1
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Ouahabi OE, Salim H, Pero-Gascon R, Benavente F. A simple method for the analysis of extracellular vesicles enriched for exosomes from human serum by capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet diode array detection. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461752. [PMID: 33333350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane enclosed vesicles (<1 µm), such as exosomes (30-150 nm), involved in cell communication, which have important biological implications. In this study, EV preparations were enriched for exosomes from human serum by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. Different variables of the PEG precipitation method (i.e. concentration of PEG, filtration and centrifugation of the resuspended pellets) were evaluated by measuring the size of the isolated particles by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). In addition, a novel capillary electrophoresis-ultraviolet diode array (CE-UV-DAD) method was developed to obtain characteristic multiwavelength electrophoretic profiles of the EV preparations. Using EV preparations precipitated with 10% m/v of PEG, a background electrolyte (BGE) of 0.1 M Tris and 0.25 M boric acid at pH 7.9 with 0.5% m/v of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) allowed reducing the adsorption of the EVs to the inner wall of the fused silica separation capillary. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 0.1% m/v was also necessary to enhance dispersibility, while homogenizing the charge of the particles to improve the size-dependent separation induced by HPC. Under these optimized conditions, a characteristic electrophoretic multiwavelength profile of the EV preparation and a standard of exosomes was obtained, and separation showed excellent reproducibility and appropriate analysis times. The obtained electrophoretic fingerprints are a simple, effective and complementary tool for the quality control of EV preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumaima El Ouahabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA•UB), University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hiba Salim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA•UB), University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Pero-Gascon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA•UB), University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Benavente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA•UB), University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Scheller C, Krebs F, Minkner R, Astner I, Gil‐Moles M, Wätzig H. Physicochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 for drug targeting, virus inactivation and attenuation, vaccine formulation and quality control. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1137-1151. [PMID: 32469436 PMCID: PMC7283733 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The material properties of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its proteins are discussed. We review the viral structure, size, rigidity, lipophilicity, isoelectric point, buoyant density and centrifugation conditions, stability against pH, temperature, UV light, gamma radiation, and susceptibility to various chemical agents including solvents and detergents. Possible inactivation, downstream, and formulation conditions are given including suitable buffers and some first ideas for quality-control methods. This information supports vaccine development and discussion with competent authorities during vaccine approval and is certainly related to drug-targeting strategies and hygienics. Several instructive tables are given, including the pI and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) of SARS-CoV-1 and -2 proteins in comparison. SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 are similar in many regards, so information can often be derived. Both are unusually stable, but sensitive at their lipophilic membranes. However, since seemingly small differences can have strong effects, for example, on immunologically relevant epitope settings, unevaluated knowledge transfer from SARS-CoV-1 to SARS-CoV-2 cannot be advised. Published knowledge regarding downstream processes, formulations and quality assuring methods is, as yet, limited. However, standard approaches employed for other viruses and vaccines seem to be feasible including virus inactivation, centrifugation conditions, and the use of adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Scheller
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Finja Krebs
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Isabel Astner
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Maria Gil‐Moles
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
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3
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Horká M, Karásek P, Šalplachta J, Růžička F, Štveráková D, Pantůček R, Roth M. Nano-etched fused-silica capillary used for on-line preconcentration and electrophoretic separation of bacteriophages from large blood sample volumes with off-line MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:177. [PMID: 32076849 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-4154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The properties of staphylococcal phages from the Siphoviridae, Podoviridae, and Myoviridae families were monitored using capillary electrophoretic methods on fused-silica capillaries with different morphology of surface roughness. Isoelectric points of the examined phages were determined by capillary isoelectric focusing in the original, smooth fused-silica capillary, and they ranged from 3.30 to 3.85. For capillary electrophoresis of phages, fused-silica capillaries with the "pock" and "cone" roughened surface types were prepared by etching a part of the capillary with supercritical water. The best resolution of the individual phages (to range from 3.2 to 4.6) was achieved with the "cone" surface-type fused-silica capillary. Direct application of phage K1/420 at the infection site, represented by human plasma or full blood spiked with Staphylococcus aureus, was on-line monitored by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. The phage particles were dynamically adhered onto the roughened surface of the capillary from 10 μL of the prepared sample at the optimized flow rate of 6.5 μL min-1. The limit of detection was determined to be 104 phage particles. The linearity of the calibration lines was characterized by the regression coefficient, R2 = 0.998. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the peak area, calculated from ten independent measurements, was (±) 2%. After analysis, viability of the detected phages was verified by the modified "double-layer drop assay" method, and collected phage fractions were simultaneously off-line analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Horká
