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Lafazanis K, Begas E, Papapostolou I, Iatrou H, Sakellaridis N, Vlassopoulos D, Dimas K. Development and Validation of a Simple and Reliable HPLC-UV Method for Determining Gemcitabine Levels: Application in Pharmacokinetic Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:864. [PMID: 38929481 PMCID: PMC11205493 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Gemcitabine has been used to treat various solid cancers, including, since 1997, metastatic pancreatic cancer. Here, we developed an HPLC-UV method to determine serum gemcitabine levels and use it in pharmacokinetic studies. Materials and Methods: The analysis was performed after a single protein precipitation step on a reversed-phase column, isocratically eluted with sodium phosphate buffer and methanol. For the pharmacokinetic study, NOD/SCID mice received a single dose of gemcitabine at 100 mg/kg by either subcutaneous (SC) or intraperitoneal (IP) administration. Blood samples were collected at 5, 15, and 30 min and 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after the administration of gemcitabine for further analysis. Results: The duration of the analysis was ~12.5 min. The calibration curve was linear (r2 = 0.999) over the range of 1-400 μM. The mean recovery of GEM was 96.53% and the limit of detection was 0.166 μΜ. T1/2, Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-t, and clearance were 64.49 min, 5.00 min, 264.88 μmol/L, 9351.95 μmol/L*min, and 0.0103(mg)/(μmol/L)/min, respectively, for the SC administration. The corresponding values for the IP administration were 59.34 min, 5.00 min, 300.73 μmol/L, 8981.35 μmol/L*min and 0.0108(mg)/(μmol/L)/min (not statistically different from the SC administration). Conclusions: A simple, valid, sensitive, and inexpensive method for the measurement of gemcitabine in serum has been developed. This method may be useful for monitoring gemcitabine levels in cancer patients as part of therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Lafazanis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.L.); (E.B.); (I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Elias Begas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.L.); (E.B.); (I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Irida Papapostolou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.L.); (E.B.); (I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Hermis Iatrou
- Industrial Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikos Sakellaridis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.L.); (E.B.); (I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Dimitrios Vlassopoulos
- FORTH, Institute for Electronic Structure and Laser, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dimas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.L.); (E.B.); (I.P.); (N.S.)
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Tiwari AK, Yadav PK, Saklani R, Rana R, Alam MN, Chourasia MK. Development and validation of simultaneous quantification method for gemcitabine and betulinic acid: augmenting industrial application. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:267. [PMID: 37431395 PMCID: PMC10329607 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial treatment utilizing a nucleoside analogue gemcitabine (GEM), with a characteristic pentacyclic triterpenoid betulinic acid (BET), has exhibited empowering adequacy in the therapy of cancer. It lessens the advancement of collagen and upgrades the saturation of tumour medicines. With the advancement in nanotechnology, the co-loaded formulation urges for a validated method of estimation. The purposed work entails a robust, simple, and economical analytical method for the simultaneous estimation of GEM and BET through RP-HPLC. Orthophosphoric acid (0.1%)-acetonitrile was considered as the mobile phase for the detection of GEM and BET at 248 nm and 210 nm with retention times of 5 min and 13 min, respectively. The method was further validated as per the regulatory guidelines with all the parameters found within the limit. The developed method with adequate resolution and quantification was found to be linear, accurate, precise, robust, and stable with an intra- and inter-day variability of less than 2%. The method was found specific for GEM and BET with no matrix interference of drug-spiked FBS samples. To demonstrate the applicability of the developed method, a nano-formulation containing GEM and BET was prepared and assessed for various parameters including encapsulation efficiency, loading efficiency, drug release, and drug stability. The method developed can be a possible tool for the simultaneous quantification of GEM-BET in analytical and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Tiwari
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - P. K. Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - R. Saklani
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - R. Rana
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031 India
| | - M. N. Alam
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031 India
| | - M. K. Chourasia
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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3
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Inkoom A, Ndemazie NB, Smith T, Frimpong E, Bulusu R, Poku R, Zhu X, Han B, Trevino J, Agyare E. Biological evaluation of novel gemcitabine analog in patient-derived xenograft models of pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:435. [PMID: 37179357 PMCID: PMC10182601 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine (Gem) has been a standard first-line drug for pancreatic cancer (PCa) treatment; however, Gem's rapid metabolism and systemic instability (short half-life) limit its clinical outcome. The objective of this study was to modify Gem into a more stable form called 4-(N)-stearoyl-gemcitabine (4NSG) and evaluate its therapeutic efficacy in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models from PCa of Black and White patients.Methods 4NSG was synthesized and characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), elemental analysis, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 4NSG-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (4NSG-SLN) were developed using the cold homogenization technique and characterized. Patient-derived pancreatic cancer cell lines labeled Black (PPCL-192, PPCL-135) and White (PPCL-46, PPCL-68) were used to assess the in vitro anticancer activity of 4NSG-SLN. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and tumor efficacy studies were conducted using PDX mouse models bearing tumors from Black and White PCa patients.Results 4NSG was significantly stable in liver microsomal solution. The effective mean particle size (hydrodynamic diameter) of 4NSG-SLN was 82 ± 6.7 nm, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 4NSG-SLN treated PPCL-192 cells (9 ± 1.1 µM); PPCL-135 (11 ± 1.3 µM); PPCL-46 (12 ± 2.1) and PPCL-68 equaled to 22 ± 2.6 were found to be significantly lower compared to Gem treated PPCL-192 (57 ± 1.5 µM); PPCL-135 (56 ± 1.5 µM); PPCL-46 (56 ± 1.8 µM) and PPCL-68 (57 ± 2.4 µM) cells. The area under the curve (AUC), half-life, and pharmacokinetic clearance parameters for 4NSG-SLN were 3-fourfold higher than that of GemHCl. For in-vivo studies, 4NSG-SLN exhibited a two-fold decrease in tumor growth compared with GemHCl in PDX mice bearing Black and White PCa tumors.Conclusion 4NSG-SLN significantly improved the Gem's pharmacokinetic profile, enhanced Gem's systemic stability increased its antitumor efficacy in PCa PDX mice bearing Black and White patient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriana Inkoom
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1415 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Nkafu Bechem Ndemazie
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1415 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Taylor Smith
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1415 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Esther Frimpong
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1415 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Raviteja Bulusu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1415 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Rosemary Poku
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Xue Zhu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1415 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033, USA
| | - Jose Trevino
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Edward Agyare
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1415 South Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA.
