1
|
Ben Hamouda S, Essafi-Benkhadir K. Interplay between Signaling Pathways and Tumor Microenvironment Components: A Paradoxical Role in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065600. [PMID: 36982677 PMCID: PMC10057671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has become an important part of colorectal cancer (CRC) research. Indeed, it is now accepted that the invasive character of a primary CRC is determined not only by the genotype of the tumor cells, but also by their interactions with the extracellular environment, which thereby orchestrates the development of the tumor. In fact, the TME cells are a double-edged sword as they play both pro- and anti-tumor roles. The interaction of the tumor-infiltrating cells (TIC) with the cancer cells induces the polarization of the TIC, exhibiting an antagonist phenotype. This polarization is controlled by a plethora of interconnected pro- and anti-oncogenic signaling pathways. The complexity of this interaction and the dual function of these different actors contribute to the failure of CRC control. Thus, a better understanding of such mechanisms is of great interest and provides new opportunities for the development of personalized and efficient therapies for CRC. In this review, we summarize the signaling pathways linked to CRC and their implication in the development or inhibition of the tumor initiation and progression. In the second part, we enlist the major components of the TME and discuss the complexity of their cells functions.
Collapse
|
2
|
Küçükköse E, Heesters BA, Villaudy J, Verheem A, Cercel M, van Hal S, Boj SF, Borel Rinkes IHM, Punt CJA, Roodhart JML, Laoukili J, Koopman M, Spits H, Kranenburg O. Modeling resistance of colorectal peritoneal metastases to immune checkpoint blockade in humanized mice. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005345. [PMID: 36543378 PMCID: PMC9772695 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunogenic nature of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) underlies their responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, resistance to ICB is commonly observed, and is associated with the presence of peritoneal-metastases and ascites formation. The mechanisms underlying this site-specific benefit of ICB are unknown. METHODS We created a novel model for spontaneous multiorgan metastasis in MSI-H CRC tumors by transplanting patient-derived organoids (PDO) into the cecum of humanized mice. Anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocytes-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) ICB treatment effects were analyzed in relation to the immune context of primary tumors, liver metastases, and peritoneal metastases. Immune profiling was performed by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. The role of B cells was assessed by antibody-mediated depletion. Immunosuppressive cytokine levels (interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)b1, TGFb2, TGFb3) were determined in ascites and serum samples by ELISA. RESULTS PDO-initiated primary tumors spontaneously metastasized to the liver and the peritoneum. Peritoneal-metastasis formation was accompanied by the accumulation of ascites. ICB completely cleared liver metastases and reduced primary tumor mass but had no effect on peritoneal metastases. This mimics clinical observations. After therapy discontinuation, primary tumor masses progressively decreased, but peritoneal metastases displayed unabated growth. Therapy efficacy correlated with the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS)-containing B cells and juxtaposed T cells-and with expression of an interferon-γ signature together with the B cell chemoattractant CXCL13. B cell depletion prevented liver-metastasis clearance by anti-CTLA-4 treatment. Peritoneal metastases were devoid of B cells and TLS, while the T cells in these lesions displayed a dysfunctional phenotype. Ascites samples from patients with cancer with peritoneal metastases and from the mouse model contained significantly higher levels of IL-10, TGFb1, TGFb2 and TGFb3 than serum samples. CONCLUSIONS By combining organoid and humanized mouse technologies, we present a novel model for spontaneous multiorgan metastasis by MSI-H CRC, in which the clinically observed organ site-dependent benefit of ICB is recapitulated. Moreover, we provide empirical evidence for a critical role for B cells in the generation of site-dependent antitumor immunity following anti-CTLA-4 treatment. High levels of immunosuppressive cytokines in ascites may underlie the observed resistance of peritoneal metastases to ICB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Küçükköse
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University Faculty of Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Villaudy
- J&S Preclinical Solutions, Oss, The Netherlands,AIMM Therapeutics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André Verheem
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sylvia F Boj
- Hubrecht Organoid Technology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inne H M Borel Rinkes
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine M L Roodhart
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jamila Laoukili
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koopman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hergen Spits
- AIMM Therapeutics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Utrecht Platform for Organoid Technology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cui G, Li Z, Florholmen J, Goll R. Dynamic stromal cellular reaction throughout human colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence: A role of TH17/IL-17A. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111761. [PMID: 34044278 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating data suggest that the tumour stroma rapidly undergoes dynamic mechanical and cellular changes by which creates a supportive milieu to promote disease progression and metastasis. Cytokines are reported to play a key role in the modulation of tumour stromal response. METHODS The activation of TH17/interleukin (IL)-17A network in association with tumour stromal proliferative and cellular response in samples from 50 patients with colorectal adenoma, 45 with colorectal cancer (CRCs) were elucidated with quantitative real-time PCR (q-PCR), immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence. RESULTS q-PCR results showed that retinoic acid-receptor-related orphan receptor-C, a critical transcriptional factor for TH17 cell differentiation, was significantly increased at the adenoma stage and slightly decreased at the CRC stage, but was still higher than that at normal controls. The level of TH17 signature cytokine IL-17A was shown in an increasing gradient throughout the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Immunohistochemistry revealed an activated proliferative rate evaluated by Ki67 and population expansion of myofibroblasts in the adenoma/CRC stroma. Notably, densities of IL-17A-expressing cells were associated with populations of Ki67-positive cells and myofibroblasts in the adenoma/CRC stroma. Finally, CD146-positive stromal cells are an important participator for stroma remodelling, double immunofluorescence image demonstrated that IL-17 receptor C, one of the key elements for IL-17 receptor complex, was highly expressed in CD146-positive adenoma/CRC stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS An activated TH17/IL-17A network in the tumour microenvironment is significantly associated with dynamic stromal cellular response throughout the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, which might provide a supportive environment for the initiation and progression of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Faculty of Heath Science, Nord University at Levanger, Norway.