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Karásek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šalplachta
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Růžička
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Štveráková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pantůček
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Roth
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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4
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Dziomba S, Ciura K, Dawid M. The on-line preconcentration of nanoparticles in electromigration techniques. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1606:360332. [PMID: 31262513 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electromigration techniques have recently emerged as an alternative analytical tool for nanoparticles characterization. Due to the high throughput capability and separation efficiency their application for detection/quantification of nanomaterials in samples of various origin has attracted much attention. While the electromigration techniques are known to suffer from insufficient detection sensitivity, a number of papers investigating on-line preconcentration of nanoparticles in capillary electrophoresis was addressed to the issue. In this work the available literature on nanoparticles stacking in electrodriven separation techniques was reviewed. The discussion was supported by theoretical background. A special emphasis was put on the stability of nanoparticles dispersion during electrophoretic process. The considerations on future perspectives were included in final remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Dziomba
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Krzesimir Ciura
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Dawid
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
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5
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Hsieh MK, Sung CH, Hsieh PF, Hsiao PF, Wu BY, Chou CC. Identification and characterization of infectious bursal disease virus subviral particles by capillary zone electrophoresis: potential application for vaccine production and quality control. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1658-1663. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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6
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Chylewska A, Ogryzek M, Makowski M. Modern Approach to Medical Diagnostics - the Use of Separation Techniques in Microorganisms Detection. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:121-165. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171023164813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Analytical chemistry and biotechnology as an interdisciplinary fields of science have been developed during many years and are experiencing significant growth, to cover a wide range of microorganisms separation techniques and methods, utilized for medical therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Currently scientific reports contribute by introducing electrophoretical and immunological methods and formation of devices applied in food protection (avoiding epidemiological diseases) and healthcare (safety ensuring in hospitals).Methods:Electrophoretic as well as nucleic-acid-based or specific immunological methods have contributed tremendously to the advance of analyses in recent three decades, particularly in relation to bacteria, viruses and fungi identifications, especially in medical in vitro diagnostics, as well as in environmental or food protection.Results:The paper presents the pathogen detection competitiveness of these methods against conventional ones, which are still too time consuming and also labor intensive. The review is presented in several parts following the current trends in improved pathogens separation and detection methods and their subsequent use in medical diagnosis.Discussion:Part one, consists of elemental knowledge about microorganisms as an introduction to their characterization: descriptions of divisions, sizes, membranes (cells) components. Second section includes the development, new technological and practical solution descriptions used in electrophoretical procedures during microbes analyses, with special attention paid to bio-samples analyses like blood, urine, lymph or wastewater. Third part covers biomolecular areas that have created a basis needed to identify the progress, limitations and challenges of nucleic-acid-based and immunological techniques discussed to emphasize the advantages of new separative techniques in selective fractionating of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chylewska
- Laboratory of Intermolecular Interactions, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80- 308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ogryzek
- Laboratory of Intermolecular Interactions, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80- 308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Makowski
- Laboratory of Intermolecular Interactions, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80- 308 Gdansk, Poland
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7
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Chan SY, Goh SS, Dou Q, Chan BQY, Choo WS, Young DJ, Loh XJ. Unprecedented Acid-Promoted Polymerization and Gelation of Acrylamide: A Serendipitous Discovery. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1797-1804. [PMID: 29924504 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dilute acid polymerizes degassed, aqueous acrylamide with concomitant gelation, without the need for added free radical initiator or cross-linking agent. This reaction is accelerated by sonication or UV irradiation, but inhibited by adventitious oxygen or the addition of a free radical inhibitor, suggesting an acid-accelerated free radical process. The resulting hydrogels are thixotropic in nature and partially disrupted by the addition of chaotropic agents, indicating the importance of hydrogen bonding to the 3D network. This discovery was made while trying to prepare pectin-polyacrylamide hydrogels. We observed that pectin initiated the gelation of acrylamide, but only if the aqueous pectin samples had a pH lower than ca. 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Yin Chan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-01 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Shermin S Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-01 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Qingqing Dou
