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Di Mario M, Bauwens G, Peltier F, Goscinny S, Focant JF, Purcaro G, Van Hoeck E. Investigation of potential migratables from paper and board food contact materials. Front Chem 2023; 11:1322811. [PMID: 38099191 PMCID: PMC10720245 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1322811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the ban on single-use plastic articles in Europe, the food contact material (FCM) industry has been forced to move to more sustainable alternatives. Paper and board FCM are convenient alternatives but must be safe for consumers. This study aims to investigate potential migrations of various substances (e.g., plasticizers, photoinitiators, primary aromatic amines, mineral oil, and bisphenols) from straws and takeaway articles made of paper and board. Twenty straws and fifty-eight takeaway articles were carefully selected and investigated using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry or flame ionization detector. Fourteen substances of all the targeted categories were found in takeaway articles, including seven plasticizers, two photoinitiators, one primary aromatic amine, two bisphenols, and the saturated and aromatic fraction of mineral oil (MOSH and MOAH, respectively). In straws, fewer substances were detected, i.e., six substances, including three plasticizers, one photoinitiator, MOSH, and MOAH. At least one of the target substances was detected in 88% of the samples, demonstrating the importance of further evaluation of these materials. Finally, the associated risks were assessed, highlighting the potential risks for several types of articles regarding bisphenol A, one primary aromatic amine (3.3-DMB), and MOSH and MOAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Di Mario
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gregory Bauwens
- Analytical Chemistry Lab at the AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Florian Peltier
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab at the AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Organic Contaminants and Additives Service, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Dusart A, Van Hoeck E, Goscinny S, Collin S. Occurrence of Perillaldehyde and Other (Suspected) Genotoxic Flavoring Substances in Water-Based Beverages Consumed by Belgian Children. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:18538-18545. [PMID: 37971765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive use of flavoring substances in food, their monitoring for regulatory purposes is currently limited. This raises public health issues, especially as some compounds are prohibited due to (geno)toxicity. A solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) method coupled with GC/MS (SIM) was validated here for diverse water-based beverages. Thirty flavoring substances out of the 38 targeted were validated, showing good analytical performances and confirming the versatility of the SAFE technique. The method was then applied to 94 samples, including fruit juices, iced teas, lemonades, colas, and sports beverages. Overall, seven different flavoring substances of interest were detected in the samples. Perillaldehyde and furan-2(5H)-one, two genotoxic flavoring substances, were found at concentrations up to 153 and 143 μg·kg-1, respectively. Perillaldehyde levels were significantly higher in commercial citrus juices than in freshly squeezed juices. Food control laboratories could use the developed method to face the current growing need to improve flavoring substance monitoring and conduct risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dusart
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, Ixelles 1050, Belgium
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 Box L7.05.07, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, Ixelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, Ixelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Sonia Collin
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 Box L7.05.07, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
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Ciano S, Di Mario M, Goscinny S, Van Hoeck E. Towards Less Plastic in Food Contact Materials: An In-Depth Overview of the Belgian Market. Foods 2023; 12:2737. [PMID: 37509829 PMCID: PMC10379060 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The food contact materials (FCMs) industry is forced to develop substitute materials due to constant pressure from consumers and authorities to reduce fossil-based plastic. Several alternatives are available on the market. However, market share, trends, and consumer preferences are still unclear. Therefore, this study aims to provide an overview of the Belgian FCMs market, the available substitute materials, and their uses. The market analysis was performed with an integrated web-based approach. Fifty-two sources were investigated, covering e-shops selling materials intended to replace disposable plastic materials or being advertised as environmentally friendly and websites describing homemade FCMs. The first screening identified 10,523 articles. The following data cleaning process resulted in a homogeneous dataset containing 2688 unique entries, systematically categorised into fifteen material categories and seven utilisation classes. Paper and board was the most popular material category (i.e., 37% of the entries), followed by bagasse, accounting for 9% of the entries. Takeaway and food serving (44.4% and 22.8% of the entries) were the most common usage categories. The study pursued to provide insights into current trends and consumer preferences, highlighting priorities for safety assessment and future policy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Ciano
- Scientific Direction "Chemical and Physical Health Risks", Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Di Mario
- Scientific Direction "Chemical and Physical Health Risks", Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Scientific Direction "Chemical and Physical Health Risks", Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Scientific Direction "Chemical and Physical Health Risks", Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
