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Loftsson T. 1,4-Benzodiazepines: Chemical stability and cyclodextrin solubilization. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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2
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Downey C, O'Donnell A, McLaughlin G, O'Neill G, O'Brien J, Kavanagh PV. An unusual detection of 2-amino-3-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-5-ethylthiophene and 2-methylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone in illicit yellow etizolam tablets marked "5617" seized in the Republic of Ireland. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:531-538. [PMID: 34825517 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are a class of compounds used clinically to treat a variety of conditions including anxiety and insomnia. Their potential for abuse has led to a surge in their availability on the illegal drugs market. End users often rely on markings on illicit tablets to identify their contents. However, falsified tablets mimicking genuine pharmaceutical preparations often contain ingredients that differ from what people believe they are taking. The absence of any quality control of the content, purity, or strength of fake tablets can result in adverse effects or even fatal outcomes. In recent years, drug seizures involving illicit round yellow tablets marked "5" on one side and "5617" below a scoreline on the reverse have been submitted to Forensic Science Ireland (FSI) by An Garda Síochána (Irish Police) from throughout the Republic of Ireland. These findings relate to 26 different seizures; the cumulative tablet total seized was in excess of 20,000, and the total number of tablets of this description analyzed at FSI was 141. Irish users assume that the active ingredient present was diazepam. The qualitative analytical results for these tablets are reported. All tablets were found to contain 2-methylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone. In addition, the tablets contained either 2-amino-3-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-5-ethylthiophene or etizolam or both. The constituents were present in varying relative amounts in visually similar tablets. Neither 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone nor 2-amino-3-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-5-ethylthiophene had previously been found in tablets analyzed at FSI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John O'Brien
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pierce V Kavanagh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Yang B, Peng T, Cai WW, Ying GG. Transformation of diazepam in water during UV/chlorine and simulated sunlight/chlorine advanced oxidation processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141332. [PMID: 32758990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Psychoactive drug diazepam is one of benzodiazepines widely used in human medicine. It has been found to be relatively resistant to chlorination and photolysis. Here we investigated the transformation mechanism of diazepam in aqueous solution through UV/chlorine and simulated sunlight/chlorine treatments. The results showed that the UV/chlorine and sunlight/chlorine processes significantly increased the degradation of diazepam in water. These observed degradations can be elucidated by in-situ generation of reactive species including hydroxyl radical (HO), reactive chlorine species (RCS) and ozone (O3) during photolysis of chlorine. In the UV/chlorine treatment, the degradation efficiency of diazepam for HO, chlorine, UV and RCS reaction at 90 min was calculated to be 62.1%, 3.8%, 11.9% and 12.3%, respectively. In the simulated sunlight/chlorine treatment, the calculated degradation of 53.1%, 8.1% and 11.2% was attributed to HO, chlorine and RCS reaction, with negligible loss by O3 reaction and sunlight irradiation. In the UV/chlorine and sunlight/chlorine treatments, a total of 70 transformation products was detected using a high-resolution TripleTOF mass system. Six transformation pathways have been tentatively proposed for the diazepam, which includes hydroxylation, chlorination, hydrolyzation, N-demethylation, loss of phenyl group, benzodiazepine ring rearrangement and contraction. Most of the obtained transformation products were less toxic to aquatic organisms including fish, daphnia and green algae than diazepam itself according to the toxicity prediction tool, and did not cause significant changes in toxicity to luminescent bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wen-Wen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Arai Y, Kiyotsuka Y, Kagechika K, Nishi T, Inui M, Nagamochi M, Oyama K, Izumi M. Discovery of novel, potent, and orally bioavailable pyrido[2,3-d][1]benzazepin-6-one antagonists for parathyroid hormone receptor 1. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Campbell JM, Grinias K, Facchine K, Igne B, Clawson J, Peterson J, Wolters A, Barry J, Watson S, Leach K. Analysis of unstable degradation impurities of a benzodiazepine and their quantification without isolation using multiple linear regression. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 167:1-6. [PMID: 30731352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript presents a novel methodology for calculating the relative response factors (RRFs) of unstable degradation impurities of molibresib (1). The degradation impurities were observed by HPLC during stress testing and were accompanied by large mass balance deficits. However, the impurities could not be isolated for traditional RRF determination due to their instability. The RRFs of two degradation impurities were determined without isolation by multiple linear regression analysis of HPLC-UV data. The results permitted accurate quantification of the degradants. The benefits and drawbacks of the approach are discussed, including suggested validation acceptance criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Campbell
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA.