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-01 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Qi Yu Chan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-01 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - David James Young
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-01 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-01 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
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8
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Sautrey G, Brié A, Gantzer C, Walcarius A. MS2 and Qβ bacteriophages reveal the contribution of surface hydrophobicity on the mobility of non-enveloped icosahedral viruses in SDS-based capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:377-385. [PMID: 29072777 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SDS is commonly employed as BGE additive in CZE analysis of non-enveloped icosahedral viruses. But the way by which SDS interacts with the surface of such viruses remains to date poorly known, making complicate to understand their behavior during a run. In this article, two related bacteriophages, MS2 and Qβ, are used as model to investigate the migration mechanism of non-enveloped icosahedral viruses in SDS-based CZE. Both phages are characterized by similar size and surface charge but significantly different surface hydrophobicity (Qβ > MS2, where '>' means 'more hydrophobic than'). By comparing their electrophoretic mobility in the presence or not of SDS on both sides of the CMC, we show that surface hydrophobicity of phages is a key factor influencing their mobility and that SDS-virus association is driven by hydrophobic interactions at the surface of virions. The CZE analyses of heated MS2 particles, which over-express hydrophobic domains at their surface, confirm this finding. The correlations between the present results and others from the literature suggest that the proposed mechanism might not be exclusive to the bacteriophages examined here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Sautrey
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Adrien Brié
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Gantzer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alain Walcarius
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
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9
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Kondylis P, Zhou J, Harms ZD, Kneller AR, Lee LS, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC. Nanofluidic Devices with 8 Pores in Series for Real-Time, Resistive-Pulse Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4855-4862. [PMID: 28322548 PMCID: PMC5549943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To improve the precision of resistive-pulse measurements, we have used a focused ion beam instrument to mill nanofluidic devices with 2, 4, and 8 pores in series and compared their performance. The in-plane design facilitates the fabrication of multiple pores in series which, in turn, permits averaging of the series of pulses generated from each translocation event. The standard deviations (σ) of the pulse amplitude distributions decrease by 2.7-fold when the average amplitudes of eight pulses are compared to the amplitudes of single pulses. Similarly, standard deviations of the pore-to-pore time distributions decrease by 3.2-fold when the averages of the seven measurements from 8-pore devices are contrasted to single measurements from 2-pore devices. With signal averaging, the inherent uncertainty in the measurements decreases; consequently, the resolution (mean/σ) improves by a factor equal to the square root of the number of measurements. We took advantage of the improved size resolution of the 8-pore devices to analyze in real time the assembly of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) capsids below the pseudocritical concentration. We observe that abundances of assembly intermediates change over time. During the first hour of the reaction, the abundance of smaller intermediates decreased, whereas the abundance of larger intermediates with sizes closer to a T = 4 capsid remained constant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinsheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Zachary D. Harms
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | | | - Lye Siang Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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10
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van Tricht E, Geurink L, Backus H, Germano M, Somsen GW, Sänger–van de Griend CE. One single, fast and robust capillary electrophoresis method for the direct quantification of intact adenovirus particles in upstream and downstream processing samples. Talanta 2017; 166:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Ciejka J, Wolski K, Nowakowska M, Pyrc K, Szczubiałka K. Biopolymeric nano/microspheres for selective and reversible adsorption of coronaviruses. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:735-742. [PMID: 28482585 PMCID: PMC7126271 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel biopolymeric material in the form of nano/microspheres was developed which was capable of adsorbing coronaviruses. The biopolymer was obtained by crosslinking of chitosan (CHIT) with genipin, a nontoxic compound of plant origin, in inverted emulsion and reacting the chitosan nano/microspheres obtained (CHIT-NS/MS) with glycidyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride (GTMAC). As a result the nano/microspheres of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethyl chitosan (HTCC-NS/MS) were obtained. HTCC-NS/MS were studied as the adsorbents of human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), and human coronavirus HCoV-OC43 particles in aqueous virus suspensions. By studying cytopathic effect (CPE) caused by these viruses and performing PCR analyses it was found HTCC-NS/MS strongly adsorb the particles of HCoV-NL63 virus, moderately adsorb mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) particles, but do not adsorb HCoV-OC43 coronavirus. The adsorption capacity of HTCC-NS/MS well correlated with the antiviral activity of soluble HTCC against a given virus. Importantly, it was shown that HCoV-NL63 particles could be desorbed from the HTCC-NS/MS surface with a salt solution of high ionic strength with retention of virus virulence. The obtained material may be applied for the removal of coronaviruses, purification and concentration of virus samples obtained from biological matrices and for purification of water from pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Ciejka
- Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karol Wolski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Nowakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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12
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Harms Z, Haywood DG, Kneller AR, Selzer L, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC. Single-particle electrophoresis in nanochannels. Anal Chem 2015; 87:699-705. [PMID: 25489919 PMCID: PMC4287839 DOI: 10.1021/ac503527d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic mobilities and particle sizes of individual Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) capsids were measured in nanofluidic channels with two nanopores in series. The channels and pores had three-dimensional topography and were milled directly in glass substrates with a focused ion beam instrument assisted by an electron flood gun. The nanochannel between the two pores was 300 nm wide, 100 nm deep, and 2.5 μm long, and the nanopores at each end had dimensions 45 nm wide, 45 nm deep, and 400 nm long. With resistive-pulse sensing, the nanopores fully resolved pulse amplitude distributions of T = 3 HBV capsids (32 nm outer diameter) and T = 4 HBV capsids (35 nm outer diameter) and had sufficient peak capacity to discriminate intermediate species from the T = 3 and T = 4 capsid distributions in an assembly reaction. Because the T = 3 and T = 4 capsids have a wiffle-ball geometry with a hollow core, the observed change in current due to the capsid transiting the nanopore is proportional to the volume of electrolyte displaced by the volume of capsid protein, not the volume of the entire capsid. Both the signal-to-noise ratio of the pulse amplitude and resolution between the T = 3 and T = 4 distributions of the pulse amplitudes increase as the electric field strength is increased. At low field strengths, transport of the larger T = 4 capsid through the nanopores is hindered relative to the smaller T = 3 capsid due to interaction with the pores, but at sufficiently high field strengths, the T = 3 and T = 4 capsids had the same electrophoretic mobilities (7.4 × 10(-5) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) in the nanopores and in the nanochannel with the larger cross-sectional area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary
D. Harms
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Daniel G. Haywood
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Andrew R. Kneller
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lisa Selzer
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Stephen C. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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13
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Weiss VU, Subirats X, Kumar M, Harutyunyan S, Gösler I, Kowalski H, Blaas D. Capillary electrophoresis, gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis, and electron microscopy: effective tools for quality assessment and basic rhinovirus research. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1221:101-128. [PMID: 25261310 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1571-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe standard methods for propagation, purification, quality control, and physicochemical characterization of human rhinoviruses, using HRV-A2 as an example. Virus is propagated in HeLa-OHIO cells grown in suspension culture and purified via sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Purity and homogeneity of the preparations are assessed with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), capillary electrophoresis (CE), gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (GEMMA), and electron microscopy (EM). We also briefly describe usage of these methods for the characterization of subviral particles as well as for the analysis of their complexes with antibodies and soluble recombinant receptor mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Halewyck H, Schotte L, Oita I, Thys B, Van Eeckhaut A, Heyden YV, Rombaut B. Affinity capillary electrophoresis to evaluate the complex formation between poliovirus and nanobodies. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3729-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadewych Halewyck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Lise Schotte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Iuliana Oita
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology; Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhar); Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Bert Thys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology; Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhar); Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Bart Rombaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
- Center for Neurosciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
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15
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Baharifar H, Fakhari AR, Ziyadi H, Oghabian MA, Amani A, Faridi-Majidi R. Influence of polymeric coating on capillary electrophoresis of iron oxide nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-013-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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16
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Šalplachta J, Kubesová A, Horká M. Latest improvements in CIEF: From proteins to microorganisms. Proteomics 2012; 12:2927-36. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Šalplachta
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kubesová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Marie Horká
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR; Brno; Czech Republic
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17
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Pan Y, Treacy S, Gu X, Miller D, Burczynski F. Evaluation and Optimization of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis for Common Drugs of Forensic Interest in Aqueous Matrix. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2012.10757190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Rapid separation of four probiotic bacteria in mixed samples using microchip electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Mikrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-011-0728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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19