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Simoens C, Philippaert K, Wuyts C, Goscinny S, Van Hoeck E, Van Loco J, Billen J, de Hoon J, Ampe E, Vangoitsenhoven R, Mertens A, Vennekens R, Van der Schueren B. Pharmacokinetics of Oral Rebaudioside A in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Effects on Glucose Homeostasis: A Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:827-839. [PMID: 36057030 PMCID: PMC9440320 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Rebaudioside A, a steviol glycoside, is deglycosylated by intestinal microflora prior to the absorption of steviol and conjugation to steviol glucuronide. While glucose-lowering properties are observed for rebaudioside A in mice, they have been attributed to the metabolites steviol and steviol glucuronide. We aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of rebaudioside A and its metabolites in patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods This randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label, two-way crossover trial was performed in subjects with T2DM on metformin or no therapy at the University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium. Following oral rebaudioside A (3 g), plasma concentrations of rebaudioside A, steviol and steviol glucuronide were determined. The effect on glucose homeostasis was examined by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed 19 h following rebaudioside A administration, i.e. the presumed time of maximal steviol and steviol glucuronide concentrations. The primary pharmacodynamic endpoint was the difference in area under the blood glucose concentration–time curve during the first 2 h of the OGTT (AUCGlucose(0–2h)) for rebaudioside A vs. placebo. Results In total, 30 subjects [63.5 (57.8–69.0) years of age, 86.7% male] completed the trial. Rebaudioside A was detected as early as 1 h after administration in nearly all subjects. As expected, steviol and steviol glucuronide reached their maximal concentrations at 19.5 h following rebaudioside A administration. Rebaudioside A did not lower the AUCGlucose(0–2h) compared to placebo (− 0.7 (95% CI − 22.3; 20.9) h·mg/dL, P = 0.95). Insulin and C-peptide concentrations were also comparable between both conditions (P > 0.05). Conclusion Rebaudioside A is readily absorbed after oral administration and metabolized to steviol and steviol glucuronide. However, no effect on glucose nor insulin or C-peptide excursion was observed during the OGTT at the time of maximal metabolite concentrations. Thus, no antidiabetic properties of rebaudioside A could be observed in patients with T2DM after single oral use. Clinical Trial Registration Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03510624). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13318-022-00792-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Simoens
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Philippaert
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Wuyts
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Els Van Hoeck
- Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Jaak Billen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan de Hoon
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Ampe
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roman Vangoitsenhoven
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Mertens
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudi Vennekens
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Detry P, Willame P, Van Hoeck E, Van Loco J, Goscinny S. Development, validation and application of multi-class methods for the analysis of food additives by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1349-1364. [PMID: 35728003 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2085887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Food additives are used in numerous food products and are characterised by various physicochemical properties. In European member states, their use in food is regulated by the European Union. This work aimed to develop an accurate and high-throughput analytical method enabling the simultaneous determination of additives from different functional classes to facilitate controls and generate occurrence data for exposure assessments. The QuEChERS principle was applied due to its ease of implementation and flexibility to adjust to various food matrices. However, very polar substances could not be extracted with sufficient recoveries. Consequently, an alternative basic methanol sample-preparation methodology was developed. After sample preparation, the obtained extracts were analysed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Overall, the developed methodology allowed the quantification of 27 additives from the functional classes of colours, sweeteners, preservatives, and antioxidants in various foods (e.g. beverages, dairies, processed meals). The methods were also validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, matrix effect, limit of quantification, accuracy, repeatability, and intra-laboratory reproducibility. Finally, the methods were successfully applied to eighty-four actual samples. All additives were found below authorised levels. However, irregularities were spotted in labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Detry
- Sciensano, Scientific direction "Chemical and Physical Health Risks", Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Willame
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (LCO), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Sciensano, Scientific direction "Chemical and Physical Health Risks", Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Sciensano, Scientific direction "Chemical and Physical Health Risks", Brussels, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Sciensano, Scientific direction "Chemical and Physical Health Risks", Brussels, Belgium
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Dusart A, Mertens B, Van Hoeck E, Simon M, Goscinny S, Collin S. Occurrence of (suspected) genotoxic flavoring substances in Belgian alcohol-free beers. Food Chem 2022; 369:130917. [PMID: 34464835 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory landscape of flavorings is evolving, thereby putting pressure on control laboratories to develop analytical methods for a wide range of compounds in various types of food and drinks. In order to improve the monitoring of flavoring substances, a versatile and accurate analytical method using the solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) technique coupled to GC-MS(SIM) was developed and validated. Focus was put on authorized flavoring substances requiring specific attention due to a genotoxic concern based on information from European risks assessment reports. Thirty-seven (suspected) genotoxic flavoring substances were analyzed in a selection of ten alcohol-free beers. Five suspected genotoxic compounds (i.e. 1-(2-furyl)-2-propanone, 2-acetylfuran, 2-acetyl-5-methylfuran, 2-acetyl-3,5-dimethylfuran, hex-2-eno-1,4-lactone) as well as two confirmed genotoxic flavoring substances (p-mentha-1,8-dien-7-al, 2,4-pentanedione) were identified and quantified among the selected samples. Low concentrations and natural occurrences of the identified compounds suggested that these were not added as such but rather originated from heat-treatments or from plant-based extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dusart
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium.
