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Penagos-Tabares F, Mahmood M, Sulyok M, Rafique K, Khan MR, Zebeli Q, Krska R, Metzler-Zebeli B. Outbreak of aflatoxicosis in a dairy herd induced depletion in milk yield and high abortion rate in Pakistan. Toxicon 2024; 246:107799. [PMID: 38866254 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
This case report investigated the outbreak of aflatoxicosis in a dairy herd in Pakistan, which resulted in 30 abortions of 40 confirmed (75%) pregnant cows in a period of 35 days and in 18.8% depression of farm average milk production for the entire herd. The analysis of the concentrate feed of the total mixed ration (TMR), using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures from two different local laboratories, indicated concentrations of 60 μg/kg dry matter (DM) of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and 100 μg/kg DM of total aflatoxins (AFs: sum of B1, B2, G1 and G2). Subsequently, a confirmatory analysis with a more sensitive and validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was performed. This analysis detected a concentration of total AFs in the TMR of 166 μg/kg DM ± 3.5 (AFB1:134, AFB2:17.4 and AFM1:14.9 μg/kg DM). The concentrate feed (55% of the TMR DM) was confirmed as a source of contamination, presenting a concentration >29 times higher than the EU-maximum limit value (5.68 μg/kg DM). Additionally, the multi-mycotoxin analysis evidenced the co-occurrence of 81 other toxic and potentially toxic fungal metabolites in the fed TMR. After replacing the contaminated concentrate feed with feedstuffs of the same formulation but from a new charge of ingredients, the abortion episodes ceased, and milk production increased significantly. In conclusion, the data of this case report suggest that AFs may be associated with pregnancy losses in dairy cattle and milk production depression. From the public health perspective, the data also indicate the need for a more careful examination of dairy animal feed in Pakistan. Since the high concentration of AFB1 detected in feed and considering the literature-reported transfer rates (1-6%) of this toxin to AFM1 (carcinogen for humans) in milk, the milk produced during the outbreak period is expected to be contaminated with AFM1, which raises public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Centre for Veterinary Systems Transformation and Sustainability, Clinical Department of Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria; CIBAV Research Group, Veterinary Medicine School, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, 050034, Colombia.
| | - Mubarik Mahmood
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Subcampus Jhang, 12 km Chiniot Road, 35200, Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Kanwal Rafique
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Subcampus Jhang, 12 km Chiniot Road, 35200, Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Khan
- Punjab Wildlife and Parks Department, Safari Zoo, Safari Road, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Center for Animal Nutrition and Welfare, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Barbara Metzler-Zebeli
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Centre for Veterinary Systems Transformation and Sustainability, Clinical Department of Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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Elattar KM, Al-Otibi FO, El-Hersh MS, Attia AA, Eldadamony NM, Elsayed A, Menaa F, Saber WI. Multifaceted chemical and bioactive features of Ag@TiO 2 and Ag@SeO 2 core/shell nanoparticles biosynthesized using Beta vulgaris L. extract. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28359. [PMID: 38560145 PMCID: PMC10979172 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to increasing concerns about environmental impact and toxicity, developing green and sustainable methods for nanoparticle synthesis is attracting significant interest. This work reports the successful green synthesis of silver (Ag), silver-titanium dioxide (Ag@TiO2), and silver-selenium dioxide (Ag@SeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) using Beta vulgaris L. extract. Characterization by XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDX confirmed the successful formation of uniformly distributed spherical NPs with controlled size (25 ± 4.9 nm) and desired elemental composition. All synthesized NPs and the B. vulgaris extract exhibited potent free radical scavenging activity, indicating significant antioxidant potential. However, Ag@SeO2 displayed lower hemocompatibility compared to other NPs, while Ag@SeO2 and the extract demonstrated reduced inflammation in a carrageenan-induced paw edema animal model. Interestingly, Ag@TiO2 and Ag@SeO2 exhibited strong antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotia sclerotium, as evidenced by TEM and FTIR analyses. Generally, the findings suggest that B. vulgaris-derived NPs possess diverse biological activities with potential applications in various fields such as medicine and agriculture. Ag@TiO2 and Ag@SeO2, in particular, warrant further investigation for their potential as novel bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M. Elattar
- Unit of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Fatimah O. Al-Otibi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. El-Hersh
- Microbial Activity Unit, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Attia A. Attia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Noha M. Eldadamony
- Seed Pathology Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Elsayed
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Elgomhouria St., Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Farid Menaa
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Engineering (BEE), Fluorotronics, Inc. California Innovation Corporation, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - WesamEldin I.A. Saber
- Microbial Activity Unit, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
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Abdallah MF, Gado M, Abdelsadek D, Zahran F, El-Salhey NN, Mehrez O, Abdel-Hay S, Mohamed SM, De Ruyck K, Yang S, Gonzales GB, Varga E. Mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world: Highlighting the main knowledge gaps and the current legislation. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:19-44. [PMID: 38117428 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, knowledge in the mycotoxin research field has increased dramatically. Hundreds of review articles have been published summarizing many different aspects, including mycotoxin contamination per country or region. However, mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world, which includes 22 countries in Africa and Asia, has not yet been specifically reviewed. To this end, the contamination of mycotoxins in the Arab world was reviewed not only to profile the pervasiveness of the problem in this region but also to identify the main knowledge gaps imperiling the safety of food and feed in the future. To the best of our knowledge, 306 (non-)indexed publications in English, Arabic, or French were published from 1977 to 2021, focusing on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in matrices of 14 different categories. Characteristic factors (e.g., detected mycotoxins, concentrations, and detection methods) were extracted, processed, and visualized. The main results are summarized as follows: (i) research on mycotoxin contamination has increased over the years. However, the accumulated data on their occurrences are scarce to non-existent in some countries; (ii) the state-of-the-art technologies on mycotoxin detection are not broadly implemented neither are contemporary multi-mycotoxin detection strategies, thus showing a need for capacity-building initiatives; and (iii) mycotoxin profiles differ among food and feed categories, as well as between human biofluids. Furthermore, the present work highlights contemporary legislation in the Arab countries and provides future perspectives to mitigate mycotoxins, enhance food and feed safety, and protect the consumer public. Concluding, research initiatives to boost mycotoxin research among Arab countries are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Muhammad Gado
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Fatma Zahran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nada Nabil El-Salhey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ohaila Mehrez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel-Hay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Li J, Sun Y, Man Y, Zhang T, Feng X, Yang Z, Zhao H, Zhao R, He L. A Novel and Highly Efficient Microextraction Method for the Determination of Aflatoxin Precursor Averantin in Fatty Grain Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1330-1338. [PMID: 38173280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Averantin (AVN) is an important aflatoxin biosynthetic precursor and has been listed in the screening range of mycotoxins. Herein, a novel ionic liquid-based one-, two-, and three-phase transition microextraction (IL-OTTPTME) method was combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the extraction and determination of AVN in fatty grain samples. The formation of a homogeneous solution and three-phase system during the IL-OTTPTME process allowed both efficient extraction and coextracted lipid cleanup. Density functional theory calculations and distribution coefficient determination results demonstrated that AVN extraction by IL mainly occurred through hydrogen-bond and π-π interactions. Under optimized conditions, the LOD and LOQ of the proposed method were 0.5 and 1.5 ng/g, respectively. Finally, the method was used to determine AVN in several grains with different fat contents, achieving satisfactory relative recoveries (86.0-107.8%) and RSDs (1.2-6.2%, n = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingna Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yaming Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yong Man
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaxing Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hailiang Zhao
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Renyong Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lijun He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Tonial Simões C, Kobs Vidal J, da Rosa da Silva C, Alves Sarturi J, Fabris Laber I, Madalosso T, Mallmann CA. A two-year study on the occurrence and concentration of mycotoxins in corn varieties with different endosperm textures. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7199-7206. [PMID: 37347847 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxin monitoring in cereal grains has great importance in the food and feed industries. This study evaluated mycotoxin contamination in corns with different endosperm textures in 2 years of cultivation. Samples of dent, semi-dent, flint and semi-flint corns from field experiments were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS Occurrences of fumonisins B1 (FB1 ) and B2 (FB2 ) in 2020 were 45.72% (mean 270 μg kg-1 ) and 35.89% (94.97 μg kg-1 ), respectively, and 68.98% (446 μg kg-1 ) and 45.83% (152 μg kg-1 ) in 2021. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 was 11.96% (0.16 μg kg-1 ) in 2020 and 11.11% (0.13 μg kg-1 ) in 2021. In 2020, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenona (ZEA) presented occurrences of 1.28% and 1.70%, with means of 4.08 and 2.45 μg kg-1 , respectively. In 2021, results were 8.33% (31.00 μg kg-1 ) for DON and 8.79% (4.38 μg kg-1 ) for ZEA. Citrinin, diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon-X did not occur in 2020 but presented 1.66%, 0.83%, and 2.50% positive rates in 2021, respectively. In 2020, flint corn presented the lowest concentration of FB1 whereas dent corn presented the highest concentration of FB1 and FB2 (P < 0.05). In 2021, dent corn presented the highest means of FB1 , FB2 and diacetoxyscirpenol (P < 0.05). Dent and semi-dent presented the highest concentration of nivalenol (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The endosperm texture influenced mycotoxin contamination in corn grains, especially FB1 and FB2 , which had the highest concentration in dent corn in the 2 years of this study. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tonial Simões
