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Willocx M, Van der Beeten I, Asselman P, Delgat L, Baert W, Janssens SB, Leliaert F, Picron JF, Vanhee C. Sorting out the plants responsible for a contamination with pyrrolizidine alkaloids in spice seeds by means of LC-MS/MS and DNA barcoding: Proof of principle with cumin and anise spice seeds. Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences 2022; 4:100070. [PMID: 35415703 PMCID: PMC8991971 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Identification of contaminating plants in seed spice with DNA barcoding. The obtained data concurs the previously obtained results with DNA metabarcoding. Heliotropium sp. is the predominant source of phytotoxic PA/PANOs in those samples. The presence of only 2 Heliotropium seeds/jar can render a sample non-compliant. The benefit combining chemical and molecular approach to check for phytotoxins.
High value commodities such as spices suffer from occasional contaminations of both chemical and biological origin. Consequently, quality control and safety monitoring has become a pressing issue for the spice industry. Two recent independent studies showed that at least one third of the analyzed cumin and green anise spice seeds samples surpassed the by the European Union recently established threshold value for toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their corresponding N-oxides (PANOs). These heterocyclic secondary plant metabolites are produced by a large number of different plant families. In those spice seeds, it was found by means of DNA metabarcoding, that predominant contamination was due to the presence of herbal material from the Heliotropium genus (Boraginaceae). Unfortunately, the use of this specific type of DNA-based identification remains controversial for the majority of the official instances and preference is still given to the use of more tangible classical approaches, including microscopy and chemical analysis. However, these methodologies often suffer from inherent drawbacks. Here we demonstrate that at least for spice seeds, a combinatory approach of microscopy, chemical analysis and classical DNA barcoding of the isolated contaminants using the matK and trnH-psbA loci, provides qualitative and quantitative information on the amount of plant material responsible for the contaminations and the extent of the contamination. The generated data also demonstrates that the presence of a very limited number of Heliotropium sp. seeds in a standard commercially available canister is sufficient to surpass the allowed threshold value, illustrating once more the importance of weed control.
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Picron JF, Philippe F, Dubrulle N, Van Hoeck E, Giraud N, Goscinny S, Vanhee C. Targeted LC-MS/MS combined with multilocus DNA metabarcoding as a combinatory approach to determine the amount and the source of pyrrolizidine alkaloids contamination in popular cooking herbs, seeds, spices and leafy vegetables. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:962-977. [PMID: 33780325 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1889043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their corresponding N-oxides (PANOs) are natural protoxins biosynthesised by many plant species and are responsible for occasional fatal intoxication outbreaks due to the consumption of contaminated food. However, only in rare cases has the origin of the contamination been determined. Although their presence has been studied in many matrices, occurrence data on popular widely used cooking herbs, seeds, spices and leafy vegetables is very scarce. Therefore, a systematic study on the occurrence of PA/PANOs contaminations in these popular herbal items, available on the Belgian market, was performed, by means of a validatedtargeted LC-MS/MS analysis, followed by multilocus DNA metabarcoding to track back the origin of the contamination for seven highly to moderately contaminated samples. Our results clearly indicate that 21% of the seed spices and 25% seed-based aromatic mixes contain an amount higher than 400 μg of the 30 summed targeted PAs and PANOs per kg, the value which is currently under discussion by the European member states to be set as a maximum threshold. For both the herbs and the herb-based mixes only 7% of analysed samples exceeded these levels. As a proof of concept, multilocus DNA metabarcoding was performed on six highly contaminated samples, belonging to each subtype matrix, containing high levels of heliotrine type of PA/PANOs. Each time the analysis demonstrated the presence of DNA from a plant species belonging to the plant genus Heliotropium. Moreover, a contaminated leafy vegetable sample, containing solely senecionine type PA/PANOs, contained DNA from Senecio vulgaris. Taken together, it can be stated that the proposed combinatory chemical and molecular techniques could be used to verify if a PA/PANO(s) contamination occurred in these popular cooking items and to pinpoint the origin the contamination, which is pivotal in the case of a detrimental intoxication or intoxication outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Els Van Hoeck
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Céline Vanhee
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
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Picron JF, Herman M, Van Hoeck E, Goscinny S. Monitoring of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in beehive products and derivatives on the Belgian market. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:5693-5708. [PMID: 30778948 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and related N-oxides (PANOs) are secondary plant metabolites thought to be found in approximately 3% of the flowering plants worldwide and exhibiting hepatotoxic properties to humans. As a consequence, beehive products are prone to be contaminated with those compounds by bees foraging PA-producing plants. Downstream contamination can also occur through food items containing honey. Analytical methods based on UHPLC separation and MS/MS detection were developed with a focus on very low LOQs and validated for the analysis of 16 PAs and 14 PANOs in honey, honey-based candies and snacks, as well as beehive product-based food supplements. A maximum level of 182 ng/g of PAs was detected in a Mediterranean honey, and high levels of heliotrine-type compounds were reported for the first time. An extensive sampling of honeys harvested in Belgium was performed (N = 374), the concentration levels were more limited with a maximum of 60 ng/g, and the contamination pattern was dominated by senecionine-type PAs. The PA levels in honey-based candies and snacks were very low, with respective maxima of 7.61 ng/g and 0.36 ng/g. Seventy-five percent among the pre-dosed food supplements based on beehive products were contaminated, with a maximum of 43 ng/g. The highest level was detected in a bee-collected pollen sample (1672 ng/g). The analytical results were consistent with the previously reported data for beehive products and confirmed that PA/PANO contamination in these food commodities is recurrent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Picron