| | - B Mertens
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
| | - E Van Hoeck
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
| | - M Simon
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, Box L7.05.07, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - S Goscinny
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
| | - S Collin
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology (LIBST), Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, Box L7.05.07, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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McCullagh M, Goscinny S, Palmer M, Ujma J. Investigations into pesticide charge site isomers using conventional IM and cIM systems. Talanta 2021; 234:122604. [PMID: 34364418 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of pesticides are being used around the world necessitating strict regulatory policies to guarantee consumer safety. Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) is a highly sensitive method for pesticide screening, which provides retention time, mass/charge ratios and the relative abundances of characteristic product ions. Variability in the latter necessitates relatively large tolerances (±30%, SANCO/12682/2019, current EU regulation). One cause of this variability may stem from the presence of different charge-site isomers (charge carrier being a proton, sodium cation, potassium cation and alike); each yielding a set of different product ions, of which the relative ratios are influenced by solution and ion source conditions. Consequently, varying relative abundances may be observed for analyte ions produced from calibration standards, chemical residues in food matrices and across different instruments. Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) is a fast, gas phase separation technique which can resolve charge-site isomers based on differences in their collisional cross sections (CCSs). We previously used the IM device embedded in LC-IM-MS geometry to generate a pesticide CCS database and subsequently focussed upon identification of pesticides which form charge-site isomers. Latterly, we applied this approach to screen food commodities for pesticide residues. In some instances, isomer separation was clear, however sometimes broad, unresolved distributions were observed. Using a high-resolution cyclic IM device (cIM) we resolved and determined CCS values of species of indoxacarb, spinosad, fenpyroximate, epoxiconazole, metaflumizone and avermectin. Furthermore, utilising novel cIM functionalities (tandem-IM) we discovered that two spinosyn sodimers can interconvert in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, 14, Rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Palmer
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, UK
| | - Jakub Ujma
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, UK
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Picron JF, Philippe F, Dubrulle N, Van Hoeck E, Giraud N, Goscinny S, Vanhee C. Targeted LC-MS/MS combined with multilocus DNA metabarcoding as a combinatory approach to determine the amount and the source of pyrrolizidine alkaloids contamination in popular cooking herbs, seeds, spices and leafy vegetables. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:962-977. [PMID: 33780325 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1889043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their corresponding N-oxides (PANOs) are natural protoxins biosynthesised by many plant species and are responsible for occasional fatal intoxication outbreaks due to the consumption of contaminated food. However, only in rare cases has the origin of the contamination been determined. Although their presence has been studied in many matrices, occurrence data on popular widely used cooking herbs, seeds, spices and leafy vegetables is very scarce. Therefore, a systematic study on the occurrence of PA/PANOs contaminations in these popular herbal items, available on the Belgian market, was performed, by means of a validatedtargeted LC-MS/MS analysis, followed by multilocus DNA metabarcoding to track back the origin of the contamination for seven highly to moderately contaminated samples. Our results clearly indicate that 21% of the seed spices and 25% seed-based aromatic mixes contain an amount higher than 400 μg of the 30 summed targeted PAs and PANOs per kg, the value which is currently under discussion by the European member states to be set as a maximum threshold. For both the herbs and the herb-based mixes only 7% of analysed samples exceeded these levels. As a proof of concept, multilocus DNA metabarcoding was performed on six highly contaminated samples, belonging to each subtype matrix, containing high levels of heliotrine type of PA/PANOs. Each time the analysis demonstrated the presence of DNA from a plant species belonging to the plant genus Heliotropium. Moreover, a contaminated leafy vegetable sample, containing solely senecionine type PA/PANOs, contained DNA from Senecio vulgaris. Taken together, it can be stated that the proposed combinatory chemical and molecular techniques could be used to verify if a PA/PANO(s) contamination occurred in these popular cooking items and to pinpoint the origin the contamination, which is pivotal in the case of a detrimental intoxication or intoxication outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Els Van Hoeck
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Céline Vanhee
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Mertens B, Van Heyst A, Demaegdt H, Boonen I, Van Den Houwe K, Goscinny S, Elskens M, Van Hoeck E. Assessment of hazards and risks associated with dietary exposure to mineral oil for the Belgian population. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:112034. [PMID: 33529678 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently collected dietary exposure data on mineral oil saturated (MOSH) and aromatic (MOAH) hydrocarbons were used to evaluate the risks associated with exposure to mineral oil through food for the Belgian population. For MOSH, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) value of 19 mg kg-1 bw day-1 based on the hepatic inflammation-associated granulomas found in a 90-day oral study in F-344 rats was used as point of departure (PoD). Due to existing toxicological uncertainties, the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. In all investigated scenarios, the MOE values were well above 100, indicating that there is no direct health concern related to MOSH exposure for the Belgian population. Nevertheless, more appropriate risk assessment approaches for MOSH based on adequate PoD are needed. For dietary exposure to MOAH, which are potentially genotoxic and carcinogenic, no MOE values could be calculated due to the lack of adequate dose-response carcinogenicity data. In two investigated worst-case scenarios, a health concern related to MOAH exposure could not be excluded, highlighting that more data are needed to perform an adequate risk assessment. The possibility to use in vitro bioassays to collect such additional toxicological information for MOAH present in food samples was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Mertens
