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Resende GAP, Amaral MSS, Botelho BG, Marriott PJ. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as a Tool for the Untargeted Study of Hop and Their Metabolites. Metabolites 2024; 14:237. [PMID: 38668365 PMCID: PMC11051809 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Since hop secondary metabolites have a direct correlation with the quality of beer and other hop-based beverages, and the volatile fraction of hop has a complex composition, requiring effective separation, here we explore the application of headspace solid-phase microextraction as a sample preparation method, coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) analysis. The methodology involved the use of a DVB/PDMS fibre with 500 mg of hop cone powder, extracted for 40 min at 50 °C, for both GC-MS and GC×GC-MS. The varieties Azacca, Cascade, Enigma, Loral, and Zappa were studied comprehensively. The results demonstrate that GC×GC-MS increases the number of peaks by over 300% compared to classical GC-MS. Overall, 137 compounds were identified or tentatively identified and categorised into 10 classes, representing between 87.6% and 96.9% of the total peak area. The composition revealed the highest concentration of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons for Enigma, whilst Zappa showed a relatively significant concentration of monoterpene hydrocarbons. Principal component analysis for all compounds and classes, along with hierarchical cluster analysis, indicated similarities between Zappa and Cascade, and Azacca and Loral. In conclusion, this method presents an optimistic advancement in hop metabolite studies with a simple and established sample preparation procedure in combination with an effective separation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucimar A. P. Resende
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (G.A.P.R.); (M.S.S.A.)
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Michelle S. S. Amaral
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (G.A.P.R.); (M.S.S.A.)
| | - Bruno G. Botelho
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (G.A.P.R.); (M.S.S.A.)
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2
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Byrnes NA, Wu Y, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Exploring thermal isomerisation in gas chromatography analyses using natural pyrethrins: Comparison of comprehensive two-dimensional and one-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464369. [PMID: 37714012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to assess and qualitatively compare the visual presentation of chromatographic data from the isomerisation of natural pyrethrins - a group of pesticides derived from Chrysanthemum flowers - using one-dimensional gas chromatography (1DGC) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). Molecular structural changes, such as thermal isomerisation in this case, occur during gas chromatography injection and separation, to provide characteristic patterns which may not be routinely recognised on the 1D chromatogram. To demonstrate the influence of analytical method parameters on isomerisation processes, variations in oven temperature (isothermal vs. temperature programmed analysis), inlet mode (split vs. splitless), inlet temperature, and carrier gas flow rate were investigated. Increasing oven temperature was the most significant factor affecting isomerisation. Splitless injection mode and increasing inlet temperature promoted isopyrethrin formation, while the effect of inlet temperature appeared minimal with a split injection technique, most likely due to the short residence time in the inlet. Increased carrier gas flow rates in a temperature programmed analysis reduced retention time and minimised isomerisation. The unique presentation of isopyrethrin peaks on a GC×GC contour plot allows for facile recognition of isomerisation especially at low concentrations, simplifies chromatogram interpretation, and aids in analyte identification. It also confirms that the isomerisation process is irreversible since the pyrethrin I and II compounds are absent throughout the bridge formation. These benefits support the use of GC×GC over 1DGC to study isomerisation. Additionally, due to limited data in the literature, Kováts retention indices and linear retention indices of the natural pyrethrins, including isopyrethrins, were experimentally determined on four columns: DB-5 ms UI, Rxi-17Sil MS, SLB-IL60i, and SLB-IL111i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Andrew Byrnes
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yuesong Wu
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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3
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Ribeiro SG, Martins C, Tavares T, Rudnitskaya A, Alves F, Rocha SM. Volatile Composition of Fortification Grape Spirit and Port Wine: Where Do We Stand? Foods 2023; 12:2432. [PMID: 37372643 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Port wine's prominence worldwide is unequivocal and the grape spirit, which comprises roughly one fifth of the total volume of this fortified wine, is also a contributor to the recognized quality of this beverage. Nonetheless, information about the influence of the grape spirit on the final aroma of Port wine, as well as its volatile composition, is extremely limited. Moreover, the aroma characteristics of Port wines are modulated mainly by their volatile profiles. Hence, this review presents a detailed overview of the volatile composition of the fortification spirit and Port wine, along with the methodologies employed for their characterization. Moreover, it gives a general overview of the Douro Demarcated Region (Portugal) and the relevance of fortification spirit to the production of Port wine. As far as we know, this review contains the most extensive database on the volatile composition of grape spirit and Port wine, corresponding to 23 and 208 compounds, respectively. To conclude, the global outlook and future challenges are addressed, with the position of the analytical coverage of the chemical data on volatile components discussed as crucial for the innovation centered on consumer preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Gomes Ribeiro
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Martins
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago Tavares