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mélanie Herman
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Górnaś P, Picron JF, Perkons I, Mišina I, Rudzińska M, Sobieszczańska N, Chakradhari S, Patel KS. Profiling of the Beneficial and Potentially Harmful Components of Trichodesma indicum
Seed and Seed Oil Obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Górnaś
- Institute of Horticulture; Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies; Graudu 1, Dobele, LV-3701 Latvia
| | - Jean-François Picron
- Sciensano, Organic Contaminants and Additives; Rue J. Wytsman, 14, 1050, Ixelles Belgium
| | - Ingus Perkons
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”; Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076 Latvia
| | - Inga Mišina
- Institute of Horticulture; Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies; Graudu 1, Dobele, LV-3701 Latvia
| | - Magdalena Rudzińska
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition; Poznań University of Life Sciences; Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań Poland
| | - Natalia Sobieszczańska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627, Poznań Poland
| | - Suryakant Chakradhari
- School of Studies in Chemistry/Environmental Science; Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University; Amanaka, Raipur, 492010 CG India
| | - Khageshwar Singh Patel
- School of Studies in Chemistry/Environmental Science; Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University; Amanaka, Raipur, 492010 CG India
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Picron JF, Herman M, Van Hoeck E, Goscinny S. Corrigendum to “Analytical strategies for the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in plant based food and examination of the transfer rate during the infusion process” [Food Chem. 266 (2018) 514–523]. Food Chem 2019; 270:367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Picron JF, Herman M, Van Hoeck E, Goscinny S. Analytical strategies for the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in plant based food and examination of the transfer rate during the infusion process. Food Chem 2018; 266:514-523. [PMID: 30381220 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two sample preparation methods were developed (graphitised carbon and C18 solid phase extraction clean-up) and validated in house using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the determination of 30 pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in salads, herbs, tea, herbals teas as well as tea infusion and ice-tea beverages. Total PAs concentration of samples purchased on the Belgian market varied greatly with matrix type ranging from <LOD to 187151 ng/g for dry samples, while for infusions and ice-tea beverages the highest PAs concentration was 2106 ng/mL. Surprisingly high PAs concentrations were detected in herbs and spices mixes. The infusion study indicated a transfer rate between 16 and 28% (except for monocrotaline) which highlights the overestimation of PAs concentrations in infusions when derived from a dilution factor (transfer rate of 100%) to the measured concentrations of the dry tea sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mélanie Herman
- Sciensano, 14 rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Sciensano, 14 rue Juliette Wytsman, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Brunetti E, Picron JF, Flidrova K, Bruylants G, Bartik K, Jabin I. Fluorescent Chemosensors for Anions and Contact Ion Pairs with a Cavity-Based Selectivity. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6179-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5009146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Brunetti
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue
F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Engineering
of Molecular NanoSystems, Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP165/64, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Picron
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue
F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karolina Flidrova
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Prague Institute of Chemical Technology (PICT), Technicka 6, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Gilles Bruylants
- Engineering
of Molecular NanoSystems, Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP165/64, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristin Bartik
- Engineering
of Molecular NanoSystems, Ecole Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP165/64, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue
F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Lejeune M, Picron JF, Mattiuzzi A, Lascaux A, De Cesco S, Brugnara A, Thiabaud G, Darbost U, Coquière D, Colasson B, Reinaud O, Jabin I. Ipso-Nitration of calix[6]azacryptands: intriguing effect of the small rim capping pattern on the large rim substitution selectivity. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3838-45. [PMID: 22428688 DOI: 10.1021/jo300179h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ipso-nitration of calix[6]arene-based molecular receptors is a important synthetic pathway for the elaboration of more sophisticated systems. This reaction has been studied for a variety of capped calixarenes, and a general trend for the regioselective nitration of three aromatic units out of six in moderate to high yield has been observed. This selectivity is, in part, attributed to the electronic connection between the protonated cap at the small rim and the reactive sites at the large rim. In addition, this work highlights the fact that subtle conformational properties can drastically influence the outcome of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lejeune
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), avenue F. D. Roosevelt, 50 CP160/06, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Le Gac S, Picron JF, Reinaud O, Jabin I. Allosterically driven self-assemblies of interlocked calix[6]arene receptors. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2387-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01020k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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