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | | | - Heidi Demaegdt
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Imke Boonen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical and Geochemistry, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marc Elskens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical and Geochemistry, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Cariou R, Malysheva SV, Goscinny S, Le Bizec B, Van Loco J, Dervilly G. Enantiomeric fraction of hexabromocyclododecanes in foodstuff from the Belgian market. Chemosphere 2020; 260:127607. [PMID: 32698116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diet is considered a major route of human exposure to hexabromocyclododecane, a chiral environmental contaminant. A previous study reported on the occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers in food items of animal origin collected in Belgium. The present study reports further results on corresponding enantiomeric fractions of the same samples. None of the samples could be considered as racemic for the α-isomer suggesting that foodstuff contamination occurred prior to death of the corresponding producing animal and was not the result of the food item being in contact with technical HBCDD. Non-racemic chiral signatures were also observed for β- and γ-isomers. We conclude that, depending on their dietary habits, different individuals might be overall exposed to non-racemic profiles. Considering that toxicological effects are enantiomer-dependent, this could modulate potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana V Malysheva
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Joris Van Loco
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Ashwell M, Gibson S, Bellisle F, Buttriss J, Drewnowski A, Fantino M, Gallagher AM, de Graaf K, Goscinny S, Hardman CA, Laviada-Molina H, López-García R, Magnuson B, Mellor D, Rogers PJ, Rowland I, Russell W, Sievenpiper JL, la Vecchia C. Expert consensus on low-calorie sweeteners: facts, research gaps and suggested actions. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:145-154. [PMID: 31928558 PMCID: PMC7282854 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A consensus workshop on low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) was held in November 2018 where seventeen experts (the panel) discussed three themes identified as key to the science and policy of LCS: (1) weight management and glucose control; (2) consumption, safety and perception; (3) nutrition policy. The aims were to identify the reliable facts on LCS, suggest research gaps and propose future actions. The panel agreed that the safety of LCS is demonstrated by a substantial body of evidence reviewed by regulatory experts and current levels of consumption, even for high users, are within agreed safety margins. However, better risk communication is needed. More emphasis is required on the role of LCS in helping individuals reduce their sugar and energy intake, which is a public health priority. Based on reviews of clinical evidence to date, the panel concluded that LCS can be beneficial for weight management when they are used to replace sugar in products consumed in the diet (without energy substitution). The available evidence suggests no grounds for concerns about adverse effects of LCS on sweet preference, appetite or glucose control; indeed, LCS may improve diabetic control and dietary compliance. Regarding effects on the human gut microbiota, data are limited and do not provide adequate evidence that LCS affect gut health at doses relevant to human use. The panel identified research priorities, including collation of the totality of evidence on LCS and body weight control, monitoring and modelling of LCS intakes, impacts on sugar reduction and diet quality and developing effective communication strategies to foster informed choice. There is also a need to reconcile policy discrepancies between organisations and reduce regulatory hurdles that impede low-energy product development and reformulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marc Fantino
- Fantino Consulting SAS, F-69230 Saint Genis Laval, France
| | - Alison M. Gallagher
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Kees de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Service Organic Contaminants and Additives (SCIENSANO), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Hugo Laviada-Molina
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Marista de Mérida, Merida, Mexico
| | | | - Berna Magnuson
- Health Science Consultants, Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Duane Mellor
- Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter J. Rogers
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ian Rowland
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Wendy Russell
- University of Aberdeen Rowett Institute, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John L. Sievenpiper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carlo la Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Picron JF, Herman M, Van Hoeck E, Goscinny S. Monitoring of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in beehive products and derivatives on the Belgian market. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:5693-5708. [PMID: 30778948 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and related N-oxides (PANOs) are secondary plant metabolites thought to be found in approximately 3% of the flowering plants worldwide and exhibiting hepatotoxic properties to humans. As a consequence, beehive products are prone to be contaminated with those compounds by bees foraging PA-producing plants. Downstream contamination can also occur through food items containing honey. Analytical methods based on UHPLC separation and MS/MS detection were developed with a focus on very low LOQs and validated for the analysis of 16 PAs and 14 PANOs in honey, honey-based candies and snacks, as well as beehive product-based food supplements. A maximum level of 182 ng/g of PAs was detected in a Mediterranean honey, and high levels of heliotrine-type compounds were reported for the first time. An extensive sampling of honeys harvested in Belgium was performed (N = 374), the concentration levels were more limited with a maximum of 60 ng/g, and the contamination pattern was dominated by senecionine-type PAs. The PA levels in honey-based candies and snacks were very low, with respective maxima of 7.61 ng/g and 0.36 ng/g. Seventy-five percent among the pre-dosed food supplements based on beehive products were contaminated, with a maximum of 43 ng/g. The highest level was detected in a bee-collected pollen sample (1672 ng/g). The analytical results were consistent with the previously reported data for beehive products and confirmed that PA/PANO contamination in these food commodities is recurrent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Picron
