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Singh G, Singh R, Monga V, Mehan S. Thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids as dual alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic evaluation. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2826-2854. [PMID: 39149094 PMCID: PMC11324062 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00199k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Twelve 3,5-disubstituted-thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) hybrids were synthesized using solution phase chemistry. Continuing our previous work, nine O-modified ethyl vanillin (8a-i) derivatives were synthesized and reacted with the TZD core via Knoevenagel condensation under primary reaction conditions to obtain final derivatives 9a-i. Additionally, three isatin-TZD hybrids (11a-c) were synthesized. The intermediates and final derivatives were characterized using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and the observed chemical shifts agreed with the proposed structures. The in vitro alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory evaluation of newly synthesized derivatives revealed compounds 9F and 9G as the best dual inhibitors, with IC50 values of 9.8 ± 0.047 μM for alpha-glucosidase (9F) and 5.15 ± 0.0017 μM for alpha-glucosidase (9G), 17.10 ± 0.015 μM for alpha-amylase (9F), and 9.2 ± 0.092 μM for alpha-amylase (9G). The docking analysis of synthesized compounds indicated that compounds have a higher binding affinity for alpha-glucosidase as compared to alpha-amylase, as seen from docking scores ranging from -1.202 to -5.467 (for alpha-amylase) and -4.373 to -7.300 (for alpha-glucosidase). Further, the molecules possess a high LD50 value, typically ranging from 1000 to 1600 mg kg-1 of body weight, and exhibit non-toxic properties. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay results on PANC-1 and INS-1 cells demonstrated that the compounds were devoid of significant toxicity against the tested cells. Compounds 9F and 9G showed high oral absorption, i.e., oral absorption >96%, and their molecular dynamics simulation yielded results closely aligned with the observed docking outcomes. Finally, compounds 9F and 9G were evaluated for in vivo antidiabetic assessment by the induction of diabetes in Wistar rats using streptozotocin. Molecule 9G has been identified as the most effective anti-diabetic molecule due to its ability to modulate several biochemical markers in blood plasma and tissue homogenates. The results were further confirmed by histology investigations conducted on isolated pancreas, liver, and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala) GT Road, Ghal Kalan Moga-142001 Punjab India
- Research Scholar, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University Kapurthala Punjab India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road, Ghal Kalan Moga Punjab India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Drug Design and Molecular Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab VPO-Ghudda Bathinda Punjab India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala) GT Road, Ghal Kalan Moga Punjab India
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Yang M, Wang S, Zhou R, Zhao Y, He Y, Zheng Y, Gong H, Wang WD. Optimization and component identification of ultrasound-assisted extraction of functional compounds from waste blackberry (Rubus fruticosus Pollich) seeds. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38979919 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blackberry seeds, as a by-product of processing, have potential bioactive substances and activities. A response surface method was used to determine the optimal conditions of blackberry seed extracts (BSEs) with high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The composition and antioxidant capacity of BSEs were further analyzed. RESULTS The optimal conditions were material-to-liquid ratio of 0.07 g mL-1, ethanol concentration of 56%, extraction temperature of 39 °C and ultrasonic power of 260 W. Using these conditions, the extraction yield and total polysaccharide, phenolic and anthocyanin contents in BSEs were 0.062 g g-1 and 633.91, 36.21 and 3.07 mg g-1, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of BSEs exhibited characteristic peaks associated with polysaccharide absorption. The antioxidant capacity, DPPH and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power of BSEs were 1533.19, 1021.93 and 1093.38 mmol Trolox equivalent g-1, respectively. The delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, paeoniflorin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside contents in BSEs were 3.05,12.76 and 1895.90 ± 3.45 μg g-1. Five polyphenols including gallic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, catechin and caffeic acid were identified and quantified in BSEs with its contents at 8850.43, 5053.26, 4984.65, 1846.91 and 192.40 μg g-1. CONCLUSION These results provide a method for preparing BSE containing functional components such as polysaccharides, phenols and anthocyanins through UAE, and BSEs have potential application in food industries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- College of Food Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Food Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- College of Food Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- College of Food Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Food Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- College of Food Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hao Gong
- College of Food Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Dong Wang
- College of Food Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
