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Bocian S, Dembek M, Kalisz O. Exploring the green frontier: Subcritical water chromatography for sustainable analytical practices. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300873. [PMID: 38801758 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Water in the subcritical state is characterized by properties significantly different from water under standard conditions. These include low viscosity, low surface tension, and a much lower dielectric constant, increasing the solubility of nonpolar substances. For this reason, it can provide an alternative solvent and be used in chromatographic techniques-subcritical water chromatography (SBWC). SBWC appears to be one of the greenest analytical techniques until we unravel chromatography with pure water at room temperature. The versatility of SBWC is explored through its applications in the separation and analysis of a wide range of compounds, including pharmaceuticals, natural products, etc. The use of subcritical water as a mobile phase requires suitable stable stationary phases and special apparatus. Still, it makes it possible to conduct analyses without using organic solvents. When using this technique, it is important to remember that it suits the analysis of thermally stable substances. The following work is a critical review of developments in SBWC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Bocian
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Dembek
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Oktawia Kalisz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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Xu X, Zuo Y, Chen S, Hatami A, Gu H. Advancements in Brain Research: The In Vivo/In Vitro Electrochemical Detection of Neurochemicals. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:125. [PMID: 38534232 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Neurochemicals, crucial for nervous system function, influence vital bodily processes and their fluctuations are linked to neurodegenerative diseases and mental health conditions. Monitoring these compounds is pivotal, yet the intricate nature of the central nervous system poses challenges. Researchers have devised methods, notably electrochemical sensing with micro-nanoscale electrodes, offering high-resolution monitoring despite low concentrations and rapid changes. Implantable sensors enable precise detection in brain tissues with minimal damage, while microdialysis-coupled platforms allow in vivo sampling and subsequent in vitro analysis, addressing the selectivity issues seen in other methods. While lacking temporal resolution, techniques like HPLC and CE complement electrochemical sensing's selectivity, particularly for structurally similar neurochemicals. This review covers essential neurochemicals and explores miniaturized electrochemical sensors for brain analysis, emphasizing microdialysis integration. It discusses the pros and cons of these techniques, forecasting electrochemical sensing's future in neuroscience research. Overall, this comprehensive review outlines the evolution, strengths, and potential applications of electrochemical sensing in the study of neurochemicals, offering insights into future advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Yimei Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Amir Hatami
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Prof. Sobouti Boulevard, P.O. Box 45195-1159, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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El Deeb S, Abdelsamad K, Parr MK. Greener and Whiter Analytical Chemistry Using Cyrene as a More Sustainable and Eco-Friendlier Mobile Phase Constituent in Chromatography. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1488. [PMID: 37895959 PMCID: PMC10609853 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyrene (dihydrolevoglucosenone) was evaluated for the first time as a potential sustainable mobile phase solvent in reversed-phase chromatography. As a benign biodegradable solvent, Cyrene is an attractive replacement to classical non-green organic chromatographic solvents such as acetonitrile and a modifier, co-eluent to known green solvents such as ethanol. Compared to ethanol, Cyrene is less toxic, non-flammable, biobased, biodegradable, and a cheaper solvent. A fire safety spider chart was generated to compare the properties of Cyrene to ethanol and show its superiority as a greener solvent. Cyrene's behavior, advantages, and drawbacks in reversed-phase chromatography, including the cut-off value of 350 nm, elution power, selectivity, and effect on the column, were investigated using a model drug mixture of moxifloxacin and metronidazole. A monolithic C18 (100 × 4.6 mm) column was used as a stationary phase. Different ratios of Cyrene: ethanol with an aqueous portion of sodium acetate buffer mobile phases were tested. A mobile phase consisting of Cyrene: ethanol: 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer pH 4.25 (8:13:79, v/v/v) was selected as the most suitable mobile phase system for separating and simultaneously determining metronidazole and moxifloxacin. The greenness and whiteness of the method were evaluated using the qualitative green assessment tool AGREE and the white analytical chemistry assessment tool RGB12. Further potentials of Cyrene as a solvent or modifier in normal phase chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and supercritical fluid chromatography are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (M.K.P.)
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Khalid Abdelsamad
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (M.K.P.)