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mélanie Herman
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Van Heyst A, Goscinny S, Bel S, Vandevijvere S, Mertens B, Elskens M, Van Hoeck E. Dietary exposure of the Belgian population to mineral oil. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:267-279. [PMID: 31697201 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1684573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, presence of mineral oil in numerous foods has been detected. The analysis of mineral oil in food is convoluted since it comprises MOSH (saturated hydrocarbons) and variable amounts of mainly alkylated MOAH (aromatic hydrocarbons). Both fractions have a different toxicological profile and therefore they need to be assessed separately. For Belgium, occurrence data are available comprising concentrations of 217 food samples. These data were used, in combination with the 2014/15 Belgian Food Consumption Survey data, in a lower bound scenario to evaluate the dietary exposure of the Belgian population. Exposure to mineral oil was much lower compared to the results previously reported by EFSA and RIVM. The main contributors in Belgium were similar to previous studies (i.e. cereal products and oils), but an important additional contribution of non-alcoholic drinks was identified due to the presence of mineral oil in coffee. However, the concentration of mineral oil was determined from the dry product by applying a dilution factor with transfer rate of 100%, and not in the prepared coffee.This study gives an account of the dietary exposure of the Belgian population to mineral oil for the first time and reports the associated uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Bel
- Sciensano, SD Epidemiology and Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Birgit Mertens
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Elskens
- Department of Analytical and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
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Goscinny S, McCullagh M, Far J, De Pauw E, Eppe G. Towards the use of ion mobility mass spectrometry derived collision cross section as a screening approach for unambiguous identification of targeted pesticides in food. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2019; 33 Suppl 2:34-48. [PMID: 30677180 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mass spectrometry (MS) is the reference method for the screening of ultra-trace residues of pesticides in food because MS offers the required selectivity/sensitivity to gather information and enable the analyst to make informed decisions during the identification process. Here we present and discuss the use of collision cross section (CCS) values in addition to mass accuracy and retention times in a pesticide screening method that integrates all the features offered by coupling ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMS-MS). METHODS All experiments were carried out using UHPLC coupled to a travelling wave ion mobility mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source working in positive mode. An in-house library containing 200 pesticides was built using standard solutions and used as reference for a TWCCS calibration study. Matrix extracts were analyzed to evaluate the performance of different screening workflows based on TWCCS, mass accuracy and retention times. RESULTS The results proved that TWCCS values are very consistent, as the measured values do not differ more than 1% from the in-house reference data library and emphasized the importance of the first low m/z mobility calibration point to guarantee full independence from instrument parameters and calibrant. The screening procedure was simplified to a single step by fully exploiting the content of ion mobility without generating any false detections, either positive or negative, from spiked samples and a previous proficiency test. CONCLUSIONS The screening approach proposed in this study is unconventional and based on large mass accuracy (20 ppm) and retention time windows (0.5 min) to capture, in a first step, a maximum of detected compounds. Compounds of interest are then identified by comparing measured collision cross sections with the measured reference library collision cross sections (with relative error tolerance lower than 2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Goscinny
- Sciensano, 14, rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- MolSys Research Unit, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Liège, 3 Allée de la chimie B6C, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Johann Far
- MolSys Research Unit, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Liège, 3 Allée de la chimie B6C, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- MolSys Research Unit, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Liège, 3 Allée de la chimie B6C, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- MolSys Research Unit, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Liège, 3 Allée de la chimie B6C, Liège, Belgium
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Picron JF, Herman M, Van Hoeck E, Goscinny S. Corrigendum to “Analytical strategies for the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in plant based food and examination of the transfer rate during the infusion process” [Food Chem. 266 (2018) 514–523]. Food Chem 2019; 270:367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Janvier S, Cheyns K, Canfyn M, Goscinny S, De Spiegeleer B, Vanhee C, Deconinck E. Impurity profiling of the most frequently encountered falsified polypeptide drugs on the Belgian market. Talanta 2018; 188:795-807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Picron JF, Herman M, Van Hoeck E, Goscinny S. Analytical strategies for the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in plant based food and examination of the transfer rate during the infusion process. Food Chem 2018; 266:514-523. [PMID: 30381220 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two sample preparation methods were developed (graphitised carbon and C18 solid phase extraction clean-up) and validated in house using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the determination of 30 pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in salads, herbs, tea, herbals teas as well as tea infusion and ice-tea beverages. Total PAs concentration of samples purchased on the Belgian market varied greatly with matrix type ranging from <LOD to 187151 ng/g for dry samples, while for infusions and ice-tea beverages the highest PAs concentration was 2106 ng/mL. Surprisingly high PAs concentrations were detected in herbs and spices mixes. The infusion study indicated a transfer rate between 16 and 28% (except for monocrotaline) which highlights the overestimation of PAs concentrations in infusions when derived from a dilution factor (transfer rate of 100%) to the measured concentrations of the dry tea sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mélanie Herman