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Du Q, Xing N, Guo S, Li R, Meng X, Wang S. Cycads: A comprehensive review of its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 220:114001. [PMID: 38286200 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Cycads, which primarily consist of the families Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae, possess intrinsic therapeutic attributes that are prominently expressed across their morphological spectrum, including roots, leaves, flowers, and seeds. In Chinese traditional medicine, the leaves of cycads are particularly revered for their profound healing capabilities. This meticulous review engages with existing literature on cycads and presents insightful avenues for future research. Over 210 phytoconstituents have been isolated and identified from various cycad tissues, including flavonoids, azoxy metabolites, sterols, lignans, non-proteogenic amino acids, terpenoids, and other organic constituents. The contemporary pharmacological discourse highlights the antineoplastic, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities inherent in these ancient plants, which are of particular importance to the field of oncology. Despite the prevalent focus on crude extracts and total flavonoid content, our understanding of the nuanced pharmacodynamics of cycads lags considerably behind. The notoriety of cycads derived toxicity, notably within the context of Guam's neurological disease cluster, has precipitated an established emphasis on toxicological research within this field. As such, this critical review emphasizes nascent domains deserving of academic and clinical pursuit, whilst nested within the broader matrix of current scientific understanding. The systematic taxonomy, traditional applications, phytochemical composition, therapeutic potential, and safety profile of cycads are holistically interrogated, assimilating an indispensable repository for future scholarly inquiries. In conclusion, cycads stand as a veritable treasure trove of pharmacological virtue, displaying remarkable therapeutic prowess and holding vast promise for ongoing scientific discovery and clinical utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyun Du
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Nan Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Sa Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rui Li
- Meishan Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan, 620010, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Meishan Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan, 620010, China; School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Xie H, Zhang A, Li J, Mou X, He T, Yeung TC, Lau CBS, Zuo Z, Li P, Kennelly EJ, Leung PC, Tang Y, Fan X, Wang CC, Li L. Cycasin derivative: a potential embryotoxic component of Atractylodes macrocephala rhizome for limb malformation. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae057. [PMID: 38623091 PMCID: PMC11015991 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (Asteraceae), called Atractylodes macrocephala rhizome (AMR) and known by its traditional name Bai Zhu, is a prominent Chinese herbal medicine employed for preventing miscarriage. However, our previous study revealed that high dosages of AMR administered during pregnancy could cause embryotoxicity but the specific embryotoxic components and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to screen and identify the potential embryotoxic components of AMR. Methods The AMR extracts and sub-fractions were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and subsequently screened by in vitro mouse limb bud micromass and mouse whole embryo culture bioassays. The embryotoxic fractions from AMR were further evaluated in vivo using a pregnant mouse model. The structures of the potential embryotoxic components were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS). Results In vitro and in vivo bioassays revealed that AMR glycoside-enriched sub-fractions (AMR-A-IIa and AMR-A-IIb) exhibited potential embryotoxicity. These sub-fractions, when administered to pregnant animals, increased the incidence of stillbirth and congenital limb malformations. MS spectrometry analysis identified cycasin derivatives in both sub-fractions, suggesting their possible role in the observed limb malformations. However, further experiments are necessary to validate this hypothesis and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Conclusions Our study provides significant scientific evidence on the pharmacotoxicity of AMR, which is important for the safe clinical application of commonly used Chinese herbal medicines during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Xie
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, No. 828 Zhongxing Road, Xitang Town, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, 314100, China
| | - Aolin Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, No. 828 Zhongxing Road, Xitang Town, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, 314100, China
| | - Junwei Li
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, No. 828 Zhongxing Road, Xitang Town, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, 314100, China
| | - Xuan Mou
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, No. 828 Zhongxing Road, Xitang Town, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, 314100, China
| | - Tao He
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, No. 828 Zhongxing Road, Xitang Town, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, 314100, China
| | - Tsz Ching Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences; School of Biomedical Sciences; Sichuan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Reproductive Medicine Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Clara Bik San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York, 10468, United States
| | - Edward J Kennelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York, 10468, United States
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, No. 828 Zhongxing Road, Xitang Town, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, 314100, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, No. 828 Zhongxing Road, Xitang Town, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, 314100, China