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Juliano Kobs Vidal
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Janine Alves Sarturi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Isadora Fabris Laber
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Tiago Madalosso
- Centro de Pesquisa Agrícola, Cooperativa Agroindustrial Consolata, Cafelândia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Chen X, Abdallah MF, Landschoot S, Audenaert K, De Saeger S, Chen X, Rajkovic A. Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides and Their Main Mycotoxins: Global Distribution and Scenarios of Interactions in Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:577. [PMID: 37756003 PMCID: PMC10534665 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize is frequently contaminated with multiple mycotoxins, especially those produced by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. As mycotoxin contamination is a critical factor that destabilizes global food safety, the current review provides an updated overview of the (co-)occurrence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides and (co-)contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize. Furthermore, it summarizes their interactions in maize. The gathered data predict the (co-)occurrence and virulence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides would increase worldwide, especially in European cold climate countries. Studies on the interaction of both fungi regarding their growth mainly showed antagonistic interactions in vitro or in planta conditions. However, the (co-)contamination of AFB1 and FB1 has risen worldwide in the last decade. Primarily, this co-contamination increased by 32% in Europe (2010-2020 vs. 1992-2009). This implies that fungi and mycotoxins would severely threaten European-grown maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
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Topi D, Babič J, Jakovac-Strajn B, Tavčar-Kalcher G. Incidence of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Wheat and Corn from Albania. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:567. [PMID: 37755993 PMCID: PMC10537406 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) were analyzed in grains, specifically wheat and corn, from Albania. To summarize, 71 wheat and 45 corn samples from different growing areas were collected. The multi-toxin analytical procedure involved sample extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The incidence of AF was 18% in the analyzed wheat and 71% in the corn samples. The concentration of AFs was much higher in the corn samples than in the wheat samples. The maximum permitted levels for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and total AFs were not exceeded in the wheat samples, while they were exceeded in 36% of the corn samples. In the wheat samples, the AFB1 concentration varied between 0.2 and 0.4 µg kg-1. However, the highest concentrations in the corn samples were 2057, 2944, and 3550 µg kg-1. OTA was present in only three corn samples and one wheat sample. However, all contaminated samples exceeded the maximum permitted levels. This report reveals the presence of AFs and OTA in grain commodities, specifically wheat and corn, grown in Albania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dritan Topi
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.); (G.T.-K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Boulevard Zogu 1, 25/1, 1000 Tirana, Albania
| | - Janja Babič
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.); (G.T.-K.)
| | - Breda Jakovac-Strajn
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.); (G.T.-K.)
| | - Gabrijela Tavčar-Kalcher
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.B.); (B.J.-S.); (G.T.-K.)
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Liu J, Zhao H, Yin Z, Dong H, Chu X, Meng X, Li Y, Ding X. Application and prospect of metabolomics-related technologies in food inspection. Food Res Int 2023; 171:113071. [PMID: 37330829 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food inspection covers a broad range of topics, including nutrient analysis, food pollutants, food auxiliary materials, additives, and food sensory identification. The foundation of diverse subjects like food science, nutrition, health research, and the food industry, as well as the desired reference for drafting trade and food legislation, makes food inspection highly significant. Because of their high efficiency, sensitivity, and accuracy, instrumental analysis methods have gradually replaced conventional analytical methods as the primary means of food hygiene inspection. SCOPE AND APPROACH Metabolomics-based analysis technology, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), has become a widely used analytics platform. This research provides a bird's eye view of the application and future of metabolomics-related technologies in food inspection. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS We have provided a summary of the features and the application range of various metabolomics techniques, the strengths and weaknesses of different metabolomics platforms, and their implementation in specific inspection procedures. These procedures encompass the identification of endogenous metabolites, the detection of exogenous toxins and food additives, analysis of metabolite alterations during processing and storage, as well as the recognition of food adulteration. Despite the widespread utilization and significant contributions of metabolomics-based food inspection technologies, numerous challenges persist as the food industry advances and technology continues to improve. Thus, we anticipate addressing these potential issues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Haipeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hongyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xuanlin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of plant protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China.
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Tanveer ZI, Ahmad K, Dong Z, Chen Y, Liu X, Wu Y, Xu T. Evaluation of reduced graphene oxide-based nanomaterial as dispersive solid phase extraction sorbent for isolation and purification of aflatoxins from poultry feed, combined with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1035-1048. [PMID: 37459595 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2232896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Poultry feed comprises cereals and their by-products and is vulnerable to aflatoxins contamination. This study utilised reduced graphene oxide-titanium dioxide (rGO-TiO2) nanomaterial as a dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) adsorbent to extract, enrich and purify aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2). The synthesis of rGO-TiO2 nanomaterials through hydrothermal process and characterisation by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and X-ray diffraction reveals that the nanomaterials have a single-layer structure embedded with TiO2 nanoparticles. The matrix-spiked technique was employed for the extraction process, optimisation of d-SPE, and analytical method validation. The most appropriate extraction solvent was acetonitrile/water/formic acid (79/20/1, v/v/v), with 30 min of extraction time assisted by ultra-sonication. The optimised d-SPE parameters were: 50 mg of rGO-TiO2 as sorbent amount, 2% methanol as the sample loading solvent, 30 min as adsorption time, and absolute ethanol as the washing reagent. The d-SPE method exhibited good desorption efficiency with 3 mL of acetonitrile/formic acid (99/1, v/v) and 20 min desorption time. After validation, the UHPLC-MS/MS analytical method has an acceptable range of specificity, linearity (R2 ≥ 0.999), sensitivity (LOQ 0.04-0.1 µg kg-1), recoveries (74-105% at three matrix-spiked levels) and precision (RSD 1.5-9.6%). Poultry feed samples (n = 12) were pretreated by this method to extract, enrich and analyse aflatoxins, which were detected in all poultry feed samples. The contamination levels were within the permissible limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal Tanveer
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- National Veterinary Laboratories, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- National Veterinary Laboratories, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ziliang Dong
- Chongqing Taiji Industry (Group) Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjiang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tenfei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Yang L, Yang L, Cai Y, Luo Y, Wang H, Wang L, Chen J, Liu X, Wu Y, Qin Y, Wu Z, Liu N. Natural mycotoxin contamination in dog food: A review on toxicity and detoxification methods. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114948. [PMID: 37105098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the companion animals (dogs or other pets) are considered as members of the family and have established strong emotional relationships with their owners. Dogs are long lived compared to food animals, so safety, adequacy, and efficacy of dog food is of great importance for their health. Cereals, cereal by-products as well as feedstuffs of plant origin are commonly employed food resources in dry food, yet are potential ingredients for mycotoxins contamination, so dogs are theoretically more vulnerable to exposure when consumed daily. Aflatoxins (AF), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FUM), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) are the most frequent mycotoxins that might present in dog food and cause toxicity on the growth and metabolism of dogs. An understanding of toxicological effects and detoxification methods (physical, chemical, or biological approaches) of mycotoxins will help to improve commercial ped food quality, reduce harm and minimize exposure to dogs. Herein, we outline a description of mycotoxins detected in dog food, toxicity and clinical findings in dogs, as well as methods applied in mycotoxins detoxification. This review aims to provide a reference for future studies involved in the evaluation of the risk, preventative strategies, and clear criteria of mycotoxins for minimizing exposure, reducing harm, and preventing mycotoxicosis in dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Department of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China