- Sciensano, 14 rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Sciensano, 14 rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Poma G, Malysheva SV, Goscinny S, Malarvannan G, Voorspoels S, Covaci A, Van Loco J. Occurrence of selected halogenated flame retardants in Belgian foodstuff. Chemosphere 2018; 194:256-265. [PMID: 29216545 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the occurrence of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), namely PBDEs, HBCDs, TBBPA, brominated phenols (BrPhs), dechlorane plus (DP) and emerging FRs in a variety of Belgian foodstuffs. A total of 183 composite food samples were analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS techniques for the presence of HFRs. The analyses revealed that 72% of the samples was contaminated with HFRs to some extent. The highest number of contaminated samples was observed within the group 'Potatoes and derived products', 'Fish and fish products' and 'Meat and meat products', while the least contaminated group was 'Food for infants and small children'. The total HFR content ranged from <LOQ to 35.4 ng/g ww with an average content of 1.2 ng/g ww and median of 0.25 ng/g ww. The samples with the highest total HFR levels were canned king crab, fresh mackerel, Emmental cheese, fresh eel and plaice. The most frequently detected HFRs were PBDEs and BrPhs being present in almost all food groups, and among the individual HFRs, the most frequently found compounds were BDE-47 (53%), BDE-209 (46%) and 246-TBP (40%). TBBPA, DPs, TBPH and γ-HBCD occurred with a frequency of less than 5%. TBBPS, 26-DBP, HBB, TBB and BTBPE were not detected in any of the analyzed food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Svetlana V Malysheva
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito NV), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium. adrian.covaci@uantwerpenbe
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Poma G, Sales C, Bruyland B, Christia C, Goscinny S, Van Loco J, Covaci A. Occurrence of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers (PFRs) in Belgian Foodstuffs and Estimation of the Dietary Exposure of the Adult Population. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:2331-2338. [PMID: 29376341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 14 organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) was investigated in 165 composite food samples purchased from the Belgian market and divided into 14 food categories, including fish, crustaceans, mussels, meat, milk, cheese, dessert, food for infants, fats and oils, grains, eggs, potatoes and derived products, other food (stocks), and vegetables. Seven PFRs [namely, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP)] were detected at concentrations above quantification limits. Fats and oils were the most contaminated category, with a total PFR concentration of 84.4 ng/g of wet weight (ww), followed by grains (36.9 ng/g of ww) and cheese (20.1 ng/g of ww). Our results support the hypothesis that PFR contamination may occur during industrial processing and manipulation of food products (e.g., packaging, canning, drying, etc.). Considering the daily average intake of food for the modal adult Belgian (15-64 years of age), the dietary exposure to sum PFRs was estimated to be ≤7500 ± 1550 ng/day [103 ± 21 ng/kg of body weight (bw)/day]. For individual PFRs, TPHP contributed on average 3400 ng/day (46.6 ng/kg of bw/day), TCIPP 1350 ng/day (18.5 ng/kg of bw/day), and EHDPHP 1090 ng/day (15 ng/kg of bw/day), values that were lower than their corresponding health-based reference doses. The mean dietary exposure mainly originated from grains (39%), followed by fats and oils (21%) and dairy products (20%). No significant differences between the intakes of adult men and women were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Carlos Sales
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I , E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Bram Bruyland
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christina Christia
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, The Scientific Institute of Public Health , Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, The Scientific Institute of Public Health , Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Buffini M, Goscinny S, Van Loco J, Nugent AP, Walton J, Flynn A, Gibney MJ, McNulty BA. Dietary intakes of six intense sweeteners by Irish adults. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:425-438. [PMID: 29210609 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This research investigated the intakes of six intense sweeteners: acesulfame-K (E950), aspartame (E951), cyclamate (E952), saccharin (E954), sucralose (E955), and steviol glycosides (E960) in the diets of Irish adults, using data from the National Adult Nutrition Survey. A food label survey that included products currently available on the Irish market supplemented the analysis. Sweetener intakes were investigated using three different exposure scenarios; beginning with a crude assessment which assumed that all foods permitted to contain the additives of interest always did contain them, and at their maximum permitted level (Tier 1). Refined assessments estimated intakes of the six sweeteners using food consumption data up to brand level with additive occurrence data from a survey of products currently available on the Irish market (Tier 2) and sweetener concentration data (Tier 3). Results of all exposure assessment scenarios demonstrate that intakes of each of the sweeteners of interest by the total population were below the relevant ADI level (mg kg-1 bodyweight-1), even by high consumers (P99). The three sweeteners consumed in highest amounts were acesulfame-k, aspartame, and sucralose. The main sources of these sweeteners in the diet were 'cider and perry', 'energy reduced and no added sugar (ER and NAS) carbonated flavoured drinks', 'table-top sweeteners', 'dairy products', 'solid food supplements', and 'sauces'. Intakes of the six intense sweeteners are currently not a concern among Irish adults. However, exposure to these chemicals should be monitored on a regular basis due to evolving market and consumption patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buffini
- a School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, UCD Institute of Food and Health , Belfield , Ireland
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- b Belgian Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Food , Medicines and Consumer Safety, Service of Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- b Belgian Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Food , Medicines and Consumer Safety, Service of Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Anne P Nugent