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Sharkawi MMZ, Mohamed NR, El-Saadi MT, Amin NH. Determination of Bendamustine, Gemcitabine and Vinorelbine (BEGEV) regimen in spiked human plasma using multivariate model update chemometric methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 299:122836. [PMID: 37196550 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Combination of bendamustine (BEN), gemcitabine (GEM), and vinorelbine (VIB), (BEGEV) regimen, has been proved to be a tolerable, safe and effective regimen in relapsed/refractory classical hodgkin lymphoma (R/R cHL). Two chemometric models named principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) were established for determination and quantification of BEN, GEM and VIB simultaneously in the ranges of 5-25 µg/mL for each of BEN and VIB, while in the range of 10 -30 µg/mL for GEM in pure and spiked plasma using their UV absorbance. The updated methods have been proven their ability to predict the concentrations of the studied drugs and validated according to FDA guidelines showing good results. There was no significant difference between the developed methods and the reported LC-MS/MS method upon statistical comparison was applied. Furthermore, the updated chemometric methods have advantages of being sensitive, accurate and cost effective for estimation of BEN, GEM and VIB and monitoring their concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M Z Sharkawi
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Alshaheed Shehata Ahmed Hegazy, St. Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Norhan R Mohamed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed T El-Saadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University - Kantra Branch, Egypt
| | - Noha H Amin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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5
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FDA-Validated Ecofriendly Chromatographic Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Gemcitabine and Sorafenib: Applications to Pharmacokinetics. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCombination therapy of gemcitabine and sorafenib is synergistically effective and well tolerated in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, the pharmacokinetic parameters of both gemcitabine and sorafenib were estimated after intra-peritoneal administration in rats using novel, green and sensitive RP-HPLC and TLC-densitometric methods where sildenafil used as an internal standard. Firstly, the developed RP-HPLC method achieved on ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) using a mixture of methanol: 40 mM ammonium acetate solution. On the other hand, the developed TLC-densitometric method was achieved on TLC plates using a developing system of methanol: ethyl acetate (3: 7, by volume) and scanning wave length at 260 nm. Additionally, the developed methods were validated according to FDA guidelines. Moreover, the developed methods were successfully used to study the pharmacokinetic parameters of both gemcitabine and sorafenib after administration of each drug alone and co-administration in rats. The results presented that drug–drug interaction between drugs happened when administrated together affecting the pharmacokinetic parameters of each other. The proposed methods, being ecofriendly, accurate, and sensitive, may become the corner stone for further clinical studies of the studied drugs determinations applied on humans.
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Shekarbeygi Z, Karami C, Esmaeili E, Moradi S, Shahlaei M. Development of Ag nanoparticle-carbon quantum dot nanocomplex as fluorescence sensor for determination of gemcitabine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 262:120148. [PMID: 34247037 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine hydrochloride is an established chemotherapeutic agent in several solid tumors. In spite of outstanding therapeutic efficacy, there are some serious fetal side effects with gemcitabine in higher concentrations which necessitate developing a sensitive sensor for its quantification. Herein, a fluorescent metal-nanoparticles conjugated carbon quantum dot (MN-CQD) was prepared by a mixture of citric acid/ammonia sulfate and different metals using hydrothermal method. Based on the primary experiments, the efficiency of Ag nanoparticle-CQDs for gemcitabine determination was found to be much better than others. The AgNp-CQDs fluorescence was quenched by gemcitabine anticancer drug via photo-induced charge transfer which renders the system into fluorescence "OFF" status. Under the experimental conditions, the linear range of detection was 0.003-0.1 μM in an aqueous solution with a correlation coefficient of 0.96 and a limit of detection equal to 0.002 µM. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for gemcitabine determination was 3.4% (n = 3). Finally, after optimizing the conditions, the concentration of analyte was determined in real samples including human plasma and urine. These results confirm that the as prepared fluorescence based nanosensor can be used for sensitive quantification of gemcitabine in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shekarbeygi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Changiz Karami
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Esmaeili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sajad Moradi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Shahlaei