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Bosk S, Braunger JA, Gerke V, Steinem C. Activation of F-actin binding capacity of ezrin: synergism of PIP₂ interaction and phosphorylation. Biophys J 2011; 100:1708-17. [PMID: 21463584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezrin is a membrane-cytoskeleton linker protein that can bind F-actin in its active conformation. Several means of regulation of ezrin's activity have been described including phosphorylation of Thr-567 and binding of L-α-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)). However, the relative contributions of these events toward activation of the protein and their potential interdependence are not known. We developed an assay based on solid-supported membranes, to which different ezrin mutants (ezrin T567A (inactive mutant), wild-type, and T567D (active pseudophosphorylated mutant)) were bound, that enabled us to analyze the influence of phosphorylation and PIP(2) binding on ezrin's activation state in vitro. The lipid bilayers employed contained either DOGS-NTA-Ni to bind the proteins via an N-terminal His-tag, or PIP(2), to which ezrin binds via specific binding sites located in the N-terminal region of the protein. Quantitative analysis of the binding behavior of all three proteins to the two different receptor lipids revealed that all three bind with high affinity and specificity to the two receptor lipids. Fluorescence microscopy on ezrin-decorated solid-supported membranes showed that, dependent on the mode of binding and the phosphorylation state, ezrin is capable of binding actin filaments. A clear synergism between phosphorylation and the receptor lipid PIP(2) was observed, suggesting a conformational switch from the dormant to the active, F-actin binding state by recognition of PIP(2), which is enhanced by the phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Bosk
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Oita I, Halewyck H, Pieters S, Dejaegher B, Thys B, Rombaut B, Vander Heyden Y. Rational use of stacking principles for signal enhancement in capillary electrophoretic separations of poliovirus samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:135-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Halewyck H, Oita I, Thys B, Dejaegher B, Vander Heyden Y, Rombaut B. Identification of poliovirions and subviral particles by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3281-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Castro-Acosta RM, Revilla AL, Ramírez OT, Palomares LA. Separation and quantification of double- and triple-layered rotavirus-like particles by CZE. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1376-81. [PMID: 20336682 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles have been successfully used as safe vaccines, as their structure is identical to their native counterparts but devoid of the viral genetic material. However, production of these complex structures is not easy, as recombinant proteins must assemble into virus-like particles. Techniques to differentiate assembled and soluble proteins, as well as assembly intermediaries often present in a sample, are required. An example of complex virus-like particles mixture occurs when rotavirus proteins are recombinantly expressed. Rotavirus-like particles (RLP) can be single (sl), double (dl), or triple layered (tl). The use of RLP preparations as vaccines requires their complete characterization, including separation and quantification of each RLP in a sample. In this work, CZE was evaluated for the separation and quantification of dl and triple-layered rotavirus-like particles (tlRLP). A fused-silica capillary with a deoxycholate running buffer efficiently separated dl and tlRLP in RLP preparations, as they migrated in two discrete peaks with electrophoretic mobilities of 1.24+/-0.04 and 2.95+/-0.03 Ti, respectively. Standard curves for dl and tlRLP were generated, and the response was linearly proportional to analyte concentration. The methodology developed was quantitative, specific, accurate, precise, and reproducible. CZE allowed the quantitative characterization of RLP preparations, which is required for evaluation of immunogens, for process development, and for quality control protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Castro-Acosta
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelos, México
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23
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Horká M, Kubíček O, Kubesoví A, Kubíčková Z, Rosenbergová K, Šlais K. Testing of the influenza virus purification by CIEF. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:331-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Oita I, Halewyck H, Pieters S, Dejaegher B, Thys B, Rombaut B, Heyden YV. Improving the capillary electrophoretic analysis of poliovirus using a Plackett–Burman design. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:655-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Abstract
We discuss the progress during the last 4 years in the analysis of viruses by electrophoresis in capillaries and microfluidic devices. The paper is the continuation of a review published in this journal in 2005 [Kremser, L., Blaas, D., Kenndler, E., Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 2282-2291]. Eighteen papers on the topic have appeared since; the majority deals with zone electrophoresis and three reports are on IEF. These methods have been applied to human rhinoviruses, poliovirus Semliki Forest virus, norovirus-like particles, and the two bacteriophages MS2 and T5. A main finding was that addition of detergents and salts to the BGEs are essential for the robustness of the CE analysis. Analyte detection was usually via UV absorbance but there are some examples where the viruses were rendered fluorescent via modification of the capsid proteins with reactive dyes and/or by non-covalent attachment of intercalating fluorescent compounds to the nucleic acids making up the viral genome. Interestingly, some viruses are permeable to small molecular mass components; this allows fluorescent dyes to diffuse into the intact virus where they attach to the nucleic acid. Release of a viral genome upon heating was also monitored by using similar methodologies. Interactions of viruses and subviral particles with antibodies, receptors, and receptor-decorated liposomes were investigated with CE methods, all by using a non-equilibrium approach (i.e. co-incubation of the components prior to CE separation). Viruses are multivalent (i.e. possess many identical surface-exposed patches) and most of them are composed of defined numbers of identical subunits. The high resolution of CE has been most remarkably demonstrated by the separation of stoichiometric complexes between virus and a distinct number of soluble recombinant receptors and revealed their concentration-dependent distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Kremser
- Innsbruck Medical University, Biocenter, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Innsbruck, Austria.