- Engineering Research Center of Innovative Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- Modern Chinese Medicine and Reproductive Health Joint Innovation Center, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, No. 828 Zhongxing Road, Xitang Town, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, 314100, China
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences; School of Biomedical Sciences; Sichuan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Reproductive Medicine Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
- Modern Chinese Medicine and Reproductive Health Joint Innovation Center, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, No. 828 Zhongxing Road, Xitang Town, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, 314100, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310053, China
| | - Lu Li
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, No. 828 Zhongxing Road, Xitang Town, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, 314100, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences; School of Biomedical Sciences; Sichuan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Reproductive Medicine Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Modern Chinese Medicine and Reproductive Health Joint Innovation Center, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, No. 828 Zhongxing Road, Xitang Town, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, 314100, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, No. 3 Qingchun East Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310016, China
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Singh G, Singh R, Monga V, Mehan S. 3,5-Disubstituted-thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids as antidiabetic agents: Design, synthesis, in-vitro and In vivo evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116139. [PMID: 38252989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing metabolic disorders, nearly doubling the number of patients each year. There are different treatment approaches available for the management of diabetes, which lacks due to their side effects. The inhibition of enzymes involved in the metabolism of complex polysaccharides to monosaccharides has proven beneficial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Two enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, have emerged as potential drug targets and are widely explored for drug development against type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this context, thiazolidine-2,4-diones (TZDs) have emerged as potential drug candidates for developing newer molecules against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Nineteen TZD-hybrids were synthesized and evaluated in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The compounds 7i, 7k, and 7p have emerged as the best dual inhibitors with IC50 of 10.33 ± 0.11-20.94 ± 0.76 μM and 10.19 ± 0.25-24.07 ± 1.56 μM against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively. The derivatives had good anti-oxidant activity, displaying IC50 = 14.95 ± 0.65-23.27 ± 0.99 μM. The compounds 7k and 7p showed the best inhibition of reactive oxygen species in the PNAC-1 cells. The molecules exhibit good binding within the active site of α-amylase (PDB id: 1B2Y) and α-glucosidase (PDB id: 3W37), displaying binding energies of -7.5 to -10.7 kcal/mol and -7.4 to -10.3 kcal/mol, respectively. Further, the compounds were nontoxic (LD50 = 500-1311 mg/kg) and possessed good GI absorption. The compounds 7i, 7k, and 7p were evaluated in vivo antidiabetic activity in an STZ-induced diabetic model in Wistar rats. The compound 7p emerged as the best compound in the in vivo studies; however, the activity was lesser than that of the standard drug pioglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab, India; Research Scholar, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Drug Design and Molecular Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, VPO-Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab, India, (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India).
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Elekhnawy E, Almurshedi AS, Abdelkader DH, El-Masry TA, Aldosari BN, El-Bouseary MM, Donia AA, Negm WA. Green synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles reveal potent in vivo and in vitro antibacterial efficacy against Proteus mirabilis isolates. Int J Pharm 2023:123111. [PMID: 37302668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the spread of antimicrobial resistance dissemination is expanding at an accelerated rate. Therefore, numerous researchers haveinvestigatedalternative treatments in an effort to combat this significant issue. This study evaluated the antibacterial properties of zinc-oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesised by Cycas circinalis against Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates. HPLC was utilised for the identification and quantification of C. circinalis metabolites. The green synthesis of ZnO NPs has been confirmed using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum of metal oxide bonds has been compared to the free C. circinalis extract spectrum. The crystalline structure and elemental composition were investigated using X-ray diffraction and Energy-dispersive X-ray techniques. The morphology of nanoparticles was assessed by scanning and transmission electron microscopies, which revealed an average particle size of 26.83±5.87 nm with spherical outlines. The dynamic light scattering technique confirms the optimum stability of ZnO NPs with a zeta potential value equal to 26.4±0.49 mV. Using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods, we elucidated the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs in vitro. MIC values for ZnO NPs ranged from 32 to 128 µg/mL. In 50% of the tested isolates, the membrane integrity was compromised by ZnO nanoparticles. In addition, we assessed the in vivo antibacterial capacity of ZnO NPs by a systemic infection induction using P. mirabilis bacteria in mice. The bacterial count in the kidney tissues was determined, and a significant decrease in CFU/g tissues was observed. The survival rate was evaluated, and the ZnO NPs treated group had higher survival rates. The histopathological studies demonstrated that kidney tissues treated with ZnO NPs had normal structures and architecture. Moreover, the immunohistochemical examinations and ELISA revealed that ZnO NPs substantially decreased the proinflammatory mediators NF-kβ, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in kidney tissues. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that ZnO NPs are effective against bacterial infections caused by P. mirabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Alanood S Almurshedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dalia H Abdelkader
