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Bharati A, Chi KB, Trunov D, Sedlářová I, Belluati A, Šoóš M. Effective lipase immobilization on crosslinked functional porous polypyrrole aggregates. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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2
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Potential and Scale-Up of Pore-Through-Flow Membrane Reactors for the Production of Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides with Immobilized β-Galactosidase. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of prebiotics like galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on industrial scale is becoming more important due to increased demand. GOS are synthesized in batch reactors from bovine lactose using the cost intensive enzyme β-galactosidase (β-gal). Thus, the development of sustainable and more efficient production strategies, like enzyme immobilization in membrane reactors are a promising option. Activated methacrylatic monoliths were characterized as support for covalent immobilized β-gal to produce GOS. The macroporous monoliths act as immobilized pore-through-flow membrane reactors (PTFR) and reduce the influence of mass-transfer limitations by a dominating convective pore flow. Monolithic designs in the form of disks (0.34 mL) and for scale-up cylindric columns (1, 8 and 80 mL) in three different reactor operation configurations (semi-continuous, continuous and continuous with recirculation) were studied experimentally and compared to the free enzyme system. Kinetic data, immobilization efficiency, space-time-yield and long-term stability were determined for the immobilized enzyme. Furthermore, simulation studies were conducted to identify optimal operation conditions for further scale-up. Thus, the GOS yield could be increased by up to 60% in the immobilized PTFRs in semi-continuous operation compared to the free enzyme system. The enzyme activity and long-time stability was studied for more than nine months of intensive use.
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Mao Y, Fan R, Li R, Ye X, Kulozik U. Flow-through enzymatic reactors using polymer monoliths: From motivation to application. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:2599-2614. [PMID: 33314167 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The application of monolithic materials as carriers for enzymes has rapidly expanded to the realization of flow-through analysis and bioconversion processes. This expansion is partly attributed to the absence from diffusion limitation in many monoliths-based enzyme reactors. Particularly, the relatively ease of introducing functional groups renders polymer monoliths attractive as enzyme carriers. After summarizing the motivation to develop enzymatic reactors using polymer monoliths, this review reports the most recent applications of such reactors. Besides, the present review focuses on the crucial characteristics of polymer monoliths affecting the immobilization of enzymes and the processing parameters dictating the performance of the resulting enzymatic reactors. This review is intended to provide a guideline for designing and applying flow-through enzymatic reactors using polymer monoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Mao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Rong Fan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Renkuan Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Ulrich Kulozik
- Chair of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Paljevac M, Krajnc P. Hierarchically porous poly(glycidyl methacrylate) through hard sphere and high internal phase emulsion templating. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Rapid affinity chromatographic isolation method for LDL in human plasma by immobilized chondroitin-6-sulfate and anti-apoB-100 antibody monolithic disks in tandem. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11235. [PMID: 31375727 PMCID: PMC6677805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is considered the major risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs). A novel and rapid method for the isolation of LDL from human plasma was developed utilising affinity chromatography with monolithic stationary supports. The isolation method consisted of two polymeric monolithic disk columns, one immobilized with chondroitin-6-sulfate (C6S) and the other with apolipoprotein B-100 monoclonal antibody (anti-apoB-100 mAb). The first disk with C6S was targeted to remove chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, and their remnants including intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) particles, thus allowing the remaining major lipoprotein species, i.e. LDL, lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to flow to the anti-apoB-100 disk. The second disk captured LDL particles via the anti-apoB-100 mAb attached on the disk surface in a highly specific manner, permitting the selective LDL isolation. The success of LDL isolation was confirmed by different techniques including quartz crystal microbalance. In addition, the method developed gave comparable results with ultracentrifugation, conventionally used as a standard method. The reliable results achieved together with a short isolation time (less than 30 min) suggest the method to be suitable for clinically relevant LDL functional assays.