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Van der Meer JMR, de Jonge PKJD, van der Waart AB, Geerlings AC, Moonen JP, Brummelman J, de Klein J, Vermeulen MC, Maas RJA, Schaap NPM, Hoogstad-van Evert JS, Ottevanger PB, Jansen JH, Hobo W, Dolstra H. CD34 + progenitor-derived NK cell and gemcitabine combination therapy increases killing of ovarian cancer cells in NOD/SCID/IL2Rg null mice. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1981049. [PMID: 34616589 PMCID: PMC8489932 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1981049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining natural killer (NK) cell adoptive transfer with tumor-sensitizing chemotherapy is an attractive approach against recurrent ovarian cancer (OC), as OC is sensitive to NK cell-mediated immunity. Previously, we showed that CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC)-derived NK cells can kill OC cells in vitro and inhibit OC tumor growth in mice. Here, we investigated the potential of HPC-NK cell therapy combined with chemotherapeutic gemcitabine (used in recurrent OC patients) against OC. We examined the phenotypical, functional, and cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine on HPC-NK cells and/or OC cells in vitro and in OC-bearing mice. To this end, we treated OC cells and/or HPC-NK cells with or without gemcitabine and analyzed the phenotype, cytokine production, and anti-tumor reactivity. We found that gemcitabine did not affect the phenotype and functionality of HPC-NK cells, while on OC cells expression of NK cell activating ligands and death receptors was upregulated. Although gemcitabine pre-treatment of OC cells did not improve the functionality of HPC-NK cells, importantly, HPC-NK cells and gemcitabine additively killed OC cells in vitro. Similarly, combined HPC-NK cell and gemcitabine treatment additively decreased tumor growth in OC-bearing mice. Collectively, our results indicate that combination therapy of HPC-NK cells and gemcitabine results in augmented OC killing in vitro and in vivo. This provides a rationale for exploring this therapeutic strategy in patients with recurrent OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien M R Van der Meer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul K J D de Jonge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anniek B van der Waart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander C Geerlings
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen P Moonen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Brummelman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janne de Klein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Malou C Vermeulen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph J A Maas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas P M Schaap
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke S Hoogstad-van Evert
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amphia Hospital, The Netherlands
| | - Petronella B Ottevanger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop H Jansen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn Hobo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Dolstra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center/Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Heyder RS, Sunbul FS, Almuqbil RM, Fines CB, da Rocha SRP. Poly(anhydride-ester) gemcitabine: Synthesis and particle engineering of a high payload hydrolysable polymeric drug for cancer therapy. J Control Release 2021; 330:1178-1190. [PMID: 33212118 PMCID: PMC10939058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (GMT) is a nucleoside analog used in the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. GMT was chemically modified with a hydrolysable linker, and subsequently incorporated into a poly(anhydride-ester) backbone via melt-polymerization, with the active antimetabolite GMT, thus, becoming the repeat unit that makes up this new material, a biodegradable polymer. Characterization of the structure of polymeric GMT (polyGMT) revealed the incorporation of an average 26 molecules of GMT per polymer chain, which corresponds to a drug loading of 58%w/w. The glass transition temperature of the formed polyGMT was determined to be 123 °C. PolyGMT was engineered into nanoparticles (NPs) using a dialysis-based method, with a resulting geometric diameter of 206 ± 38 nm. The particles are easily dispersible and stable in aqueous-based media, with a hydrodynamic diameter of 229 ± 28 nm. The prepared hydrolysable polyGMT NPs demonstrate ultra-long release profile due to the hydrophobic nature of the linker, and as per characteristic erosion behavior of polymers with anhydride-ester bonds. Accelerated in vitro release studies demonstrate the recovery of free GMT upon hydrolysis, with biological activity as assessed by cytotoxicity assays performed in adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) and highly metastatic murine osteosarcoma (K7M2) cells lines. The characteristics of polyGMT, including its thermal properties and built in hydrolysable structure, are thus conducive for use in the preparation of drug delivery systems. Engineered structures prepared with polyGMT can maintain their morphology at ambient and physiologically relevant conditions, and free GMT is recovered as the anhydride and ester bonds are hydrolyzed. This work is innovative as for the first time we demonstrate the ability to polymerize GMT in a hydrolysable polymer structure, and engineer NPs of this polymeric chemotherapy. The synthetic strategy allows for tuning of the polymer hydrophobicity and thus potentialize its behavior, including degradation profile, by varying the linker chemistry. Such controlled release hydrolysable polymers with very high drug loading and controlled erosion profiles are relevant as they may offer new opportunities in drug delivery applications for the treatment of malignant neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Heyder
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences - School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Fatemah S Sunbul
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences - School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Rashed M Almuqbil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences - School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Cory B Fines
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences - School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Sandro R P da Rocha
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences - School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States.