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Thanaa A El-Masry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Basmah N Aldosari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maisra M El-Bouseary
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Donia
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menofia University, Menofia City, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
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Li J, Liao R, Zhang S, Weng H, Liu Y, Tao T, Yu F, Li G, Wu J. Promising remedies for cardiovascular disease: Natural polyphenol ellagic acid and its metabolite urolithins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154867. [PMID: 37257327 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a significant worldwide factor contributing to human fatality and morbidity. With the increase of incidence rates, it is of concern that there is a lack of current therapeutic alternatives because of multiple side effects. Ellagic acid (EA), the natural polyphenol (C14H6O8), is abundant in pomegranates, berries, and nuts. EA and its intestinal microflora metabolite, urolithins, have recently attracted much attention as a potential novel "medicine" because of their wide pharmacological properties. PURPOSE This study aimed to critically analyze available literature to summarize the beneficial effects of EA and urolithins, and highlights their druggability and therapeutic potential in various CVDs. METHODS We systematically studied research and review articles between 1984 and 2022 available on various databases to obtain the data on EA and urolithins with no language restriction. Their cardiovascular protective activities, underlying mechanism, and druggability were highlighted and discussed comprehensively. RESULTS We found that EA and urolithins may exert preventive and curative effects on CVD with negligible side effects and possibly regulate lipid metabolism imbalance, pro-inflammatory factor production, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, endothelial cell dysfunction, and Ca2+ intake and release. Potentially, this may lead to the prevention and amelioration of atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, cardiac fibrosis, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiotoxicities in vivo. Several molecules and signaling pathways are associated with their therapeutic actions, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-κB, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, sirtuin1, miRNA, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. CONCLUSION In vitro and in vivo studies shows that EA and urolithins could be used as valid candidates for early prevention and effective therapeutic strategies for various CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Li
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Drugability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruixue Liao
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Drugability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Shijia Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Huimin Weng
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yuanzhi Liu
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Drugability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Tianyi Tao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengxu Yu
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jianming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Drugability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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Jones MM, Nagalingum NS, Handley VM. Testing protocols to optimize DNA extraction from tough leaf tissue: A case study in Encephalartos. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2023; 11:e11525. [PMID: 37342169 PMCID: PMC10278938 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Premise Plants with stiff, leathery leaves pose a challenge for standard DNA extraction protocols. These tissues are recalcitrant to mechanical disruption via TissueLyser (or analogous devices) and are often high in secondary metabolites. These compounding factors result in low yields, which may be sufficient for PCR amplification but are generally inadequate for genomic applications that require large quantities of high-quality DNA. Cycads in the genus Encephalartos exemplify these challenges, as this group of plants is fortified for life in harsh, dry habitats with notoriously thick and rigid leaves. Methods and Results Using a DNA extraction kit, we tested three methods of mechanical disruption and examined the differences between stored vs. freshly collected samples and mature vs. senescing leaflets. We found that the manual method of pulverizing tissue yields the highest concentrations of DNA, and that both senescing leaflets and leaflet tissue that has been stored for extended periods yield sufficient DNA for genomic analyses. Conclusions These findings shed light on the feasibility of using senescing leaves and/or tissue that has been stored on silica for long periods of time when attempting to extract large amounts of DNA. We provide here an optimized DNA extraction protocol that can be applied to cycads and other plant groups with tough or rigid leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia M. Jones