| | - Lihan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuqing Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yifei Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China
| | - Jingqing Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinghe Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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11
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Valenti I, Tini F, Sevarika M, Agazzi A, Beccari G, Bellezza I, Ederli L, Grottelli S, Pasquali M, Romani R, Saracchi M, Covarelli L. Impact of Enniatin and Deoxynivalenol Co-Occurrence on Plant, Microbial, Insect, Animal and Human Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:271. [PMID: 37104209 PMCID: PMC10144843 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins commonly contaminate agricultural products resulting in a serious threat to both animal and human health. The co-occurrence of different mycotoxins in the same cereal field is very common, so the risks as well as the functional and ecological effects of mycotoxins cannot always be predicted by focusing only on the effect of the single contaminants. Enniatins (ENNs) are among the most frequently detected emerging mycotoxins, while deoxynivalenol (DON) is probably the most common contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the simultaneous exposure to these mycotoxins, with emphasis on the combined effects in multiple organisms. Our literature analysis shows that just a few studies on ENN-DON toxicity are available, suggesting the complexity of mycotoxin interactions, which include synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects. Both ENNs and DON modulate drug efflux transporters, therefore this specific ability deserves to be explored to better understand their complex biological role. Additionally, future studies should investigate the interaction mechanisms of mycotoxin co-occurrence on different model organisms, using concentrations closer to real exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Valenti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Milos Sevarika
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Alessandro Agazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Silvia Grottelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Marco Saracchi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
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12
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Kortei NK, Oman Ayiku P, Nsor-Atindana J, Owusu Ansah L, Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Kyei-Baffour V, Kottoh ID, Odamtten GT. Toxicogenic fungal profile, Ochratoxin A exposure and cancer risk characterization through maize (Zea mays) consumed by different age populations in the Volta region of Ghana. Toxicon 2023; 226:107085. [PMID: 36921906 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) is an important staple food crop for the majority of Ghanaians. Maize is mostly contaminated by fungal species and particularly mycotoxins. This work aimed to identify and quantify the incidence of fungal infection and exposure to Ochratoxin A (OTA) as well as the health risk characterization in different age populations due to maize consumption in the Volta region. Maize samples were plated on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol (DRBC) agar, and Oxytetracycline Glucose Yeast Extract (OGYE) agar. All media were prepared in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions. The plates were incubated at 28 ± 2 °C for 5-7 days. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography connected to a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) was used to analyze the ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in maize. Cancer risk assessments were also conducted using models prescribed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Additives (JECFA). The maize samples collected from the Volta region contained fungal population between the range of 3.08-4.58 log10 CFU/g. Eight (8) genera were recorded belonging to Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Fusarium, Saccharomyces, Mucor, Rhodotorula and Rhizopus. The species diversity includes A. flavus, A. niger, T. harzianum, P. verrucosum, F. oxysporum, Yeast, F. verticillioides, Rhodotorulla sp, A. fumigatus, R. stolonifer, M. racemosus species. Additionally, the ochratoxins level contained in the samples were very noteworthy and ranged from 1.22 to 28.17 μg/kg. Cancer risk assessments of OTA produced outcomes also ranged between 2.15 and 524.54 ng/kg bw/day, 0.03-8.31, 0.0323, and 0.07-16.94 for cases/100,000 person/yr for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Margin of Exposure (MOE), Average Potency, and Cancer Risks respectively for all age categories investigated. There was very high mycoflora load on the maize sampled from the Volta region, likewise the range of mycotoxins present in the maize grains, suggesting the potential to pose some adverse health effects with the populace of the Volta region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Peter Oman Ayiku
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - John Nsor-Atindana
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Leslie Owusu Ansah
- Department of Food Laboratory, Food and Drugs Authority, P.O. Box CT 2783, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - Vincent Kyei-Baffour
- Food Chemistry and Nutrition Research Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Delali Kottoh
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute (BNARI), Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Tawia Odamtten
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
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13
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Prevalence and Concentration of Mycotoxins in Animal Feed in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030214. [PMID: 36977105 PMCID: PMC10054064 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study seeks a comprehensive meta-analysis of mycotoxin contaminants in animal feed consumed in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The obtained articles were reviewed, and 49 articles that investigated the contamination of mycotoxins including aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), T-2 toxin, fumonisins (FUM), and ochratoxin A (OTA), in feed samples or components of animal feed in the MENA region were selected. The titles of the final articles included in the study were meta-analyzed. Necessary information was extracted and categorized from the articles, and a meta-analysis was performed using Stata software. The highest contamination was in dry bread (80%), and Algeria was the most contaminated country (87% of animal feed), with the most mycotoxins contaminating AFs (47%) and FUM (47%). The highest concentration of mycotoxins in animal feed is related to FUM (1240.01 μg/kg). Climate change, economic situation, agricultural and processing methods, the nature of the animal feed, and improper use of food waste in animal feed are among the most critical factors that are effective in the occurrence of mycotoxin contamination in animal feed in MENA. Control of influential factors in the occurrence of contaminations and rapid screening with accurate identification methods to prevent the occurrence and spread of mycotoxin contamination of animal feed seem important.
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14
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Kunene K, Sayegh S, Weber M, Sabela M, Voiry D, Iatsunskyi I, Coy E, Kanchi S, Bisetty K, Bechelany M. Smart electrochemical immunosensing of aflatoxin B1 based on a palladium nanoparticle-boron nitride-coated carbon felt electrode for the wine industry. Talanta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Gab-Allah MA, Choi K, Kim B. Type B Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains and Their Products: Recent Advances on Occurrence, Toxicology, Analysis and Post-Harvest Decontamination Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:85. [PMID: 36828399 PMCID: PMC9963506 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G) are secondary toxic metabolites produced mainly by mycotoxigenic Fusarium fungi and have been recognized as natural contaminants in cereals and cereal-based foods. The latest studies have proven the various negative effects of type B trichothecenes on human health. Due to the widespread occurrence of Fusarium species, contamination by these mycotoxins has become an important aspect for public health and agro-food systems worldwide. Hence, their monitoring and surveillance in various foods have received a significant deal of attention in recent years. In this review, an up-to-date overview of the occurrence profile of major type B trichothecenes and DON-3G in cereal grains and their toxicological implications are outlined. Furthermore, current trends in analytical methodologies for their determination are overviewed. This review also covers the factors affecting the production of these mycotoxins, as well as the management strategies currently employed to mitigate their contamination in foods. Information presented in this review provides good insight into the progress that has been achieved in the last years for monitoring type B trichothecenes and DON-3G, and also would help the researchers in their further investigations on metabolic pathway analysis and toxicological studies of these Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Gab-Allah
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Reference Materials Lab, National Institute of Standards, P.O. Box 136, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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16
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Composition-Based Risk Estimation of Mycotoxins in Dry Dog Foods. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010110. [PMID: 36613326 PMCID: PMC9818488 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of mycotoxins co-occurrence in extrusion-produced dry foods increases due to their composition based on various grains and vegetables. This study aimed to validate a risk estimation for the association between ingredients and the ELISA-detected levels of DON, FUM, ZEA, AFs, T2, and OTA in 34 dry dog food products. The main ingredients were corn, beet, and oil of different origins (of equal frequency, 79.41%), rice (67.6%), and wheat (50%). DON and FUM had the strongest positive correlation (0.635, p = 0.001). The presence of corn in the sample composition increased the median DON and ZEA levels, respectively, by 99.45 μg/kg and 65.64 μg/kg, p = 0.011. In addition to DON and ZEA levels, integral corn presence increased the FUM median levels by 886.61 μg/kg, p = 0.005. For corn gluten flour-containing samples, DON, FUM, and ZEA median differences still existed, and OTA levels also differed by 1.99 μg/kg, p < 0.001. Corn gluten flour presence was strongly associated with DON levels > 403.06 μg/kg (OR = 38.4, RR = 9.90, p = 0.002), FUM levels > 1097.56 μg/kg (OR = 5.56, RR = 1.45, p = 0.048), ZEA levels > 136.88 μg/kg (OR = 23.00, RR = 3.09, p = 0.002), and OTA levels > 3.93 μg/kg (OR = 24.00, RR = 3.09, p = 0.002). Our results suggest that some ingredients or combinations should be avoided due to their risk of increasing mycotoxin levels.
