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Marketed Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Seeds: A Mycotoxin-Free Matrix Contaminated by Mycotoxigenic Fungi. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030418. [PMID: 36986340 PMCID: PMC10057975 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 25 marketed quinoa seed samples different for origin, farming system and packaging were analyzed for the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi (by isolation both on Potato Dextrose Agar and with the deep-freezing blotter method) and relative contamination by mycotoxins (by LC-MS/MS analysis). Fungal microorganisms, but not mycotoxins, were detected in all the samples, and 25 isolates representative of the mycobiota were obtained. Morphological and molecular characterization and, for some isolates, the in vitro mycotoxigenic profile, allowed the identification of 19 fungal species within five different genera: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Fusarium. Among the identified species, Alternaria abundans, A. chartarum, A. arborescens, Cladosporium allicinum, C. parasubtilissimum, C. pseudocladosporioides, C. uwebraunianum, Aspergillus jensenii, A. tubingensis, Penicillium dipodomyis, P. verrucosum and P. citreosulfuratum were first reported on quinoa, and Alternaria infectoria and Fusarium oxysporum were first reported on quinoa seeds. The geographical origin, farming system and packaging were showed to affect the amount and type of the isolated fungal species, highlighting that the level of fungal presence and their related secondary metabolites is conditioned by different steps of the quinoa supply chain. However, despite the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi, the marketed quinoa seeds analyzed resulted in being free from mycotoxins.
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Thomas WJ, Borland TG, Bergl DD, Claassen BJ, Flodquist TA, Montgomery AS, Rivedal HM, Woodhall J, Ocamb CM, Gent DH. A Quantitative PCR Assay for Detection and Quantification of Fusarium sambucinum. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2601-2606. [PMID: 35486600 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-22-0269-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium sambucinum is an ascomycete that has been isolated from a broad range of plant hosts, including hop (Humulus lupulus L.), where it acts as a causal agent of Fusarium canker, a disease that can impact cone quality and yield in severe cases. Current diagnostic methods rely on isolation of the fungus from plant tissue, a time- and resource-intensive process with limited sensitivity, complicated by the potential presence of other Fusarium spp. that have been reported on hop. Our objective was to develop a rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool to detect and quantify F. sambucinum in plant tissues. Using a modified random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR assay, we identified a F. sambucinum-specific marker that serves as the target in a TaqMan (hydrolysis) probe quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay that can be used to detect F. sambucinum DNA in a background of plant DNA. When used to screen 52 isolates of F. sambucinum and isolates representing 13 other Fusarium spp., the assay was robust in detecting F. sambucinum while discriminating between F. sambucinum and closely related Fusarium spp., including F. venenatum. Furthermore, this assay reliably detects as little as 1 pg of F. sambucinum DNA in a background of total DNA from plant tissue. Within-sample comparisons of this qPCR assay with traditional cultural isolation methods demonstrated the greater sensitivity of the qPCR-based method for detection of F. sambucinum. When used to screen 220 asymptomatic stem samples, the qPCR assay detected F. sambucinum in 100 samples (45.5%); by comparison, F. sambucinum was detected in only 3 samples (1.4%) by culturing methods. Moreover, quantification of F. sambucinum DNA was possible for 60 of these samples, indicating the utility of the qPCR assay for early detection. This assay should be useful in diagnostic and epidemiological applications to detect and quantify F. sambucinum from multiple hosts and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Thomas
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Theodora G Borland
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Darby D Bergl
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Briana J Claassen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Timothy A Flodquist
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | | | - Hannah M Rivedal
- Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR
| | - James Woodhall
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, Parma Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Parma, ID
| | - Cynthia M Ocamb
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - David H Gent
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR
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Confortin TC, Todero I, Soares JF, Luft L, Brun T, Rabuske JE, Nogueira CU, Mazutti MA, Zabot GL, Tres MV. Extracts from Lupinus albescens: antioxidant power and antifungal activity in vitro against phytopathogenic fungi. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:1668-1675. [PMID: 29336227 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1427800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are considered the most damaging microorganisms in agriculture. The indiscriminate use of chemical treatments in agricultural products causes the development of pest resistance and affects human health. An alternative to synthetic fungicides is the use of natural products such as plant extracts for the management of fungal diseases in plants. Extracts from different parts of Lupinus albescens (roots, stalks, leaves, and flowers) were obtained by extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) or compressed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Thereafter, the antioxidant activity of each extract was measured, and the antifungal activity in vitro of extracts was evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium verticillioides. For a concentration of 5000 mg/L, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranged from 29.25 μg/mL to 192.96 μg/mL. Antifungal tests showed that all matrices presented inhibitory effect against both fungi tested. The extracts obtained from roots by CO2 and LPG presented 70.1% and 65.1% inhibition against F. oxysporum, and 67.8% and 61.2% inhibition against F. verticillioides, respectively. These results suggest that the extracts obtained from L. albescens by extractions using supercritical CO2 and compressed LPG might be a potential source of antioxidants and natural fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia C Confortin
- a Department of Agricultural Engineering , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Izelmar Todero
- a Department of Agricultural Engineering , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Juliana F Soares
- a Department of Agricultural Engineering , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Luciana Luft
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Thiarles Brun
- a Department of Agricultural Engineering , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Jéssica E Rabuske
- c Department of Phytosanitary Defense , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Cicero U Nogueira
- a Department of Agricultural Engineering , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Marcio A Mazutti
- a Department of Agricultural Engineering , Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Giovani L Zabot
- d Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE) , Federal University of Santa Maria , Cachoeira do Sul , Brazil
| | - Marcus V Tres
- d Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE) , Federal University of Santa Maria , Cachoeira do Sul , Brazil
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Frąc M, Hannula SE, Bełka M, Jędryczka M. Fungal Biodiversity and Their Role in Soil Health. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:707. [PMID: 29755421 PMCID: PMC5932366 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil health, and the closely related terms of soil quality and fertility, is considered as one of the most important characteristics of soil ecosystems. The integrated approach to soil health assumes that soil is a living system and soil health results from the interaction between different processes and properties, with a strong effect on the activity of soil microbiota. All soils can be described using physical, chemical, and biological properties, but adaptation to environmental changes, driven by the processes of natural selection, are unique to the latter one. This mini review focuses on fungal biodiversity and its role in the health of managed soils as well as on the current methods used in soil mycobiome identification and utilization next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches. The authors separately focus on agriculture and horticulture as well as grassland and forest ecosystems. Moreover, this mini review describes the effect of land-use on the biodiversity and succession of fungi. In conclusion, the authors recommend a shift from cataloging fungal species in different soil ecosystems toward a more global analysis based on functions and interactions between organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Frąc
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Marta Bełka
- Department of Forest Pathology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Evaluation of antifungal, phosphate solubilisation, and siderophore and chitinase release activities of endophytic fungi from Pistacia vera. Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Asemaninejad A, Weerasuriya N, Gloor GB, Lindo Z, Thorn RG. New Primers for Discovering Fungal Diversity Using Nuclear Large Ribosomal DNA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159043. [PMID: 27391306 PMCID: PMC4938210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabarcoding has become an important tool in the discovery of biodiversity, including fungi, which are the second most speciose group of eukaryotes, with diverse and important ecological roles in terrestrial ecosystems. We have designed and tested new PCR primers that target the D1 variable region of nuclear large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA; one set that targets the phylum Ascomycota and another that recovers all other fungal phyla. The primers yield amplicons compatible with the Illumina MiSeq platform, which is cost-effective and has a lower error rate than other high throughput sequencing platforms. The new primer set LSU200A-F/LSU476A-R (Ascomycota) yielded 95–98% of reads of target taxa from environmental samples, and primers LSU200-F/LSU481-R (all other fungi) yielded 72–80% of target reads. Both primer sets have fairly low rates of data loss, and together they cover a wide variety of fungal taxa. We compared our results with these primers by amplifying and sequencing a subset of samples using the previously described ITS3_KYO2/ITS4_KYO3 primers, which amplify the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. With approximately equivalent read depth, our LSU primers recovered a greater number and phylogenetic diversity of sequences than the ITS2 primers. For instance, ITS3_KYO2/ITS4_KYO3 primers failed to pick up any members of Eurotiales, Mytilinidiales, Pezizales, Saccharomycetales, or Venturiales within Ascomycota, or members of Exobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Pucciniomycetes, or Tremellomycetes within Basidiomycota, which were retrieved in good numbers from the same samples by our LSU primers. Among the OTUs recovered using the LSU primers were 127 genera and 28 species that were not obtained using the ITS2 primers, although the ITS2 primers recovered 10 unique genera and 16 species that were not obtained using either of the LSU primers These features identify the new primer sets developed in this study as useful complements to other universal primers for the study of fungal diversity and community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Asemaninejad