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alisa Rudnitskaya
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando Alves
- Symington Family Estates, Vinhos S.A. Travessa Barão de Forrester, 86, 4400-034 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Sílvia M Rocha
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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4
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Rasheed DM, Serag A, Abdel Shakour ZT, Farag M. Novel trends and applications of multidimensional chromatography in the analysis of food, cosmetics and medicine bearing essential oils. Talanta 2021; 223:121710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Tkachev AV. Problems of the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Plant Volatiles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018070142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Martins C, Brandão T, Almeida A, Rocha SM. Unveiling the lager beer volatile terpenic compounds. Food Res Int 2018; 114:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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7
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Marriott PJ. Addressing the Challenges to Identification in Gas Chromatography by Increased Resolution and Enhanced Detection Modalities. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1849-1856. [PMID: 29975453 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In the past 15+ years, gas chromatography (GC) has undergone a renaissance in its implementation on the basis of the "disruptive" technology of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). With a foundation based upon a two-column GC separation approach, GC×GC significantly alters the classical multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) method by employing very fast separation on a second dimension (2 D) after a conventional one-dimensional (i.e., single column; 1D) column separation. This allows the experimentalist to apply the advantages of multidimensionality to the total sample rather than to just discrete zones of the 1D separation that characterizes MDGC. This requires a new "language" to describe GC×GC separations, applied to the first dimension (1 D) and 2 D, and consideration of the modulation processes that define the transfer of analyte from the 1 D to the 2 D. The present review is based on the FACS Foundation lectureship of the author given at the 17th Asian Chemical Congress of the Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS). The award lecture and this manuscript is based on material deriving largely from research in the area of MDGC and GC×GC separations of the author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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8
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Jiang M, Kulsing C, Marriott PJ. Comprehensive 2D gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry with 2D retention indices for analysis of volatile compounds in frankincense (Boswellia papyrifera). Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3185-3196. [PMID: 29582122 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Frankincense gum resin secreted from Boswellia papyrifera was analysed by comprehensive 2D gas chromatography hyphenated with accurate mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-accTOFMS). Direct multiple injection experiments with stepwise isothermal temperature programming were then performed to construct isovolatility curves for reference alkane series in GC×GC. This provides access to calculation of second dimensional retention indices (2I). More than 500 peaks were detected and 220 compounds mainly comprising monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and oxygenated forms of these compounds were identified according to their 1I, 2I and accurate mass data. The study demonstrates the capability of GC×GC-accTOFMS with retention data on two separate column phases, as an approach for improved component identification. A greater number of identified and/or tentatively identified terpenoids in this traditional Chinese medicine allow for a more comprehensive coverage of the volatile composition of frankincense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Chadin Kulsing
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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9
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Lorentz C, Laurenti D, Zotin JL, Geantet C. Comprehensive GC × GC chromatography for the characterization of sulfur compound in fuels: A review. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Wang FCY. Comprehensive three-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry separation of diesel. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1489:126-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Piramoon S, Aberoomand Azar P, Saber Tehrani M, Mohammadiazar S, Tavassoli A. Solid-phase nanoextraction of polychlorinated biphenyls in water and their determination by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:449-457. [PMID: 27958677 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase nanoextraction method has been developed for the extraction and preconcentration of polychlorinated biphenyls using carboxyl multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a solid nano-sorbent. Parameters affecting extraction efficiency such as sorbent amount, desorption solvent type and volume, extraction time, pH, and salt content have been studied. Under optimized conditions, the correlation coefficient was up to 0.9989, the limits of detection was in the range of 1.4-3.5 ng/L, and limits of quantification was between 4.8 and 11.6 ng/L. The recoveries were in the range of 99-106% for different spiked analytes. The relative standard deviation for water samples spiked with two different spiking levels has been between 4 and 10%. The proposed sustainable method is rapid, easy to use, and small consumption of organic solvent for the detection and determination of trace levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Piramoon
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Aberoomand Azar
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saber Tehrani
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirwan Mohammadiazar
- Department of Chemistry, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
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12