- California Academy of Sciences55 Music Concourse DriveSan FranciscoCalifornia94118USA
| | | | - Vanessa M. Handley
- California Academy of Sciences55 Music Concourse DriveSan FranciscoCalifornia94118USA
- Montgomery Botanical Center11901 Old Cutler RoadCoral GablesFlorida33156USA
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Study on the interaction between grain polyphenols and intestinal microorganisms: A review. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS Profiling of Phenolic Compounds from Eriocephalus africanus: In Vitro Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248912. [PMID: 36558046 PMCID: PMC9782900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated phenolic compounds, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and the anti-inflammatory potentials of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Eriocephalus africanus. The methanolic extract included, polyphenols (112 ± 2.81 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), flavonols (76.12 ± 7.95 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g); antioxidant capacity (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) (752.64 ± 89.0 μmol of ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per g dry weight (µmol AAE/g), 2,2-dyphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (812.18 ± 51.12 Trolox equivalents per gram of dry mass of plant extracts (μmol TE/g), TEAC (631.63 ± 17.42 µmol TE/g)), while the chloroform extract included polyphenols (39.93 ± 1.36 mg GAE/g), flavonols (44.81 ± 3.74 mg QE/g); antioxidant capacity, DPPH (58.70 ± 5.18 µmol TE/g), TEAC (118.63 ± 3.74 µmol TE/g) and FRAP (107.10 ± 2.41 µmol AAE/g). The phytochemicals profiling performed by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS revealed some important polyphenols, predominantly flavonoids, that could be responsible for the antioxidant capacity and biological effects. Both extracts demonstrated a dose-dependent manner of the alpha-glucosidase inhibition with an IC50 between 125 and 250 μg/mL for methanolic extract, while the chloroform extract was at 250 μg/mL. In the L6 myoblasts and C3A hepatocytes, the methanolic extract slightly increased the utilization of glucose, and both extracts exhibited a dose-dependent increase in the glucose uptake in both cell types without significantly increasing the cytotoxicity. Furthermore, both extracts exhibited an anti-inflammatory potential and the findings from the present study could serve as a baseline for further research in the development of pharmaceutical agents.
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Niaz A, Adnan A, Bashir R, Mumtaz MW, Raza SA, Rashid U, Tan CP, Tan TB. The In Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity of Various Solvent Fractions of Tamarix dioica and 1H-NMR Based Metabolite Identification and Molecular Docking Analysis. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061128. [PMID: 34199333 PMCID: PMC8227178 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Tamarix dioica (T. dioica) is widely used medicinal plant to cure many chronic ailments. T. dioica is being used to manage diabetes mellitus in traditional medicinal system; however, very little scientific evidence is available on this plant in this context. The current study involves the fractionation of crude methanolic extract of T. dioica using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-butanol. The screening for antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was carried out. The in vitro antidiabetic potential was assessed by measuring α-glucosidase inhibition. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined for each fraction. The metabolites were identified using highly sensitive and emerging 1H-NMR technique. The results revealed the ethyl acetate fraction as the most potent with DPPH scavenging activity of 84.44 ± 0.21% and α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 value of 122.81 ± 2.05 µg/mL. The total phenolic and flavonoid content values of 205.45 ± 1.36 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram dried extract and 156.85 ± 1.33 mg quercetin equivalent per gram dried extract were obtained for ethyl acetate fraction. The bucketing of 1H-NMR spectra identified 22 metabolites including some pharmacologically important like tamarixetin, tamaridone, quercetin, rutin, apigenin, catechin, kaempferol, myricetin and isorhamnetin. Leucine, lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, and tyrosine were the major amino acids identified in ethyl acetate fraction. The molecular docking analysis provided significant information on the binding affinity among secondary metabolites and α-glucosidase. These metabolites were most probably responsible for the antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of ethyl acetate fraction. The study ascertained the ethnomedicinal use of T. dioica to manage diabetes mellitus and may be a helpful lead towards naturopathic mode for anti-hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Niaz
- Department of Chemistry, GC University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (A.N.); (S.A.R.)
| | - Ahmad Adnan
- Department of Chemistry, GC University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (A.N.); (S.A.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); or (U.R.); Tel.: +60-3-9769-7393 (U.R.); Fax: +60-3-9769-7006 (U.R.)
| | - Rashida Bashir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | | | - Syed Ali Raza
- Department of Chemistry, GC University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (A.N.); (S.A.R.)
| | - Umer Rashid
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.); or (U.R.); Tel.: +60-3-9769-7393 (U.R.); Fax: +60-3-9769-7006 (U.R.)
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Tai Boon Tan
- Department of Food Services and Management, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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