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Inkoom A, Ndemazie N, Affram K, Smith T, Zhu X, Underwood P, Krishnan S, Ofori E, Han B, Trevino J, Agyare E. Enhancing efficacy of gemcitabine in pancreatic patient-derived xenograft mouse models. Int J Pharm X 2020; 2:100056. [PMID: 33015617 PMCID: PMC7522377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine (Gem), a nucleoside analog, is a preferred choice of treatment for pancreatic cancer (PCa) and often used in combination therapy against wide range of solid tumors. It is known to be rapidly inactivated in blood by cytidine deaminase. The objective of the study was to improve the systemic stability and anticancer activity of modified Gem termed 4-N-stearoylGem (4NSG) In this study, the IC50 values of 4NSG treated MiaPaCa-2 and primary pancreatic cancer (PPCL-46) cultures were significantly lower when compared with gemcitabine hydrochloride (GemHCl) treated cultures. In acute toxicity study, liver enzyme level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of the control mice was not significantly different from AST levels of 4NSG and GemHCl treated mice. However, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level of control mice (67 ± 5 mUnits/mL) was significantly lower compared with ALT levels of GemHCl (232 ± 28 mUnits/mL) and that of 4NSG (172 ± 22 mUnits/mL) (p < 0.0001). More importantly, ALT level of 4NSG was lower than ALT level of GemHCl (p < 0.05). Although ALT levels were elevated, pathological images of liver and kidney tissues of control, GemHCl and 4NSG treated mice revealed no architectural changes and no significant change in mice weight was observed during treatment. The bioavailability (AUC) of 4NSG was 3-fold high and significantly inhibited the tumor growth as compared with equivalent dose of GemHCl. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that 4NSG significantly inhibited the expression vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor. The study is unique because it established, for the first time, enhanced anticancer activity of 4NSG against pancreatic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model and PPCL-46 cells compared with Gem. 4SGN enhanced pharmacokinetic profile and improved the therapeutic efficacy of the standard-of-care Gem. Lastly, 4GSN showed a remarkable tumor growth inhibition and revealed significant antiangiogenic activity in 4GSN treated pancreatic PDX tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriana Inkoom
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - Nkafu Ndemazie
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - Kevin Affram
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - Taylor Smith
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - Xue Zhu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
| | - Patrick Underwood
- University of Florida Department of Surgery, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | | | - Edward Ofori
- College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Jose Trevino
- University of Florida Department of Surgery, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Edward Agyare
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States of America
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Affram KO, Smith T, Ofori E, Krishnan S, Underwood P, Trevino JG, Agyare E. Cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in pancreatic cancer cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019; 55. [PMID: 31903101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticle (Gem-SLN) on the patient-derived primary pancreatic cancer cell lines (PPCL-46) and MiaPaCa-2. Different SLN formulations were prepared from glyceryl monostearate (GMS), polysorbate 80 (Tween® 80) and poloxamer 188 (Pol 188) as surfactants using a cold homogenization method. Gem-SLN was characterized for particle size and charge distribution, entrapment efficiency and loading capacity. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to verify Gem and SLN interaction while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to acquire thermodynamic information on Gem-SLN. Cytotoxicity studies was conducted on PPCL-46 cells and Mia-PaCa-2 cells. Among the different Gem-SLN formulations prepared, Gem-SLN15 was selected based on entrapment efficiency (EE) of Gem, loading efficiency of Gem, cytotoxicity and rate of Gem release. Growth inhibition of Gem-SLN15-treated PPCL-46 culture (IC50 (2D) =27± 5 μM; IC50 (3D) = 66 ± 2 μM) was remarkably higher than gemcitabine hydrochloride (GemHCl)-treated PPCL-46 culture (IC50 (2D) =126±3 μM; IC50 (3D) =241±3 μM). Similar trend of higher Gem-SLN15 inhibition in MiaPaCa-2 culture was found (IC50 (2D) =56±16 μM; IC50 (3D) =127±4 μM) compared with GemHCl-treated Mia-PaCa-2 culture (IC50 (2D) =188±46 μM; IC50 (3D) =254±52 μM). The anticancer activity of Gem-SLN15 was significantly more effective than GemHCl in PPCL-46 compared to Mia-PaCa-2 cancer cells. Schematic diagram for preparation of Gem-SLN through cold homogenization and methods for characterization and in-vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O Affram
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Taylor Smith
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edward Ofori
- College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patrick Underwood
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jose G Trevino
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edward Agyare
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
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11
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Shoja Y, Kermanpur A, Karimzadeh F, Ghodsi J, Rafati AA, Adhami S. Electrochemical molecularly bioimprinted siloxane biosensor on the basis of core/shell silver nanoparticles/EGFR exon 21 L858R point mutant gene/siloxane film for ultra-sensing of Gemcitabine as a lung cancer chemotherapy medication. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 145:111611. [PMID: 31550632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In search for improvements in bioanalysis electrochemical sensors, for better assessment of anti-cancer drugs, it is necessary for their detection limits to be minimized and the sensitivity and selectivity to be surpassed simultaneously; whereas, resolving any probable interfering with other medical treatments are considered. In this work, a novel approach was adopted for detection and assessment of Gemcitabine (GEM) as an anti-cancer drug based on evaluating its interaction with EGFR exon 21-point mutant gene. An electrochemical nanobiosensor was invented based on a new molecularly bioimprinted siloxane polymer (MBIS) strategy; in which the EGFR exon 21 acts as an identification probe. The roles of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) are to perform as a signal amplifier. The MBIS film was prepared by acid-catalysed hydrolysis/condensation of the sample solution, containing Ag NPs, ds-DNA of EGFR exon 21 point mutant gene, GEM as a template molecule, 3-(aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS) and tetraethoxysilane. The interaction between the dsDNA and GEM was investigated by employing the modified biosensor and monitoring oxidation signal of guanine and adenine. The produced biosensor was characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, EDS, FT-IR and differential pulse voltammetry. The oxidation signals of adenine and guanine were in linear range when the device was subjected to various concentrations of GEM, from 1.5 to -93 μM, where a low detection limit 12.5 nmol L-1, and 48.8 nmol L-1 were recorded by guanine and adenine respectively. The developed biosensor did perform very well when employed for the actual samples; the stability was also approved which was acceptable for a reasonable time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Shoja