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Chan YW, Acquah C, Obeng EM, Dullah EC, Jeevanandam J, Ongkudon CM. Parametric study of immobilized cellulase-polymethacrylate particle for the hydrolysis of carboxymethyl cellulose. Biochimie 2019; 157:204-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Xin Y, Wang G, Han W, Shen Y, Uyama H. An ideal enzyme immobilization carrier: a hierarchically porous cellulose monolith fabricated by phase separation method. PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cellulose monolith with a hierarchically porous morphology was utilized as a novel solid support for enzyme immobilization. After a series of modifications, succinimidyl carbonate (SC)-activated cellulose monolith (SCCL monolith) was obtained and it was employed to immobilize a model enzyme (horseradish peroxidase, HRP) through covalent bonding. The HRP immobilization capacity on SCCL monolith was calculated as 21.0 mg/g. The thermal stability measurement illustrated that the immobilized HRP exhibited a largely improved thermal resistance compared to its free counterpart. The reusability of the immobilized HRP was investigated, and it could be reused at least 10 cycles without significant activity loss. Therefore, cellulose monolith is found to be an ideal solid support for enzyme immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanrong Xin
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Suita 565-0871 , Japan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Suita 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Wenjuan Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Suita 565-0871 , Japan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Yehua Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University , Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi Province , China
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Suita 565-0871 , Japan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University , Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi Province , China , Tel.: +81-6-6879-7364, Fax: +81-6-6879-7367
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Tehrani Najafian F, Bibi NS, Islam T, Fernández-Lahore M. A megaporous material harbouring a peptide ligand for affinity IgG purification. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2914-2921. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Optimized endodextranase-epoxy CIM ® disk reactor for the continuous production of molecular weight-controlled prebiotic isomalto-oligosaccharides. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Towards automation in protein digestion: Development of a monolithic trypsin immobilized reactor for highly efficient on-line digestion and analysis. Talanta 2017; 167:143-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Meller K, Pomastowski P, Szumski M, Buszewski B. Preparation of an improved hydrophilic monolith to make trypsin-immobilized microreactors. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1043:128-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Dong J, Ning W, Liu W, Bruening ML. Limited proteolysis in porous membrane reactors containing immobilized trypsin. Analyst 2017; 142:2578-2586. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00778g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin-containing membranes effect limited digestion to identify facile digestion sites in protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Dong
- Department of Chemistry
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
| | - Wenjing Ning
- Department of Chemistry
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
| | - Weijing Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Merlin L. Bruening
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
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13
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Álvarez Porebski PW, Gyssels E, Madder A, Lynen F. Hyphenation of a Deoxyribonuclease I immobilized enzyme reactor with liquid chromatography for the online stability evaluation of oligonucleotides. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1422:18-26. [PMID: 26515385 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The stability of antisense oligonucleotides (ONs) toward nucleases is a key aspect for their possible implementation as therapeutic agents. Typically, ON stability studies are performed off-line, where the ONs are incubated with nucleases in solution, followed by their analysis. The problematics of off-line processing render the detailed comparison of relative ON stability quite challenging. Therefore, the development of an online platform based on an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) was developed as an alternative for improved ON stability testing. More in detail, Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) was immobilized on epoxy-silica particles of different pore sizes and packed into a column for the construction of an IMER. Subsequently, the hyphenation of the IMER with ion-pair chromatography (IPC) and ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) was evaluated, leading to the successful development of two online methodologies: IMER-IPC and IMER-IEC. More specifically, natural and modified DNA and RNA oligonucleotides were used for testing the performance of the methodologies. Both methodologies proved to be simple, automatable, fast and highly reproducible for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of ON degradation. In addition, the extended IMER life time in combination with a more straightforward control of the reaction kinetics substantiate the applicability of the IMER-LC platform for ON stability tests and its implementation in routine and research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wiktor Álvarez Porebski
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Ellen Gyssels
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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14