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jon Florholmen
- Research Group Gastroenterology Nutrition, Arctic University Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rasmus Goll
- Research Group Gastroenterology Nutrition, Arctic University Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen J, A. Gingold J. Dysregulated PJA1-TGF-β signaling in cancer stem cell-associated liver cancers. Oncoscience 2020; 7:88-95. [PMID: 33457451 PMCID: PMC7781490 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays important roles in cell differentiation, stem cell modulation, organ lineage, and immune suppression. TGF-β signaling is negatively regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Although mouse models of cancer arising from a defective TGF-β pathway clearly demonstrate the tumor-suppressive role of TGF-β, the underlying mechanism by which a defective TGF-β pathway triggers liver cancer development is poorly understood. This review summarizes key findings from our recent studies connecting TGF-β to hepatic oncogenesis and highlights the vulnerability of TGF-β signaling to PJA1-mediated ubiquitination. TGF-β, together with the chromatin insulator CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), epigenetically and transcriptionally regulate tumor promoter genes, including IGF2 and TERT, in TGF-β-defective mice and in human liver cancers. Dysfunction of the TGF-β-regulated SPTBN1/SMAD3/CTCF complex increases stem cell-like properties in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and enhances tumorigenesis in tumor-initiating cells in a mouse model. PJA1, a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase, is a key negative regulator of TGF-β signaling. PJA1 overexpression is detected in HCCs and is sufficient to suppress SMAD3- and SPTBN1-mediated TGF-β tumor suppressor signaling, promoting HCC proliferation. Dysregulated PJA1-TGF-β signaling activates oncogenic genes and promotes tumorigenesis in human liver cancers. In addition, inhibition of PJA1 by treatment with E3 ligase inhibitors restores TGF-β tumor-suppressor function and suppresses liver cancer progression. These new findings suggest potential therapeutic avenues for targeting dysregulated PJA1-TGF-β signaling via cancer stem cells in liver cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Sandhill Therapeutics, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Julian A. Gingold
- Montefiore Medical Center, OB/GYN and Women’s Health, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zurawa-Janicka D, Kobiela J, Slebioda T, Peksa R, Stanislawowski M, Wierzbicki PM, Wenta T, Lipinska B, Kmiec Z, Biernat W, Lachinski AJ, Sledzinski Z. Expression of HTRA Genes and Its Association with Microsatellite Instability and Survival of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3947. [PMID: 32486357 PMCID: PMC7312515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HtrA proteases regulate cellular homeostasis and cell death. Their dysfunctions have been correlated with oncogenesis and response to therapeutic treatment. We investigated the relation between HtrA1-3 expression and clinicopathological, and survival data, as well as the microsatellite status of tumors. Sixty-five colorectal cancer patients were included in the study. The expression of HTRA1-3 was estimated at the mRNA and protein levels by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. Microsatellite status was determined by high-resolution-melting PCR. We found that the HTRA1 mRNA level was higher in colorectal cancer tissue as compared to the unchanged mucosa, specifically in primary lesions of metastasizing cancer. The levels of HtrA1 and HtrA2 proteins were reduced in tumor tissue when compared to unchanged mucosa, specifically in primary lesions of metastasizing disease. Moreover, a decrease in HTRA1 and HTRA2 transcripts' levels in cancers with a high level of microsatellite instability compared to microsatellite stable ones has been observed. A low level of HtrA1 or/and HtrA2 in cancer tissue correlated with poorer patient survival. The expression of HTRA1 and HTRA2 changes during colorectal carcinogenesis and microsatellite instability may be, at least partially, associated with these changes. The alterations in the HTRA1/2 genes' expression are connected with metastatic potential of colorectal cancer and may affect patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zurawa-Janicka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Jarek Kobiela
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (J.K.); (A.J.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Tomasz Slebioda
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (T.S.); (M.S.); (P.M.W.); (Z.K.)
| | - Rafal Peksa
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (R.P.); (W.B.)
| | - Marcin Stanislawowski
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (T.S.); (M.S.); (P.M.W.); (Z.K.)
| | - Piotr Mieczyslaw Wierzbicki
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (T.S.); (M.S.); (P.M.W.); (Z.K.)
| | - Tomasz Wenta
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Zbigniew Kmiec
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (T.S.); (M.S.); (P.M.W.); (Z.K.)
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (R.P.); (W.B.)
| | - Andrzej Jacek Lachinski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (J.K.); (A.J.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zbigniew Sledzinski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (J.K.); (A.J.L.); (Z.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee DW, Han SW, Cha Y, Bae JM, Kim HP, Lyu J, Han H, Kim H, Jang H, Bang D, Won JK, Jeong SY, Park KJ, Kang GH, Kim TY. Association of pathway mutation with survival after recurrence in colorectal cancer patients treated with adjuvant fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin chemotherapy. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:421. [PMID: 31060539 PMCID: PMC6501409 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the prognostic biomarkers associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) survival are well known, there are limited data on the association between the molecular characteristics and survival after recurrence (SAR). The purpose of this study was to assess the association between pathway mutations and SAR. Methods Of the 516 patients with stage III or high risk stage II CRC patients treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy, 87 who had distant recurrence were included in the present study. We analyzed the association between SAR and mutations of 40 genes included in the five critical pathways of CRC (WNT, P53, RTK-RAS, TGF-β, and PI3K). Results Mutation of genes within the WNT, P53, RTK-RAS, TGF-β, and PI3K pathways were shown in 69(79.3%), 60(69.0%), 57(65.5%), 21(24.1%), and 19(21.8%) patients, respectively. Patients with TGF-β pathway mutation were younger and had higher incidence of mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC) histology and microsatellite instability-high. TGF-β pathway mutation (median SAR of 21.6 vs. 44.4 months, p = 0.021) and MAC (20.0 vs. 44.4 months, p = 0.003) were associated with poor SAR, and receiving curative resection after recurrence was associated with favorable SAR (Not reached vs. 23.6 months, p < 0.001). Mutations in genes within other critical pathways were not associated with SAR. When MAC was excluded as a covariate, multivariate analysis revealed TGF-β pathway mutation and curative resection after distant recurrence as an independent prognostic factor for SAR. The impact of TGF-β pathway mutations were predicted using the PROVEAN, SIFT, and PolyPhen-2. Among 25 mutations, 23(92.0%)-24(96.0%) mutations were predicted to be damaging mutation. Conclusions Mutation in genes within TGF-β pathway may have negative prognostic role for SAR in CRC. Other pathway mutations were not associated with SAR. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5650-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehang-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehang-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Yongjun Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehang-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwang-Phill Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine & Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Hoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Duhee Bang
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Won
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu Joo Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-You Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehang-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine & Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim S, Ham S, Yang K, Kim K. Protein kinase CK2 activation is required for transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1811-1826. [PMID: 30171795 PMCID: PMC6165993 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is overexpressed in advanced cancers and promotes tumorigenesis by inducing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which enhances invasiveness and metastasis. Although we previously reported that EMT could be induced by increasing CK2 activity alone, it is not known whether CK2 also plays an essential role in TGFβ‐induced EMT. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether TGFβ signaling could activate CK2 and, if so, whether such activation is required for TGFβ‐induced EMT. We found that CK2 is activated by TGFβ treatment, and that activity peaks at 48 h after treatment. CK2 activation is dependent on TGFβ receptor (TGFBR) I kinase activity, but independent of SMAD4. Inhibition of CK2 activation through the use of either a CK2 inhibitor or shRNA against CSNK2A1 inhibited TGFβ‐induced EMT. TGFβ signaling decreased CK2β but did not affect CK2α protein levels, resulting in a quantitative imbalance between the catalytic α and regulatory β subunits, thereby increasing CK2 activity. The decrease in CK2β expression was dependent on TGFBRI kinase activity and the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. The E3 ubiquitin ligases responsible for TGFβ‐induced CK2β degradation were found to be CHIP and WWP1. Okadaic acid (OA) pretreatment protected CK2β from TGFβ‐induced degradation, suggesting that dephosphorylation of CK2β by an OA‐sensitive phosphatase might be required for CK2 activation in TGFβ‐induced EMT. Collectively, our results suggest CK2 as a therapeutic target for the prevention of EMT and metastasis of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seongrak Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Ham
- Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyungmi Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kunhong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stanilova S, Stanilov N, Julianov A, Manolova I, Miteva L. Transforming growth factor-β1 gene promoter -509C/T polymorphism in association with expression affects colorectal cancer development and depends on gender. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201775. [PMID: 30071009 PMCID: PMC6072135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is age-related diseases with higher incidence rate among men. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a major immune regulatory cytokine with a great impact and dual role in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. In this context, the aim of the study was to explore the role of circulating TGF-β1 and the -509C/T functional promoter polymorphism (rs1800469) within the TGF-β1 gene (TGFB1) in the susceptibility, progression, and prognosis of CRC among Bulgarian male and female patients. Patients with sporadic CRC and healthy controls were genotyped by polymerase-chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. Serum TGF-β1 levels before and after curative surgery were determined by ELISA. Total RNA was extracted from paired tumor, normal mucosa and distant metastasis samples and was used for quantitative detection of TGFB1 mRNA by TaqMan qPCR.We observed that TGF-β1 serum levels depend on the -509C/T genotype in combination with gender. TGF-β1 serum levels in CRC patients were decreased compared to controls, but statistical significance was reached only for men. In the stratified analysis by gender and genotype, a significant association was found for the CC genotype. Overall, our results indicate that the -509C allele increased the cancer risk, particularly for advanced stages (OR = 1.477; p = 0.029). The results from the relative mRNA quantification showed a significant upregulation of TGFB1 in distant metastases compared to primary tumor tissues and higher TGFB1 mRNA levels in men (RQ = 4.959; p = 0.022). In conclusion, we present data that diminished circulating TGF-β1 due to the CC genotype could be a possible risk factor for tumor susceptibility and progression. This association is more pronounced in males than in females. Colorectal cancer tissue expression of TGFB1 gene mRNA correlates with tumor progression and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spaska Stanilova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- * E-mail:
| | - Noyko Stanilov
- Breast Oncoplastic Unit, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Julianov
- Trakia Hospital, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Irena Manolova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Lyuba Miteva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gao J, Ye J, Ying Y, Lin H, Luo Z. Negative regulation of TGF-β by AMPK and implications in the treatment of associated disorders. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:523-531. [PMID: 29873702 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) regulates a large number of biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, immune response, and development. In addition, TGF-β plays important roles in some pathological processes, for instance, it is upregulated and activated in fibrosis and advanced cancer. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a fuel gauge that is activated when cells sense shortage of ATP and increase in AMP or AMP:ATP ratio. Activation of AMPK slows down anabolic processes and stimulates catabolic processes, leading to increased production of ATP. Furthermore, the functions of AMPK have been extended beyond energy homeostasis. In fact, AMPK has been shown to exert a tumor suppressive effect. Recent studies have demonstrated negative impacts of AMPK on TGF-β function. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss the differences in the biological functions of TGF-β and AMPK, and some pathological processes such as fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer metastasis, as well as angiogenesis and heterotopic ossifications where TGF-β and AMPK exert opposite effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Gao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
- Department of Pathology, Schools of Basic Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Jinhui Ye
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Ying Ying
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
- Department of Pathology, Schools of Basic Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Principe DR, DeCant B, Staudacher J, Vitello D, Mangan RJ, Wayne EA, Mascariñas E, Diaz AM, Bauer J, McKinney RD, Khazaie K, Pasche B, Dawson DW, Munshi HG, Grippo PJ, Jung B. Loss of TGFβ signaling promotes colon cancer progression and tumor-associated inflammation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3826-3839. [PMID: 27270652 PMCID: PMC5354798 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβ has both tumor suppressive and tumor promoting effects in colon cancer. Also, TGFβ can affect the extent and composition of inflammatory cells present in tumors, contextually promoting and inhibiting inflammation. While colon tumors display intratumoral inflammation, the contributions of TGFβ to this process are poorly understood. In human patients, we found that epithelial loss of TGFβ signaling was associated with increased inflammatory burden; yet overexpression of TGFβ was also associated with increased inflammation. These findings were recapitulated in mutant APC models of murine tumorigenesis, where epithelial truncation of TGFBR2 led to lethal inflammatory disease and invasive colon cancer, mediated by IL8 and TGFβ1. Interestingly, mutant APC mice with global suppression of TGFβ signals displayed an intermediate phenotype, presenting with an overall increase in IL8-mediated inflammation and accelerated tumor formation, yet with a longer latency to the onset of disease observed in mice with epithelial TGFBR-deficiency. These results suggest that the loss of TGFβ signaling, particularly in colon epithelial cells, elicits a strong inflammatory response and promotes tumor progression. This implies that treating colon cancer patients with TGFβ inhibitors may result in a worse outcome by enhancing inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Principe
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Brian DeCant
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonas Staudacher
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dominic Vitello
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Riley J Mangan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wayne
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emman Mascariñas
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew M Diaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica Bauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ronald D McKinney
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Khashayarsha Khazaie
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Boris Pasche
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - David W Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hidayatullah G Munshi
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul J Grippo
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Barbara Jung
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis, cell motility, extracellular matrix production, angiogenesis, and cellular immunity. It has a paradoxical role in cancer. In the early stages it inhibits cellular transformation and prevents cancer progression. In later stages TGF-β plays a key role in promoting tumor progression through mainly 3 mechanisms: facilitating epithelial to mesenchymal transition, stimulating angiogenesis and inducing immunosuppression. As a result of its opposing tumor promoting and tumor suppressive abilities, TGF-β and its pathway has represented potential opportunities for drug development and several therapies targeting the TGF-β pathway have been identified. This review focuses on identifying the mechanisms through which TGF-β is involved in tumorigenesis and current therapeutics that are under development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sulsal Haque
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - John C Morris
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khatibi S, Zhu HJ, Wagner J, Tan CW, Manton JH, Burgess AW. Mathematical model of TGF-βsignalling: feedback coupling is consistent with signal switching. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:48. [PMID: 28407804 PMCID: PMC5390422 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signalling regulates the development of embryos and tissue homeostasis in adults. In conjunction with other oncogenic changes, long-term perturbation of TGF-β signalling is associated with cancer metastasis. Although TGF-β signalling can be complex, many of the signalling components are well defined, so it is possible to develop mathematical models of TGF-β signalling using reduction and scaling methods. The parameterization of our TGF-β signalling model is consistent with experimental data. Results We developed our mathematical model for the TGF-β signalling pathway, i.e. the RF- model of TGF-β signalling, using the “rapid equilibrium assumption” to reduce the network of TGF-β signalling reactions based on the time scales of the individual reactions. By adding time-delayed positive feedback to the inherent time-delayed negative feedback for TGF-β signalling. We were able to simulate the sigmoidal, switch-like behaviour observed for the concentration dependence of long-term (> 3 hours) TGF-β stimulation. Computer simulations revealed the vital role of the coupling of the positive and negative feedback loops on the regulation of the TGF-β signalling system. The incorporation of time-delays for the negative feedback loop improved the accuracy, stability and robustness of the model. This model reproduces both the short-term and long-term switching responses for the intracellular signalling pathways at different TGF-β concentrations. We have tested the model against experimental data from MEF (mouse embryonic fibroblasts) WT, SV40-immortalized MEFs and Gp130 F/F MEFs. The predictions from the RF- model are consistent with the experimental data. Conclusions Signalling feedback loops are required to model TGF-β signal transduction and its effects on normal and cancer cells. We focus on the effects of time-delayed feedback loops and their coupling to ligand stimulation in this system. The model was simplified and reduced to its key components using standard methods and the rapid equilibrium assumption. We detected differences in short-term and long-term signal switching. The results from the RF- model compare well with experimental data and predict the dynamics of TGF-β signalling in cancer cells with different mutations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0421-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Khatibi
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - John Wagner
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, 87 Grattan Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,IBM Research-Australia, 204 Lygon Street Level 5, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Chin Wee Tan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan H Manton
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Antony W Burgess
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia. .,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gavrilas LI, Ionescu C, Tudoran O, Lisencu C, Balacescu O, Miere D. The Role of Bioactive Dietary Components in Modulating miRNA Expression in Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8100590. [PMID: 27681738 PMCID: PMC5083978 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world and considered to be one of the most diet-related types of cancer. Extensive research has been conducted but still the link between diet and colorectal cancer is complex. Recent studies have highlight microRNAs (miRNAs) as key players in cancer-related pathways in the context of dietary modulation. MicroRNAs are involved in most biological processes related to tumor development and progression; therefore, it is of great interest to understand the underlying mechanisms by which dietary patterns and components influence the expression of these powerful molecules in colorectal cancer. In this review, we discuss relevant dietary patterns in terms of miRNAs modulation in colorectal cancer, as well as bioactive dietary components able to modify gene expression through changes in miRNA expression. Furthermore, we emphasize on protective components such as resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, α-mangostin, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D and dietary fiber, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms in the context of prevention and even treatment. In addition, several bioactive dietary components that have the ability to re-sensitize treatment resistant cells are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Gavrilas
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Marinescu Street 23, Cluj-Napoca 400337, Romania.