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Kermanpur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Fathallah Karimzadeh
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Javad Ghodsi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, P.O.Box 65174, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Amir Abbas Rafati
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, P.O.Box 65174, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Siavash Adhami
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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12
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Jin HB, Lu L, Xie L, Yang JF, Zhang XF, Ma SL. Concentration changes in gemcitabine and its metabolites after hyperthermia in pancreatic cancer cells assessed using RP-HPLC. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2019; 24:30. [PMID: 31131010 PMCID: PMC6521548 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-019-0153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gemcitabine (2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine;dFdC) is a first-line chemotherapy drug for pancreatic cancer. Recently, a synergistic anti-tumor treatment of dFdC and hyperthermia has achieved good clinical results, but there are few reports on the molecular mechanism influenced by hyperthermia. This study is an initial exploration of the effects of hyperthermia on changes in the concentration of dFdC and its metabolites in pancreatic cancer cells. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for clinical detection and pharmacokinetic research. Methods PANC-1 cells at logarithmic growth phase were used as the experimental object. The MTT assay was performed to determine the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of dFdC. After PANC-1 cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing IC50dFdC and treated with hyperthermia at 41 °C or 43 °C, changes in the concentration of dFdC, 2′,2′-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) and difluorodeoxycytidine triphosphate (dFdCTP) in the cells were tested using an optimized reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) protocol. Results We found that 41 °C and 43 °Chyperthermia gave rise to a decrease in dFdC and dFdU content. At 41 °C, the levels respectively fell to 9.28 and 30.93% of the baseline, and at 43 °C, to 24.76 and 57.80%, respectively. The dFdCTP content increased by 21.82% at 41 °C and 42.42% at 43 °C. Conclusion The two heat treatments could alter the mechanism of dFdC metabolism in PANC-1 cells. The effect of 43 °C hyperthermia is more significant. Our observations may be instrumental to explaining the higher anti-tumor efficacy of this combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - L Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - L Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - J F Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - X F Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - S L Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006 China
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Zhou Y, Chang Q, Wang W, Zhang X, Zhou F, Sun J, Wang G, Peng Y. Sensitive analysis and pharmacokinetic study of a novel gemcitabine carbamate prodrug and its active metabolite gemcitabine in rats using LC-ESI-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1083:249-257. [PMID: 29554521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
FY363 is a new chemical entity of gemcitabine analog, which has been shown to have a significant inhibitory effect on cell proliferation in a variety of tumor cell lines in vitro. As a carbamate derivative, FY363 would be converted to the active metabolite gemcitabine through enzyme action in vivo. In order to clarify the exposure of FY363 prototype and its metabolite gemcitabine in vivo after administration of FY363, a sensitive and specific liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated to simultaneously determine FY363 and gemcitabine in rat plasma after liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a highly stable polar column of Synergi 4u Polar-RP 80A (4 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm) which has a unique ether - phenyl bonded phase. Gradient elution was accomplished with mobile phase system consisting of 5 mM ammonium formate buffer containing 0.1% formic acid and mixed organic solvents containing methanol-acetonitrile (3:2, v/v). Multiple reaction monitoring transitions were performed on triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detection in positive-ion mode with an electrospray ionization source. The calibration curves showed good linearity (r > 0.99) over the established concentration range of 1.0-1000 ng/mL both for FY363 and gemcitabine. The assay was validated to be selective, robust and reproducible. This well validated method was successfully applied to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic behavior and the metabolic transformation of FY363 in rats. Results revealed that about 20% of FY363 were converted into its active metabolite gemcitabine in rats by comparing the exposure of gemcitabine after the FY363 administration with that after direct gemcitabine administration at equimolar dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingqing Chang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ying Peng
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Rapid Homogeneous Immunoassay to Quantify Gemcitabine in Plasma for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 2018; 39:235-242. [PMID: 28490046 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine) is a nucleoside analog used as a single agent and in combination regimens for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. Several studies have shown a relationship between gemcitabine peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and hematological toxicity. An immunoassay for gemcitabine in plasma was developed and validated to facilitate therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) by providing an economical, robust method for automated chemistry analyzers. METHODS A monoclonal antibody was coated on nanoparticles to develop a homogenous agglutination inhibition assay. To prevent ex vivo degradation of gemcitabine in blood, tetrahydrouridine was used as a sample stabilizer. Validation was conducted for precision, recovery, cross-reactivity, and linearity on a Beckman Coulter AU480. Verification was performed on an AU5800 in a hospital laboratory. A method comparison was performed with (LC-MS/MS) liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using clinical samples. Selectivity was demonstrated by testing cross-reactivity of the major metabolite, 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine. RESULTS Coefficients of variation for repeatability and within-laboratory precision were <8%. The deviation between measured and assigned values was <3%. Linear range was from 0.40 to 33.02 μ/mL (1.5-125.5 μM). Correlation with validated LC-MS/MS methods was R = 0.977. The assay was specific for gemcitabine: there was no cross-reactivity to 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine, chemotherapeutics, concomitant, or common medications tested. Tetrahydrouridine was packaged in single-use syringes. Gemcitabine stability in whole blood was extended to 8 hours (at room temperature) and in plasma to 8 days (2-8°C). CONCLUSIONS The assay demonstrated the selectivity, test range, precision, and linearity to perform reliable measurements of gemcitabine in plasma. The addition of stabilizer improved the sample handling. Using general clinical chemistry analyzers, gemcitabine could be measured for TDM.