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Wong YF, Uekane TM, Rezende CM, Bizzo HR, Marriott PJ. Qualitative analysis of Copaifera oleoresin using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and gas chromatography with classical and cold electron ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1477:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Achieving a Near-Theoretical Maximum in Peak Capacity Gain for the Forensic Analysis of Ignitable Liquids Using GC×GC-TOFMS. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Risticevic S, Souza-Silva EA, DeEll JR, Cochran J, Pawliszyn J. Capturing Plant Metabolome with Direct-Immersion in Vivo Solid Phase Microextraction of Plant Tissues. Anal Chem 2015; 88:1266-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Risticevic
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L
3G1, Canada
| | - Erica A. Souza-Silva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L
3G1, Canada
| | - Jennifer R. DeEll
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural
Affairs, 1283 Blueline
Rd. at Hwy #3, Box 587, Simcoe, ON N3Y 4N5, Canada
| | - Jack Cochran
- Restek, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
- The Pennsylvania State University, Forensic
Science, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L
3G1, Canada
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15
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Coelho FJRC, Cleary DFR, Rocha RJM, Calado R, Castanheira JM, Rocha SM, Silva AMS, Simões MMQ, Oliveira V, Lillebø AI, Almeida A, Cunha Â, Lopes I, Ribeiro R, Moreira-Santos M, Marques CR, Costa R, Pereira R, Gomes NCM. Unraveling the interactive effects of climate change and oil contamination on laboratory-simulated estuarine benthic communities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:1871-1886. [PMID: 25382269 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern that modifications to the global environment such as ocean acidification and increased ultraviolet radiation may interact with anthropogenic pollutants to adversely affect the future marine environment. Despite this, little is known about the nature of the potential risks posed by such interactions. Here, we performed a multifactorial microcosm experiment to assess the impact of ocean acidification, ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation and oil hydrocarbon contamination on sediment chemistry, the microbial community (composition and function) and biochemical marker response of selected indicator species. We found that increased ocean acidification and oil contamination in the absence of UV-B will significantly alter bacterial composition by, among other things, greatly reducing the relative abundance of Desulfobacterales, known to be important oil hydrocarbon degraders. Along with changes in bacterial composition, we identified concomitant shifts in the composition of oil hydrocarbons in the sediment and an increase in oxidative stress effects on our indicator species. Interestingly, our study identifies UV-B as a critical component in the interaction between these factors, as its presence alleviates harmful effects caused by the combination of reduced pH and oil pollution. The model system used here shows that the interactive effect of reduced pH and oil contamination can adversely affect the structure and functioning of sediment benthic communities, with the potential to exacerbate the toxicity of oil hydrocarbons in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J R C Coelho
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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16
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Application of Multiway Calibration in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63527-3.00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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A critical review on extraction techniques and gas chromatography based determination of grapevine derived sesquiterpenes. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 846:8-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Coupling of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with quadrupole mass spectrometry: Application to the identification of atmospheric volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:229-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Mitrevski B, Amer MW, Chaffee AL, Marriott PJ. Evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame photometric detection: Potential application for sulfur speciation in shale oil. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 803:174-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Nosheen A, Mitrevski B, Bano A, Marriott PJ. Fast comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography method for fatty acid methyl ester separation and quantification using dual ionic liquid columns. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1312:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Murray JA. Qualitative and quantitative approaches in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Risticevic S, DeEll JR, Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry for high-resolution metabolite profiling in apples: Implementation of structured separations for optimization of sample preparation procedure in complex samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1251:208-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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24
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Arsene C, Vione D, Grinberg N, Olariu RI. GC × GC-MS HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN AIR. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.587749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Arsene
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iasi , Iasi, Romania
| | - Davide Vione
- b Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica , Università di Torino , Torino, Italy
- c Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, Università di Torino , Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Nelu Grinberg
- d Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Romeo Iulian Olariu
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iasi , Iasi, Romania
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25
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Pedroso MP, Ferreira EC, Hantao LW, Bogusz S, Augusto F. Identification of volatiles from pineapple (Ananas comosus L.)