| | - Corina Ionescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Louis Pasteur Street 6, Cluj-Napoca 400349, Romania.
| | - Oana Tudoran
- Department of Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Republicii Street 34-36, Cluj-Napoca 400015, Romania.
| | - Cosmin Lisencu
- Department of Surgical and Gynecological Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Republicii Street 34-36, Cluj-Napoca 400015, Romania.
- Department of Surgery, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Republicii Street 34-36, Cluj-Napoca 400015, Romania.
| | - Ovidiu Balacescu
- Department of Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Republicii Street 34-36, Cluj-Napoca 400015, Romania.
| | - Doina Miere
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Marinescu Street 23, Cluj-Napoca 400337, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou J, You W, Sun G, Li Y, Chen B, Ai J, Jiang H. The Marine-Derived Oligosaccharide Sulfate MS80, a Novel Transforming Growth Factor β1 Inhibitor, Reverses Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Induced by Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Suppresses Tumor Metastasis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:54-61. [PMID: 27432893 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is believed to promote late-stage cancer progression and metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We previously reported that MS80, a novel oligosaccharide sulfate, inhibits TGF-β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis by binding TGF-β1. In our study MS80 effectively inhibited TGF-β/Smad signaling in lung cancer cells, breast cancer cells, and model cell lines. In addition, MS80 inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT, motility, and invasion in vitro. Moreover, MS80 significantly inhibited lung metastasis in orthotopic 4T1 xenografts. Notably, the MS80 treatment significantly increased the infiltration of CD8(+) T cells and decreased the infiltration of regulatory T cells in primary tumors and spleens in mice bearing 4T1 xenografts. Therefore, MS80 is a novel and promising candidate for treating metastatic malignancies by targeting TGF-β1-induced EMT and mediating immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhou
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie You
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqiang Sun
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi Chen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ai
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Handong Jiang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.Z., G.S., Y.L., J.A.), and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (W.Y., B.C., H.J.), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Erstad DJ, Tumusiime G, Cusack JC. Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: Implications for the Clinical Surgeon. Ann Surg Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
16
|
Winkler I, Wilczynska B, Bojarska-Junak A, Gogacz M, Adamiak A, Postawski K, Darmochwal-Kolarz D, Rechberger T, Tabarkiewicz J. Regulatory T lymphocytes and transforming growth factor beta in epithelial ovarian tumors-prognostic significance. J Ovarian Res 2015; 8:39. [PMID: 26077607 PMCID: PMC4513978 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-015-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) are characterized by the presence of CD4+ surface antigen. Today the transcription factor FOXP3 is considered to be the most specific marker of Treg cells. The aim of the study was to estimate the percentage of Treg in peripheral blood and the tissue of the epithelial ovarian tumor and blood serum TGF-beta concentrations and relationships between them. Moreover, the aim of the study was to answer the question whether the percentage of Treg lymphocytes affects the time of survival in patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS The patients were divided into four groups, depending on the histopathological examination result: I--a group without any pathology within the ovaries (C; n = 20), II--a group with benign tumors (B; n = 25), III - with borderline tumors (BR; n = 11), IV--a group with cancer of the ovary (M; n = 24). The percentage of Treg lymphocytes in peripheral blood and the tissue was assessed using the flow cytometry method. TGF-beta cytokine concentration was estimated with the ELISA immunoenzymatic test. Statistical analysis of the results was conducted using the computer program Statistica 10.0PL (StatSoft, Inc). RESULTS No significant differences were found in percentages of Treg lymphocytes in peripheral blood between individual groups of patients (p = 0.11). However, we observed marked differences in the tissue of malignant and non-malignant tumors between individual groups of patients (p = 0.003). The analysis with the post hoc test revealed significantly higher TGF-beta concentration in the group of women with malignant tumors. Moreover, no relationship was found between TGF-beta concentration and the percentage of Treg cells in peripheral blood and tumors of the ovary. No correlation was found between the percentage of Treg lymphocytes in peripheral blood (p = 0.4) and the tissue of ovarian tumors (p = 0.3) and the time of survival of patients with ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS The recruitment of Treg lymphocytes toward the tumor is one of the mechanisms of escape of neoplasm from the response of the immune system. The percentage of Treg lymphocytes in peripheral blood and the neoplastic tissue does not influence the time of survival of patients with ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Winkler
- II Department of Surgical Gynaecology, Medical University in Lublin, Jaczewski Street, 20-954, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Barbara Wilczynska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University in Lublin, Chodźki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland. .,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology with Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Chodźki 2 Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Bojarska-Junak
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University in Lublin, Chodźki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marek Gogacz
- II Department of Surgical Gynaecology, Medical University in Lublin, Jaczewski Street, 20-954, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aneta Adamiak
- II Department of Surgical Gynaecology, Medical University in Lublin, Jaczewski Street, 20-954, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Postawski
- II Department of Surgical Gynaecology, Medical University in Lublin, Jaczewski Street, 20-954, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dorota Darmochwal-Kolarz
- Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewski Street, 20-954, Lublin, Poland. .,Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical Faculty of University of Rzeszów, Warzywna Street, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Rechberger
- II Department of Surgical Gynaecology, Medical University in Lublin, Jaczewski Street, 20-954, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jacek Tabarkiewicz
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical Faculty of University of Rzeszów, Warzywna Street, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bu F, Liu X, Li J, Chen S, Tong X, Ma C, Mao H, Pan F, Li X, Chen B, Xu L, Li E, Kou G, Han J, Guo S, Zhao J, Guo Y. TGF-β1 induces epigenetic silence of TIP30 to promote tumor metastasis in esophageal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2120-33. [PMID: 25544767 PMCID: PMC4385840 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β1, a potent EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) inducer present in the tumor microenvironment, is involved in the metastasis and progression of various carcinomas, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). TIP30 (30kDa HIV-1 Tat interacting protein) is a putative tumor metastasis suppressor. Here, we found TIP30 was decreased in cells undergoing EMT induced by TGF-β1, an occurrence that was related to promoter hypermethylation. TGF-β1 induced TIP30 hypermethylation via increasing DNMT1 and DNMT3A expression, which could be restored by TGF-β antibodies. In our in vitro and in vivo studies, we showed that silence of TIP30 led to EMT, enhanced migrative and invasive abilities of ESCC cells, promoted tumor metastasis in xenografted mice; alternatively, overexpression of TIP30 inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT, and metastatic abilities of ESCC cells. Mechanically, TIP30 silencing induced the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of β-catenin in an AKT-dependent manner, which further resulted in the initiation of EMT. Consistently, TIP30 was frequently methylated and downregulated in ESCC patients. Loss of TIP30 correlated with nuclear β-catenin and aberrant E-cadherin expression. TIP30 was a powerful marker in predicting the prognosis of ESCC. Taken together, our results suggest a novel and critical role of TIP30 involved in TGF-β1-induced activation of AKT/β-catenin signaling and ESCC metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Bu
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- The 150 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Luoyang, P.R.China
| | - Jingjing Li
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shukun Chen
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Tong
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chunsheng Ma
- The 150 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Luoyang, P.R.China
| | - Hui Mao
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fei Pan