- The University of Western Ontario, Department of Biology, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Nimalka Weerasuriya
- The University of Western Ontario, Department of Biology, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Gregory B. Gloor
- The University of Western Ontario, Department of Biochemistry, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Zoë Lindo
- The University of Western Ontario, Department of Biology, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - R. Greg Thorn
- The University of Western Ontario, Department of Biology, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- * E-mail:
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Four-locus phylogeny of Fusarium avenaceum and related species and their species-specific identification based on partial phosphate permease gene sequences. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 225:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kachuei R, Yadegari MH, Safaie N, Ghiasian A, Noorbakhsh F, Piranfar V, Rezaie S. PCR - RFLP patterns for the differentiation of the Fusarium species in virtue of ITS rDNA. Curr Med Mycol 2015; 1:4-11. [PMID: 28680974 PMCID: PMC5490315 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Fusarium species are among the most important fungi in the medical, veterinary and agricultural fields. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, 172 strains of these fungi have been analyzed. The high molecular weight DNAs were extracted from 23 reference strains as well as from 149 isolated Fusarium species. Using the designed nucleotide primers from rDNA of Fusarium species, PCR analysis was performed for the amplification of ITS regions. Afterwards, the location of the effective endonuclease enzymes has been evaluated within approximately 930 bp of rDNA sequence. RESULTS Through the selected enzymes including; HhaI, MspI, TaqI and FaqI, the mentioned Fusarium species have been divided into 33 groups. The first three enzymes were able to classify Fusarium species into 23 groups of which 19 groups included one member, one group included two members and three groups included three members of the Fusarium species. This study also revealed the possibility in the identification of F. semitectum, F. solani complex, F. pseudograminearum, F. nisikadoi, F. coeruleum and F. acuminatum species by one unique enzyme. In addition, our study indicated the ability of the differentiation of F. Compactum from F. equiseti. CONCLUSION As Compared to previous studies with more endonuclease enzymes and with limited in identifications, the ITS-RFLP patterns reported here an attempted to evaluate most of the Fusarium species successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kachuei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M H Yadegari
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Safaie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Ghiasian
- Medical Parasitology and Mycology Department, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Hamadan, Iran
| | - F Noorbakhsh
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Science , Islamic Azad University-Pishva Varamin Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - V Piranfar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Rezaie
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medial Sciences, Iran
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Shin JH, Han JH, Lee JK, Kim KS. Characterization of the Maize Stalk Rot Pathogens Fusarium subglutinans and F. temperatum and the Effect of Fungicides on Their Mycelial Growth and Colony Formation. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 30:397-406. [PMID: 25506304 PMCID: PMC4262292 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.08.2014.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Maize is a socioeconomically important crop in many countries. Recently, a high incidence of stalk rot disease has been reported in several maize fields in Gangwon province. In this report, we show that maize stalk rot is associated with the fungal pathogens Fusarium subglutinans and F. temperatum. Since no fungicides are available to control these pathogens on maize plants, we selected six fungicides (tebuconazole, difenoconazole, fluquinconazole, azoxystrobin, prochloraz and kresoxim-methyl) and examined their effectiveness against the two pathogens. The in vitro antifungal effects of the six fungicides on mycelial growth and colony formation were investigated. Based on the inhibition of mycelial growth, the most toxic fungicide was tebuconazole with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of <0.1 μg/ml and EC90 values of 0.9 μg/ml for both pathogens, while the least toxic fungicide was azoxystrobin with EC50 values of 0.7 and 0.5 μg/ml for F. subglutinans and F. temperatum, respectively, and EC90 values of >3,000 μg/ml for both pathogens. Based on the inhibition of colony formation by the two pathogens, kresoxim-methyl was the most toxic fungicide with complete inhibition of colony formation at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01 μg/ml for F. subglutinans and F. temperatum, respectively, whereas azoxystrobin was the least toxic fungicide with complete inhibition of colony formation at concentrations >3,000 μg/ml for both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwan Shin