pulp by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1547-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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de Godoy LAF, Hantao LW, Pedroso MP, Poppi RJ, Augusto F. Quantitative analysis of essential oils in perfume using multivariate curve resolution combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 699:120-5. [PMID: 21704766 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of multivariate curve resolution (MCR) to build multivariate quantitative models using data obtained from comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC×GC-FID) is presented and evaluated. The MCR algorithm presents some important features, such as second order advantage and the recovery of the instrumental response for each pure component after optimization by an alternating least squares (ALS) procedure. A model to quantify the essential oil of rosemary was built using a calibration set containing only known concentrations of the essential oil and cereal alcohol as solvent. A calibration curve correlating the concentration of the essential oil of rosemary and the instrumental response obtained from the MCR-ALS algorithm was obtained, and this calibration model was applied to predict the concentration of the oil in complex samples (mixtures of the essential oil, pineapple essence and commercial perfume). The values of the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and of the root mean square error of the percentage deviation (RMSPD) obtained were 0.4% (v/v) and 7.2%, respectively. Additionally, a second model was built and used to evaluate the accuracy of the method. A model to quantify the essential oil of lemon grass was built and its concentration was predicted in the validation set and real perfume samples. The RMSEP and RMSPD obtained were 0.5% (v/v) and 6.9%, respectively, and the concentration of the essential oil of lemon grass in perfume agreed to the value informed by the manufacturer. The result indicates that the MCR algorithm is adequate to resolve the target chromatogram from the complex sample and to build multivariate models of GC×GC-FID data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Antonio Fonseca de Godoy
- Institute of Chemistry and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica (INCTBio), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gao X, Yang X, Mitrevski BS, Marriott PJ. Headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with GC×GC-TOFMS for the analysis of volatile compounds of Coptis species rhizomes. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1157-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Chifuntwe C, Zhu F, Huegel H, Marriott PJ. Dynamic interconversion of chiral oxime compounds in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1114-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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de Souza PP, Cardeal ZDL, Augusti R, Morrison P, Marriott PJ. Determination of volatile compounds in Brazilian distilled cachaça by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and effects of production pathways. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2881-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Rocha SM, Coelho E, Zrostlíková J, Delgadillo I, Coimbra MA. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry of monoterpenoids as a powerful tool for grape origin traceability. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1161:292-9. [PMID: 17585921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of the monoterpenoid profile of Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Fernão-Pires' white grape was achieved by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-ToF-MS). The plot of the first dimension versus the second dimension retention times using the m/z 93, 121, and 136 was used. The grapes were found to contain 56 monoterpenoids identified by GCxGC-ToF-MS. From these, 20 were reported for the first time in grapes. According to their chemical structure, the compounds were organized in different groups: monoterpene hydrocarbons and monoterpene oxygen-containing compounds, this later divided in oxides, alcohols (monoterpenols and monoterpendiols), aldehydes, esters, and ketones. A database composed by the retention indices of monoterpenoids calculated in the bi-dimensional column set was created, representing a developmental step in monoterpenoid analysis using a GCxGC system. Remarkable results were also obtained in terms of compound classification based on the organized structure of the peaks of structurally related compounds in the GCxGC contour plot. This information represents a valuable approach for future studies, as the ordered-structure principle can considerably help the establishment of the composition of samples. This study proposes a methodology and provides data that can be applied to determine the monoterpenoid profile of grapes, and its extension to the analysis of musts, and wines. As monoterpenoids are secondary metabolites whose synthesis is encoded by variety-related genes, the terpenoid profile may be used as a way to trace its varietal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia M Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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31
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Pierce KM, Hoggard JC, Mohler RE, Synovec RE. Recent advancements in comprehensive two-dimensional separations with chemometrics. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:341-52. [PMID: 17697686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) separations provide the analyst with a tremendous amount of complex data. In order to glean useful information from this complex data, advancements in commercially available software that implement chemometrics are currently available and continue to evolve. Future advancements will no doubt involve commercializing (or adapting) specialized, in-house chemometric techniques that are currently found only in the hands of technical experts and researchers in industry, government, and academia. In order to make timely advancements, future commercialization of novel chemometric techniques should involve collaborations among instrument software manufacturers, professional programmers, technical experts, and researchers. During the last decade, this field has seen a steady advancement from single analyte target analysis to comprehensive non-target analysis of entire multidimensional sample profiles (involving sample classification and/or data mining for discovery-based sample comparisons). The advancements in instrumentation and chemometric software tools have a tremendous impact in various applications: fuels, food, environmental, pharmaceuticals, metabolomics, etc. Most of the development has been for software to apply with gas chromatography-based instrumentation, such as comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC x GC-TOF-MS). More recently there have been notable advancements in liquid-phase instrumentation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karisa M Pierce