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (K.A.); (M.K.P.)
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Moussa A, Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Fundamental investigation of the dispersion caused by a change in diameter in nano liquid chromatography capillary tubing. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463719. [PMID: 36542892 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study of the extra dispersion caused by the change in diameter when coupling two pieces of capillary tubing with different diameter. In this first investigation into the problem, the focus is on the typical flow rates (0.25≤F≤2μL/min) and diameters (d≤40μm) used in nano-LC, considering both the case of either a doubling or halving of the diameter. The CFD simulations allow to study the problem from a fundamental point of view, i.e., under otherwise perfect conditions (perfect alignment, zero dead-volume). Flow rates, capillary diameters, diffusion coefficients and liquid viscosities have been varied over a range relevant for nano-LC (Reynolds-numbers Re ≤ 1), with also an excursion made towards high-temperature nano-LC conditions (Re ≥ 10 and more). The extra dispersion caused by the change in diameter has been quantified via a volumetric variance σ2conn, defined in such a way that the overall dispersion across the entire capillary system can be easily reconstructed from the known analytical solutions in the individual segments. When the two capillaries are longer than their diffusion entry length, covering most of the practical cases, σ2conn converges to a limiting value σ2conn,∞ which varies to a close approximation with the square of flow rate. Under the investigated nano-LC conditions, the σ2conn,∞-values are surprisingly small (e.g., on the order of 0.01 to 0.15 nL2 in a 20 to 40μm connection) compared to the dispersion occurring in the remainder of the capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moussa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
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den Uijl MJ, Roeland T, Bos TS, Schoenmakers PJ, van Bommel MR, Pirok BW. Assessing the feasibility of stationary-phase-assisted modulation for two-dimensional liquid-chromatography separations. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Stationary Phases for Green Liquid Chromatography. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020419. [PMID: 35057141 PMCID: PMC8778826 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Industrial research, including pharmaceutical research, is increasingly using liquid chromatography techniques. This involves the production of large quantities of hazardous and toxic organic waste. Therefore, it is essential at this point to focus interest on solutions proposed by so-called “green chemistry”. One such solution is the search for new methods or the use of new materials that will reduce waste. One of the most promising ideas is to perform chromatographic separation using pure water, without organic solvents, as a mobile phase. Such an approach requires novel stationary phases or specific chromatographic conditions, such as an elevated separation temperature. The following review paper aims to gather information on stationary phases used for separation under purely aqueous conditions at various temperatures.
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Al-Khateeb LA, Al-zahrani MA, El-Maghrabey M, Dahas FA, El-Shaheny R, El Hamd MA. Extra-thermodynamic study of the retention of anti-inflammatory 2-arylpropionic acid derivatives on a heat-resistive stationary phase: Application of HTLC approach for pharmaceutical and biological analysis. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Akay S, Öztürk S, Kalderis D, Kayan B. Degradation, solubility and chromatographic studies of Ibuprofen under high temperature water conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130307. [PMID: 33774244 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IBP) is an emerging environmental contaminant having low aqueous solubility which negatively affects the application of advanced oxidation and adsorption processes. It was determined that as the temperature increased to 473 K, the mole fraction solubility increased considerably from 0.02 × 10-3 to 212.88 × 10-3 (10600-fold). Calculation of the thermodynamic properties indicated an endothermic process, ΔsolH > 0, with relatively high ΔsolS values. Spectroscopic, thermal and chromatographic analyses established the IBP stability at subcritical conditions. In the second part of the study, the degradation of IBP in H2O2-modified subcritical was studied and the effect of each process variable was investigated. The optimum degradation of 88% was reached at an IBP concentration of 15 mg L-1, temperature of 250 °C, 105 min treatment time and 250 mM H2O2. The process was optimized by response surface methodology and a mathematical model was proposed and validated. Temperature was determined as the most influential parameter, followed by H2O2 concentration. At temperatures higher than 230 °C, a small but noticeable reduction in degradation % suggested that the OH· radicals are consumed at a higher rate than they are produced, through side reactions with other radicals and/or IBP by-products. Finally, potential by-products were determined by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis and potential by-products were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Akay
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Aksaray University, Aksaray, 68100, Turkey
| | - Serpil Öztürk
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Aksaray University, Aksaray, 68100, Turkey
| | - Dimitrios Kalderis
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Chania, 73100, Crete, Greece
| | - Berkant Kayan
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Aksaray University, Aksaray, 68100, Turkey.