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R.China
| | - Liyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R.China
| | - Enmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R.China
| | - Geng Kou
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Department of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, P.R. China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, P.R. China
| | - Shangjing Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Guo
- PLA General Hospital Cancer Center Key Lab, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering & Antibody, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tu H, Ahearn TU, Daniel CR, Gonzalez-Feliciano AG, Seabrook ME, Bostick RM. Transforming growth factors and receptor as potential modifiable pre-neoplastic biomarkers of risk for colorectal neoplasms. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:821-30. [PMID: 24719252 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased colorectal epithelial cell proliferation is an early, common event in colorectal carcinogenesis. We conducted a pilot, colonoscopy-based case-control study (n = 49 cases, 154 controls) of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma to investigate endogenous cell growth factors and receptor, as well as the balance of growth factors, as potential modifiable pre-neoplastic biomarkers of risk for colorectal neoplasms. We measured transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα), TGFβ(1), and TGFβ receptor II (TGFβRII) expression in normal-appearing mucosa from the rectum, sigmoid colon, and ascending colon using automated immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis. Diet and lifestyle were assessed via questionnaires. The mean ratio of rectal TGFα to TGFβ(1) expression and mean rectal TGFα expression were, respectively, 110% (P = 0.02) and 49% (P = 0.04) higher in cases than in controls, and associated with a more than two-fold (OR 2.42, 95% CI 0.85-6.87) and a 62% (OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.63-4.19) higher risk of colorectal adenoma. TGFβ(1) and TGFβRII expression were 6.7% (P = 0.75) and 7.2% (P = 0.49), respectively, lower in cases than in controls. The TGFα/TGFβ(1) expression ratio was 105% higher among smokers than among non-smokers (P = 0.03). These preliminary data suggest that the balance of TGFα and TGFβ(1) expression, and to a lesser extend TGFα alone, in the normal-appearing rectal mucosa may be directly associated with risk for incident, sporadic colorectal neoplasms, as well as with modifiable risk factors for colorectal neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huakang Tu
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Molecules to Mankind Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas U Ahearn
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carrie R Daniel
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Roberd M Bostick
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Endothelial PKCα-MAPK/ERK-phospholipase A2 pathway activation as a response of glioma in a triple culture model. A new role for pericytes? Biochimie 2014; 99:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
20
|
Principe DR, Doll JA, Bauer J, Jung B, Munshi HG, Bartholin L, Pasche B, Lee C, Grippo PJ. TGF-β: duality of function between tumor prevention and carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:djt369. [PMID: 24511106 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mechanisms underlying tumor progression have remained elusive, particularly in relation to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Although TGF-β initially inhibits epithelial growth, it appears to promote the progression of advanced tumors. Defects in normal TGF-β pathways partially explain this paradox, which can lead to a cascade of downstream events that drive multiple oncogenic pathways, manifesting as several key features of tumorigenesis (uncontrolled proliferation, loss of apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, sustained angiogenesis, evasion of immune surveillance, and metastasis). Understanding the mechanisms of TGF-β dysregulation will likely reveal novel points of convergence between TGF-β and other pathways that can be specifically targeted for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Principe
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (DRP, JB, BJ) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (HGM), Department of Surgery, Division of GI Surgical Oncology (DRP, PJG), and Department of Urology (CL), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Biomedical Engineering. McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (DRP); Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI (JAD); UMR INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France (LB); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (BP); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA (CL)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chun HK, Jung KU, Choi YL, Hong HK, Kim SH, Yun SH, Kim HC, Lee WY, Cho YB. Low expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 in cancer tissue predicts a poor prognosis for patients with stage III rectal cancers. Oncology 2014; 86:159-69. [PMID: 24643220 DOI: 10.1159/000358064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. It works as a tumor suppressor in the normal colon, but acts as a cancer promoter during the late stages of colorectal carcinogenesis. High expression of TGF-β is known to be associated with advanced stages, tumor recurrence and decreased survival of patients. We investigated the expression of TGF-β and its signaling axis molecules and evaluated their prognostic significance in patients with stage III rectal cancers. METHODS Tissues from 201 cases of stage III rectal cancer were subjected to immunohistochemistry for TGF-β1, type II TGF-β receptor, Smad3, Smad4 and Smad7 proteins. The immunoactivities of these molecules were evaluated and the results were compared with clinicopathological variables including patient survival. RESULTS Low expression of TGF-β1 protein was correlated with a decreased disease-free survival in univariate Kaplan-Meier (p = 0.003) and multivariate Cox regression (HR 9.188 and 95% CI 1.256-67.198, p = 0.029) analyses. The loss of Smad4 protein expression was associated with a reduction in disease-free survival in the univariate analysis, but this finding was not significant after the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Low expression of TGF-β1 protein is associated with a poor prognosis for patients with stage III rectal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Kyung Chun
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Barrett CW, Singh K, Motley AK, Lintel MK, Matafonova E, Bradley AM, Ning W, Poindexter SV, Parang B, Reddy VK, Chaturvedi R, Fingleton BM, Washington MK, Wilson KT, Davies SS, Hill KE, Burk RF, Williams CS. Dietary selenium deficiency exacerbates DSS-induced epithelial injury and AOM/DSS-induced tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67845. [PMID: 23861820 PMCID: PMC3701622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient that exerts its functions via selenoproteins. Little is known about the role of Se in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Epidemiological studies have inversely correlated nutritional Se status with IBD severity and colon cancer risk. Moreover, molecular studies have revealed that Se deficiency activates WNT signaling, a pathway essential to intestinal stem cell programs and pivotal to injury recovery processes in IBD that is also activated in inflammatory neoplastic transformation. In order to better understand the role of Se in epithelial injury and tumorigenesis resulting from inflammatory stimuli, we examined colonic phenotypes in Se-deficient or -sufficient mice in response to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, and azoxymethane (AOM) followed by cyclical administration of DSS, respectively. In response to DSS alone, Se-deficient mice demonstrated increased morbidity, weight loss, stool scores, and colonic injury with a concomitant increase in DNA damage and increases in inflammation-related cytokines. As there was an increase in DNA damage as well as expression of several EGF and TGF-β pathway genes in response to inflammatory injury, we sought to determine if tumorigenesis was altered in the setting of inflammatory carcinogenesis. Se-deficient mice subjected to AOM/DSS treatment to model colitis-associated cancer (CAC) had increased tumor number, though not size, as well as increased incidence of high grade dysplasia. This increase in tumor initiation was likely due to a general increase in colonic DNA damage, as increased 8-OHdG staining was seen in Se-deficient tumors and adjacent, non-tumor mucosa. Taken together, our results indicate that Se deficiency worsens experimental colitis and promotes tumor development and progression in inflammatory carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn W. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kshipra Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amy K. Motley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Lintel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elena Matafonova
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amber M. Bradley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wei Ning
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shenika V. Poindexter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bobak Parang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Vishruth K. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Barbara M. Fingleton