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15
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Affram K, Udofot O, Singh M, Krishnan S, Reams R, Rosenberg J, Agyare E. Smart thermosensitive liposomes for effective solid tumor therapy and in vivo imaging. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185116. [PMID: 28934281 PMCID: PMC5608370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In numerous studies, liposomes have been used to deliver anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin to local heat-triggered tumor. Here, we investigate: (i) the ability of thermosensitive liposomal nanoparticle (TSLnp) as a delivery system to deliver poorly membrane-permeable anticancer drug, gemcitabine (Gem) to solid pancreatic tumor with the aid of local mild hyperthermia and, (ii) the possibility of using gadolinium (Magnevist®) loaded-TSLnps (Gd-TSLnps) to increase magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast in solid tumor. In this study, we developed and tested gemcitabine-loaded thermosensitive liposomal nanoparticles (Gem-TSLnps) and gadolinium-loaded thermosensitive liposomal nanoparticles (Gd-TSLnps) both in in-vitro and in-vivo. The TSLnps exhibited temperature-dependent release of Gem, at 40-42°C, 65% of Gem was released within 10 min, whereas < 23% Gem leakage occurred at 37°C after a period of 2 h. The pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution of both Gem-TSLnps and Gd-TSLnps were significantly greater compared with free Gem and Gd, while Gem-TSLnps plasma clearance was reduced by 17-fold and that of Gd-TSLpns was decreased by 2-fold. Area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) of Gem-TSLnps (35.17± 0.04 μghr/mL) was significantly higher than that of free Gem (2.09 ± 0.01 μghr/mL) whereas, AUC of Gd-TSLnps was higher than free Gd by 3.9 fold high. TSLnps showed significant Gem accumulation in heated tumor relative to free Gem. Similar trend of increased Gd-TSLnps accumulation was observed in non-heated tumor compared to that of free Gd; however, no significant difference in MRI contrast enhancement between free Gd and Gd-TSLnps ex-vivo tumor images was observed. Despite Gem-TSLnps dose being half of free Gem dose, antitumor efficacy of Gem-TSLnps was comparable to that of free Gem(Gem-TSLnps 10 mg Gem/kg compared with free Gem 20 mg/kg). Overall, the findings suggest that TSLnps may be used to improve Gem delivery and enhance its antitumor activity. However, the formulation of Gd-TSLnp needs to be fully optimized to significantly enhance MRI contrast in tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Affram
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ofonime Udofot
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Renee Reams
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jens Rosenberg
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edward Agyare
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
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16
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Surwase SS, Munot NM, Idage BB, Idage SB. Tailoring the properties of mPEG-PLLA nanoparticles for better encapsulation and tuned release of the hydrophilic anticancer drug. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 7:416-427. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Guichard N, Guillarme D, Bonnabry P, Fleury-Souverain S. Antineoplastic drugs and their analysis: a state of the art review. Analyst 2017; 142:2273-2321. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00367f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of the analytical methods available for the quantification of antineoplastic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, biological and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guichard
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bonnabry
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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18
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Naguib YW, Lansakara-P D, Lashinger LM, Rodriguez BL, Valdes S, Niu M, Aldayel AM, Peng L, Hursting SD, Cui Z. Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of 4-(N)-Docosahexaenoyl 2', 2'-Difluorodeoxycytidine with Potent and Broad-Spectrum Antitumor Activity. Neoplasia 2016; 18:33-48. [PMID: 26806350 PMCID: PMC5965255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new compound, 4-(N)-docosahexaenoyl 2′, 2′-difluorodeoxycytidine (DHA-dFdC), was synthesized and characterized. Its antitumor activity was evaluated in cell culture and in mouse models of pancreatic cancer. DHA-dFdC is a poorly soluble, pale yellow waxy solid, with a molecular mass of 573.3 Da and a melting point of about 96°C. The activation energy for the degradation of DHA-dFdC in an aqueous Tween 80–based solution is 12.86 kcal/mol, whereas its stability is significantly higher in the presence of vitamin E. NCI-60 DTP Human Tumor Cell Line Screening revealed that DHA-dFdC has potent and broad-spectrum antitumor activity, especially in leukemia, renal, and central nervous system cancer cell lines. In human and murine pancreatic cancer cell lines, the IC50 value of DHA-dFdC was up to 105-fold lower than that of dFdC. The elimination of DHA-dFdC in mouse plasma appeared to follow a biexponential model, with a terminal phase t1/2 of about 58 minutes. DHA-dFdC significantly extended the survival of genetically engineered mice that spontaneously develop pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In nude mice with subcutaneously implanted human Panc-1 pancreatic tumors, the antitumor activity of DHA-dFdC was significantly stronger than the molar equivalent of dFdC alone, DHA alone, or the physical mixture of them (1:1, molar ratio). DHA-dFdC also significantly inhibited the growth of Panc-1 tumors orthotopically implanted in the pancreas of nude mice, whereas the molar equivalent dose of dFdC alone did not show any significant activity. DHA-dFdC is a promising compound for the potential treatment of cancers in organs such as the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef W Naguib
- Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Dharmika Lansakara-P
- Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Laura M Lashinger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - B Leticia Rodriguez
- Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Solange Valdes
- Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Mengmeng Niu
- Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Abdulaziz M Aldayel
- Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Lan Peng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712.