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9
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Lateefa A. Al-Khateeb. An Eco-Friendly RP-HPLC Method for the Separation and Trace Determination of Selected Food Colorant Residues in Foodstuffs Utilizing Superheated Water. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821070029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Turnpenny P, Dickie A, Malec J, McClements J. Retention-directed and selectivity controlled chromatographic resolution: Rapid post-hoc analysis of DMPK samples to achieve high-throughput LC-MS separation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1164:122514. [PMID: 33477099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High quality chromatographic separation underpins robustness in LC-MS, frequently the analytical method of choice for pharmaceutical drug discovery work. The potential improvements in chromatographic selectivity afforded by serial column coupling (SCC), provide a useful means to enhance the resolution of complex samples. In this work, we present a revised high-throughput form of SCC, in which just two individual mixed phase columns were coupled together and combined with a gradient-optimised, retention-directed ultra-high pressure method to achieve rapid separations, with no further method optimisation necessary. The overall performance was evaluated from an open access DMPK analytical working environment perspective; where in anticipation of bioanalytical or metabolite identification chromatography challenges, or with the knowledge that stronger resolution was required for in-vitro sample analysis, the methodology could be immediately implemented by the analyst. Retention-directed selection of a shallow SCC gradient method was successful in separating peaks throughout the chromatographic window, resulting in a runtime still congruent to high-throughput analyses (3.5 min). In-vitro assay sample interferences were resolved 44-72% of the time, and the overall resolving power for isomeric separations significantly improved against single column comparisons (1.7-fold mean RS improvement). Over a sustained period of time in our laboratory, SCC methods have been used for metabolite identification and bioanalytical samples, where both convenience and effectiveness in solving analytical challenges has been consistently demonstrated. Examples that highlight SCC chromatography, and a guided discussion of the main high-throughput considerations, are included. The technique offers wide applicability, and we would recommend it as a toolbox consideration to the laboratory analyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Turnpenny
- Evotec, Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | - Anthony Dickie
- Evotec, Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Abingdon, Oxon, UK.
| | - Jed Malec
- Evotec, Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
| | - Jordan McClements
- Evotec, Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Abingdon, Oxon, UK
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11
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Andersen JE, Mukami HW, Maina IW. Evaluation of the van Deemter equation in terms of open‐ended flow to chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3251-3265. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens E.T. Andersen
- Department of Chemical and Forensic SciencesBotswana International University of Science and Technology Palapye Botswana
| | - Hawa W. Mukami
- Department of Chemical and Forensic SciencesBotswana International University of Science and Technology Palapye Botswana
| | - Irene W. Maina
- Department of Chemical and Forensic SciencesBotswana International University of Science and Technology Palapye Botswana
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12
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Gama MR, Rocha FR. Solventless separation of underivatized biogenic amines by sequential injection chromatography. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Brhane KW, Qamar S. Two-dimensional general rate model for non-isothermal liquid chromatography considering finite rates of adsorption–desorption kinetics. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1713803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kewani Welay Brhane
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Mathematics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Shamsul Qamar
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
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15
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Kaplitz AS, Kresge GA, Selover B, Horvat L, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias KM, Foster SW, Davis JJ, Grinias JP. High-Throughput and Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 92:67-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Kaplitz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Glenn A. Kresge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Benjamin Selover
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Leah Horvat
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | | | - Justin M. Godinho
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19810, United States
| | - Kaitlin M. Grinias