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1700 USA
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Eiceman GA, Gardea-Torresdey J, Dorman F, Overton E, Bhushan A, Dharmasena HP. Gas chromatography. Anal Chem 2007; 78:3985-96. [PMID: 16771536 DOI: 10.1021/ac060638e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Eiceman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003-0001, USA
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Marsman JH, Wildschut J, Mahfud F, Heeres HJ. Identification of components in fast pyrolysis oil and upgraded products by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and flame ionisation detection. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1150:21-7. [PMID: 17141251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyrolysis oil and upgraded products are promising energy carriers. Characterisation of the oils is hampered due to the presence of a large number of components (>400) belonging to a broad variety of chemical compound classes (i.e., acids, aldehydes, ketones). In this study, a comparison of the capabilities of 2D-GC-FID and GC-MS to determine the molecular composition of these oils is made. As such, it represents a chromatographic study for a real application in green catalytic technology. Split-injection of the oil samples, diluted in tetrahydrofuran (THF), was applied without any sample pre-treatment. GC-MS application resulted in coelution, while 2D-GC showed significantly higher chromatographic resolution. Model compound mixtures were used for compound identification in the 2D-GC analysis while GC-MS was used to confirm the molecular structures. The combination of both 2D-GC-FID and GC-MS proved to be a useful method, without the requirement of a 2D-GC/TOF instrument. The technique was applied successfully to identify and quantify the main components in pyrolysis oil and upgraded pyrolysis oil made by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) technology. Compared to GC-MS, 2D-GC-FID provides a fast overview of the various chemical compound classes present in the oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Marsman
- Rijks Universiteit Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Komura H. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic analysis of commercial lemon-flavored beverages. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2350-6. [PMID: 17120819 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fresh lemon juice and lemon-flavored beverages were analyzed by using comprehensive 2-D GC (GC x GC) with flame-ionization detection, with a nonpolar-polar column combination. A low-alcohol, ready-to-drink (RTD) beverage was also analyzed as fresh, and after deterioration for 12 days at 50 degrees C. Identification of some of the components in the 2-D plots was performed by comparison of peak positions of authentic standards and comparison with 1-D GC. However, without the aid of GC x GC-mass spectral data, only 24 components were identified; a large number of components remained unassigned. In some soft drinks obtained in the market, components indicative of deterioration, such as p-methylacetophenone and p-cymen-8-ol were already present in the products. In contrast, even upon heat challenge, a low-alcohol RTD beverage did not generate deterioration products of citral, such as p-methylacetophenone and the intermediates, p-menth-2-ene-1,8-diols. This was apparently related to the fact that the original formulation contained only a minute amount of the citral ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Komura
- Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research (SUNBOR), Shimamoto, Mishimagun, Osaka, Japan.
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35
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Adahchour M, Beens J, Vreuls R, Brinkman U. Recent developments in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). Trends Analyt Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Arey JS, Nelson RK, Xu L, Reddy CM. Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Retention Indices To Estimate Environmental Partitioning Properties for a Complete Set of Diesel Fuel Hydrocarbons. Anal Chem 2005; 77:7172-82. [PMID: 16285663 DOI: 10.1021/ac051051n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) provides nearly complete composition data for some complex mixtures such as petroleum hydrocarbons. However, the potential wealth of physical property information contained in the corresponding two-dimensional chromatograms is largely untapped. We developed a simple but robust method to estimate GCxGC retention indices for diesel-range hydrocarbons. By exploiting n-alkanes as reference solutes in both dimensions, calculated retention indices were insensitive to uncertainty in the enthalpy of gas-stationary-phase transfer for a suite of representative diesel components. We used the resulting two-dimensional retention indices to estimate the liquid vapor pressures, aqueous solubilities, air-water partition coefficients, octanol-water partition coefficients, and vaporization enthalpies of a nearly complete set of diesel fuel hydrocarbons. Partitioning properties were typically estimated within a factor of 2; this is not as accurate as some previous estimation or measurement methods. However, these relationships may allow powerful and incisive analysis of phase-transfer processes affecting petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures in the environment. For example, GCxGC retention data might be used to quantitatively deconvolve the effects of water washing and evaporation on environmentally released diesel fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Samuel Arey
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts 02543, USA.
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