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17
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Tao Q, Tang N, OuYang S, Jiang Y, Luo Y, Liu Y, Xiong X. Rapid Visual Screening of OTA Based on Multicolor Electrochemiluminescence. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Bryła M, Pierzgalski A, Zapaśnik A, Uwineza PA, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Modrzewska M, Waśkiewicz A. Recent Research on Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize—A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213465. [PMID: 36360078 PMCID: PMC9659149 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most susceptible crops to pathogenic fungal infections, and in particular to the Fusarium species. Secondary metabolites of Fusarium spp.—mycotoxins are not only phytotoxic, but also harmful to humans and animals. They can cause acute or chronic diseases with various toxic effects. The European Union member states apply standards and legal regulations on the permissible levels of mycotoxins in food and feed. This review summarises the most recent knowledge on the occurrence of toxic secondary metabolites of Fusarium in maize, taking into account modified forms of mycotoxins, the progress in research related to the health effects of consuming food or feed contaminated with mycotoxins, and also the development of biological methods for limiting and/or eliminating the presence of the same in the food chain and in compound feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Pierzgalski
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zapaśnik
- Department of Microbiology, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pascaline Aimee Uwineza
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Modrzewska
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-848-78-41
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19
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Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in cereal-derived products from Egypt. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Deoxynivalenol: An Overview on Occurrence, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Health Effects and Its Detection, Management, and Control Strategies in Food and Feed. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungi-produced secondary metabolites that can contaminate many foods eaten by humans and animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON), which is formed by Fusarium, is one of the most common occurring predominantly in cereal grains and thus poses a significant health risk. When DON is ingested, it can cause both acute and chronic toxicity. Acute signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, increased salivation, vomiting, and malaise. The most common effects of chronic DON exposure include changes in dietary efficacy, weight loss, and anorexia. This review provides a succinct overview of various sources, biosynthetic mechanisms, and genes governing DON production, along with its consequences on human and animal health. It also covers the effect of environmental factors on its production with potential detection, management, and control strategies.
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21
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Narváez A, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ritieni A, Mañes J. Human biomonitoring of multiple mycotoxins in hair: first large-scale pilot study. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) represents the most accurate approach for assessing the exposure to mycotoxins, but traditional matrices fail to provide information about long-term exposure due to the rapid excretion rates and short half-lives of mycotoxins. Hair emerges as a promising matrix considering that contaminants can form stable links with hair components, such as keratins and melanin. Hence, the aim of the present study was to monitor the presence of up to ten mycotoxins (aflatoxins and Fusarium mycotoxins) in human hair samples (n=100) through a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Q-TOF high resolution mass spectrometry. A prevalence of 43% at concentrations ranging from 2.7 to 106.1 ng/g was observed, being enniatins and aflatoxin B1 the most prevalent compounds. Co-occurrence of up to three mycotoxins was observed in 42% of the positive samples. Retrospective untargeted analysis of hair samples tentatively identified up to 128 mycotoxins and related metabolites. These results confirm the accumulation of toxicologically relevant mycotoxins in hair matrix, thus standing as a suitable matrix for assessing long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Narváez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Y. Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - A. Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
- UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development at University of Naples ‘Federico II’, via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - J. Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Spain
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22
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Schamann A, Schmidt-Heydt M, Geisen R, Kulling SE, Soukup ST. Formation of B- and M-group aflatoxins and precursors by Aspergillus flavus on maize and its implication for food safety. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:79-92. [PMID: 35288866 PMCID: PMC9038868 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins count to the most toxic known mycotoxins and are a threat to food safety especially in regions with a warm and humid climate. Contaminated food reaches consumers globally due to international trade, leading to stringent regulatory limits of aflatoxins in food. While the formation of aflatoxin (AF) B1 by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus flavus is well investigated, less is known about the formation kinetics of its precursors and further aflatoxins. In this study, autoclaved maize kernels were inoculated with A. flavus and incubated at 25 °C for up to 10 days. Aflatoxins and precursors were analyzed by a validated UHPLC-MS method. Additional to AFB1 and AFB2, AFM1 and AFM2 were detected, confirming the ability of the formation of M-group aflatoxins on cereals by A. flavus. The measured relative levels of AFB2, AFM1, and AFM2 on maize compared to the level of AFB1 (mean of days 5, 7, and 10 of incubation) were 3.3%, 1.5%, and 0.2%, respectively. The occurrence and kinetics of the measured aflatoxins and their precursors sterigmatocystin, O-methylsterigmatocystin, 11-hydroxy-O-methylsterigmatocystin, aspertoxin, and 11-hydroxyaspertoxin (group 1) as well as of dihydrosterigmatocystin and dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin (group 2) supported the so far postulated biosynthetic pathway. Remarkable high levels of O-methylsterigmatocystin and aspertoxin (17.4% and 4.9% compared to AFB1) were found, raising the question about the toxicological relevance of these intermediates. In conclusion, based on the study results, the monitoring of O-methylsterigmatocystin and aspertoxin as well as M-group aflatoxins in food is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schamann
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Schmidt-Heydt
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rolf Geisen
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) - Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Jiang L, Huang H. Improvement of the enzymatic detoxification activity towards mycotoxins through structure-based engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 56:107927. [PMID: 35182727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed is posing a serious threat to the global food safety and public health. Biological detoxification mediated by enzymes has emerged as a promising approach, as they can specifically degrade mycotoxins into non-toxic ones. However, the low degradation efficiency and stability limit their further application. To optimize the enzymes for mycotoxin removal, modification strategies that combine computational design with their structural data have been developed. Accordingly, this review will comprehensively summarize the recent trends in structure-based engineering to improve the enzyme catalytic efficiency, selectivity and stability in mycotoxins detoxification, which also provides perspectives in obtaining innovative and effective biocatalysts for mycotoxins degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yao Chen
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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24
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Silva F, Zanin L, Shimizu C, Lopes D, Ribeiro J, Ishikawa A, Itano E, Kawamura O, Hirooka E. Aflatoxin B1 in the egg chain: monitoring with specific indirect competitive ELISA in northern Paraná, Brazil. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An indirect competitive immunoassay (ic-ELISA) was developed using monoclonal antibody produced by hybridoma AF4, which showed high specificity and reactivity with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxicol, but low cross-reactivity to other analogs. This low cost reliable method was applied for AFB1 monitoring in the poultry chain of a high agribusiness potential region (northern Paraná state, Brazil). Maize, laying hens feed and egg samples were collected from two poultry farms (with production above 200,000 eggs/day) and evaluated by intralaboratory validated ic-ELISA. The sensitivity of such a validated assay, detecting picogram levels of aflatoxins, demonstrated to be proper for surveying daily ingested cumulative toxins and estimating risks. Additionally, more than 61.00% of positive egg samples ranged between the limit of quantification (LOQ – 0.035 ng/g) and 1.00 ng/g, values commonly not covered by commercial kits. Positive data (>LOQ) occurred in 22 maize (56.40%), 34 feed (85.00%) and 192 (48.00%) egg samples. Mean contamination in maize was 1.51±0.94 ng/g (range 0.11-3.91 ng/g), 1.26±0.96 ng/g in feed (0.10-3.58 ng/g), and 1.01±0.77 ng/g in egg (0.05-3.85 ng/g). No statistical difference was observed between farms (P>0.05) for any of the matrices analysed. However, the difference between median values in maize (0.98 ng/g – Farm A; 1.76 ng/g – Farm B) indicated a higher contamination trend in farm B, possibly due to inadequate local storage. Although there is no limit stipulated for AFB1 contamination in eggs, the levels detected in samples were low and do not represent an immediate risk to animal production or human consumption. Nevertheless, the high frequency of positive maize and feed samples in this field of agribusiness should be highlighted. Sensitive aflatoxin monitoring procedures must be strategically carried out from raw materials to animal derived products, aiming harmless production, which also assures human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.G. Silva
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10011, 86051-980 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - L.M.M. Zanin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10011, 86051-980 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - C.F. Shimizu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10011, 86051-980 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - D.D. Lopes
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10011, 86051-980 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J.C. Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Tocantins, P.O. Box 132, 77804-970 Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - A.T. Ishikawa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10011, 86051-980 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E.N. Itano
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10011, 86051-980 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - O. Kawamura
- Food Hygiene Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0765, Japan
| | - E.Y. Hirooka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10011, 86051-980 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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25
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Kos J, Janić-Hajnal E, Malachová A, Krska R, Sulyok M. The natural occurrence of Penicillium spp. metabolites in maize kernels originating from Serbia. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr49-39606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize can be contaminated with a wide range of fungal secondary metabolites that decrease the quality and safety of maize and maize-derived products. The increase of natural fungal metabolites occurrence in maize, influenced by climate changes, is recognized as a significant issue in recent years. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate the influence of weather conditions on the natural occurrence of Penicillium spp. metabolites in maize kernel samples. The survey was conducted for two maize vegetation seasons 2016 and 2017. In total 458 maize samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The samples originated from the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, and regions of Bačka, Srem, and Banat. Among 45 Penicillium metabolites investigated 16 and 18 were detected in samples from 2016 and 2017, respectively. The most commonly occurring Penicillium metabolite in both years was oxaline, which was detected in more than 90% of analyzed samples. Questiomycin A, 7hydroxypestalotin, pestalotin, and mycophenolic acid were also very frequently detected Penicillium metabolites. This is one of the unique studies in the Republic of Serbia, as well as in this part of Europe, investigating the occurrence of a great number of Penicillium metabolites in maize samples.