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sean S. Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kristina E. Hill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Raymond F. Burk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xu Z, Wang S, Wu M, Zeng W, Wang X, Dong Z. TGFβ1 and HGF protein secretion by esophageal squamous epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts in oesophageal carcinogenesis. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:401-406. [PMID: 24137336 PMCID: PMC3789106 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) affect tumorigenesis by creating an environment primed for growth and invasion through the secretion of factors, including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). In the present study, the levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), TGFβ1 and HGF were determined immunohistochemically in oesophageal precancerous lesions (low- and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia; LGIEN and HGIEN, respectively), carcinoma in situ (CIS) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm of oesophageal epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts. Expression levels of α-SMA, TGFβ1 and HGF increased significantly in the following order: normal, LGIEN, HGIEN, CIS and SCC. In addition, linear correlations between the expression of α-SMA, TGFβ1 and HGF and different lesions were observed. Microvessel density (MVD) was measured in all specimens and increased gradually in the normal, LGIEN, HGIEN, CIS and SCC specimens, successively. A linear correlation between MVD and pathological grade was also observed and the MVD in α-SMA-, HGF- and TGFβ1-positive groups was higher when compared with that of their negative counterparts. The results of the present study indicated that the frequent overexpression of TGFβ1 and HGF proteins, secreted by oesophageal epithelium and stromal fibroblasts, promoted the progression of oesophageal precancerous lesions via the proliferation of epithelial cells and angiogenesis, through the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Xu
- Departments of Endoscopy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sánchez-Tena S, Lizárraga D, Miranda A, Vinardell MP, García-García F, Dopazo J, Torres JL, Saura-Calixto F, Capellà G, Cascante M. Grape antioxidant dietary fiber inhibits intestinal polyposis in Apc Min/+ mice: relation to cell cycle and immune response. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1881-8. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
25
|
Langenskiöld M, Ivarsson ML, Holmdahl L, Falk P, Kåbjörn-Gustafsson C, Angenete E. Intestinal mucosal MMP-1 - a prognostic factor in colon cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:563-9. [PMID: 23485198 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.708939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence that transforming growth factor-β₁ (TGF-β₁) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in tumor invasion and progression in colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to assess their utility in prediction of cancer-specific survival (CSS). MATERIALS AND METHODS 136 patients undergoing curative surgery for colorectal carcinoma were prospectively included. Samples were taken from tumor and tumor-free intestinal mucosa and ELISA was used to assess protein levels in the tissues. Patients were followed for CSS. The median follow-up time for all included patients was 65 months (range: 45-92). The main outcome measure was CSS. RESULTS T stage, lymph node involvement and high levels of MMP-1 as well as MMP-9 in tumor-free mucosa tissue were significantly associated with CSS in colon cancer in univariate analysis. This prognostic strength was maintained for MMP-1 and N-status in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that MMP-1 is independently associated with CSS in patients with colon cancer. Furthermore, a possible clinical implication is that MMP-1 protein expression in tumor-free mucosa could identify colon cancer patients with poor CSS in need of more intensified adjuvant treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Langenskiöld
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Microarray analyses reveal liver metastasis-related genes in metastatic colorectal cancer cell model. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:1169-78. [PMID: 23563852 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the molecular mechanisms of colorectal cancer liver metastasis. METHODS Cecal wall implantation was performed in nude mice to subclone a highly liver metastatic human colorectal cancer clone (SW1116-M) from SW1116. In vivo and in vitro assays were adopted to confirm the proliferation and metastasis potential. The human tumor metastasis PCR microarrays were used to analyze the differential gene expressions. The results were confirmed further by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS SW1116-M and SW1116-S5, two human colon cancer cell clones with different metastatic potential, were subcloned from SW1116. In SW1116-M, in vitro invasion, migration and in vivo metastatic potential were higher, and in vitro proliferation rate was lower than SW1116-S5. In tumor metastasis PCR microarray, 24 genes related to cell invading, adhesion, cellular growth and differentiation were found with a twofold difference between SW1116-S5 and SW1116-M. Sixteen of these, including E-cadherins, MTSS1, TRAIL and TRPM1, were up-regulated; eight genes including cathepsin L, EphB2, HGF, MET, MCAM and RORβ were down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS We have established a highly liver metastatic clone. The subsequent metastasis PCR microarray analysis identified a procedure of cellular differentiation and mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) in liver metastasis. The colonization to from macrometastasis is not a switch from cell cycle arrest but a result of cell differentiation and MET.
Collapse
|
27
|
Sasahira T, Ueda N, Kurihara M, Matsushima S, Ohmori H, Fujii K, Bhawal UK, Yamamoto K, Kirita T, Kuniyasu H. Tropomyosin receptor kinases B and C are tumor progressive and metastatic marker in colorectal carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:1098-106. [PMID: 23332094 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Members of the tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) family have a high affinity for neurotrophins and regulate neuronal survival. The role of Trks in cancer is still controversial. The expression and role of TrkB and TrkC were examined in colorectal cancer (CRC). Immunohistochemical analysis of TrkB and TrkC was performed in 133 patients with CRC. Using human CRC cell lines, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor β, cell growth, invasion, and apoptosis were examined by knockdown methods. Immunohistochemistry showed positive results of TrkB and TrkC (23.3% and 12.8%, respectively). TrkB expression was associated with local progression (P = .0284), clinical stage (P = .0026), nodal metastasis (P = .0068), and peritoneal metastasis (P = .0026). TrkC expression was only related to liver metastasis (P = .0001). Coexpression of TrkB or TrkC and their ligands was found in 80.6% and 82.4% of cases, respectively. In vitro analysis using human CRC cells showed that TrkB positively regulated gene expression of VEGF-A (P < .05) and VEGF-C (P < .05), whereas TrkC suppressed transforming growth factor β expression (P < .05). TrkB and TrkC induced cell growth (P < .05) and invasion (P < .05), respectively. Both TrkB and TrkC showed antiapoptotic effect (P < .05). These results suggest that TrkB and TrkC have a tumor progressive function and may be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic target in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Sasahira
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Niu H, Niu Z, Zhang XL, Chen ZL. Absence of Association Between Transforming Growth Factor B1 Polymorphisms and Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:706-12. [PMID: 22074128 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Niu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of BeiHua University, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Niu
- Department of Medical Insurance, The First Hospital of BeiHua University, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Li Zhang
- Department of Coining and Cosmet, The First Hospital of BeiHua University, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Long Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of BeiHua University, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Khanh DT, Mekata E, Mukaisho KI, Sugihara H, Shimizu T, Shiomi H, Murata S, Naka S, Yamamoto H, Endo Y, Tani T. Prognostic role of CD10⁺ myeloid cells in association with tumor budding at the invasion front of colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1724-33. [PMID: 21599811 PMCID: PMC11158074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of CD10 in tumor cells has been reported to correlate with liver metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, fibroblasts and immune cells positive for CD10 at the tumor invasion front have not been comprehensively studied. We classified CD10 expression patterns into three types of cells, tumor cells (tCD10), stromal myofibroblasts (sCD10), and immune cells (iCD10), and investigated their correlation with the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1) protein and tumor budding grade. Several cell surface markers were stained to detect the phenotype of iCD10(+) cells, including CD3, CD20, CD11b, CD14, CD15, and CD163. Specimens and follow-up data of 206 CRC patients were examined. In multivariate analysis, iCD10 could be an independent prognostic factor for both recurrence-free survival and overall survival in stage I-III CRC (hazard ratio, 2.522 [1.299-4.896], P = 0.006; 2.890 [1.357-6.157], P = 0.006, respectively). The expression of sCD10 and iCD10 was strongly correlated with TGF-β1 expression in tumor cells and tumor budding grade. The phenotype of iCD10(+) cells was CD11b(+) and CD15(+) granulocytes. The infiltration of sCD10(+) fibroblasts and iCD10(+) granulocytes at the tumor invasion front might interact with TGF-β1 protein expression and enhance tumor budding grade. The expression level of iCD10 at the tumor invasion front represented an independent prognostic biomarker in stage I-III CRC and could be integrated into a new staging system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do Trong Khanh