| | - Kaitie Grinias
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Facchine
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - Benoît Igne
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - Jacalyn Clawson
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - John Peterson
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - Andy Wolters
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy Barry
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
| | - Simon Watson
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Kevin Leach
- Pharma Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA
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Breton D, Buret D, Mendes-Oustric AC, Chaimbault P, Lafosse M, Clair P. LC–UV and LC–MS evaluation of stress degradation behaviour of avizafone. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1274-9. [PMID: 16644174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for many years that benzodiazepine compounds effectively antagonize seizures induced by organophosphorous nerve agents. In the event of poisoning, a combination of three drugs is commonly used: an anticholinergic drug (e.g. atropine), an oxime used as cholinesterase reactivator (e.g. pralidoxime or HI-6) and an anticonvulsant (i.e. benzodiazepine). Most of anticholinergics and oximes are freely soluble in water, whereas many benzodiazepines are not. However, a water-soluble prodrug form of diazepam, avizafone, has been adopted by French armed forces for the immediate treatment of nerve agent seizure. The degradation behaviour of this new drug was investigated under different stress degradation conditions (hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal) as recommended by International Conference on Harmonization. Successful separation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient from decomposition products formed under stress conditions was achieved using liquid chromatography. The method was validated with respect to specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Breton
- Pharmacie Centrale des Armées, Département Laboratoire, BP 04, 45998 Orléans Armées, France.
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Cabrera CG, de Waisbaum RG, Nudelman NS. Kinetic and mechanistic studies on the hydrolysis and photodegradation of diazepam and alprazolam. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nudelman NS, Gallardo Cabrera C. Spectrofluorimetric assay for the photodegradation products of alprazolam. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:887-93. [PMID: 12367716 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new spectrofluorimetric assay for the photodegradation products of the ansiolytic drug alprazolam is described. Alprazolam was found to be highly photolabile and special care should be taken to avoid light exposure during alprazolam storage and handling. The photostability of alprazolam was evaluated at pH 2.0, 3.6 and 5.0. The drug was exposed to UVA-UVB radiations, the photodegradation of alprazolam was followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and the developed spectrofluorimetric assay allowed determination of the photodegradation products at very low concentrations (> or = 10(-5) M). The photoinstability was found to increase with the pH value decreasing, consequently acidic media should be avoided during the drug-development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Nudelman
- Depto Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab II, P.3 Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Nudelman NS, Cabrera CG. Isolation and structural elucidation of degradation products of alprazolam: photostability studies of alprazolam tablets. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91:1274-86. [PMID: 11977103 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated thermal, hydrolytic, and photochemical degradations of alprazolam were performed under several reaction conditions. The stress studies revealed the photolability of the drug as the most adverse stability factor; the main photodegradation products were isolated and properly characterized as: triazolaminoquinoleine; 5-chloro-[5"-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]benzophenone, and 1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazo-[4,3-alpha][1,4]benzodiazepinone. Accelerated pH-dependent studies show that the photoinstability increases as the pH decreases; at pH 9.0, photodegradation does not occur, therefore, the photochemical degradation of alprazolam was performed in buffered solutions at pH 2.0 and 3.6. The higher rate of reaction was observed at pH = 2.0; consequently, acidic conditions should be avoided and appropriate light protection is recommended during the drug-development process, storage, and handling. The main degradation route for alprazolam tablets is also photochemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma S Nudelman
- Depto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, P.3 Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Nudelman MA, Carro C, Sbarbati Nudelman N. Effects of tin(IV) chloride and of organotin compounds on aquatic micro‐organisms. Appl Organomet Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0739(199801)12:1<67::aid-aoc673>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alejandra Nudelman
- Department of Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Carro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N. Sbarbati Nudelman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Nudelman NS, de Waisbaum RG. Acid hydrolysis of diazepam. Kinetic study of the reactions of 2-(N-methylamino)-5-chlorobenzophenone, with HCl in MeOH-H2O. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84:998-1004. [PMID: 7500287 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600840817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the acid hydrolysis of diazepam (1), several unusual products, apart from 2-(N-methylamino)-5-chlorobenzophenone (2) and glycine, were isolated. On the assumption that some of those products could arise from further degradation of 2, the reaction of this compound with 0.5-2 M HCl was studied, in 1:1 MeOH-H2O, at 60 and 80 degrees C. Several unexpected products were isolated from the reaction of 2 with HCl, namely, 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone (3), 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-5-chlorobenzophenone (4), 2-(N-methylamino)-3,5-dichlorobenzophenone (5), 2-amino-3,5-dichlorobenzophenone (6), 2,4-dichloro-10-methyl-9,10- acridinone (7), and 2,4-dichloro-9,10-acridinone (8). The methyl transfers, the chlorination, and the cyclization reactions that give rise to products 3-8 are unexpected under the present reaction conditions. The rate of reaction of 2, as well as the rate of formation of compounds 3-6, was measured at several HCl concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Nudelman
- Depto. de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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