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26
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Kos J, Janić-Hajnal E, Malachová A, Krska R, Sulyok M. The natural occurrence of Penicillium spp. metabolites in maize kernels originating from Serbia. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr0-39606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize can be contaminated with a wide range of fungal secondary metabolites that decrease the quality and safety of maize and maize-derived products. The increase of natural fungal metabolites occurrence in maize, influenced by climate changes, is recognized as a significant issue in recent years. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate the influence of weather conditions on the natural occurrence of Penicillium spp. metabolites in maize kernel samples. The survey was conducted for two maize vegetation seasons 2016 and 2017. In total 458 maize samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The samples originated from the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, and regions of Bačka, Srem, and Banat. Among 45 Penicillium metabolites investigated 16 and 18 were detected in samples from 2016 and 2017, respectively. The most commonly occurring Penicillium metabolite in both years was oxaline, which was detected in more than 90% of analyzed samples. Questiomycin A, 7hydroxypestalotin, pestalotin, and mycophenolic acid were also very frequently detected Penicillium metabolites. This is one of the unique studies in the Republic of Serbia, as well as in this part of Europe, investigating the occurrence of a great number of Penicillium metabolites in maize samples.
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27
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Mahato DK, Pandhi S, Kamle M, Gupta A, Sharma B, Panda BK, Srivastava S, Kumar M, Selvakumar R, Pandey AK, Suthar P, Arora S, Kumar A, Gamlath S, Bharti A, Kumar P. Trichothecenes in food and feed: Occurrence, impact on human health and their detection and management strategies. Toxicon 2022; 208:62-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Grgic D, Varga E, Novak B, Müller A, Marko D. Isoflavones in Animals: Metabolism and Effects in Livestock and Occurrence in Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:836. [PMID: 34941674 PMCID: PMC8705642 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybeans are a common ingredient of animal feed. They contain isoflavones, which are known to act as phytoestrogens in animals. Isoflavones were described to have beneficial effects on farm animals. However, there are also reports of negative outcomes after the consumption of isoflavones. This review summarizes the current knowledge of metabolization of isoflavones (including the influence of the microbiome, phase I and phase II metabolism), as well as the distribution of isoflavones and their metabolites in tissues. Furthermore, published studies on effects of isoflavones in livestock species (pigs, poultry, ruminants, fish) are reviewed. Moreover, published studies on occurrence of isoflavones in feed materials and co-occurrence with zearalenone are presented and are supplemented with our own survey data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Grgic
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (B.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Anneliese Müller
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (B.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (E.V.)
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29
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Seo H, Jang S, Jo H, Kim H, Lee S, Yun H, Jeong M, Moon J, Na T, Cho H. Optimization of the QuEChERS-Based Analytical Method for Investigation of 11 Mycotoxin Residues in Feed Ingredients and Compound Feeds. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110767. [PMID: 34822551 PMCID: PMC8618524 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances naturally produced by various fungi, and these compounds not only inflict economic damage, but also pose risks to human and animal health. The goal of the present study was to optimize the QuEChERS-based extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the analysis of 11 mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON), commonly found in feed. The QuEChERS method, characterized by being “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe”, has become one of the most common extractions and clean-up procedures for mycotoxin analyses in food. Therefore, in this experiment, an optimal method for the analysis of 11 mycotoxins in feed was established by modifying the general QuEChERS method. In this process, it was confirmed that even if feed samples of different weights were extracted, the quantitative value of mycotoxins in the feed was not affected. To reduce matrix effects, 13C-labeled compounds and deuterium were used as internal standards. This optimized method was then applied in the determination of 11 mycotoxins in 736 feed ingredients and compound feeds obtained from South Korea. The results showed that the occurrence rates of FBs, ZEN, and DON were 59.4%, 38.0%, and 32.1%, respectively, and OTA, AFs, and T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin were found in fewer than 1% of the 736 feeds. The mean concentration ranges of FBs, ZEN, and DON were 757–2387, 44–4552, and 248–9680 μg/kg, respectively. Among the samples in which DON and ZEN were detected, 10 and 12 samples exceeded the management recommendation standards presented by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA). However, when the detected concentrations of DON and ZEN were compared with guideline levels in foreign countries, such as the US, Japan, China, and the EU, the number of positive samples changed. In addition, the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in the feed was analyzed, and the results showed that 43.8% of the samples were contaminated with two or three mycotoxins, among which the co-occurrence rate of FBs, ZEN, and DON was the highest. In conclusion, these results suggest the need for stricter management standards for FBs, DON, and ZEN in South Korea, and emphasize the importance of the continuous monitoring of feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungju Seo
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
| | - Sunyeong Jang
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
| | - Hyeongwook Jo
- Hansalim Agro-Food Analysis Center, Hankyong National University Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Suwon 16500, Korea; (H.J.); (J.M.)
| | - Haejin Kim
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
| | - Seunghwa Lee
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
| | - Hyejeong Yun
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
| | - Minhee Jeong
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
| | - Joonkwan Moon
- Hansalim Agro-Food Analysis Center, Hankyong National University Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Suwon 16500, Korea; (H.J.); (J.M.)
| | - Taewoong Na
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (T.N.); (H.C.); Tel.: +82-54-429-7813 (T.N.); +82-54-429-7810 (H.C.)
| | - Hyunjeong Cho
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (T.N.); (H.C.); Tel.: +82-54-429-7813 (T.N.); +82-54-429-7810 (H.C.)
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Ji J, Yu J, Yang Y, Yuan X, Yang J, Zhang Y, Sun J, Sun X. Exploration on the Enhancement of Detoxification Ability of Zearalenone and Its Degradation Products of Aspergillus niger FS10 under Directional Stress of Zearalenone. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100720. [PMID: 34679013 PMCID: PMC8537726 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants in food. For food safety, an efficient and environmental-friendly approach to ZEN degradation is significant. In this study, an Aspergillus niger strain, FS10, was stimulated with 1.0 μg/mL ZEN for 24 h, repeating 5 times to obtain a stressed strain, Zearalenone-Stressed-FS10 (ZEN-S-FS10), with high degradation efficiency. The results show that the degradation rate of ZEN-S-FS10 to ZEN can be stabilized above 95%. Through metabolomics analysis of the metabolome difference of FS10 before and after ZEN stimulation, it was found that the change of metabolic profile may be the main reason for the increase in the degradation rate of ZEN. The optimization results of degradation conditions of ZEN-S-FS10 show that the degradation efficiency is the highest with a concentration of 104 CFU/mL and a period of 28 h. Finally, we analyzed the degradation products by UPLC-q-TOF, which shows that ZEN was degraded into two low-toxicity products: C18H22O8S (Zearalenone 4-sulfate) and C18H22O5 ((E)-Zearalenone). This provides a wide range of possibilities for the industrial application of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Guangzhou GRG Metrology and Test Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510630, China;
| | - Jia Yang
- Yangzhou Center for Food and Drug Control, Yangzhou 225000, China;
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-510-85329015; Fax: +86-510-85328726
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31
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Pack ED, Weiland S, Musser R, Schmale DG. Survey of zearalenone and type-B trichothecene mycotoxins in swine feed in the USA. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:297-313. [PMID: 34537950 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
New information is needed regarding the types and concentrations of mycotoxins in swine feed. We hypothesized that (1) the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEN) vary among swine ingredient and feed types, and (2) the inclusion of specific ingredients is associated with mycotoxin contamination in complete feed. A total of 707 samples were collected from cooperators in 14 states between June 2018 and January 2020 then analyzed for DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, NIV, and ZEN contamination using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ninety-four percent (663/707) of samples contained DON, 33% (230/707) of samples contained 3-AcDON, 57% (404/707) of samples contained 15-AcDON, 1% (6/707) of samples contained NIV, and 47% (335/707) of samples contained ZEN. Seventy-three percent (514/707) of samples contained multiple mycotoxins. Resulting DON concentrations were below the national advisory limits for all sample types, and no advisory limits are imposed for the other mycotoxins studied. Increased incorporation of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) was associated with increased DON in complete feed (R2 = 0.82).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D Pack
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | | | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Pilot Study: Does Contamination with Enniatin B and Beauvericin Affect the Antioxidant Capacity of Cereals Commonly Used in Animal Feeding? PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091835. [PMID: 34579368 PMCID: PMC8469406 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing consumption of cereals has been associated with reduced risk of several chronic diseases, as they contain phytochemicals that combat oxidative stress. Cereal contamination by the “emerging mycotoxins” beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENs) is a worldwide health problem that has not yet received adequate scientific attention. Their presence in feeds represents a risk for animals and a potential risk for humans because of their carry-over to animal-derived products. This preliminary study aimed to investigate if the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of corn, barley, and wheat flours could be influenced by contamination with increasing levels of BEA and ENN B. The highest TAC value was observed in barley compared with wheat and corn (p < 0.001) before and after contamination. No effect of mycotoxin or mycotoxin level was found, whereas cereal x mycotoxin exhibited a significant effect (p < 0.001), showing a lower TAC value in wheat contaminated by ENN B and in barley contaminated by BEA. In conclusion, barley is confirmed as a source of natural antioxidants with antiradical potentials. Additional studies with a larger sample size are necessary to confirm the obtained results, and investigations of the toxic effects of these emergent mycotoxins on animals and humans should be deepened.