- a School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, UCD Institute of Food and Health , Belfield , Ireland
| | - Janette Walton
- c School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Albert Flynn
- c School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Michael J Gibney
- a School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, UCD Institute of Food and Health , Belfield , Ireland
| | - Breige A McNulty
- a School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, UCD Institute of Food and Health , Belfield , Ireland
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21
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Malysheva SV, Goscinny S, Malarvannan G, Poma G, Andjelkovic M, Voorspoels S, Covaci A, Van Loco J. Development and validation of a quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS method for selected brominated flame retardants in food. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:292-304. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1393110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Malysheva
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Department of Industrial Innovation, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito NV), Mol, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Le Donne C, Mistura L, Goscinny S, Janvier S, Cuypers K, D'Addezio L, Sette S, Catasta G, Ferrari M, Piccinelli R, Van Loco J, Turrini A. Assessment of dietary intake of 10 intense sweeteners by the Italian population. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 102:186-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Janvier S, Goscinny S, Le Donne C, Van Loco J. Low-calorie sweeteners in food and food supplements on the Italian market. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2016; 8:298-308. [PMID: 26406785 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1094829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study determines the occurrence and concentration levels of artificial low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) in food and food supplements on the Italian market. The analysed sample set (290 samples) was representative of the Italian market and comprised of beverages, jams, ketchups, confectionery, dairy products, table-top sweeteners and food supplements. All samples were analysed via UPLC-MS/MS. The method was in-house validated for the analysis of seven LCSs (aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharin, sucralose, cyclamate, neotame and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone) in food and for five LCSs (aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharin, cyclamate and sucralose) in food supplements. Except for cyclamate in one beverage which exceeded the maximum level (ML) with 13%, all concentrations measured in food were around or below the ML. In food supplements, 40 of the 52 samples (77%) were found to be above the ML, with exceedances of up to 200% of the ML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Janvier
- a Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Service of Consumer Safety , Scientific Institute of Public Health , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- a Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Service of Consumer Safety , Scientific Institute of Public Health , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Cinzia Le Donne
- b Research Center on Food and Nutrition , Council for Agricultural Research and Economics , Rome , Italy
| | - Joris Van Loco
- a Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Service of Consumer Safety , Scientific Institute of Public Health , Brussels , Belgium
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Vanhee C, Janvier S, Moens G, Goscinny S, Courselle P, Deconinck E. Identification of epidermal growth factor (EGF), in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation suspected to contain insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:831-837. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Vanhee
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Steven Janvier
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Goedele Moens
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Patricia Courselle
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Eric Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products; Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP); J. Wytsmansstraat14 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
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25
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Van Loco J, Vandevijvere S, Cimenci O, Vinkx C, Goscinny S. Dietary exposure of the Belgian adult population to 70 food additives with numerical ADI. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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26
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Goscinny S, Joly L, De Pauw E, Hanot V, Eppe G. Travelling-wave ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry as an alternative strategy for screening of multi-class pesticides in fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1405:85-93. [PMID: 26100574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a novel approach to screening multi-class pesticides by ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection. Nitrogen was selected as mobility gas. After optimization of the different ion mobility parameters, determination of matrix effect on the drift times was conducted using different matrix extracts. The results showed that drift time values are not influenced by the matrix and also are independent of the concentration within the working range for 100 pesticides tested, making drift time a powerful additional identification tool. Based on statistics, 2% variation criteria provides a good fit for all the pesticides targeted, and could be considered as a maximum acceptable criteria associated with the drift time parameter for identification purpose. This 2% value is in agreement with already reported criteria, for instance, for GC or LC retention time in European documents. Finally, the well-known feature of mobility to separate complex mixtures was also tested to obtain purified extracted mass spectra of pesticides present in fruit extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Goscinny
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, 14, rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laure Joly
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Liège, 3 Allée de la chimie B6C, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Liège, 3 Allée de la chimie B6C, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Hanot
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, 14, rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry/Inorganic Analytical Chemistry, University of Liège, 3 Allée de la chimie B6C, Liège, Belgium.
