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UPLC Technique in Pharmacy—An Important Tool of the Modern Analyst. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, ultra-efficient liquid chromatography (UPLC) has gained particular popularity due to the possibility of faster separation of small molecules. This technique, used to separate the ingredients present in multi-component mixtures, has found application in many fields, such as chemistry, pharmacy, food, and biochemistry. It is an important tool in both research and production. UPLC created new possibilities for analytical separation without reducing the quality of the obtained results. This technique is therefore a milestone in liquid chromatography. Thanks to the increased resolution, new analytical procedures, in many cases, based on existing methods, are being developed, eliminating the need for re-analysis. Researchers are trying to modify and transfer the analytical conditions from the commonly used HPLC method to UPLC. This topic may be of strategic importance in the analysis of medicinal substances. The information contained in this manuscript indicates the importance of the UPLC technique in drug analysis. The information gathered highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate drug control tools. We focused on drugs commonly used in medicine that belong to various pharmacological groups. Rational prescribing based on clinical pharmacology is essential if the right drug is to be administered to the right patient at the right time. The presented data is to assist the analyst in the field of broadly understood quality control, which is very important, especially for human health and treatment. This manuscript shows that the UPLC technique is now an increasingly used tool for assessing the quality of drugs and determining the identity and content of active substances. It also allows the monitoring of active substances and finished products during their processing and storage.
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Vaishnavi A. Sarangdhar, Ramanlal N. Kachave. Overview of UHPLC-MS: an Effective and Sensitive Hyphenated Technique. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822110119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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3
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Veloz Martínez I, Ek JI, Ahn EC, Sustaita AO. Molecularly imprinted polymers via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer synthesis in sensing and environmental applications. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9186-9201. [PMID: 35424874 PMCID: PMC8985154 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) have shown their potential as artificial and selective receptors for environmental monitoring. These materials can be tailor-made to achieve a specific binding event with a template through a chosen mechanism. They are capable of emulating the recognition capacity of biological receptors with superior stability and versatility of integration in sensing platforms. Commonly, these polymers are produced by traditional free radical bulk polymerization (FRP) which may not be the most suitable for enhancing the intended properties due to the poor imprinting performance. To improve the imprinting technique and the polymer capabilities, controlled/living radical polymerization (CRP) has been used to overcome the main drawbacks of FRP. Combining CRP techniques such as RAFT (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) with MIP has achieved higher selectivity, sensitivity, and sorption capacity of these polymers when implemented as the transductor element in sensors. The present work focuses on RAFT-MIP design and synthesis strategies to enhance the binding affinities and their implementation in environmental contaminant sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irvin Veloz Martínez
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Monterrey N.L. 64849 Mexico
| | - Jackeline Iturbe Ek
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Monterrey N.L. 64849 Mexico
| | - Ethan C Ahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Alan O Sustaita
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Monterrey N.L. 64849 Mexico
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4
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Preparation of mixed-mode stationary phase for separation of peptides and proteins in high performance liquid chromatography. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4061. [PMID: 35260726 PMCID: PMC8904576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous silica particles were prepared by sol–gel method with some modification to get wide-pore particles. These particles were derivatized with N-phenylmaleimide-methylvinylisocyanate (PMI) and styrene by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to prepare N-phenylmaleimide embedded polystyrene (PMP) stationary phases. Narrow bore stainless steel column (100 × 1.8 mm i.d) was packed by slurry packing method. The chromatographic performance of PMP column was evaluated for the separation of synthetic peptides mixture composed of five peptides (Gly-Tyr, Gly-Leu-Tyr, Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg, Tyr-Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg, Leucine enkephalin) and tryptic digest of human serum albumin (HAS) respectively. Number of theoretical plates as high as 280,000 plates/m were obtained for peptides mixture at optimum elution condition. Separation performance of the developed column was compared with commercial Ascentis Express RP-Amide column and it was observed that separation performance of PMP column was better than commercial column in terms of separation efficiency and resolution.