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Scharadin TM, Zhang H, Zimmermann M, Wang S, Malfatti MA, Cimino GD, Turteltaub K, de Vere White R, Pan CX, Henderson PT. Diagnostic Microdosing Approach to Study Gemcitabine Resistance. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1843-1848. [PMID: 27657672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine metabolites cause the termination of DNA replication and induction of apoptosis. We determined whether subtherapeutic "microdoses" of gemcitabine are incorporated into DNA at levels that correlate to drug cytotoxicity. A pair of nearly isogenic bladder cancer cell lines differing in resistance to several chemotherapy drugs were treated with various concentrations of 14C-labeled gemcitabine for 4-24 h. Drug incorporation into DNA was determined by accelerator mass spectrometry. A mechanistic analysis determined that RRM2, a DNA synthesis protein and a known resistance factor, substantially mediated gemcitabine toxicity. These results support gemcitabine levels in DNA as a potential biomarker of drug cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Scharadin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Maike Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California 95817, United States.,Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated , Berkeley, California 95618, United States
| | - Sisi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Michael A Malfatti
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - George D Cimino
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated , Berkeley, California 95618, United States
| | - Kenneth Turteltaub
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Ralph de Vere White
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis Medical Center , Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California 95817, United States.,Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated , Berkeley, California 95618, United States
| | - Paul T Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California 95817, United States.,Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated , Berkeley, California 95618, United States
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20
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Tığ GA, Zeybek B, Pekyardımcı Ş. Electrochemical DNA biosensor based on poly(2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode for the determination of anticancer drug gemcitabine. Talanta 2016; 154:312-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Chen G, Svirskis D, Wen J. Development and validation of a stability indicating isocratic HPLC method for gemcitabine with application to drug release from poly lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles and enzymatic degradation studies. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:1528-36. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Previously reported HPLC methods for gemcitabine determination are time-consuming with complicated mobile phases and gradient elution. Thus, a sensitive and stability-indicating isocratic HPLC method, which provides simple, fast and precise measurements, was developed. This method was applied to study the digestive enzymatic degradation of gemcitabine, for the first time, and the protection afforded following incorporation into poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles.
Methods
An analytical HPLC method was developed with an optimized combination of operating conditions. Forced degradation and application of the method to in-vitro drug release studies were conducted. Finally, gemcitabine-loaded nanoparticles were exposed to the digestive enzymes pepsin, trypsin and α-chymotrypsin, and the resulting degradation evaluated.
Key findings
The analytical method was linear between 1 and 100 μg/ml, with excellent accuracy of 99.91–101.77% and precision of 1.71 or lower, with a 0.014 μg/ml limit of detection (LOD) and a 0.043 μg/ml limit of quantification (LOQ). Following exposure of gemcitabine to stressors, the drug was relatively stable in strong acid (1 N HCl), base (1 N NaOH) and as an aqueous solution exposed to light over 7 days, with less than 10% degradation. However, gemcitabine was more susceptible to degradation at 70°C and oxidative conditions (3% v/v H2O2) with greater than 10% degradation noted after 7 days. In-vitro drug release studies demonstrated a sustained drug release profile from PLGA nanoparticles, which also improved the resistance of gemcitabine to enzymatic degradation.
Conclusion
These results demonstrate the utility and effectiveness of this simple isocratic HPLC method in evaluating the overall performance of a gemcitabine-loaded formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Aukland, New Zealand
| | - Darren Svirskis
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Aukland, New Zealand
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Aukland, New Zealand
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22
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Florea A, Guo Z, Cristea C, Bessueille F, Vocanson F, Goutaland F, Dzyadevych S, Săndulescu R, Jaffrezic-Renault N. Anticancer drug detection using a highly sensitive molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on an electropolymerized microporous metal organic framework. Talanta 2015; 138:71-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Stability-indicating HPLC determination of gemcitabine in pharmaceutical formulations. Int J Anal Chem 2015; 2015:862592. [PMID: 25838825 PMCID: PMC4370102 DOI: 10.1155/2015/862592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, inexpensive, and rapid stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for determination of gemcitabine in injectable dosage forms using theophylline as internal standard. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Luna C-18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm; 5μ) with a mobile phase consisting of 90% water and 10% acetonitrile (pH 7.00 ± 0.05). The signals of gemcitabine and theophylline were recorded at 275 nm. Calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 0.5–50 μg/mL. The correlation coefficient was 0.999 or higher. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.1498 and 0.4541 μg/mL, respectively. The inter- and intraday precision were less than 2%. Accuracy of the method ranged from 100.2% to 100.4%. Stability studies indicate that the drug was stable to sunlight and UV light. The drug gives 6 different hydrolytic products under alkaline stress and 3 in acidic condition. Aqueous and oxidative stress conditions also degrade the drug. Degradation was higher in the alkaline condition compared to other stress conditions. The robustness of the methods was evaluated using design of experiments. Validation reveals that the proposed method is specific, accurate, precise, reliable, robust, reproducible, and suitable for the quantitative analysis.