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Foo HC, Smith NW, Stanley SM. Fabrication of an on-line enzyme micro-reactor coupled to liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the digestion of recombinant human erythropoietin. Talanta 2015; 135:18-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Sousa Â, Pereira P, Sousa F, Queiroz JA. Binding mechanisms for histamine and agmatine ligands in plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid purifications. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1366:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Bertrand E, Pierre G, Delattre C, Gardarin C, Bridiau N, Maugard T, Štrancar A, Michaud P. Dextranase immobilization on epoxy CIM® disk for the production of isomaltooligosaccharides from dextran. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:707-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Sousa A, Almeida A, Černigoj U, Sousa F, Queiroz J. Histamine monolith versatility to purify supercoiled plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Escherichia coli lysate. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Bicho D, Sousa Â, Sousa F, Queiroz J, Tomaz C. Effect of chromatographic conditions and plasmid DNA size on the dynamic binding capacity of a monolithic support. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2284-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bicho
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique; Covilhã Portugal
| | - Ângela Sousa
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique; Covilhã Portugal
| | - Fani Sousa
- Department of Chemistry; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
| | - João Queiroz
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique; Covilhã Portugal
- Department of Chemistry; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
| | - Cãndida Tomaz
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique; Covilhã Portugal
- Department of Chemistry; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
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19
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Caramelo-Nunes C, Almeida P, Marcos J, Tomaz C. Aromatic ligands for plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid chromatographic analysis and purification: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1327:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Brgles M, Kurtović T, Kovačič L, Križaj I, Barut M, Lang Balija M, Allmaier G, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Halassy B. Identification of proteins interacting with ammodytoxins in Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom by immuno-affinity chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:293-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Comparison of activity behaviors of particle based and monolithic immobilized enzyme reactors operated in semi-micro-liquid chromatography system. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Homaei AA, Sariri R, Vianello F, Stevanato R. Enzyme immobilization: an update. J Chem Biol 2013; 6:185-205. [PMID: 24432134 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-013-0102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to free enzymes in solution, immobilized enzymes are more robust and more resistant to environmental changes. More importantly, the heterogeneity of the immo-bilized enzyme systems allows an easy recovery of both enzymes and products, multiple re-use of enzymes, continuous operation of enzymatic processes, rapid termination of reactions, and greater variety of bioreactor designs. This paper is a review of the recent literatures on enzyme immobilization by various techniques, the need for immobilization and different applications in industry, covering the last two decades. The most recent papers, patents, and reviews on immobilization strategies and application are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Abolpour Homaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hormozgan, Bandarabbas, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Sariri
- Reyhaneh Sariri, Department of Microbiology, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Stevanato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University of Venice, Venice, Italy
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23
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Vlakh EG, Tennikova TB. Flow-through immobilized enzyme reactors based on monoliths: II. Kinetics study and application. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1149-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia G. Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Tatiana B. Tennikova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
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Černigoj U, Vidic U, Barut M, Podgornik A, Peterka M, Štrancar A. A multimodal histamine ligand for chromatographic purification of plasmid DNA. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1281:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Vlakh EG, Tennikova TB. Flow-through immobilized enzyme reactors based on monoliths: I. Preparation of heterogeneous biocatalysts. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:110-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia G. Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Tatiana B. Tennikova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
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Rigobello-Masini M, Penteado JCP, Masini JC. Monolithic columns in plant proteomics and metabolomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:2107-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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27
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Sousa A, Bicho D, Tomaz C, Sousa F, Queiroz J. Performance of a non-grafted monolithic support for purification of supercoiled plasmid DNA. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1701-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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28