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Kinsey C, Lu T, Deiss A, Vuolo K, Klein L, Rustandi RR, Loughney JW. Determination of lipid content and stability in lipid nanoparticles using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with a Corona Charged Aerosol Detector. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:1091-1100. [PMID: 34784061 PMCID: PMC8652870 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For many years, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been used as delivery vehicles for various payloads (especially various oligonucleotides and mRNA), finding numerous applications in drug and vaccine development. LNP stability and bilayer fluidity are determined by the identities and the amounts of the various lipids employed in the formulation and LNP efficacy is determined in large part by the lipid composition which usually contains a cationic lipid, a PEG‐lipid conjugate, cholesterol, and a zwitterionic helper phospholipid. Analytical methods developed for LNP characterization must be able to determine not only the identity and content of each individual lipid component (i.e., the parent lipids), but also the associated impurities and degradants. In this work, we describe an efficient and sensitive reversed‐phase chromatographic method with charged aerosol detection (CAD) suitable for this purpose. Sample preparation diluent and mobile phase pH conditions are critical and have been optimized for the lipids of interest. This method was validated for its linearity, accuracy, precision, and specificity for lipid analysis to support process and formulation development for new drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Kinsey
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Tian Lu
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Alyssa Deiss
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Kim Vuolo
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Lee Klein
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Richard R Rustandi
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - John W Loughney
- Vaccine Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
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NISHI H. Development of Fast and Selective Analytical Methods of Pharmaceuticals and Herbal Medicines by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2021. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2020.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This paper examines the scope of anorectics in counterfeit weight-reducing formulations and provides insight into the present state of research in determining such adulterants. Analytical techniques utilised in profiling adulterants found in slimming products, including limitations and mitigation steps of these conventional methods are also discussed. The current legal status of the anorectics and analogues routinely encountered in non-prescription slimming formulations is also explored.
Methods
All reviewed literature was extracted from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using relevant search terms, such as, ‘counterfeit drugs’, ‘weight loss drugs’, ‘weight-reducing drugs’, ‘slimming drugs’, ‘anorectic agents’, and ‘counterfeit anorexics’. Legislation related to anorectics was obtained from the portals of various government and international agencies.
Results
Anorectics frequently profiled in counterfeit slimming formulations are mostly amphetamine derivatives or its analogues. Five routinely reported pharmacological classes of adulterants, namely anxiolytics, diuretics, antidepressants, laxatives, and stimulants, are mainly utilised as coadjuvants in fake weigh-reducing formulations to increase bioavailability or to minimise anticipated side effects. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detectors are predominantly used techniques for anorectic analysis due to the possibility of obtaining detailed information of adulterants. However, interference from the complex sample matrices of these fake products limits the accuracy of these methods and requires robust sample preparation methods for enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. The most common anorectics found in counterfeit slimming medicines are either completely banned or available by prescription only, in many countries.
Conclusions
Slimming formulations doped with anorectic cocktails to boost their weight-reducing efficacy are not uncommon. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry remains the gold standard for counterfeit drug analysis, and requires improved preconcentration methods for rapid and quantitative identification of specific chemical constituents. Extensive method development and validation, targeted at refining existing techniques while developing new ones, is expected to improve the analytical profiling of counterfeit anorectics significantly.
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Tiernan H, Byrne B, Kazarian SG. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging for the analysis of biopharmaceuticals. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 241:118636. [PMID: 32610215 PMCID: PMC7308041 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy is a label-free, non-destructive technique that can be applied to a vast range of biological applications, from imaging cancer tissues and live cells, to determining protein content and protein secondary structure composition. This review summarises the recent advances in applications of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to biopharmaceuticals, the application of this technique to biosimilars, and the current uses of FTIR spectroscopy in biopharmaceutical production. We discuss the use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging to investigate biopharmaceuticals, and finally, give an outlook on the possible future developments and applications of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging to this field. Throughout the review comparisons will be made between FTIR spectroscopy and alternative analytical techniques, and areas will be identified where FTIR spectroscopy could perhaps offer a better alternative in future studies. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the field of using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging to characterise and evaluate biopharmaceuticals, both in industrial and academic research based environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Tiernan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
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Kurbanoglu S, Karsavurdan O, Ozkan SA. Recent Advances on Drug Analyses Using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatographic Techniques and their Application to the Biological Samples. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180423152612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (UPLC) method enables analyst
to establish an analysis at higher pressure than High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC)
method towards liquid chromatographic methods. UPLC method provides the opportunity to study a
higher pressure compared to HPLC, and therefore smaller column in terms of particle size and internal
diameter are generally used in drug analysis. The UPLC method has attracted gradually due to its advantages
such as short analysis time, the small amount of waste reagents and the significant savings in
the cost of their destruction process. In this review, the recent selected studies related to the UPLC
method and its method validation are summarized. The drug analyses and the results of the studies
which were investigated by UPLC method, with certain parameters from literature are presented.