- Analytical Platforms & Platform Modernization, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Joshua J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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Chen LC. High-Temperature Liquid Chromatography and the Hyphenation with Mass Spectrometry Using High-Pressure Electrospray Ionization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 8:S0079. [PMID: 32010544 PMCID: PMC6920344 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the operating temperature of the liquid chromatography (LC) column has the same effect as reducing the diameter of the packing particles on minimizing the contribution of C-term in the van Deemter equation, flattening the curve of plate height vs. linear velocity in the high-speed region, thus allowing a fast LC analysis without the loss of plate count. While the use of smaller particles requires a higher pumping pressure, operating the column at higher temperature reduces the pressure due to lower liquid viscosity. At present, the adoption of high-temperature LC lags behind the ultra-high-pressure LC. Nevertheless, the availability of thermally stable columns has steadily improved and new innovations in this area have continued to emerge. This paper gives a brief review and updates on the recent advances in high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC). Recent efforts of hyphenating the capillary HTLC with mass spectrometry via a super-atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
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Galeano Garcia P, Zimmermann BH, Carazzone C. Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry and Multivariate Analysis of the De Novo Pyrimidine Pathway Metabolites. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080328. [PMID: 31370321 PMCID: PMC6722987 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe the optimization of a Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) method for the evaluation of 14 metabolites related to the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines (dnSP) while using multivariate analysis, which is the metabolic pathway for pyrimidine nucleotide production. A multivariate design was used to set the conditions of the column temperature, flow of the mobile phase, additive concentration, gradient rate, and pH of the mobile phase in order to attain higher peak resolution and ionization efficiency in shorter analysis times. The optimization process was carried out while using factorial fractional designs, Box–Behnken design and central composite design while using two zwitterionic columns, ZIC-p-HILIC and ZIC-HILIC, polymeric, and silica-based columns, respectively. The factors were evaluated while using resolution (R), retention factor (k), efficiency of the column (N), and peak height (h) as the response variables. The best optimized conditions were found with the ZIC-p-HILIC column: elution gradient rate 2 min, pH 7.0, temperature 45 °C, mobile phase flow of 0.35 mL min−1, and additive (ammonium acetate) concentration of 6 mM. The total analysis time was 28 min. The ZIC-p-HILIC LC-MS method yielded satisfactory results for linearity of calibration curves, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The method has been shown to be appropriate for the analysis of dnSP on samples of tomato plants that were infected with Phytophthora infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Galeano Garcia
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia.
- "Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales Amazónicos", Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002, Colombia.
| | - Barbara H Zimmermann
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Chiara Carazzone
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia.
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Yabré M, Ferey L, Somé IT, Gaudin K. Greening Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Methods Using Alternative Solvents for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051065. [PMID: 29724076 PMCID: PMC6100308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The greening of analytical methods has gained increasing interest in the field of pharmaceutical analysis to reduce environmental impacts and improve the health safety of analysts. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most widely used analytical technique involved in pharmaceutical drug development and manufacturing, such as the quality control of bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations, as well as the analysis of drugs in biological samples. However, RP-HPLC methods commonly use large amounts of organic solvents and generate high quantities of waste to be disposed, leading to some issues in terms of ecological impact and operator safety. In this context, greening HPLC methods is becoming highly desirable. One strategy to reduce the impact of hazardous solvents is to replace classically used organic solvents (i.e., acetonitrile and methanol) with greener ones. So far, ethanol has been the most often used alternative organic solvent. Others strategies have followed, such as the use of totally aqueous mobile phases, micellar liquid chromatography, and ionic liquids. These approaches have been well developed, as they do not require equipment investments and are rather economical. This review describes and critically discusses the recent advances in greening RP-HPLC methods dedicated to pharmaceutical analysis based on the use of alternative solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Yabré
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
- Laboratoire de développement du médicament, Université Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso.
| | - Ludivine Ferey
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Issa Touridomon Somé
- Laboratoire de développement du médicament, Université Ouaga 1 Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso.