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26
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Jenik M, Schirhagl R, Schirk C, Hayden O, Lieberzeit P, Blaas D, Paul G, Dickert FL. Sensing Picornaviruses Using Molecular Imprinting Techniques on a Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5320-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8019569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jenik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria, and Intervet International GmbH, Osterather Strasse 1A, 50739 Köln, Germany
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria, and Intervet International GmbH, Osterather Strasse 1A, 50739 Köln, Germany
| | - Christian Schirk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria, and Intervet International GmbH, Osterather Strasse 1A, 50739 Köln, Germany
| | - Oliver Hayden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria, and Intervet International GmbH, Osterather Strasse 1A, 50739 Köln, Germany
| | - Peter Lieberzeit
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria, and Intervet International GmbH, Osterather Strasse 1A, 50739 Köln, Germany
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria, and Intervet International GmbH, Osterather Strasse 1A, 50739 Köln, Germany
| | - Guntram Paul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria, and Intervet International GmbH, Osterather Strasse 1A, 50739 Köln, Germany
| | - Franz L. Dickert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria, and Intervet International GmbH, Osterather Strasse 1A, 50739 Köln, Germany
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27
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Liang S, Schneider RJ. Capillary zone electrophoresis of Cowpea mosaic virus and peak identification. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1572-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Wang R, Wang JS, Liu GR, Han J, Chen YZ. Simulation of DNA electrophoresis in systems of large number of solvent particles by coarse-grained hybrid molecular dynamics approach. J Comput Chem 2009; 30:505-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Reichmuth DS, Wang SK, Barrett LM, Throckmorton DJ, Einfeld W, Singh AK. Rapid microchip-based electrophoretic immunoassays for the detection of swine influenza virus. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:1319-1324. [PMID: 18651074 DOI: 10.1039/b801396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Towards developing rapid and portable diagnostics for detecting zoonotic diseases, we have developed microchip-based electrophoretic immunoassays for sensitive and rapid detection of viruses. Two types of microchip-based electrophoretic immunoassays were developed. The initial assay used open channel electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection with a labeled antibody to detect influenza virus. However, this assay did not have adequate sensitivity to detect viruses at relevant concentrations for diagnostic applications. Hence, a novel assay was developed that allows simultaneous concentration and detection of viruses using a microfluidic chip with an integrated nanoporous membrane. The size-exclusion properties of the in situ polymerized polyacrylamide membrane are exploited to simultaneously concentrate viral particles and separate the virus/fluorescent antibody complex from the unbound antibody. The assay is performed in two simple steps--addition of fluorescently labeled antibodies to the sample, followed by concentration of antibody-virus complexes on a porous membrane. Excess antibodies are removed by electrophoresis through the membrane and the complex is then detected downstream of the membrane. This new assay detected inactivated swine influenza virus at a concentration four times lower than that of the open-channel electrophoresis assay. The total assay time, including device regeneration, is six minutes and requires <50 microl of sample. The filtration effect of the polymer membrane eliminates the need for washing, commonly required with surface-based immunoassays, increasing the speed of the assay. This assay is intended to form the core of a portable device for the diagnosis of high-consequence animal pathogens such as foot-and-mouth disease. The electrophoretic immunoassay format is rapid and simple while providing the necessary sensitivity for diagnosis of the illness state. This would allow the development of a portable, cost-effective, on-site diagnostic system for rapid screening of large populations of livestock, including sheep, pigs, cattle, and potentially birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Reichmuth
- Sandia National Laboratories, Chemical and Radiation Detection Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
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30
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Lantz AW, Brehm‐Stecher BF, Armstrong DW. Combined capillary electrophoresis and DNA‐fluorescence in situ hybridization for rapid molecular identification of Salmonella Typhimurium in mixed culture. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2477-84. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Kostal V, Arriaga EA. Recent advances in the analysis of biological particles by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2578-86. [PMID: 18576409 PMCID: PMC3037010 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review covers research papers published in the years 2005-2007 that describe the application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of biological particles such as whole cells, subcellular organelles, viruses and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vratislav Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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32
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Virus analysis by electrophoresis on a microfluidic chip. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 860:173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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