Background:
Quantitative determination of drug active substances by High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC) from Liquid Chromatography (LC) methods has been carried out since the
1970's with the use of standard analytical LC methods. In today's conditions, rapid and very fast even
ultra-fast, flow rates are achieved compared to conventional HPLC due to shortening analysis times,
increasing method efficiency and resolution, reducing sample volume (and hence injection volume),
reducing waste mobile phase. Using smaller particles, the speed and peak capacity are expanding to
new limit and this technology is named as Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography. In recent years,
as a general trend in liquid chromatography, ultra-performance liquid chromatography has taken the
place of HPLC methods. The time of analysis was for several minutes, now with a total analysis time
of around 1-2 minutes. The benefits of transferring HPLC to UPLC are much better understood when
considering the thousands of analyzes performed for each active substance, in order to reduce the cost
of analytical laboratories where relevant analysis of drug active substances are performed without
lowering the cost of research and development activities.
Methods:
The German Chemist Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, proposed the use of reactive impregnated
filter paper for the identification of dyestuffs in 1855 and at that time the first chromatographic method
in which a liquid mobile phase was used, was reviewed. Christian Friedrich Chönbein, who reported
that the substances were dragged at different speeds in the filter paper due to capillary effect, was
followed by the Russian botanist Mikhail S. Tswet, who planted studies on color pigment in 1906.
Tswet observes the color separations of many plant pigments, such as chlorophyll and xanthophyll
when he passes the plant pigment extract isolated from plant through the powder CaCO3 that he filled
in the glass column. This method based on color separation gives the name of "chromatographie"
chromatography by using the words "chroma" meaning "Latin" and "graphein" meaning writing.
Results and Conclusion:
Because the UPLC method can be run smoothly at higher pressures than the
HPLC method, it offers the possibility of analyzing using much smaller column sizes and column diameters.
Moreover, UPLC method has advantages, such as short analysis time, the small amount of
waste reagents and the significant savings in the cost of their destruction process. The use of the
UPLC method especially analyses in biological samples such as human plasma, brain sample, rat
plasma, etc. increasingly time-consuming due to the fact that the analysis time is very short compared
to the HPLC, because of the small amount of waste analytes and the considerable savings in their cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevinc Kurbanoglu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozer Karsavurdan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A. Ozkan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Yerigui, Wu XH, Wang XJ, Ma CM. Quantification of Bile Acids in Traditional Animal Medicines and Their Preparations Using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in the Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mode. ANAL SCI 2018; 32:499-503. [PMID: 27169647 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry has been established and validated for the simultaneous quantification of 15 bile acids in four traditional animal medicines and their preparations. The separations of bile acids were performed on an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm; 1.8 μm) with methanol-0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase. Glycyrrhetinic acid was added as internal standard owing to its similar physiochemical properties with the bile acids. Using this condition, detected in the multiple reaction monitoring mode, the 15 bile acids, including three groups of isomers, were well quantified individually. Method validation showed that the linear regression relationship (r(2), 0.9993 - 0.9999), precisions (intra-day RSD, 0.96 - 4.31%; inter-day, 1.73 - 4.43%), and recovery (95.3 - 120.9%) were all satisfactory. The analysis results showed that bear bile and bezoar (Niu Huang) as well as their formulations contained large amounts of most of the 15 bile acids. In addition, this research revealed for the first time the presences of bile acids in animal waste medication used in traditional medicine from two clinics, Hei-Bing-Pian (discharges of wild boar) and Trogopterus Dung. The established method could be used for the quantification of other bile- or animal waste-based crude drugs and their formulated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerigui
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University
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Development of a 45kpsi ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography instrument for gradient separations of peptides using long microcapillary columns and sub-2μm particles. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1469:60-67. [PMID: 27702615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Commercial chromatographic instrumentation for bottom-up proteomics is often inadequate to resolve the number of peptides in many samples. This has inspired a number of complex approaches to increase peak capacity, including various multidimensional approaches, and reliance on advancements in mass spectrometry. One-dimensional reversed phase separations are limited by the pressure capabilities of commercial instruments and prevent the realization of greater separation power in terms of speed and resolution inherent to smaller sorbents and ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography. Many applications with complex samples could benefit from the increased separation performance of long capillary columns packed with sub-2μm sorbents. Here, we introduce a system that operates at a constant pressure and is capable of separations at pressures up to 45kpsi. The system consists of a commercially available capillary liquid chromatography instrument, for sample management and gradient creation, and is modified with a storage loop and isolated pneumatic amplifier pump for elevated separation pressure. The system's performance is assessed with a complex peptide mixture and a range of microcapillary columns packed with sub-2μm C18 particles.
