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Tawfik VL, Huck NA, Baca QJ, Ganio EA, Haight ES, Culos A, Ghaemi S, Phongpreecha T, Angst MS, Clark JD, Aghaeepour N, Gaudilliere B. Systematic Immunophenotyping Reveals Sex-Specific Responses After Painful Injury in Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1652. [PMID: 32849569 PMCID: PMC7403191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Many diseases display unequal prevalence between sexes. The sex-specific immune response to both injury and persistent pain remains underexplored and would inform treatment paradigms. We utilized high-dimensional mass cytometry to perform a comprehensive analysis of phenotypic and functional immune system differences between male and female mice after orthopedic injury. Multivariate modeling of innate and adaptive immune cell responses after injury using an elastic net algorithm, a regularized regression method, revealed sex-specific divergence at 12 h and 7 days after injury with a stronger immune response to injury in females. At 12 h, females upregulated STAT3 signaling in neutrophils but downregulated STAT1 and STAT6 signals in T regulatory cells, suggesting a lack of engagement of immune suppression pathways by females. Furthermore, at 7 days females upregulated MAPK pathways (p38, ERK, NFkB) in CD4T memory cells, setting up a possible heightened immune memory of painful injury. Taken together, our findings provide the first comprehensive and functional analysis of sex-differences in the immune response to painful injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne L Tawfik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nolan A Huck
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Quentin J Baca
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Edward A Ganio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Elena S Haight
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Anthony Culos
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sajjad Ghaemi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Digital Technologies Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thanaphong Phongpreecha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Martin S Angst
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - J David Clark
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Brice Gaudilliere
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Fragiadakis GK, Baca QJ, Gherardini PF, Ganio EA, Gaudilliere DK, Tingle M, Lancero HL, McNeil LS, Spitzer MH, Wong RJ, Shaw GM, Darmstadt GL, Sylvester KG, Winn VD, Carvalho B, Lewis DB, Stevenson DK, Nolan GP, Aghaeepour N, Angst MS, Gaudilliere BL. Mapping the Fetomaternal Peripheral Immune System at Term Pregnancy. J Immunol 2016; 197:4482-4492. [PMID: 27793998 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Preterm labor and infections are the leading causes of neonatal deaths worldwide. During pregnancy, immunological cross talk between the mother and her fetus is critical for the maintenance of pregnancy and the delivery of an immunocompetent neonate. A precise understanding of healthy fetomaternal immunity is the important first step to identifying dysregulated immune mechanisms driving adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes. This study combined single-cell mass cytometry of paired peripheral and umbilical cord blood samples from mothers and their neonates with a graphical approach developed for the visualization of high-dimensional data to provide a high-resolution reference map of the cellular composition and functional organization of the healthy fetal and maternal immune systems at birth. The approach enabled mapping of known phenotypical and functional characteristics of fetal immunity (including the functional hyperresponsiveness of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and the global blunting of innate immune responses). It also allowed discovery of new properties that distinguish the fetal and maternal immune systems. For example, examination of paired samples revealed differences in endogenous signaling tone that are unique to a mother and her offspring, including increased ERK1/2, MAPK-activated protein kinase 2, rpS6, and CREB phosphorylation in fetal Tbet+CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and CD56loCD16+ NK cells and decreased ERK1/2, MAPK-activated protein kinase 2, and STAT1 phosphorylation in fetal intermediate and nonclassical monocytes. This highly interactive functional map of healthy fetomaternal immunity builds the core reference for a growing data repository that will allow inferring deviations from normal associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela K Fragiadakis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Quentin J Baca
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Pier Federico Gherardini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Edward A Ganio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Dyani K Gaudilliere
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Martha Tingle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hope L Lancero
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Leslie S McNeil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ronald J Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Gary M Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Gary L Darmstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Karl G Sylvester
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Virginia D Winn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Brendan Carvalho
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - David B Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - David K Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Martin S Angst
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Brice L Gaudilliere
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
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Gaudillière B, Ganio EA, Tingle M, Lancero HL, Fragiadakis GK, Baca QJ, Aghaeepour N, Wong RJ, Quaintance C, El-Sayed YY, Shaw GM, Lewis DB, Stevenson DK, Nolan GP, Angst MS. Implementing Mass Cytometry at the Bedside to Study the Immunological Basis of Human Diseases: Distinctive Immune Features in Patients with a History of Term or Preterm Birth. Cytometry A 2015; 87:817-29. [PMID: 26190063 PMCID: PMC4758855 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell technologies have immense potential to shed light on molecular and biological processes that drive human diseases. Mass cytometry (or Cytometry by Time Of Flight mass spectrometry, CyTOF) has already been employed in clinical studies to comprehensively survey patients' circulating immune system. As interest in the "bedside" application of mass cytometry is growing, the delineation of relevant methodological issues is called for. This report uses a newly generated dataset to discuss important methodological considerations when mass cytometry is implemented in a clinical study. Specifically, the use of whole blood samples versus peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), design of mass-tagged antibody panels, technical and analytical implications of sample barcoding, and application of traditional and unsupervised approaches to analyze high-dimensional mass cytometry datasets are discussed. A mass cytometry assay was implemented in a cross-sectional study of 19 women with a history of term or preterm birth to determine whether immune traits in peripheral blood differentiate the two groups in the absence of pregnancy. Twenty-seven phenotypic and 11 intracellular markers were simultaneously analyzed in whole blood samples stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS at 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng mL(-1)) to examine dose-dependent signaling responses within the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway. Complementary analyses, grounded in traditional or unsupervised gating strategies of immune cell subsets, indicated that the prpS6 and pMAPKAPK2 responses in classical monocytes are accentuated in women with a history of preterm birth (FDR<1%). The results suggest that women predisposed to preterm birth may be prone to mount an exacerbated TLR4 response during the course of pregnancy. This important hypothesis-generating finding points to the power of single-cell mass cytometry to detect biologically important differences in a relatively small patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Gaudillière