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Preparation and characterization of UV-curable polymeric support for covalent immobilization of xylanase enzyme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Krenkova J, Lacher NA, Svec F. Highly efficient enzyme reactors containing trypsin and endoproteinase LysC immobilized on porous polymer monolith coupled to MS suitable for analysis of antibodies. Anal Chem 2010; 81:2004-12. [PMID: 19186936 DOI: 10.1021/ac8026564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Capillary enzymatic microreactors containing trypsin and endoproteinase LysC immobilized on a porous polymer monolith have been prepared and used for the characterization and identification of proteins such as cytochrome c, bovine serum albumin, and high-molecular weight human immunoglobulin G. The hydrophilicity of diol functionalities originating from the hydrolyzed poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith was not sufficient to avoid adsorption of hydrophobic albumin in a highly aqueous mobile phase. Therefore, this monolith was first hydrophilized via photografting of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate followed by photografting of a 4-vinyl-2,2-dimethylazlactone to provide the pore surface with reactive functionalities required for immobilization. This new approach reduced the undesired nonspecific adsorption of proteins and peptides and facilitated control of both the enzyme immobilization and protein digestion processes. The enzymatic reactors were coupled off-line with MALDI/TOF MS and/or on-line with ESI/TOF MS. Experimental conditions for digestion were optimized using cytochrome c and bovine serum albumin as model proteins. The optimized reactors were then integrated into a multidimensional system comprised of a monolithic capillary enzyme reactor, an in-line nanoLC separation of peptides using a poly(lauryl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic column, and ESI/TOF MS. With the use of this system, immunoglobulin G was digested at room temperature in 6 min to an extent similar to that achieved with soluble enzyme at 37 degrees C after 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krenkova
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Abstract
Affinity chromatography on monolithic supports is a powerful analytical chemical platform because it allows for fast analyses, small sample volumes, strong enrichment of trace biomarkers and applications in microchips. In this review, the recent research using monolithic materials in the field of bioaffinity chromatography (including immunochromatography) is summarized and discussed. After giving an introduction into affinity chromatography, information on different biomolecules (antibodies, enzymes, lectins, aptamers) that can act as ligands in bioaffinity chromatography is presented. Subsequently, the history of monoliths, their advantages, preparation and formats (disks, capillaries and microchips) as well as ligand immobilization techniques are mentioned. Finally, analytical and preparative applications of bioaffinity chromatography on monoliths are presented. During the last four years 37 papers appeared. Protein A and G are still most often used as ligands for the enrichment of immunoglobulins. Antibodies and lectins remain popular for the analysis of mainly smaller molecules and saccharides, respectively. The highly porous cryogels modified with ligands are applied for the sorting of different cells or bacteria. New is the application of aptamers and phages as ligands on monoliths. Convective interaction media (epoxy CIM disks) are currently the most used format in monolithic bioaffinity chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore K R Tetala
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Natural Products Chemistry Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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32
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Lin W, Skinner CD. Design and optimization of porous polymer enzymatic digestors for proteomics. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2642-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Xu FJ, Liu LY, Yang WT, Kang ET, Neoh KG. Active Protein-Functionalized Poly(poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate)-Si(100) Hybrids from Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Potential Biological Applications. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1665-74. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900307c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 119260 Singapore
| | - L. Y. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 119260 Singapore
| | - W. T. Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 119260 Singapore
| | - E. T. Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 119260 Singapore
| | - K. G. Neoh
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 119260 Singapore
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Krenkova J, Svec F. Less common applications of monoliths: IV. Recent developments in immobilized enzyme reactors for proteomics and biotechnology. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:706-18. [PMID: 19194973 PMCID: PMC2766777 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Use of monolithic supports for enzyme immobilization has rapidly expanded since we published the preceding paper in the series of articles concerned with this topic almost three years ago. Many groups worldwide have realized the benefits of applying monoliths as support structures and used a variety of techniques to immobilize many different enzymes. Although some of these new developments are just refinements of the methods developed previously, some notable new approaches have also been reported. This review summarizes the literature published since 2006 and demonstrates the broad variability of reactive monoliths prepared from silica as well as from organic polymers in the form of disks, columns, and capillaries. All these monoliths were prepared by direct formation from reactive precursors or activation of preformed inactive structures. Interestingly, most of the applications of monolithic enzyme reactors target proteolytic digestion of proteins for proteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krenkova