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Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimisation of Simultaneous UHPLC-PDA Determination of Oleanolic and Ursolic Acids and Standardisation of Ericaceae Medicinal Plants. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/app6090244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Chawla G, Ranjan C. Principle, Instrumentation, and Applications of UPLC: A Novel Technique of Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2174/1874842201603010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The key focus of the pharmaceutical or chemical industries is to reduce the cost involved in the development of new drugs and to improve the selectivity, sensitivity, and resolution for their detection. The purpose can now be solved by the separation method called UPLC which is the modified HPLC method comprising high pressure and small sized particles (less than 2 µm) used in the column, so the length of the column decreases leading to time saving and reduction in the consumption of solvent. The underlying principle of UPLC is based on van Deemter statement which describes the connection between linear velocity with plate height. UPLC contributes to the improvement of the three areas: speed, resolution, and sensitivity. This is a new advanced category of the HPLC which has the same basic principle and methodology with improved chromatographic performance. This review is an effort to compile the principle, instrumentation, and applications of UPLC.
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Randazzo GM, Tonoli D, Hambye S, Guillarme D, Jeanneret F, Nurisso A, Goracci L, Boccard J, Rudaz S. Prediction of retention time in reversed-phase liquid chromatography as a tool for steroid identification. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 916:8-16. [PMID: 27016433 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The untargeted profiling of steroids constitutes a growing research field because of their importance as biomarkers of endocrine disruption. New technologies in analytical chemistry, such as ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), offer the possibility of a fast and sensitive analysis. Nevertheless, difficulties regarding steroid identification are encountered when considering isotopomeric steroids. Thus, the use of retention times is of great help for the unambiguous identification of steroids. In this context, starting from the linear solvent strength (LSS) theory, quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) models, based on a dataset composed of 91 endogenous steroids and VolSurf + descriptors combined with a new dedicated molecular fingerprint, were developed to predict retention times of steroid structures in any gradient mode conditions. Satisfactory performance was obtained during nested cross-validation with a predictive ability (Q(2)) of 0.92. The generalisation ability of the model was further confirmed by an average error of 4.4% in external prediction. This allowed the list of candidates associated with identical monoisotopic masses to be strongly reduced, facilitating definitive steroid identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marco Randazzo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Universities of Basel and Geneva, Basel, Switzerland; Human Protein Sciences Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Hambye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Jeanneret
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Universities of Basel and Geneva, Basel, Switzerland; Human Protein Sciences Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Nurisso
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura Goracci
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Universities of Basel and Geneva, Basel, Switzerland.
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Goscinny S, Joly L, De Pauw E, Hanot V, Eppe G. Travelling-wave ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry as an alternative strategy for screening of multi-class pesticides in fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1405:85-93. [PMID: 26100574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a novel approach to screening multi-class pesticides by ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection. Nitrogen was selected as mobility gas. After optimization of the different ion mobility parameters, determination of matrix effect on the drift times was conducted using different matrix extracts. The results showed that drift time values are not influenced by the matrix and also are independent of the concentration within the working range for 100 pesticides tested, making drift time a powerful additional identification tool. Based on statistics, 2% variation criteria provides a good fit for all the pesticides targeted, and could be considered as a maximum acceptable criteria associated with the drift time parameter for identification purpose. This 2% value is in agreement with already reported criteria, for instance, for GC or LC retention time in European documents. Finally, the well-known feature of mobility to separate complex mixtures was also tested to obtain purified extracted mass spectra of pesticides present in fruit extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Goscinny
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, 14, rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laure Joly
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Liège, 3 Allée de la chimie B6C, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Liège, 3 Allée de la chimie B6C, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Hanot
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, 14, rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry/Inorganic Analytical Chemistry, University of Liège, 3 Allée de la chimie B6C, Liège, Belgium.