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Leite M, Freitas A, Silva AS, Barbosa J, Ramos F. Maize food chain and mycotoxins: A review on occurrence studies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Janić Hajnal E, Kos J, Pezo L, Radić B, Malachová A, Krska R, Sulyok M. Presence of
Alternaria
toxins in maize from Republic of Serbia during 2016–2017. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabet Janić Hajnal
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Republic of Serbia
| | - Jovana Kos
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Republic of Serbia
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry University of Belgrade Belgrade Republic of Serbia
| | - Bojana Radić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Republic of Serbia
| | - Alexandra Malachová
- Department IFA‐Tulln University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department IFA‐Tulln University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department IFA‐Tulln University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
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35
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Rocchetti G, Ghilardelli F, Bonini P, Lucini L, Masoero F, Gallo A. Changes of Milk Metabolomic Profiles Resulting from a Mycotoxins-Contaminated Corn Silage Intake by Dairy Cows. Metabolites 2021; 11:475. [PMID: 34436416 PMCID: PMC8400352 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, an untargeted metabolomics approach based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) was used for investigating changes in chemical profiles of cow milk considering diets based on mycotoxins-contaminated corn silages. For this purpose, 45 milk samples were classified into five clusters according to the corn silage contamination profile, namely (1) low levels of Aspergillus- and Penicillium-mycotoxins; (2) low levels of fumonisins and other Fusarium-mycotoxins; (3) high levels of Aspergillus-mycotoxins; (4) high levels of non-regulated Fusarium-mycotoxins; (5) high levels of fumonisins and their metabolites, and subsequently analyzed by UHPLC-HRMS followed by a multivariate statistical analysis (both unsupervised and supervised statistical approaches). Overall, the milk metabolomic profile highlighted potential correlations between the quality of contaminated corn silages (as part of the total mixed ration) and milk composition. Metabolomics allowed to identify 628 significant milk metabolites as affected by the five levels of corn silage contamination considered, with amino acids and peptides showing the highest metabolite set enrichment (134 compounds). Additionally, 78 metabolites were selected as the best discriminant of the prediction model built, possessing a variable importance in projection score >1.2. The average Log Fold-Change variations of the discriminant metabolites provided evidence that sphingolipids, together with purine and pyrimidine-derived metabolites were the most affected chemical classes. Also, metabolomics revealed a significant accumulation of oxidized glutathione in milk samples belonging to the silage cluster contaminated by emerging Aspergillus toxins, likely involved in the oxidative imbalance. These preliminary findings provide new insights into the potential role of milk metabolomics to provide chemical indicators of mycotoxins-contaminated corn silage feeding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (F.G.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Francesca Ghilardelli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (F.G.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | | | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Francesco Masoero
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (F.G.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (F.G.); (F.M.); (A.G.)
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Bhavya G, Belorkar SA, Mythili R, Geetha N, Shetty HS, Udikeri SS, Jogaiah S. Remediation of emerging environmental pollutants: A review based on advances in the uses of eco-friendly biofabricated nanomaterials. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:129975. [PMID: 33631403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The increased environmental pollutants due to anthropogenic activities are posing an adverse effects and threat on various biotic forms on the planet. Heavy metals and certain organic pollutants by their toxic persistence in the environment are regarded as significant pollutants worldwide. In recent years, pollutants exist in various forms in the environment are difficult to eliminate by traditional technologies due to various drawbacks. This has lead to shifting of research for the development of cost-effective and efficient technologies for the remediation of environmental pollutants. The adaption of adsorption phenomenon from the traditional technologies with the modification of adsorbents at nanoscale is the trended research for mitigating the environmental pollutants with petite environmental concerns. Over the past decade, the hidden potentials of biological sources for the biofabrication of nanomaterials as bequeathed rapid research for remediating the environmental pollution in a sustainable manner. The biofabricated nanomaterials possess an inimitable phenomenon such as photo and enzymatic catalysis, electrostatic interaction, surface active site interactions, etc., contributing for the detoxification of various pollutants. With this background, the current review highlights the emerging biofabricated nano-based adsorbent materials and their underlying mechanisms addressing the environmental remediation of persistent organic pollutants, heavy metal (loid)s, phytopathogens, special attention to the reduction of pathogen-derived toxins and air pollutants. Each category is illustrated with suitable examples, fundamental mechanism, and graphical representations, along with societal applications. Finally, the future and sustainable development of eco-friendly biofabricated nanomaterial-based adsorbents is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurulingaiah Bhavya
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | - Seema Anil Belorkar
- Microbiology and Bioinformatics Department, Bilaspur University, Bilaspur, (C.G), 495 001, India
| | - Raja Mythili
- PG & Research Department of Biotechnology, Mahendra Arts & Science College, Kalippatti, 637501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagaraja Geetha
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | - Huntrike Shekar Shetty
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashikant S Udikeri
- Department of Agricultural Entomolgy, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 580005, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudisha Jogaiah
- Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, PG Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnataka University, Dharwad, 580 003, Karnataka, India.