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Brne P, Lim YP, Podgornik A, Barut M, Pihlar B, Štrancar A. Development and characterization of methacrylate-based hydrazide monoliths for oriented immobilization of antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2658-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ma J, Zhang L, Liang Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Recent advances in immobilized enzymatic reactors and their applications in proteome analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 632:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Revised: 08/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xu F, Li H, Li J, Teo YE, Zhu C, Kang E, Neoh K. Spatially well-defined binary brushes of poly(ethylene glycol)s for micropatterning of active proteins on anti-fouling surfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:779-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Potter OG, Hilder EF. Porous polymer monoliths for extraction: Diverse applications and platforms. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1881-906. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jungbauer A, Hahn R. Polymethacrylate monoliths for preparative and industrial separation of biomolecular assemblies. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:62-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Enzymes immobilized on solid-phase matrices have found various applications in biotechnology, molecular biology and molecular diagnostics and can serve as industrial catalysts and as specific reagents for analytical procedures. A wide range of supports have been utilized for immobilization among which particle-based supports are the most commonly implemented. Type of support used for immobilization is one of the key considerations in practical application due to different immobilization efficiency, ligand utilization and the mass transfer regime. The mass transfer between the mobile and the particulate stationary phase is often a bottleneck for the entire process due to slow pore diffusion of large molecules. In contrast, monoliths due to their structure enable almost flow-independent properties. Consequently, the overall behavior of the immobilized ligand reflects its intrinsic reaction kinetics. Therefore, such an immobilized system is expected to allow higher throughput because of higher enzyme efficiency, especially pronounced for macromolecular substrates having low mobility. In this work, different methods for immobilization of enzymes on Convective Interaction Media monolithic supports are presented. In particular, enzymes acting on macromolecular substrates, such as trypsin, deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, are described in detail. Immobilized efficiency is evaluated for different immobilization procedures in terms of biologic activity and long-term stability. Finally, their performance on real samples is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Bencina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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41
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Nicoli R, Gaud N, Stella C, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Trypsin immobilization on three monolithic disks for on-line protein digestion. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 48:398-407. [PMID: 18242915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of three trypsin-based monolithic immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) developed to perform rapid on-line protein digestion and peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) are described. Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) was covalently immobilized on epoxy, carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and ethylenediamine (EDA) Convective Interaction Media (CIM) monolithic disks. The amount of immobilized enzyme, determined by spectrophotometric measurements at 280nm, was comprised between 0.9 and 1.5mg per disk. Apparent kinetic parameters Km* and Vmax*, as well as apparent immobilized trypsin BAEE-units, were estimated in flow-through conditions using N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) as a low molecular mass substrate. The on-line digestion of five proteins (cytochrome c, myoglobin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, ovalbumin and albumin) was evaluated by inserting the IMERs into a liquid chromatography system coupled to an electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometer (LC-ESI-MS/MS) through a switching valve. Results were compared to the in-solution digestion in terms of obtained scores, number of matched queries and sequence coverages. The most efficient IMER was obtained by immobilizing trypsin on a CIM EDA disk previously derivatized with glutaraldehyde, as a spacer moiety. The proteins were recognized by the database with satisfactory sequence coverage using a digestion time of only 5min. The repeatability of the digestion (R.S.D. of 5.4% on consecutive injections of myoglobin 12microM) and the long-term stability of this IMER were satisfactory since no loss of activity was observed after 250 injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nicoli
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 20 Bd d'Yvoy, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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42
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Ma J, Zhang L, Liang Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Monolith-based immobilized enzyme reactors: Recent developments and applications for proteome analysis. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:3050-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Mancini F, Naldi M, Cavrini V, Andrisano V. Development and characterization of beta-secretase monolithic micro-immobilized enzyme reactor for on-line high-performance liquid chromatography studies. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1175:217-26. [PMID: 17991476 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 10/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
beta-Site APP cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE-1) is a transmembrane aspartyl protease that cleaves the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), which is abundant in neurons. BACE-1 is required for the generation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is widely believed that halting the production of Abeta peptide, by inhibition of BACE-1, is an attractive therapeutic modality for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. BACE-1 has never been immobilized before. In the present study, for the first time, human recombinant beta-secretase micro-immobilised enzyme reactor (hrBACE-1-micro-IMER) was prepared by using an in situ immobilisation procedure on an ethylendiamine monolithic convective interaction media (EDA-CIM) disk. The activity and kinetic parameters of the hrBACE-1-micro-IMER were investigated by insertion in a HPLC system with fluorescent and mass detection. The micro-IMER was characterized in terms of units of immobilised hrBACE-1 and best mobile phase conditions for activity, by using as substrate casein-FITC and JMV2236, a peptide mimicking the Swedish-mutated APP (amyloid precursor protein) sequence. The characterization of the hrBACE-1-micro-IMER in terms of number of