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Multivariate Optimisation and Validation of a Method for the Separation of Five Artificial Sweeteners by UPLC-DAD in Nine Food Matrices. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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17
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Wang L, Pu RC, Wang XX, Luo CY, Zhang LC, Zhang XS. Multiresidue Determination of β2-Agonists Including Phenylethanolamine A in Animal-Derived Food by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:925-31. [PMID: 25480455 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) procedure for detection of nine β-agonists in animal-derived food is described. The method was based on enzymatic hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase from Helix pomatia, followed by a liquid-liquid extraction procedure with perchloric acid and a solid-phase extraction scheme using two kinds of cartridges, HLB and MCX. The influence of sample solution pH in the extraction recovery was studied, and pH 4.0 was found to give the best recovery. The analytes were eluted with methanol containing 4% ammonia. A validation procedure for quantitative analysis of β-agonists in animal-derived food was performed. The three kinds of internal standards, d3-salbutamol, d6-ractopamine and d9-clenpenterol, were applied in the sample preparation and detection of UHPLC/MS/MS. The recoveries from spiked samples ranged between 74.9 and 106.9%. The relative standard deviations of detection were at 0.7-9.6%. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01-0.05 and 0.03-0.20 µg/kg, respectively. The effect of sample matrix in the detection was discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China Chengdu Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rong-chun Pu
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xi-xi Wang
- Chengdu Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chun-ying Luo
- Chengdu Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li-chun Zhang
- Chengdu Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin-shen Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and the Exploitation and Protection of Mountain Rivers, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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18
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Zhao L, Li F. UHPLC-MS strategies and applications for bioanalyses related to pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Dong MW, Zhang K. Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) in method development. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bhatt NM, Chavada VD, Patel DP, Sharma P, Sanyal M, Shrivastav PS. Determination of cilostazol and its active metabolite 3,4-dehydro cilostazol from small plasma volume by UPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Anal 2014; 5:1-11. [PMID: 29403909 PMCID: PMC5761466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC−MS/MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of cilostazol and its pharmacologically active metabolite 3,4-dehydro cilostazol in human plasma using deuterated analogs as internal standards (ISs). Plasma samples were prepared using solid phase extraction and chromatographic separation was performed on UPLC BEH C18 (50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) column. The method was established over a concentration range of 0.5–1000 ng/mL for cilostazol and 0.5–500 ng/mL for 3,4-dehydro cilostazol. Intra- and inter-batch precision (% CV) and accuracy for the analytes were found within 0.93–1.88 and 98.8–101.7% for cilostazol and 0.91–2.79 and 98.0–102.7% for the metabolite respectively. The assay recovery was within 95–97% for both the analytes and internal standards. The method was successfully applied to support a bioequivalence study of 100 mg cilostazol in 30 healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejal M Bhatt
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijay D Chavada
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Daxesh P Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Primal Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Mallika Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, St. Xavier׳s College, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Pranav S Shrivastav
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
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21
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Cielecka-Piontek J, Zalewski P, Jelińska A, Garbacki P. UHPLC: The Greening Face of Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2013; 76:1429-1437. [PMID: 24273332 PMCID: PMC3825615 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical analysis based on chromatographic separation is an important part of studies aimed at developing routine quality analysis of drugs. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the main analytical techniques recommended for drug analysis. Although it meets many criteria vital for analysis, it is time-consuming and uses a relatively high amount of organic solvents compared to other analytical techniques. Recently, Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) has been frequently proposed as an alternative to HPLC, which means introducing an environment-friendly approach to drug analysis achieved by reducing the consumption of solvents. It also offers greater chromatographic resolution and higher sensitivity as well as requiring less time due to faster analysis. This review focuses on the basics of UHPLC, compares that technique with HPLC and discusses the possibilities of applying UHPLC for the analysis of different pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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Upadhyay V, Trivedi V, Shah G, Yadav M, Shrivastav PS. Rapid and Sensitive UPLC–MS-MS Determination of Tacrolimus in Wistar Rats and Human Blood. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 52:59-67. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Naito T, Takashina Y, Yagi T, Kawakami J. Simple and rapid HPLC-UV method using an ultrafine particle octadecylsilane for determination of residual fentanyl in applied Durotep MT transdermal matrix patches and its clinical application. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:56-61. [PMID: 22223375 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.60.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A few complicated and time-consuming methods are available for the determination of residual fentanyl in Durotep MT transdermal patches, however, their application to clinical settings is limited. The aim of this study was to develop a simple and rapid HPLC-UV method using an ultrafine particle octadecylsilane (ODS) for the determination of residual fentanyl in applied Durotep MT transdermal matrix patches. Patch extraction involved sonicating a shredded Durotep MT patch in acetonitrile for 15 min. Fentanyl separation was completed within 2 min using a 2.3-μm particle ODS column (50 × 4.6 mm i.d.) at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. No peaks interfering with fentanyl (1.27 min) and papaverine (0.89 min) as an internal standard were observed. The calibration curve for fentanyl was linear over the range of 0.015-9.0 mg as a Durotep MT patch. The intra- and inter-assay precisions and accuracies of each patch were within 5.3% and 103.9-110.5% and within 8.2% and 97.1-104.3%, respectively. The validated method was applied to determine residual fentanyl in Durotep MT patches used in 35 cancer patients. Although the plasma fentanyl concentration was significantly correlated with its measured absorption rate, the measured absorption rate normalized fentanyl concentration showed a large inter-individual variation. The validated simple and rapid HPLC-UV method established in the present study is helpful for evaluating the absorption rate of fentanyl in patients receiving Durotep MT patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Naito
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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Lund H, Øiestad E, Gjerde H, Christophersen A. Drugs of abuse in oral fluid collected by two different sample kits – Stability testing and validation using ultra performance tandem mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3367-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Do NM, Olivier MA, Salisbury JJ, Wager CB. Application of Quantitative 19F and 1H NMR for Reaction Monitoring and In Situ Yield Determinations for an Early Stage Pharmaceutical Candidate. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8766-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202287y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nga M. Do
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark A. Olivier
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John J. Salisbury
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Carrie B. Wager
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Kane MA. Analysis, occurrence, and function of 9-cis-retinoic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:10-20. [PMID: 21983272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic conversion of vitamin A (retinol) into retinoic acid (RA) controls numerous physiological processes. 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, is a high affinity ligand for retinoid X receptor (RXR) and also activates retinoic acid receptor (RAR). Despite the identification of candidate enzymes that produce 9cRA and the importance of RXRs as established by knockout experiments, in vivo detection of 9cRA in tissue was elusive until recently when 9cRA was identified as an endogenous pancreas retinoid by validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methodology. This review will discuss the current status of the analysis, occurrence, and function of 9cRA. Understanding both the nuclear receptor-mediated and non-genomic mechanisms of 9cRA will aid in the elucidation of disease physiology and possibly lead to the development of new retinoid-based therapeutics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Stafford JD, Maloney TD, Myers DP, Cintron JM, Castle BC. A systematic approach to development of liquid chromatographic impurity methods for pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:280-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa K. Natishan
- a Merck, Analytical Development and Commercialization-API Merck Manufacturing Division , Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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Gupta A, Singhal P, Shrivastav PS, Sanyal M. Application of a validated ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of darunavir in human plasma for a bioequivalence study in Indian subjects. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2443-53. [PMID: 21788160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple, precise and rapid ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantification of darunavir, a protease inhibitor, using darunavir-d9 as internal standard (IS). The method involved liquid-liquid extraction of darunavir and IS in methyl-tert-butyl ether from 50 μL human plasma. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (50 mm × 2.1mm, 1.7 μm particle size) analytical column under gradient conditions, in a run time of 1.6 min. The precursor → product ion transitions for darunavir (m/z 548.1 → 392.0) and IS (m/z 557.1 → 401.0) were monitored on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and positive ion mode. The method was extensively validated for its selectivity, sensitivity, carryover check, linearity, precision and accuracy, reinjection reproducibility, recovery, matrix effect, ion suppression/enhancement, stability and dilution integrity. The linearity of the method was established in the concentration range of 1.0-5000 ng/mL. The mean relative recovery for darunavir (100.8%) and IS (89.8%) from spiked plasma samples was consistent and reproducible. The application of this method for routine measurement of plasma darunavir concentration was demonstrated by a bioequivalence study conducted in 40 healthy Indian subjects for a 600 mg tablet formulation along with 100mg ritonavir as booster under fast and fed conditions. To demonstrate the reproducibility in the measurement of study data, an incurred sample reanalysis was done with 400 subject samples and the % change in concentration was within ± 12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Gupta
- Chemistry Department, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Sarva Vidyalaya Campus, Sector 15/23, Gandhinagar 382015, India