| | - Karen Gaudin
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, Bordeaux University, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Pirok BWJ, Gargano AFG, Schoenmakers PJ. Optimizing separations in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:68-98. [PMID: 29027363 PMCID: PMC5814945 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography has become an attractive option for the analysis of complex nonvolatile samples found in various fields (e.g. environmental studies, food, life, and polymer sciences). Two-dimensional liquid chromatography complements the highly popular hyphenated systems that combine liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography is also applied to the analysis of samples that are not compatible with mass spectrometry (e.g. high-molecular-weight polymers), providing important information on the distribution of the sample components along chemical dimensions (molecular weight, charge, lipophilicity, stereochemistry, etc.). Also, in comparison with conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography, two-dimensional liquid chromatography provides a greater separation power (peak capacity). Because of the additional selectivity and higher peak capacity, the combination of two-dimensional liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows for simpler mixtures of compounds to be introduced in the ion source at any given time, improving quantitative analysis by reducing matrix effects. In this review, we summarize the rationale and principles of two-dimensional liquid chromatography experiments, describe advantages and disadvantages of combining different selectivities and discuss strategies to improve the quality of two-dimensional liquid chromatography separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST, Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Characterization of the polarity of subcritical water. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1486:42-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Creese ME, Creese MJ, Foley JP, Cortes HJ, Hilder EF, Shellie RA, Breadmore MC. Longitudinal On-Column Thermal Modulation for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2016; 89:1123-1130. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari E. Creese
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Mathew J. Creese
- Allison Laboratories Pty Ltd., Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Joe P. Foley
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Hernan J. Cortes
- HJ Cortes Consulting LLC, Midland, Michigan 48642, United States
| | - Emily F. Hilder
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Future
Industries Institute, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Robert A. Shellie
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Place, Ringwood, Victoria 3134, Australia
| | - Michael C. Breadmore
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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23
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Hetzel T, Loeker D, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Characterization of the efficiency of microbore liquid chromatography columns by van Deemter and kinetic plot analysis. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3889-3897. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terence Hetzel
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V; IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology); Bliersheimer Straße 58-60 Duisburg Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 5 Essen Germany
| | - Denise Loeker
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V; IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology); Bliersheimer Straße 58-60 Duisburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V; IUTA (Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology); Bliersheimer Straße 58-60 Duisburg Germany
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 5 Essen Germany
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24
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de Villiers A, Venter P, Pasch H. Recent advances and trends in the liquid-chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of flavonoids. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1430:16-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryota MORINAGA
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Saitama University
| | - Shingo SAITO
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Saitama University
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26
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Identification and quantification of electrochemically generated metabolites of thyroxine by means of liquid chromatography/electrospray-mass spectrometry and countergradient liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1419:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Nazario CED, Silva MR, Franco MS, Lanças FM. Evolution in miniaturized column liquid chromatography instrumentation and applications: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:18-37. [PMID: 26381569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to underline the miniaturized LC instrumental system and describe the evolution of commercially available systems by discussing their advantages and drawbacks. Nowadays, there are already many miniaturized LC systems available with a great variety of pump design, interface and detectors as well as efficient columns technologies and reduced connections devices. The solvent delivery systems are able to drive the mobile phase without flow splitters and promote gradient elution using either dual piston reciprocating or syringe-type pumps. The mass spectrometry as detection system is the most widely used detection system; among many alternative ionization sources direct-EI LC-MS is a promising alternative to APCI. In addition, capillary columns are now available showing many possibilities of stationary phases, inner diameters and hardware materials. This review provides a discussion about miniaturized LC demonstrating fundamentals and instrumentals' aspects of the commercially available miniaturized LC instrumental system mainly nano and micro LC formats. This review also covers the recent developments and trends in instrumentation, capillary and nano columns, and several applications of this very important and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meire R Silva
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maraíssa S Franco
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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28
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Silva MR, Andrade FN, Fumes BH, Lanças FM. Unified chromatography: Fundamentals, instrumentation and applications†. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3071-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meire R. Silva