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Hanot V, Goscinny S, Deridder M. A simple multi-residue method for the determination of pesticides in fruits and vegetables using a methanolic extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Optimization and extension of scope. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1384:53-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Goscinny S, Hanot V, Trabelsi H, Van Loco J. Determination of caramel colorants’ by-products in liquid foods by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1652-60. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.940609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Cimenci O, Vandevijvere S, Goscinny S, Van Den Bergh MA, Hanot V, Vinkx C, Bolle F, Van Loco J. Dietary exposure of the Belgian adult population to non-dioxin-like PCBs. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:670-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Sanctorum H, Elskens M, Leermakers M, Gao Y, Charriau A, Billon G, Goscinny S, De Cooman W, Baeyens W. Sources of PCDD/Fs, non-ortho PCBs and PAHs in sediments of high and low impacted transboundary rivers (Belgium-France). Chemosphere 2011; 85:203-209. [PMID: 21741672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PAHs, PCDD/Fs and non-ortho PCBs have been assessed in Yser and Upper-Scheldt river sediments. Higher contamination levels were observed in the Upper-Scheldt sediments: maximum concentrations for the 16 US-EPA PAHs, PCDD/Fs and non-ortho PCBs respectively amount to 8.9 mg kg(-1), 12 ng TEQ kg(-1) and 5.1 ng TEQ kg(-1). Diagnostic PAH ratios in sediments and atmospheric samples suggest that the PAH compounds are from pyrolytic origin, more specifically combustion processes. The huge consumption of coal in cokes-ovens and smelters and its use for house-heating in Northern France, although decreasing during the last decades, are in support of that suggestion. PCDD/F fingerprints in sediments and deposition material indicate that OCDD is the dominant congener. In addition use of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the past led to a minor contribution of PCDD/Fs in our sediment samples. Non-ortho PCBs form a substantial fraction of the total TEQ concentrations observed in the sediments. Since the 1980s and 1990s a substantial reduction of the PCDD/F sediment concentrations is observed, but this is not the case for the PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermes Sanctorum
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Goscinny S, Vandevijvere S, Maleki M, Van Overmeire I, Windal I, Hanot V, Blaude MN, Vleminckx C, Van Loco J. Dietary intake of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) in the Belgian adult population. Chemosphere 2011; 84:279-288. [PMID: 21596419 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A study was performed to assess exposure of the Belgian population to HBCD diastereoisomers. Measurements of HBCD were performed by UPLC-MS/MS, on 45 composite samples from 5 major food groups: dairy (products), meat (products), eggs, fish (products) and a group of "other" products. The medium bound estimated average daily intake (EDI) of ΣHBCD in the Belgian population was 0.99 ng kg(-1)bw d(-1). The diastereoisomer contribution to the mean EDI showed a predominance of γ-HBCD at 67%, followed by α-HBCD at 25% and 8% for β-HBCD. These results are consistent with the pattern found in the two food groups contributing the most to the EDI: meat (products) and the group of "other" products. Anyway, it has to be noted that diastereomeric distribution of HBCD can change due to bioisomerisation in biological material. Levels of HBCD diastereoisomers found in Belgian food samples of animal origin were low in comparison with those found in other EU countries and the resulting EDI was substantially below the proposed thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Goscinny
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, 14 rue J. Wytsman, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Goscinny S, Hanot V, Halbardier JF, Michelet JY, Van Loco J. Rapid analysis of melamine residue in milk, milk products, bakery goods and flour by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: From food crisis to accreditation. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Windal I, Vandevijvere S, Maleki M, Goscinny S, Vinkx C, Focant JF, Eppe G, Hanot V, Van Loco J. Dietary intake of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs of the Belgian population. Chemosphere 2010; 79:334-40. [PMID: 20189220 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization recommends assessing human exposure to contaminants on a regular basis. In order to assess the current dietary exposure of the Belgian adult population to PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs and to update exposure estimates of 2000-2001, a total diet study was designed. The mean dietary intake of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in the Belgian adult population in 2008 was estimated to be 0.72pgTEQkgbw(-1)d(-1) (middle bound concentrations, TEF of 1998) based on occurrence data of 2008 and national food consumption data of 2004. This value is clearly below the Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI) of 14pgTEQkgbw(-1)week(-1) set by the Scientific Committee on Food of the European Commission and below the provisional tolerable monthly intake of 70pgTEQkgbw(-1)month(-1) set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Considering the cumulative distribution, the intake was less than 1pgTEQkgbw(-1)d(-1) for more than 80% of the population, and less than 2pgTEQkgbw(-1)d(-1) for the entire population. When using the 2005 TEF instead of the 1998 TEF, the mean dietary intake in the Belgian adult population was estimated to be 0.61pgTEQkgbw(-1)d(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Windal
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Bruxelles, Belgium
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