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Fanigliulo A, Cabooter D, Bellazzi G, Tramarin D, Allieri B, Rottigni A, Desmet G. Comparison of performance of high-performance liquid chromatography columns packed with superficially and fully porous 2.5 μm particles using kinetic plots. J Sep Sci 2011; 33:3655-65. [PMID: 21104797 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A recently introduced 2.5 μm fully porous support (Kromasil Eternity) is compared with three different brands of superficially porous material (Kinetex, Halo and Poroshell 120) by means of the kinetic plot method using pharmaceutical compounds from GlaxoSmithKline as probe molecules. The kinetic plot method immediately shows the range of plate numbers wherein a support performs better than another. Results from experiments carried out at pH 4.5 and 8.0 are presented in order to assess the pH stability of the tested phases. Moreover, since all supports are able to withstand pressures higher than 400 bar, they have been evaluated both on HPLC and UHPLC instrumentation. True average particle sizes were determined by SEM images taken from loose stationary phases. Kinetex outperforms the other columns in HPLC conditions for practically relevant efficiencies, but shows poor packing quality in the 100×2.1-mm format. Kromasil is advantageous for simple and fast separations on short columns both in HPLC and in UHPLC conditions. Halo achieves the highest efficiencies of all columns at the lowest pressure cost and shows a noticeable lower axial diffusion. Poroshell 120 has the best packing quality reproducibility across the tested formats. All columns preserve their performance at high pH.
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31
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Pettersson SW. High-resolution reversed-phase chromatography of proteins. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2011; 54:135-164. [PMID: 21954776 DOI: 10.1002/9780470939932.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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32
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Preformulation and early phase method development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-375680-0.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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Characterization of new types of stationary phases for fast and ultra-fast liquid chromatography by signal processing based on AutoCovariance Function: A case study of application to Passiflora incarnata L. extract separations. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4355-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Dispersion or spreading of analyte bands is a barrier to achieving high resolution in microfluidic separations. The role of dispersion in separations is reviewed with emphasis on metrics, sources and common principles of analysis. Three sources of dispersion (a) inhomogeneous flow fields, (b) solute wall interactions and (c) force fields normal to channel walls are studied in detail. Microfluidic and nanofluidic applications to capillary electrophoresis, chromatography and field-flow fractionation, that are subject to one or more of these three physical processes under standard, unintentional or novel operating conditions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Datta
- 201, W 19th Avenue, Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sandip Ghosal
- 2145 Sheridan Road, Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3111, USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratory University Park, Wright State University, Fairborn, Ohio 45324-2031, USA
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36
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Petersson P, Frank A, Heaton J, Euerby MR. Maximizing peak capacity and separation speed in liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2346-57. [PMID: 18646261 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The practical effects of gradient time and flow rate on the peak capacities of a range of analytes of differing molecular weights (MWs) and physico-chemical properties have been evaluated using ultra high pressure LC instrumentation with sub-2 mum and superficially porous particle phases. Optimum peak capacity, in RP gradient LC, for small molecules, including typical pharmaceutical drugs and peptides with MWs up to 1300, was demonstrated at a maximum flow rate for a given gradient time (i.e. up to 40 min). Flow rates significantly higher than the optimum in the van Deemter plots and also higher than those typically employed by the majority of the chromatographers today are recommended for gradient LC (i.e. up to 1.0 mL/min on 50-150x2.1 mm 1.7 mum columns). This recommendation is applicable for temperatures above 40 degrees C, i.e. temperatures typically utilized for separations employing sub-2 mum particles to reduce column back pressure. Van Deemter and pseudo van Deemter plots were determined and combined with chromatographic gradient elution theory to explain our unexpected observations. The derived models exhibited good agreement between experimental and predicted peak capacities (absolute average error 4%, max. error 12%).
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Giegold S, Holzhauser M, Kiffmeyer T, Tuerk J, Teutenberg T, Rosenhagen M, Hennies D, Hoppe-Tichy T, Wenclawiak B. Influence of the stationary phase on the stability of thalidomide and comparison of different methods for the quantification of thalidomide in tablets using high-temperature liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:625-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Shen JX, Merka EA, Dreyer DP, Clement RP, Hayes RN. Stereoselective quantitation of a serine protease inhibitor using LC-MS/MS at elevated column temperature. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:242-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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High-throughput determination of pesticide residues in food commodities by use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:947-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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