- First Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tili E, Michaille JJ. Resveratrol, MicroRNAs, Inflammation, and Cancer. J Nucleic Acids 2011; 2011:102431. [PMID: 21845215 PMCID: PMC3154569 DOI: 10.4061/2011/102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short noncoding RNAs that regulate the expression of many target genes posttranscriptionally and are thus implicated in a wide array of cellular and developmental processes. The expression of miR-155 or miR-21 is upregulated during the course of the inflammatory response, but these microRNAs are also considered oncogenes due to their upregulation of expression in several types of tumors. Furthermore, it is now well established that inflammation is associated with the induction or the aggravation of nearly 25% of cancers. Therefore, the above microRNAs are thought to link inflammation and cancer. Recently, resveratrol (trans-3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene), a natural polyphenol with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, currently at the stage of preclinical studies for human cancer prevention, has been shown to induce the expression of miR-663, a tumor-suppressor and anti-inflammatory microRNA, while downregulating miR-155 and miR-21. In this paper we will discuss how the use of resveratrol in therapeutics may benefit from the preanalyses on the status of expression of miR-155 or miR-21 as well as of TGFβ1. In addition, we will discuss how resveratrol activity might possibly be enhanced by simultaneously manipulating the levels of its key target microRNAs, such as miR-663.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmerina Tili
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine, with important roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis. TGF-β signals via transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular Smad transcriptional regulators. Perturbed TGF-β signaling has been implicated in a large variety of pathological conditions. Increased TGF-β levels have been found in patients with cancer, fibrosis, and systemic sclerosis, and were correlated with disease severity. In cancer, TGF-β mediates tumor invasion and metastasis by affecting both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment including fibroblast activation and immune suppression. Furthermore, TGF-β is a strong stimulator of extracellular matrix deposition. On the basis of these observations, small molecule inhibitors of the TGF-β receptor kinases, neutralizing antibodies that interfere with ligand?receptor interactions, antisense oligonucleotides reducing TGF-β expression, and soluble receptor ectodomains that sequester TGF-β have been developed to intervene with excessive TGF-β signaling activity in the aforementioned disorders. Here, we review the current state of anti-TGF-β therapy in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J A C Hawinkels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tili E, Michaille JJ, Adair B, Alder H, Limagne E, Taccioli C, Ferracin M, Delmas D, Latruffe N, Croce CM. Resveratrol decreases the levels of miR-155 by upregulating miR-663, a microRNA targeting JunB and JunD. Carcinogenesis 2010; 80:2057-65. [PMID: 20622002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An inflammatory component is present in the microenvironment of most neoplastic tissues, including those not causally related to an obvious inflammatory process. Several microRNAs, and especially miR-155, play an essential role in both the innate and adaptative immune response. Resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) is a natural antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties that is currently at the stage of preclinical studies for human cancer prevention. Here, we establish that, in human THP-1 monocytic cells as well as in human blood monocytes, resveratrol upregulates miR-663, a microRNA potentially targeting multiple genes implicated in the immune response. In THP-1 cells, miR-663 decreases endogenous activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity and impairs its upregulation by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), at least in part by directly targeting JunB and JunD transcripts. We further establish that the downregulation of AP-1 activity by resveratrol is miR-663 dependent and that the effects of resveratrol on both AP-1 activity and JunB levels are dose dependent. Finally, we show that resveratrol impairs the upregulation of miR-155 by LPS in a miR-663-dependent manner. Given the role of miR-155 in the innate immune response and the fact that it is upregulated in many cancers, our results suggest that manipulating miR-663 levels may help to optimize the use of resveratrol as both an anti-inflammatory and anticancer agent against malignancies associated with high levels of miR-155.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmerina Tili
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Tower, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kelly RJ, Morris JC. Transforming growth factor-beta: a target for cancer therapy. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 7:15-26. [PMID: 19916703 DOI: 10.3109/15476910903389920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a pleiotropic growth factor that regulates cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis, cell motility, extracellular matrix production, angiogenesis, and cellular immune responses. TGF-beta demonstrates paradoxical action whereby it can function to suppress early tumorigenesis; however, it can also facilitate malignant transformation and stimulate tumor growth by manipulating a more hospitable environment for tumor invasion and the development of metastases. Given the integral role of TGF-beta in transformation and cancer progression, various components of the TGF-beta signaling pathway offer potentially attractive therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the role of TGF-beta in cancer and discusses both small and large molecule drugs currently in development that target TGF-beta, its receptor and important down stream steps along its signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronan J Kelly
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Micalizzi DS, Ford HL. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in development and cancer. Future Oncol 2010; 5:1129-43. [PMID: 19852726 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical developmental process from the earliest events of embryogenesis to later morphogenesis and organ formation. EMT contributes to the complex architecture of the embryo by permitting the progression of embryogenesis from a simple single-cell layer epithelium to a complex three-dimensional organism composed of both epithelial and mesenchymal cells. However, in most tissues EMT is a developmentally restricted process and fully differentiated epithelia typically maintain their epithelial phenotype. Recently, elements of EMT, specifically the loss of epithelial markers and the gain of mesenchymal markers, have been observed in pathological states, including epithelial cancers. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms of this oncogenic epithelial plasticity have implicated the inappropriate expression and activation of developmental EMT programs, suggesting that cancer cells may reinstitute properties of developmental EMT including enhanced migration and invasion. Thus, in the context of cancer, an EMT-like process may permit dissemination of tumor cells from the primary tumor into the surrounding stroma, setting the stage for metastatic spread. Consistent with this hypothesis, activation of these developmental EMT programs in human cancer correlates with advanced disease and poor prognosis. This review will focus on the current knowledge regarding developmental EMT pathways that have been implicated in cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Micalizzi
- Program in Molecular Biology, Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora CO 80045, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
5-Aminosalicylic acid inhibits TGF-beta1 signalling in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2009; 287:82-90. [PMID: 19541409 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathway is an important pathway in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer. We aimed to determine the effects of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) on TGF-beta signalling in colorectal cancer cells in vitro. 5-ASA inhibited TGF-beta1 signalling in HCT116 cells and colonic fibroblasts, as judged by a TGF-beta-specific reporter gene assay, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA and protein levels, fibroblast trans-differentiation, Smad3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. We conclude that 5-ASA inhibits TGF-beta1 signalling in colorectal cancer cells, and might be a potent adjuvant therapeutic drug, interfering with aberrant TGF-beta signalling in colorectal cancer.