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Janik E, Niemcewicz M, Podogrocki M, Ceremuga M, Gorniak L, Stela M, Bijak M. The Existing Methods and Novel Approaches in Mycotoxins' Detection. Molecules 2021; 26:3981. [PMID: 34210086 PMCID: PMC8271920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins represent a wide range of secondary, naturally occurring and practically unavoidable fungal metabolites. They contaminate various agricultural commodities like cereals, maize, peanuts, fruits, and feed at any stage in pre- or post-harvest conditions. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed can cause acute or chronic toxicity in human and animals. The risk that is posed to public health have prompted the need to develop methods of analysis and detection of mycotoxins in food products. Mycotoxins wide range of structural diversity, high chemical stability, and low concentrations in tested samples require robust, effective, and comprehensible detection methods. This review summarizes current methods, such as chromatographic and immunochemical techniques, as well as novel, alternative approaches like biosensors, electronic noses, or molecularly imprinted polymers that have been successfully applied in detection and identification of various mycotoxins in food commodities. In order to highlight the significance of sampling and sample treatment in the analytical process, these steps have been comprehensively described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Janik
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Marcin Podogrocki
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Michal Ceremuga
- Military Institute of Armament Technology, Prymasa Stefana Wyszyńskiego 7, 05-220 Zielonka, Poland;
| | - Leslaw Gorniak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Maksymilian Stela
- CBRN Reconnaissance and Decontamination Department, Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Antoniego Chrusciela “Montera” 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
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Pereira RHA, Keijok WJ, Prado AR, de Oliveira JP, Guimarães MCC. Rapid and sensitive detection of ochratoxin A using antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. Toxicon 2021; 199:139-144. [PMID: 34153309 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of tolerable levels of ochratoxin A in food for human and animal consumption has been defined in some countries. To meet these levels, simpler, more efficient, and faster analytical methods are being developed to facilitate the identification of this dangerous contaminant in food. Here, we combined gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with anti-ochratoxin A (OTA) IgG to detect elementary levels of OTA based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. AuNPs were prepared with trisodium citrate and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The conjugation of AuNPs to IgG anti-OTA was confirmed by bathochromic shift (UV-vis) and RAMAN spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the nanosensor was investigated by measuring LSPR band λmax shifts. Our results suggest this assay is highly sensitive, with a lower detection limit of about 0.001 pg mL-1. The LSPR nanosensor reduced detection limits by roughly 10 times compared to other methods. We demonstrated that the approach investigated here is a rapid and sensitive method for OTA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jairo Pinto de Oliveira
- Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av Marechal Campos1468, Vitoria, ES, 29.040-090, Brazil
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Kifer D, Sulyok M, Jakšić D, Krska R, Šegvić Klarić M. Fungi and their metabolites in grain from individual households in Croatia. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2021; 14:98-109. [PMID: 33583343 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1883746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A total of 117 fungal metabolites were detected in grains collected in Gunja-G (flooded village) and Gornji Stupnik-GS (control village), located in the Zagreb County, Croatia. Major mycotoxins and derivatives (17), ergot alkaloids (14), Fusarium (23), Aspergillus (18), Penicillium (18), Alternaria (7) and other fungal and unspecific metabolites (20) were found. A higher number of metabolites co-occurred per sample in grains from G (115) than in GS (91). Regulated mycotoxins were below maximum limits except fumonisins B1,2 in 15-20% of grains and aflatoxin B1. Fusarium metabolites contaminated more than 50% of grains at both locations. Besides FB1,2, bikaverin, aurofusarin, culmorin and 15-hidroxyculmorin were detected at relatively high concentrations. Ergot alkaloids were detected at 2-18 times higher concentrations in grains from G as compared to GS. Majority of Aspergillus mycotoxins were present at a low frequency (5-15%). Penicillium metabolites recovered with higher frequency in GS (55-70%) than in G (20-55%). Alteranaria metabolites prevailed in grains from G (60-80%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Kifer
- Department of Biophysics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (Ifa-tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Jakšić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (Ifa-tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Charlermroj R, Phuengwas S, Makornwattana M, Sooksimuang T, Sahasithiwat S, Panchan W, Sukbangnop W, Elliott CT, Karoonuthaisiri N. Development of a microarray lateral flow strip test using a luminescent organic compound for multiplex detection of five mycotoxins. Talanta 2021; 233:122540. [PMID: 34215043 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
While lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is a simple technique that offers a rapid, robust, user friendly, and point-of-care test, its capacity for multiplex detection is rather limited. This study therefore combined the multiplexity of microarray technique and the simple and rapid characteristics of LFIA to enable simultaneous and quantitative detection of five mycotoxins, namely aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FUMB1), T-2 toxin (T-2), and zearalenone (ZON). In addition, we have synthesized a novel extra-large Stokes shift and strong fluorescence organic compound to be used as a reporter molecule which can be detected under UV light without light filter requirement. Many parameters including microarray spotting buffer, blocking buffer, and concentrations of mycotoxin antibodies were optimized for the microarray LFIA (μLFIA) construction. With the optimal conditions, the μLFIA could accurately and quantitatively detect multiple mycotoxins at the same time. The limits of detection of AFB1, DON, FUMB1, T-2, and ZON were 1.3, 0.5, 0.4, 0.4, and 0.9 ppb, respectively. The recoveries of these five mycotoxins were 70.7%-119.5% and 80.4%-124.8% for intra-assay and inter-assay, respectively. Combining the advantages of the novel reporter molecule and the multiplex capability of μLFIA test, this system could simultaneously detect multiple mycotoxins in one sample with high specificity and high sensitivity. Moreover, this system presents a promising affordable point-of-care platform to detect other analytes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratthaphol Charlermroj
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sudtida Phuengwas
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Manlika Makornwattana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Thanasat Sooksimuang
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Somboon Sahasithiwat
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Panchan
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wannee Sukbangnop
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Building, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
| | - Nitsara Karoonuthaisiri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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Versicolorin A enhances the genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in human liver cells by inducing the transactivation of the Ah-receptor. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112258. [PMID: 33984424 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins that have major adverse effects on human health. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most important aflatoxin and a potent carcinogen once converted into a DNA-reactive form by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450). AFB1 biosynthesis involves the formation of Versicolorin A (VerA) which shares structural similarities with AFB1 and can be found in contaminated commodities, often co-occurring with AFB1. This study investigated and compared the toxicity of VerA and AFB1, alone or in combination, in HepG2 human liver cells. Our results show that both toxins have similar cytotoxic effects and are genotoxic although, unlike AFB1, the main genotoxic mechanism of VerA does not involve the formation of DNA double-strand breaks. Additionally, we show that VerA activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and significantly induce the expression of the CYP450-1A1 (CYP1A1) while AFB1 did not induce AhR-dependent CYP1A1 activation. Combination of VerA with AFB1 resulted in enhanced genotoxic effects, suggesting that AhR-activation by VerA influences AFB1 genotoxicity by promoting its bioactivation by CYP450s to a highly DNA-reactive metabolite. Our results emphasize the need for expanding the toxicological knowledge regarding mycotoxin biosynthetic precursors to identify those who may pose, directly or indirectly, a threat to human health.
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Tan H, Zhou H, Guo T, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang C, Ma L. Effect of temperature and pH on the conversion between free and hidden zearalenone in zein. Food Chem 2021; 360:130001. [PMID: 34000631 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food processing might induce the transformation of hidden ZEN (zein-bound ZEN) in maize. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of processing factors on free ZEN and hidden ZEN. After zein was treated under different temperature and pH, ZEN was quantified in samples before and after in vitro digestion. The ratios of hidden to total ZEN in zein are decreased from 54.25% to 40.74% after thermal treatment and from 54.25% to 0 after alkaline treatment, respectively. Conversely, acid treatment increased the ratio of hidden to total ZEN from 54.25% to 100%. Thus, it can be concluded that thermal or alkaline condition induced the conversion of hidden ZEN to free ZEN while acid condition promoted the ZEN-zein interactions to form the hidden ZEN. Overall, temperature and pH values played a vital role in the conversion of hidden ZEN during food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Tan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Hongyuan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Ting Guo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Awapak D, Petchkongkaew A, Sulyok M, Krska R. Co-occurrence and toxicological relevance of secondary metabolites in dairy cow feed from Thailand. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1013-1027. [PMID: 33861173 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1905186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of secondary metabolites and co-contaminants in dairy cow feed samples (n = 115), concentrate, roughage, and mixed feed, collected from Ratchaburi and Kanjanaburi provinces, Thailand, between August 2018 and March 2019 were investigated using LC-MS/MS based multi-toxin method. A total of 113 metabolites were found in the samples. Fungal metabolites were the predominant compounds, followed by plant metabolites. Among major mycotoxins, zearalenone and fumonisins were most frequently detected in concentrate and mixed feed samples, while deoxynivalenol and aflatoxin B1 were found at the frequency lower than 50%. Other metabolites, produced by Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria species, occurred in the samples. Flavoglaucin, 3-nitropropionic acid, averufin, and sterigmatocystin were the most prevalent Aspergillus metabolites. Common Fusarium metabolites occurring in the samples included moniliformin, beauvericin, and enniatins. For Penicillium metabolites, mycophenolic acid, questiomycin A, quinolactacin A, oxaline, citrinin, and dihydrocitrinone were frequently detected. The toxic Alternaria metabolites, alternariol, and alternariol monomethyl ether showed the high incidence in the samples. Plant metabolites were commonly found, mainly cyanogenic compounds and isoflavones, from cassava and soybean meal used as feed ingredients. Overall, 96.6% of feed samples contained at least two metabolites, in a range from 2 to 69. According to co-contamination of mycotoxins found in feed samples, zearalenone were mostly found in combination with fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, and aflatoxin B1. Fumonisin B1 co-occurred with aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol. The mixtures of deoxynivalenol and aflatoxin B1, and of zearalenone, fumonisin B1 and deoxynivalenol were also found. Due to known individual toxicity of fungal and plant metabolites and possible additive or synergistic toxic effects of multi-mycotoxins, the occurrence of these metabolites and co-contaminants should be monitored continuously to ensure food safety through the dairy supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darika Awapak
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Khong Luang, Thailand
| | - Awanwee Petchkongkaew
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Khong Luang, Thailand
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
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Pantano L, La Scala L, Olibrio F, Galluzzo FG, Bongiorno C, Buscemi MD, Macaluso A, Vella A. QuEChERS LC-MS/MS Screening Method for Mycotoxin Detection in Cereal Products and Spices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3774. [PMID: 33916634 PMCID: PMC8038554 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We developed and validated a screening method for mycotoxin analysis in cereal products and spices. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis. Dispersive solid-phase extractions (d-SPEs) were used for the extraction of samples. Ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), aflatoxins (AFLA; AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin (FUMO; FB1, FB2, FB3), T2, and HT2 were validated in maize. AFLA and DON were validated in black pepper. The method satisfies the requirements of Commission Regulation (EC) no. 401/2006 and (EC) no. 1881/2006. The screening target concentration (STC) was under maximum permitted levels (MLs) for all mycotoxins validated. The method's performance was assessed by two different proficiencies and tested with 100 real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Pantano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Ladislao La Scala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Francesco Olibrio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Francesco Giuseppe Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Carmelo Bongiorno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria Drussilla Buscemi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Antonio Vella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
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Carbas B, Simões D, Soares A, Freitas A, Ferreira B, Carvalho ARF, Silva AS, Pinto T, Diogo E, Andrade E, Brites C. Occurrence of Fusarium spp. in Maize Grain Harvested in Portugal and Accumulation of Related Mycotoxins during Storage. Foods 2021; 10:375. [PMID: 33572250 PMCID: PMC7915971 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is an important worldwide commodity susceptible to fungal contamination in the field, at harvest, and during storage. This work aimed to determine the occurrence of Fusarium spp. in maize grains produced in the Tagus Valley region of Portugal and the levels of related mycotoxins in the 2018 harvest and during their storage for six months in barrels, mimicking silos conditions. Continuous monitoring of temperature, CO2, and relative humidity levels were done, as well as the concentration of mycotoxins were evaluated and correlated with the presence of Fusarium spp. F. verticillioides was identified as the predominant Fusarium species. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and toxin T2 were not found at harvest and after storage. Maize grains showed some variability in the levels of fumonisins (Fum B1 and Fum B2). At the harvest, fumonisin B1 ranged from 1297 to 2037 µg/kg, and fumonisin B2 ranged from 411 to 618 µg/kg. Fumonisins showed a tendency to increase (20 to 40%) during six months of storage. Although a correlation between the levels of fumonisins and the monitoring parameters was not established, CO2 levels may be used to predict fungal activity during storage. The composition of the fungal population during storage may predict the incidence of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carbas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (CITAB-UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Daniela Simões
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Andreia Soares
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Bruno Ferreira
- ISQ—Intelligent & Digital Systems, R&Di, Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade, 4415-491 Grijó, Portugal; (B.F.); (A.R.F.C.)