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Edward A. Ganio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Martha Tingle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Hope L. Lancero
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Gabriela K. Fragiadakis
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Quentin J. Baca
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Ronald J. Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Cele Quaintance
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Yasser Y. El-Sayed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - David B. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - David K. Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Garry P. Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Martin S. Angst
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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Alenghat FJ, Baca QJ, Rubin NT, Pao LI, Matozaki T, Lowell CA, Golan DE, Neel BG, Swanson KD. Macrophages require Skap2 and Sirpα for integrin-stimulated cytoskeletal rearrangement. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5535-45. [PMID: 22976304 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages migrate to sites of insult during normal inflammatory responses. Integrins guide such migration, but the transmission of signals from integrins into the requisite cytoskeletal changes is poorly understood. We have discovered that the hematopoietic adaptor protein Skap2 is necessary for macrophage migration, chemotaxis, global actin reorganization and local actin reorganization upon integrin engagement. Binding of phosphatidylinositol [3,4,5]-triphosphate to the Skap2 pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain, which relieves its conformational auto-inhibition, is critical for this integrin-driven cytoskeletal response. Skap2 enables integrin-induced tyrosyl phosphorylation of Src-family kinases (SFKs), Adap, and Sirpα, establishing their roles as signaling partners in this process. Furthermore, macrophages lacking functional Sirpα unexpectedly have impaired local integrin-induced responses identical to those of Skap2(-/-) macrophages, and Skap2 requires Sirpα for its recruitment to engaged integrins and for coordinating downstream actin rearrangement. By revealing the positive-regulatory role of Sirpα in a Skap2-mediated mechanism connecting integrin engagement with cytoskeletal rearrangement, these data demonstrate that Sirpα is not exclusively immunoinhibitory, and illuminate previously unexplained observations implicating Skap2 and Sirpα in mouse models of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Alenghat
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Cairo CW, Das R, Albohy A, Baca QJ, Pradhan D, Morrow JS, Coombs D, Golan DE. Dynamic regulation of CD45 lateral mobility by the spectrin-ankyrin cytoskeleton of T cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11392-401. [PMID: 20164196 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.075648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte common antigen, CD45, is a critical immune regulator whose activity is modulated by cytoskeletal interactions. Components of the spectrin-ankyrin cytoskeleton have been implicated in the trafficking and signaling of CD45. We have examined the lateral mobility of CD45 in resting and activated T lymphocytes using single-particle tracking and found that the receptor has decreased mobility caused by increased cytoskeletal contacts in activated cells. Experiments with cells that have disrupted betaI spectrin interactions show decreased cytoskeletal contacts in resting cells and attenuation of receptor immobilization in activated cells. Applying two types of population analyses to single-particle tracking trajectories, we find good agreement between the diffusion coefficients obtained using either a mean squared displacement analysis or a hidden Markov model analysis. Hidden Markov model analysis also reveals the rate of association and dissociation of CD45-cytoskeleton contacts, demonstrating the importance of this analysis for measuring cytoskeleton binding events in live cells. Our findings are consistent with a model in which multiple cytoskeletal contacts, including those with spectrin and ankyrin, participate in the regulation of CD45 lateral mobility. These interactions are a major factor in CD45 immobilization in activated cells. Furthermore, cellular activation leads to CD45 immobilization by reduction of the CD45-cytoskeleton dissociation rate. Short peptides that mimic spectrin repeat domains alter the association rate of CD45 to the cytoskeleton and cause an apparent decrease in dissociation rates. We propose a model for CD45-cytoskeleton interactions and conclude that the spectrin-ankyrin-actin network is an essential determinant of immunoreceptor mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Cairo
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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Abstract
Once a rarely used subset of medical treatments, protein therapeutics have increased dramatically in number and frequency of use since the introduction of the first recombinant protein therapeutic--human insulin--25 years ago. Protein therapeutics already have a significant role in almost every field of medicine, but this role is still only in its infancy. This article overviews some of the key characteristics of protein therapeutics, summarizes the more than 130 protein therapeutics used currently and suggests a new classification of these proteins according to their pharmacological action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Leader
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brown Medical School, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02093, USA
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Abstract
Trypsin is covalently linked to a photopolymerized sol-gel monolith modified by incorporating poly(ethylene glycol) (PSG-PEG) for on-column digestion of N(alpha)-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) and two peptides, neurotensin and insulin chain B. The coupling of the enzyme to the monolith is via room-temperature Schiff chemistry in which an alkoxysilane reagent (linker) with an aldehyde functional group links to an inactive amine on trypsin to form an imine bond. The proteolytic activity of the immobilized trypsin was measured by monitoring the formation of N alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine (BA), the digestion product of BAEE. The BA is separated from BAEE by capillary electrophoresis and detected downstream (18.5 cm from the microreactor) by absorption (254 nm). Using the Bradford assay, we determined that 97 ng of trypsin is bound to the 1-cm microreactor located at the entrance of capillary column. The bioactivity of the trypsin-PSG-PEG microreactor at 20 degrees C for the digestion of BAEE was found to be 2270 units/mg of immobilized trypsin. The bioactivity of trypsin bound to the capillary wall in the open segment upstream from the monolith was 332 units/mg of immobilized trypsin under the same conditions. In contrast, the activity of free trypsin could not be observed for the digestion of BAEE at 20 degrees C after 16 h of incubation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Dulay
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
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