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24
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Raoof M, Corr SJ, Zhu C, Cisneros BT, Kaluarachchi WD, Phounsavath S, Wilson LJ, Curley SA. Gold nanoparticles and radiofrequency in experimental models for hepatocellular carcinoma. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1121-30. [PMID: 24650884 PMCID: PMC4349335 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal and chemo-refractory cancers, clearly, alternative treatment strategies are needed. We utilized 10nm gold nanoparticles as a scaffold to synthesize nanoconjugates bearing a targeting antibody (cetuximab, C225) and gemcitabine. Loading efficiency of gemcitabine on the gold nanoconjugates was 30%. Targeted gold nanoconjugates in combination with RF were selectively cytotoxic to EGFR expressing Hep3B and SNU449 cells when compared to isotype particles with/without RF (P<0.05). In animal experiments, targeted gold nanoconjugates halted the growth of subcutaneous Hep3B xenografts in combination with RF exposure (P<0.05). These xenografts also demonstrated increased apoptosis, necrosis and decreased proliferation compared to controls. Normal tissues were unharmed. We have demonstrated that non-invasive RF-induced hyperthermia when combined with targeted delivery of gemcitabine is more effective and safe at dosages ~275-fold lower than the current clinically-delivered systemic dose of gemcitabine. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In a model of hepatocellular carcinoma, the authors demonstrate that non-invasive RF-induced hyperthermia applied with cetuximab targeted delivery of Au NP-gemcitabine conjugate is more effective and safe at dosages ~ 275-fold lower than the current clinically-used systemic dose of gemcitabine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cetuximab
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/chemistry
- Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Gold/chemistry
- Gold/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Hyperthermia, Induced
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Metal Nanoparticles/therapeutic use
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nanoconjugates/chemistry
- Nanoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Gemcitabine
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Raoof
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stuart J Corr
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Chemistry and Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cihui Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brandon T Cisneros
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Chemistry and Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sophia Phounsavath
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Chemistry and Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lon J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven A Curley
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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25
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Gemcitabine Treatment of Rat Soft Tissue Sarcoma with Phosphatidyldiglycerol-Based Thermosensitive Liposomes. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2276-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Naga Malleswararao CS, Suryanaryana MV, Krishna K, Mukkanti K. STABILITY INDICATING UPLC METHOD FOR THE RAPID SEPARATION OF RELATED COMPONENTS OF GEMCITIBINE HYDROCHLORIDE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.636470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ch. Surya Naga Malleswararao
- a Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients , IPDO, Bachupally , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India
- b Department of Chemistry , J. N. T. University, Kukatpally , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - M. V. Suryanaryana
- a Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients , IPDO, Bachupally , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - K. Krishna
- a Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients , IPDO, Bachupally , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - K. Mukkanti
- b Department of Chemistry , J. N. T. University, Kukatpally , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India
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Borisagar S, Patel H, Patel C. A validated stability-indicating HPTLC method for the estimation of gemcitabine HCl in its dosage form. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.25.2012.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Analysis of anticancer drugs: a review. Talanta 2011; 85:2265-89. [PMID: 21962644 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the number of patients receiving chemotherapy has considerably increased. Given the toxicity of cytotoxic agents to humans (not only for patients but also for healthcare professionals), the development of reliable analytical methods to analyse these compounds became necessary. From the discovery of new substances to patient administration, all pharmaceutical fields are concerned with the analysis of cytotoxic drugs. In this review, the use of methods to analyse cytotoxic agents in various matrices, such as pharmaceutical formulations and biological and environmental samples, is discussed. Thus, an overview of reported analytical methods for the determination of the most commonly used anticancer drugs is given.
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Gusella M, Pasini F, Bolzonella C, Meneghetti S, Barile C, Bononi A, Toso S, Menon D, Crepaldi G, Modena Y, Stievano L, Padrini R. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 genotype, cytidine deaminase activity and age predict gemcitabine plasma clearance in patients with solid tumours. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71:437-44. [PMID: 21284703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Gemcitabine (GEM) enters normal and tumour cells via concentrative (CNT) and equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT) and is subsequently deaminated to the inactive difluorodeoxyurine (dFdU) by cytidine deaminase (CDA). The aim of our study was to ascertain whether the nucleoside transporter genotype and the CDA activity phenotype can predict total GEM plasma clearance. METHODS Forty-seven patients received GEM 1000-1250mgm(-2) i.v. over 30min. Plasma concentrations of GEM and dFdU were measured and individual pharmacokinetic profiles were determined. CDA activity was measured ex vivo in plasma samples. The two most common hENT1 and hCNT1 polymorphisms were determined from genomic DNA. RESULTS Multivariate analysis revealed that GEM plasma clearance (CL) was positively correlated with the end of infusion dFdU : GEM ratio (P < 0.0001), which is a marker of in vivo CDA activity. The ENT1 genotype characterized by high transport capacity (G/G) and age were inversely correlated with CL (P= 0.027 and 0.048, respectively). A strong correlation was found between end of infusion GEM concentration and area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC(0,∞)) (r(2) = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the role of CDA and age on the interindividual variability of GEM CL and show the contribution of the hENT1 genotype for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Gusella
- Laboratorio di Farmacologia e Biologia Molecolare, Via Ugo Grisetti 265, 45027 Trecenta, Italy.
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Benyumov A, Gurvich VJ, Lis LG, Williams BW, Kirstein MN. Combinatorial pharmacologic effects of gemcitabine and its metabolite dFdU. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:457-64. [PMID: 21280228 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that the gemcitabine metabolite, dFdU, is pharmacologically active. Though less potent, dFdU has a longer half-life and could potentiate or antagonize the activity of gemcitabine. Hence, studies were undertaken to evaluate the combined effects. Following chemical synthesis, an improved purification procedure for dFdU was developed (80 % yield; >99 % purity). Zebrafish phenotype-based embryo screens revealed no acute toxicity after gemcitabine or dFdU treatment. Only gemcitabine affected zebrafish development in a dose-dependent manner. Synergy or antagonism for the combination was not observed. Antitumor effects for dFdU were dose dependent. Antagonism was tumor cell-line dependent and did not depend on formation of the intracellular active metabolite of gemcitabine, suggesting that the drug-metabolite interaction occurs later. These studies highlight a platform for testing the pharmacologic activity for anticancer agent and metabolite combinations. Such analyses are expected to provide insight into the beneficial or harmful effect(s) of metabolites towards parent drug activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Benyumov
- Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
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31
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A phase I study of gemcitabine given via intrahepatic pump for primary or metastatic hepatic malignancies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 64:935-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-0945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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