- University of São Paulo; Sao Carlos, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, SP Brasil
| | - Felipe N. Andrade
- University of São Paulo; Sao Carlos, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, SP Brasil
| | - Bruno H. Fumes
- University of São Paulo; Sao Carlos, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, SP Brasil
| | - Fernando M. Lanças
- University of São Paulo; Sao Carlos, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, SP Brasil
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29
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Borges EM, Volmer DA. Silica, Hybrid Silica, Hydride Silica and Non-Silica Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography. Part II: Chemical and Thermal Stability. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1107-22. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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30
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Wu Y, Deng X, Mao Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Rong L, Xu Z. Retention mechanism of phenolic compounds in subcritical water chromatography. Chem Res Chin Univ 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-015-4360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Shaaban H, Górecki T. Current trends in green liquid chromatography for the analysis of pharmaceutically active compounds in the environmental water compartments. Talanta 2015; 132:739-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Tarafder A, Iraneta P, Guiochon G, Kaczmarski K, Poe DP. Estimations of temperature deviations in chromatographic columns using isenthalpic plots. I. Theory for isocratic systems. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1366:126-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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A trade off between separation, detection and sustainability in liquid chromatographic fingerprinting. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1354:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Khandagale MM, Hilder EF, Shellie RA, Haddad PR. Assessment of the complementarity of temperature and flow-rate for response normalisation of aerosol-based detectors. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Wang T, Chen X, Li L, Cao Y, Zhao L, Chai Y, Zhu Z, Lou Z. Characterization of Nucleotides and Nucleotide Sugars inCandida albicansby High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry with a Porous Graphite Carbon Column. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.836657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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36
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Khandagale MM, Hutchinson JP, Dicinoski GW, Haddad PR. Effects of eluent temperature and elution bandwidth on detection response for aerosol-based detectors. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1308:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Possibilities and limitations of the kinetic plot method in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1305:300-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Molecular Shape Selectivity for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds on a Core–Shell Octadecylsilica Stationary Phase at Subambient Column Temperatures. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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Op De Beeck J, Callewaert M, Ottevaere H, Gardeniers H, Desmet G, De Malsche W. On the Advantages of Radially Elongated Structures in Microchip-Based Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5207-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400576s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE
Enschede, The Netherlands
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40
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Pursch M, Eckerle P, Gu B, Luong J, Cortes HJ. Selectivity tuning via temperature pulsing using low thermal mass liquid chromatography and monolithic columns. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1217-22. [PMID: 23483740 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Low thermal mass LC was applied to the capillary LC separation of a complex insecticide mixture by increasing temperature and decreasing gradients, as well as fast selected temperature pulses to increase resolution of overlapped components. The technology was applied using a new generation of capillary monolithic stationary phases. Considerable peak shifts and selectivity changes were observed for given temperature conditions. The concept of temperature pulsing during an elution profile shows promise for increasing resolution in difficult separations and can provide a relatively simple means to solve coelution problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pursch
- Dow Deutschland Anlagengesellschaft mbH & OHG, Analytical Technology Center, Rheinmuenster, Germany.
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41
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Yang Y, Kapalavavi B, Gujjar L, Hadrous S, Marple R, Gamsky C. Industrial application of green chromatography - II. Separation and analysis of preservatives in skincare products using subcritical water chromatography. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 34:466-76. [PMID: 22762371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) and subcritical water chromatography (SBWC) methods have been successfully developed in this study for separation and analysis of preservatives contained in Olay skincare creams. Efficient separation and quantitative analysis of preservatives have been achieved on four commercially available ZirChrom and Waters XBridge columns at temperatures ranging from 100 to 200°C. The quantification results obtained by both HTLC and SBWC methods developed for preservatives analysis are accurate and reproducible. A large number of replicate HTLC and SBWC runs also indicate no significant system building-up or interference for skincare cream analysis. Compared with traditional HPLC separation carried out at ambient temperature, the HTLC methods can save up to 90% methanol required in the HPLC mobile phase. However, the SBWC methods developed in this project completely eliminated the use of toxic organic solvents required in the HPLC mobile phase, thus saving a significant amount of money and making the environment greener. Although both homemade and commercial systems can accomplish SBWC separations, the SBWC methods using the commercial system for preservative analysis are recommended for industrial applications because they can be directly applied in industrial plant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, U.S.A.