- Applied Biology Program, Division of Bioresource Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Joon-Hee Han
- Applied Biology Program, Division of Bioresource Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Ju Kyong Lee
- Applied Plant Sciences Program, Division of Bioresource Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Kyoung Su Kim
- Applied Biology Program, Division of Bioresource Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
- BioHerb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2012 update). EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Wu Y, Wu M, He G, Zhang X, Li W, Gao Y, Li Z, Wang Z, Zhang C. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: a universal internal control for Western blots in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Anal Biochem 2012; 423:15-22. [PMID: 22326796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the expression level of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) protein in a number of organisms and the stability of GAPDH under various conditions. Our results revealed that GAPDH is present in multiple Escherichia coli strains, the yeast strain GS115, Caenorhabditis elegans, rat PC12 cells, and both mouse and rat brain. Furthermore, GAPDH was stably expressed under different concentrations of inducer and at different times of induction in E. coli (BL21) cells and yeast GS115 cells. Stable expression of GAPDH protein was also observed in C.elegans and PC12 cells that were treated with different concentrations of paraquat or sodium sulfite, respectively. In addition, we were able to detect and identify the endogenous gapA protein in E.coli via immunoprecipitation and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Endogenous gapA protein and exogenously expressed (subcloned) GAPDH proteins were detected in E. coli BL21 but not for gapC. With the exception of gapC in E. coli, the various isoforms of GAPDH possessed enzymatic activity. Finally, sequence analysis revealed that the GAPDH proteins were 76% identical, with the exception of E. coli gapC. Taken together, our results indicate that GAPDH could be universally used as an internal control for the Western blot analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Wu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing 100850, China
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Watanabe M, Yonezawa T, Lee KI, Kumagai S, Sugita-Konishi Y, Goto K, Hara-Kudo Y. Molecular phylogeny of the higher and lower taxonomy of the Fusarium genus and differences in the evolutionary histories of multiple genes. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:322. [PMID: 22047111 PMCID: PMC3270093 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species of the Fusarium genus are important fungi which is associated with health hazards in human and animals. The taxonomy of this genus has been a subject of controversy for many years. Although many researchers have applied molecular phylogenetic analysis to examine the taxonomy of Fusarium species, their phylogenetic relationships remain unclear only few comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of the Fusarium genus and a lack of suitable nucleotides and amino acid substitution rates. A previous stugy with whole genome comparison among Fusairum species revealed the possibility that each gene in Fusarium genomes has a unique evolutionary history, and such gene may bring difficulty to the reconstruction of phylogenetic tree of Fusarium. There is a need not only to check substitution rates of genes but also to perform the exact evaluation of each gene-evolution. RESULTS We performed phylogenetic analyses based on the nucleotide sequences of the rDNA cluster region (rDNA cluster), and the β-tubulin gene (β-tub), the elongation factor 1α gene (EF-1α), and the aminoadipate reductase gene (lys2). Although incongruence of the tree topologies between lys2 and the other genes was detected, all genes supported the classification of Fusarium species into 7 major clades, I to VII. To obtain a reliable phylogeny for Fusarium species, we excluded the lys2 sequences from our dataset, and re-constructed a maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on the combined data of the rDNA cluster, β-tub, and EF-1α. Our ML tree indicated some interesting relationships in the higher and lower taxa of Fusarium species and related genera. Moreover, we observed a novel evolutionary history of lys2. We suggest that the unique tree topologies of lys2 are not due to an analytical artefact, but due to differences in the evolutionary history of genomes caused by positive selection of particular lineages. CONCLUSION This study showed the reliable species tree of the higher and lower taxonomy in the lineage of the Fusarium genus. Our ML tree clearly indicated 7 major clades within the Fusarium genus. Furthermore, this study reported differences in the evolutionary histories among multiple genes within this genus for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Watanabe
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga 1-18-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yonezawa
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220, Handan Rd. 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Ken-ichi Lee
- Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Susumu Kumagai
- Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga 1-18-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Keiichi Goto
- Food Research Laboratories, Mitsui Norin Co., Ltd., Miyabara 223-1, Fujieda-shi, Shizuoka 426-0133, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga 1-18-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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