- Universidade Lusíada—Norte & COMEGI, 4760-108 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Alexandre R. F. Carvalho
- ISQ—Intelligent & Digital Systems, R&Di, Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade, 4415-491 Grijó, Portugal; (B.F.); (A.R.F.C.)
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Pinto
- ANPROMIS—Associação Nacional dos Produtores de Milho e do Sorgo, Rua Mestre Lima de Freitas nº 1–5º Andar, 1549-012 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Eugénio Diogo
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Andrade
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carla Brites
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (B.C.); (D.S.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.S.S.); (E.D.); (E.A.)
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Křížová L, Dadáková K, Dvořáčková M, Kašparovský T. Feedborne Mycotoxins Beauvericin and Enniatins and Livestock Animals. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010032. [PMID: 33466409 PMCID: PMC7824875 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several species of fungi, including the Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium species. Currently, more than 300 structurally diverse mycotoxins are known, including a group called minor mycotoxins, namely enniatins, beauvericin, and fusaproliferin. Beauvericin and enniatins possess a variety of biological activities. Their antimicrobial, antibiotic, or ionoforic activities have been proven and according to various bioassays, they are believed to be toxic. They are mainly found in cereal grains and their products, but they have also been detected in forage feedstuff. Mycotoxins in feedstuffs of livestock animals are of dual concern. First one relates to the safety of animal-derived food. Based on the available data, the carry-over of minor mycotoxins from feed to edible animal tissues is possible. The second concern relates to detrimental effects of mycotoxins on animal health and performance. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the relation of minor mycotoxins to livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Křížová
- Department of Animal Breeding, Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Dadáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Michaela Dvořáčková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Tomáš Kašparovský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.D.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Tolosa J, Barba FJ, Pallarés N, Ferrer E. Mycotoxin Identification and In Silico Toxicity Assessment Prediction in Atlantic Salmon. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120629. [PMID: 33321782 PMCID: PMC7764005 DOI: 10.3390/md18120629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify mycotoxins in edible tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). After using a non-targeted screening approach and a home-made spectral library, 233 mycotoxins were analyzed. Moreover, the occurrence of mycotoxins in fish filets was evaluated, and their potential toxicity was predicted by in silico methods. According to the obtained results, forty mycotoxins were identified in analyzed salmon samples, the predominant mycotoxins being enniatins (also rugulosin and 17 ophiobolins), commonly found in cereals and their by-products. Thus, mycotoxin carry-over can occur from feed to organs and edible tissues of cultivated fish. Moreover, the toxicity of detected mycotoxins was predicted by the in silico webserver ProTox-II, highlighting that special attention must be paid to some less reported mycotoxins due to their toxic predicted properties.
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Li P, Deng S, Zech Xu Z. Toxicant substitutes in immunological assays for mycotoxins detection: A mini review. Food Chem 2020; 344:128589. [PMID: 33246689 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recurring mycotoxins contamination has posedaseriousthreatto food safety worldwide. Competitive immunoassays are widely used techniques for high-throughput mycotoxins detection in agricultural products and foods. However, the inevitable introduction of mycotoxin conjugates produced by chemical conjugation usually results in complicated by-products, large batch errors and threats to operators and environment. Biologically derived surrogates of mycotoxin conjugates or mycotoxin standards are renewable immunoreagents. They can serve the same function as the responding counterparts in the immunoassays. The substitute-based immunoassays exhibit satisfactory sensitivity, pose less health threats to operators and environment, and contribute to the standardization of immunoassays for mycotoxins. This review focuses on the current applications of substitute-based immunoassays, clarifies their underlying mechanisms and provides a careful comparison. Challenges and future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shengliang Deng
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, No. 7777 Changdong Avenue, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Zhenjiang Zech Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Beauvericin and Enniatins: In Vitro Intestinal Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110686. [PMID: 33138307 PMCID: PMC7693699 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Food and feed contamination by emerging mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins is a worldwide health problem and a matter of great concern nowadays, and data on their toxicological behavior are still scarce. As ingestion is the major route of exposure to mycotoxins in food and feed, the gastrointestinal tract represents the first barrier encountered by these natural contaminants and the first structure that could be affected by their potential detrimental effects. In order to perform a complete and reliable toxicological evaluation, this fundamental site cannot be disregarded. Several in vitro intestinal models able to recreate the different traits of the intestinal environment have been applied to investigate the various aspects related to the intestinal toxicity of emerging mycotoxins. This review aims to depict an overall and comprehensive representation of the in vitro intestinal effects of beauvericin and enniatins in humans from a species-specific perspective. Moreover, information on the occurrence in food and feed and notions on the regulatory aspects will be provided.
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50
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Gasperini AM, Garcia-Cela E, Sulyok M, Medina A, Magan N. Fungal diversity and metabolomic profiles in GM and isogenic non-GM maize cultivars from Brazil. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 37:39-48. [PMID: 33047278 PMCID: PMC7819916 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is little knowledge of the microbial diversity, mycotoxins and associated secondary metabolites in GM maize and isogenic non-GM cultivars (cvs). This study has quantified the microbial populations and dominant fungal genera in 6 cvs of each type representative of herbicide, pesticide or stacked resistance to both. The predominant mycotoxins and targeted metabolomics profiles were also compared between the two sets of cvs. This showed that the overall fungal populations were 8.8 CFUs g−1 maize. The dominant genera, isolated from maize samples, whether surface-sterilised or not, in all maize cvs were Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus and occasionally Cladosporium and Alternaria. The analysis of the targeted metabolomics showed that approx. 29 different metabolites were detected. These were dominated by fumonisins and minor Penicillium spp. metabolites (questiomycin A and rugulovasine A). Interestingly, the range and number of mycotoxins present in the GM cvs were significantly lower than in the non-GM maize samples. This suggests that while the fungal diversity of the two types of maize appeared to be very similar, the major contaminant mycotoxins and range of toxic secondary metabolites were much lower in the GM cvs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gasperini
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - E Garcia-Cela
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - M Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - N Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.
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