enzymatic active units after covalent linking to the solid matrix was performed by using the JMV2236 peptide as substrate in a HPLC-MS system. JMV2236 was injected into the hrBACE-1-micro-IMER and enzymatically cleaved; the product of the enzymatic cleavage and the remaining non-cleaved substrate were collected on a C18 column trap and switched to the LC-electrospray ionization MS system for kinetic constants determination. Inhibition studies were carried out. The effect of donepezil and pepstatin A, as BACE-1 inhibitors, was evaluated by simultaneous injection of the compounds with the peptidic substrate. The relative IC(50) values were found in agreement with that derived by the conventional fluorescence method, confirming the applicability of this new IMER for on-line inhibition studies. The main advantages of the hrBACE-1-micro-IMER approach over the conventional methods were found to be the increased enzyme efficiency, stability and the decreased time of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mancini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Belmeloro 6, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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44
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Bencina K, Bencina M, Podgornik A, Strancar A. Influence of the methacrylate monolith structure on genomic DNA mechanical degradation, enzymes activity and clogging. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1160:176-83. [PMID: 17540390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The chromatography of mechanically sensitive macromolecules still represents a challenge. While larger pores can reduce the mechanically induced cleavage of large macromolecules and column clogging, the column performance inevitably decreases. To investigate the effect of pore size on the mechanical degradation of DNA, column permeability and enzyme biological activity, methacrylate monoliths with different pore sizes were tested. Monolith with a 143 nm pore radius mechanically damaged the DNA and was clogged at flow rates above 0.5 ml min(-1) (26 cm h(-1)). For monoliths with a pore radius of 634 nm and 2900 nm, no mechanical degradation of DNA was observed up to 5 ml min(-1) (265 cm h(-1)) above which the HPLC itself became the main source of damage. A decrease of a permeability appeared at flow rate 1.8 ml min(-1) (95 cm h(-1)) and 2.3 ml min(-1) (122 cm h(-1)), respectively. The effect of the pore size on enzyme biological activity was tested with immobilized DNase and trypsin on all three monoliths. Although the highest amount of enzyme was immobilized on the monolith with the smallest pores, monolith with the pore radius 634 nm exhibited the highest DNase biological activity probably due to restricted access for DNA molecules into the small pores. Interestingly, specific biological activity was increasing with a pore size decrease. This was attributed to higher number of contacts between a substrate and immobilized ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Bencina
- BIA separations d.o.o., Teslova 30, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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45
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Josic D, Clifton JG. Use of monolithic supports in proteomics technology. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1144:2-13. [PMID: 17174320 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 11/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An overview on the utilization of monoliths in proteomics technology will be given. Both silica- and polymer-based monoliths have broad use for microseparation of tryptic peptides in reversed-phase (RP) mode before identification by mass spectrometry (MS) or by MS/MS. For two-dimensional (2D) LC separation of peptides before MS or MS/MS analysis, a combination of ion-exchange, usually cation-exchange (CEX) chromatography with RP chromatography on monolithic supports can be employed. Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography monoliths with immobilized Fe3+-ions are used for the isolation of phosphopeptides. Monoliths with immobilized affinity ligands are usually applied to the rapid separation of proteins and peptides. Miniaturized reactors with immobilized proteolytic enzymes are utilized for rapid on- or offline digestion of isolated proteins or protein mixtures prior to identification by LC-MS/MS. Monoliths also have broad potential for application in sample preparation, prior to further proteomic analyses. Monolithic supports with large pore sizes can be exploited for the isolation of nanoparticles, such as cells, organelles, viruses and protein aggregates. The potential for further adoption of monolithic supports in protein separation and enrichment of low abundance proteins prior to proteolytic digestion and final LC-MS/MS protein identification will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djuro Josic
- Proteomics Core, COBRE Center for Cancer Research Development, Rhode Island Hospital, CORO West, One Hoppin St., Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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46
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Bencina M, Babic J, Podgornik A. Preparation and characterisation of ribonuclease monolithic bioreactor. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1144:135-42. [PMID: 17234196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In gene therapy and DNA vaccination, RNA removal from DNA preparations is vital and is typically achieved by the addition of ribonuclease into the sample. Removal of ribonuclease from DNA samples requires an additional purification step. An alternative is the implementation of immobilized ribonuclease. In our work, ribonuclease was covalently coupled onto the surface of methacrylate monoliths via epoxy or imidazole carbamate groups. Various immobilization conditions were tested by changing immobilization pH. Ribonuclease immobilized on the monolith via imidazole carbamate groups at pH 9 was found to be six times more active than the ribonuclease immobilized on the monolith via epoxy groups. Under optimal immobilization conditions the Michaelis-Menten constant, Km, for cytidine-2,3-cyclic monophosphate, and turnover number, k3 were 0.52 mM and 4.6s(-1), respectively, and mirrored properties of free enzyme. Enzyme reactor was found to efficiently eliminate RNA contaminants from DNA samples. It was active for several weeks of operation and processed 300 column volumes of sample. Required residence time to eliminate RNA was estimated to be around 0.5 min enabling flow rates above 1 column volume per min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Bencina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, P.O. Box 600, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Svec F. Less common applications of monoliths: I. Microscale protein mapping with proteolytic enzymes immobilized on monolithic supports. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:947-61. [PMID: 16470758 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent contributions to the rapidly growing area of immobilized enzymes employing both silica and synthetic polymer-based monoliths as supports. Focus is mainly on immobilized proteolytic enzyme reactors designed for studies in proteomics. Porous monoliths emerged first as a new class of stationary phases for HPLC in the early 1990s. Soon thereafter, they were also used as supports for immobilization of proteins and preparation of both stationary phases for bioaffinity chromatography and enzymatic reactors. Organic polymer-based monoliths are typically prepared using a simple molding process carried out within the confines of a "mold" such as chromatographic column or capillary. Polymerization of a mixture comprising monomers, initiator, and porogenic solvent affords macroporous materials. In contrast, silica-based monoliths are first formed as a rigid rod from tetraalkoxysilane in the presence of PEG and subsequently encased with a plastic tube. Both types of monolith feature large through-pores that enable a rapid flow-through. Since all the solutions must flow through the monolith, the convection considerably accelerates mass transfer within the monolith. As a result, reactors including enzyme immobilized on monolithic support exhibit much higher activity compared to the reactions in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Calleri E, Temporini C, Perani E, De Palma A, Lubda D, Mellerio G, Sala A, Galliano M, Caccialanza G, Massolini G. Trypsin-based monolithic bioreactor coupled on-line with LC/MS/MS system for protein digestion and variant identification in standard solutions and serum samples. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:481-90. [PMID: 15822925 DOI: 10.1021/pr049796h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of a trypsin-based monolithic bioreactor coupled on-line with LC/MS/MS for rapid proteolytic digestion and protein identification is here described. Dilute samples are passed through the bioreactor for generation of proteolytic fragments in less than 10 min. After digestion and peptide separation, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry is used to generate a peptide map and to identify proteolytic peptides by correlating their fragmentation spectra with amino acid sequences from a protein database. By digesting picomoles of proteins sufficient data from ESI and MS/MS were obtained to unambiguously identify proteins alone and in serum samples. This approach was also extended to locate mutation sites in beta-lactoglobulin A and B variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Calleri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Bencina M, Bencina K, Strancar A, Podgornik A. Immobilization of deoxyribonuclease via epoxy groups of methacrylate monoliths. Use of deoxyribonuclease bioreactor in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1065:83-91. [PMID: 15782954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A deoxyribonuclease bioreactor was prepared by immobilization of deoxyribonuclease I through epoxy groups inherently present on poly (glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monoliths. Columns with various levels of DNase activity were prepared varying immobilization temperature, pH, time and method. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, Km(app), and turnover number, k3app, for immobilized DNase determined by on-line frontal analysis method were, respectively, 0.28 g of DNA l(-1) and 16 dA260nm min(-1) mg(-1) of immobilized DNase. The highest activity of immobilized DNase was detected at 1 mM calcium ions concentration and mirrored properties of free enzyme; however, reaction temperature in the range from 25 to 37 degrees C has no significant effect on activity of immobilized DNase in contrary to free enzyme. The CIM DNase bioreactor was used for elimination of DNA contaminants in RNA samples prior to reverse transcription followed by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Bencina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Dulay MT, Baca QJ, Zare RN. Enhanced Proteolytic Activity of Covalently Bound Enzymes in Photopolymerized Sol Gel. Anal Chem 2005; 77:4604-10. [PMID: 16013879 DOI: 10.1021/ac0504767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin is covalently linked to a photopolymerized sol-gel monolith modified by incorporating poly(ethylene glycol) (PSG-PEG) for on-column digestion of N(alpha)-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) and two peptides, neurotensin and insulin chain B. The coupling of the enzyme to the monolith is via room-temperature Schiff chemistry in which an alkoxysilane reagent (linker) with an aldehyde functional group links to an inactive amine on trypsin to form an imine bond. The proteolytic activity of the immobilized trypsin was measured by monitoring the formation of N alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine (BA), the digestion product of BAEE. The BA is separated from BAEE by capillary electrophoresis and detected downstream (18.5 cm from the microreactor) by absorption (254 nm). Using the Bradford assay, we determined that 97 ng of trypsin is bound to the 1-cm microreactor located at the entrance of capillary column. The bioactivity of the trypsin-PSG-PEG microreactor at 20 degrees C for the digestion of BAEE was found to be 2270 units/mg of immobilized trypsin. The bioactivity of trypsin bound to the capillary wall in the open segment upstream from the monolith was 332 units/mg of immobilized trypsin under the same conditions. In contrast, the activity of free trypsin could not be observed for the digestion of BAEE at 20 degrees C after 16 h of incubation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Dulay
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
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