-derived compounds that possess oestrogenic activity and act as selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Among the dietary oestrogens, the isoflavone class enjoy a wide-spread distribution in most of the members of the Leguminosae family, including such prominent high-content representatives as soybean. Phyto-oestrogen research has grown rapidly in recent years owing to epidemiological studies suggesting that diets rich in soy may be associated with potential health benefits. There is a paucity of data on endocrine effects of soy phytochemicals during infancy, the most sensitive period of life for the induction of toxicity. The safety of isoflavones in infant formulas has been questioned recently owing to reports of possible hormonal effects. Infants fed soy formula receive high levels of phyto-oestrogens in the form of isoflavones (genistein, daidzein and their glycosides). To date, no adverse effects of short- or long-term use of soy proteins have been observed in humans and exposure to soy-based infant formulas does not appear to lead to different reproductive outcomes than exposure to cow milk formulas. Soy formula seems to be a safe feeding option for most infants. Nevertheless, much closer studies in experimental animals and human populations exposed to phyto-oestrogen-containing products, and particularly soy-based infant formulas, are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Miniello
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina dell'Età Evolutiva, University of Bari, Italy.
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47
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Abstract
The importance of drugs of plant origin in the pursuit of fertility regulating agents for the male from natural products has long been recognized. This review includes 80 plants with 205 references, up to year 2002. The type of extract, dose, animal model and pharmacological activity of these materials have been reviewed in this paper to add impetus to further research and collaboration to resolve the problem of population explosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raka Kamal
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plants and Biotechnology, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
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48
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Gómez D, Azorín J, Bastida J, Viladomat F, Codina C. Seasonal and spatial variations of alkaloids in Merendera montana in relation to chemical defense and phenology. J Chem Ecol 2003; 29:1117-26. [PMID: 12857025 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023825405565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Merendera montana (Liliaceae) is an endemic plant broadly, but exclusively, occurring in the Iberian Peninsula where it is one of the most abundant species in rangelands grazed by sheep and on the routes used by migrating sheep herds. In spite of showing a peculiar phenology adapted to Mediterranean regions (leaves remain green from fall to spring and are absent in summer), this species has also successfully colonized high altitude environments (up to 2300 m), and abundant populations can be found in montane and subalpine pasturcs. Chemical analysis has shown a high forage quality as well as the presence of tropolone alkaloids (similar to other species of the genus Merendera), mainly colchicine, 3-demethylcolchicine, and colchicoside. In general terms, the alkaloid content was significantly lower in the subterranean corms than in the leaves. No remarkable seasonal variations in total alkaloids was found, although an increase of colchicoside in the corms and a decrease of colchicine was noted in summer. Both chemical deterrents and phenology could be the cause of the widespread ecological adaptation of Merendera montana. The alkaloid content would prevent intake by wild herbivores during winter, while the absence of aerial organs in summer, coinciding exactly with the highest domestic herbivore pressure, would permit this species to colonize rich soil habitats where there is low plant competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gómez
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC, P. Box 64, 22700 Jaca, España.
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49
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Bach Knudsen KE, Serena A, Kjaer AKB, Tetens I, Heinonen SM, Nurmi T, Adlercreutz H. Rye bread in the diet of pigs enhances the formation of enterolactone and increases its levels in plasma, urine and feces. J Nutr 2003; 133:1368-75. [PMID: 12730424 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.5.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain new insight into the quantitative and qualitative metabolism of rye and wheat lignans, we performed three series of experiments with catheterized pigs. Two diets with similar levels of dietary fiber and macronutrients but with contrasting levels of plant lignans (isolariciresinol, lariciresinol, matairesinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol and syringaresinol) were prepared from rye (high in lignans) and wheat (low in lignans) soft and crisp breads. In two series of experiments we quantified the uptake from the gut of enterolactone in four pigs fitted with catheters in the portal vein and mesenteric artery and with an ultrasonic flow probe attached to the portal vein to monitor the blood flow. In a third study with six pigs, we quantified the bioavailability of the plant lignans that can be converted to enterolactone (lariciresinol, matairesinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol and syringaresinol) and the concentration in the peripheral blood. Plant and mammalian lignans in diets and stool were analyzed by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and enterolactone in plasma and urine determined by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. There was a significantly higher formation of enterolactone in pigs fed the rye diet, and higher fecal and urinary excretion and circulating levels of mammalian lignans than in pigs fed the wheat diet. The conversion of mammalian lignan precursors to enterolactone was 48% with the wheat diet and 60% with the rye diet. Mammalian lignans are absorbed by passive diffusion from the large intestine and a substantial fraction of the absorbed mammalian lignans undergoes enterohepatic circulation, resulting in low diurnal variation in plasma levels of enterolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knud Erik Bach Knudsen
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, Tjele, Denmark.
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50
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Ang HH, Lee KL, Kiyoshi M. Eurycoma longifolia Jack enhances sexual motivation in middle-aged male mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 14:301-8. [PMID: 14964739 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.2003.14.3.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Eurycoma longifolia Jack was investigated for sexual motivation activity in adult, middle-aged male mice and in retired breeders, using the modified open field and the modified runway choice methods. Each mouse received 500 mg/kg of one of 4 fractions of E. longifolia Jack, viz. chloroform, methanol, butanol, and water, whereas the mice in the control and yohimbine groups received 3 ml/kg of normal saline and 30 mg/kg of yohimbine daily respectively for 10 d. The results show a transient increase in the percentage of male mice responding to the right choice after chronic consumption of the fractions with 50 percent of the adult middle-aged male mice treated with E. longifolia Jack and yohimbine scoring the right choice after 8 and 5 days post-treatment respectively. In conclusion, this study has shown that E. longifolia Jack continues to enhance sexual motivation in adult, middle-aged male mice and in retired breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Hoon Ang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Science Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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