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42
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Baranowska I, Magiera S, Baranowski J. Clinical applications of fast liquid chromatography: a review on the analysis of cardiovascular drugs and their metabolites. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 927:54-79. [PMID: 23462623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges facing the medicine today is developing new therapies that enhance human health. To help address these challenges the utilization of analytical technologies and high-throughput automated platforms has been employed; in order to perform more experiments in a shorter time frame with increased data quality. In the last decade various analytical strategies have been established to enhance separation speed and efficiency in liquid chromatography applications. Liquid chromatography is an increasingly important tool for monitoring drugs and their metabolites. Furthermore, liquid chromatography has played an important role in pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies at these drug development stages since its introduction. This paper provides an overview of current trends in fast chromatography for the analysis of cardiovascular drugs and their metabolites in clinical applications. Current trends in fast liquid chromatographic separations involve monolith technologies, fused-core columns, high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The high specificity in combination with high sensitivity makes it an attractive complementary method to traditional methodology used for routine applications. The practical aspects of, recent developments in and the present status of fast chromatography for the analysis of biological fluids for therapeutic drug and metabolite monitoring, pharmacokinetic studies and bioequivalence studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Baranowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 7M. Strzody Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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43
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Chester TL. Maximizing the speed of separations for industrial problems. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:69-77. [PMID: 22989488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent improvement efforts in chromatography have provided great improvements in the rate of plate production, but less attention has been spent on optimizing the kinds of problems that are most often encountered in industry. When factors are not independent in their effects on the responses of a chromatographic separation, all adjustable factors must be considered in concert in seeking the best or optimum condition that solves the problem. This requires careful attention to specifying the goals, the adjustable factors, and the constraints required to make sure the outcome can actually be implemented. Strategies for optimizing assay and screening methods in the context of industrial needs are presented. Expanding the factor space of the system being investigated can lead to better outcomes. The prospect of adding column-outlet pressure control and expanding the mobile phase composition to include condensed gases or supercritical fluids is explored. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography, and supercritical fluid chromatography are contiguous with regard to mobile phase characteristics. Adjustment of selectivity through instrument-controlled factors can benefit method development. Opportunities obtained by blending modifiers, varying temperature and pressure with compressible mobile phases, and controlling pH are discussed in the context of optimizing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Chester
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
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44
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Shaaban H, Górecki T. Fast ultrahigh performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of 25 emerging contaminants in surface water and wastewater samples using superficially porous sub-3 μm particles as an alternative to fully porous sub-2μm particles. Talanta 2012; 100:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Terol A, Paredes E, Maestre SE, Prats S, Todolí JL. Rapid and sensitive determination of carbohydrates in foods using high temperature liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:929-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Terol
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Nutrition and Food Science; University of Alicante; Alicante Spain
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46
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Kinetic optimisation of the reversed phase liquid chromatographic separation of proanthocyanidins on sub-2μm and superficially porous phases. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1236:63-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Causon TJ, Cortes HJ, Shellie RA, Hilder EF. Temperature Pulsing for Controlling Chromatographic Resolution in Capillary Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3362-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300161b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim J. Causon
- Australian
Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia,
7001
| | - Hernan J. Cortes
- Australian
Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia,
7001
- HJ Cortes Consulting LLC, Midland, Michigan 48642, United States
| | - Robert A. Shellie
- Australian
Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia,
7001
| | - Emily F. Hilder
- Australian
Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia,
7001
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48
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Kapalavavi B, Marple R, Gamsky C, Yang Y. Separation of sunscreens in skincare creams using greener high-temperature liquid chromatography and subcritical water chromatography. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 34:169-75. [PMID: 22091847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, high-temperature liquid chromatographic (HTLC) and subcritical water chromatographic (SBWC) separations of sunscreens contained in skincare creams were achieved at temperatures ranging from 90 to 250°C. The columns employed in this work include a ZirChrom-DiamondBond-C18, a XTerra MS C18 and a XBridge C18 column. The quantity of methanol consumed by the greener HTLC sunscreen methods developed in this project is significantly reduced although the HTLC separation at this stage is not as efficient as that achieved by traditional HPLC. SBWC separation of sunscreens was also achieved on the XTerra MS C18 and the XBridge C18 columns using pure water at 230-250°C. Methanol was eliminated in the SBWC methods developed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kapalavavi
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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49
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Shaaban H, Górecki T. Optimization and validation of a fast ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of selected sulphonamides in water samples using a fully porous sub-2 μm column at elevated temperature. J Sep Sci 2011; 35:216-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Droux S, Félix G. Green chiral HPLC enantiomeric separations using high temperature liquid chromatography and subcritical water on chiralcel OD and chiralpak AD. Chirality 2011; 23 Suppl 1:E105-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.21019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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