Collapse
|
36
|
Hawinkels LJAC, Verspaget HW, van der Reijden JJ, van der Zon JM, Verheijen JH, Hommes DW, Lamers CBHW, Sier CFM. Active TGF-beta1 correlates with myofibroblasts and malignancy in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:663-70. [PMID: 19462508 PMCID: PMC11158318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), a cytokine involved in various stages of cancer, is produced as a latent complex and requires processing to become active. We have determined total and active TGF-beta1 levels in homogenates of colorectal neoplasia. In contrast to total TGF-b levels, showing a stepwise increase in the mucosa-adenoma-carcinoma sequence, active TGF-beta1 levels are increased only in carcinomas but not in premalignant adenomas. Furthermore, solely active TGF-beta1 levels are associated with the stage of the carcinomas and worse patient prognosis. Active TGF-beta1 levels correlated significantly with plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and several matrix-remodeling proteinases. Interestingly, SMA levels are also significantly increased in colorectal carcinomas but not in adenomas, suggesting that despite the enhanced total TGF-beta1 levels, myofibroblast accumulation is not (yet) occurring in these premalignant neoplasias. The correlation between active TGF-beta1 and SMA expression in tumors indicates that tumor-promoting myofibroblasts might arise as a result of increased TGF-beta1 activation. These data underline the significance of the interaction between malignant cells and (myo)-fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment, modulating the biologic behavior of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J A C Hawinkels
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Heller A. Apoptosis-inducing high (.)NO concentrations are not sustained either in nascent or in developed cancers. ChemMedChem 2009; 3:1493-9. [PMID: 18759245 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide ((.)NO) induces apoptosis at high concentrations by S-nitrosating proteins such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. This literature analysis revealed that failure to sustain high (.)NO concentrations is common to all cancers. In cervical, gastric, colorectal, breast, and lung cancer, the cause of this failure is the inadequate expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), resulting from the inhibition of iNOS expression by TGF-beta1 at the mRNA level. In bladder, renal, and prostate cancer, the reason for the insufficient (.)NO levels is the depletion of arginine, resulting from arginase overexpression. Arginase competes with iNOS for arginine, catalyzing its hydrolysis to ornithine and urea. In gliomas and ovarian sarcomas, low (.)NO levels are caused by inhibition of iNOS by N-chlorotaurine, produced by infiltrating neutrophils. Stimulated neutrophils express myeloperoxidase, catalyzing H2O2 oxidation of Cl- to HOCl, which N-chlorinates taurine at its concentration of 19 mM in neutrophils. In squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, ovarian cancers, lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease, and breast cancers, low (.)NO concentrations arise from the inhibition of iNOS by N-bromotaurine, produced by eosinophil-peroxidase-expressing infiltrating eosinophils. Eosinophil peroxidase catalyzes the H2O2 oxidation of Br- to HOBr, which N-brominates taurine to N-bromotaurine at its concentration of 15 mM in eosinophils. In microvascularized tumors, the (.)NO concentration is further depleted; (.)NO is rapidly consumed by red blood cells (RBCs) through S-nitrosation of RBC glutathione and hemoglobin, and by oxidation to nitrate by RBC oxyhemoglobin. Angiogenesis-inhibiting antibodies are currently used to treat cancers; their mode of action is not, as previously thought, reduction of the tumor O2 or nutrient supply. They actually decrease the loss of (.)NO to RBCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Heller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li X, Yue ZC, Zhang YY, Bai J, Meng XN, Geng JS, Fu SB. Elevated serum level and gene polymorphisms of TGF-beta1 in gastric cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2008; 22:164-71. [PMID: 18484655 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, as a candidate tumor marker, is currently of interest. In this study, serum TGF-beta1 levels in gastric cancer (GC) patients and healthy volunteers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TGF-beta1 gene at codon 10 and codon 25 were identified by means of amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) and sequence analysis. Our results indicated that serum concentrations of TGF-beta1 in GC patients were significantly higher than those in the control, and positively correlated with tumor mass, invasion, metastasis, and clinical stage. The serum TGF-beta1 levels of patients recovering from radical resection were markedly lower than those before surgery. Meanwhile, no deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence variation at codon 25 of the TGF-beta1 gene was found and a TGF-beta1 gene polymorphism at codon 10 did not show obvious correlations with either TGF-beta1 expression or clinicopathological parameters of GC. Our evidence suggested that serum concentration of TGF-beta1 might be a novel tumor marker for GC and the polymorphisms of TGF-beta1 gene did not play a role as a determinant of serum TGF-beta1 concentration or as a genetic risk factor in the gastric carcinogenesis and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang DW, Yang WL, Yao Q. Expression of deleted in pancreatic carcinoma locus 4 and transforming growth factor-β1 in human colorectal carcinoma and their clinical significance. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:1885-1889. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i17.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of deleted in pancreatic carcinoma locus 4 (DPC4) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in human colorectal cancer tissues and their clinical significances.
METHODS: Forty-eight samples of human colorectal carcinoma were collected from patients from January 2005 to December 2005. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to detect DPC4/TGF-β1 mRNA and protein expression respectively.
RESULTS: The expression of DPC4 mRNA was lower in colorectal carcinoma specimens as compared with that in normal colorectal specimens (52.1% vs 72.9%, P < 0.01), while TGF-β1 mRNA expression was higher in carcinoma specimens (68.8% vs 41.7%, P < 0.01). The level of DPC4 protein expression in the cancer specimens was significantly lower than that in the normal specimens, while TGF-β1 protein level were higher in the carcinoma specimens. DPC4 expression was related with the tumor size, clinical stages, differentiation degree and lymph node metastasis, while TGF-β1 expression was related with the clinic stage, differentiation degree and lymph node metastasis. There existed a close correlation between DPC4 and TGF-β1 expression (χ2 = 3.95, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: DPC4 and TGF-β1 are the capital factors in TGF-β transduction pathway. Low-expression of DPC4 and over-expression of TGF-β1 may serve as an index for unfavorable prognosis of colorectal carcinoma.
Collapse
|
40
|
Vishnoi M, Pandey SN, Modi DR, Kumar A, Mittal B. Genetic susceptibility of epidermal growth factor +61A>G and transforming growth factor beta1 -509C>T gene polymorphisms with gallbladder cancer. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:360-7. [PMID: 18571008 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) play important roles in tumor biology. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in EGF and TGFB1 genes alter the expression of these growth factors and influence the tumorigenesis process. The aim of our present study was to determine the association of EGF+61A>G (rs4444903) and TGFB1-509C>T (rs1800469) gene polymorphism with susceptibility to gallbladder cancer (GBC). The present case-control association study was carried out in 126 confirmed GBC patients and 190 healthy subjects. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. The GG genotype of EGF+61A>G was significantly associated with GBC [p=0.012, odds ratio (OR)=2.22, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.19-4.15] in comparison to healthy subjects. Analysis based on gender indicated risk due to GG genotype was limited to female GBC patients (p=0.003, OR=3.45, 95% CI=1.52-7.82). Upon stratification of GBC patients on the basis of the presence or absence of gallstones, the risk due to EGF polymorphism was not modulated by the status of gallstones. The TGFB1-509C>T polymorphism was not associated with GBC. Also, we did not find any association of this polymorphism when GBC patients were subdivided on the basis of gender. However, after stratification of GBC patients on the status of gallstones, we determined that the CT genotype of TGFB1 was associated with increased risk of GBC without gallstones (p value=0.030, OR=2.90, 95% CI=1.26-6.69). Furthermore, the combination of the GG genotype of EGF and the CT genotype of TGFB1 demonstrated synergistic increase in risk of GBC. In conclusion, the higher producing +61G allele of EGF and -509 CT genotype of TGFB1 synergistically increase the susceptibility of gallbladder cancer (p value=0.003). Further study in large samples size is required to confirm our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Vishnoi
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|