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Berlinck RGS, Crnkovic CM, Gubiani JR, Bernardi DI, Ióca LP, Quintana-Bulla JI. The isolation of water-soluble natural products - challenges, strategies and perspectives. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:596-669. [PMID: 34647117 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00037c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Covering period: up to 2019Water-soluble natural products constitute a relevant group of secondary metabolites notably known for presenting potent biological activities. Examples are aminoglycosides, β-lactam antibiotics, saponins of both terrestrial and marine origin, and marine toxins. Although extensively investigated in the past, particularly during the golden age of antibiotics, hydrophilic fractions have been less scrutinized during the last few decades. This review addresses the possible reasons on why water-soluble metabolites are now under investigated and describes approaches and strategies for the isolation of these natural compounds. It presents examples of several classes of hydrosoluble natural products and how they have been isolated. Novel stationary phases and chromatography techniques are also reviewed, providing a perspective towards a renaissance in the investigation of water-soluble natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila M Crnkovic
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Gubiani
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Darlon I Bernardi
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Laura P Ióca
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jairo I Quintana-Bulla
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Adnadjevic B, Koturevic B, Jovanovic J. Isothermal kinetics of ethanolic extraction of total hypericin from pre-extracted Hypericum perforatum flowers. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:757-766. [PMID: 33319396 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypericum perforatum L., Hypericaceae (St John's wort) is a highly familiar plant in the medicinal community which recently showed good antiviral activities including against some types of coronavirus. OBJECTIVE Establishing the kinetics of isothermal extraction of total hypericin (TH) from the pre-extracted flowers of H. perforatum flowers. METHODS The solvent extraction of TH from the remaining solid residue after the pre-extraction procedure was performed providing isothermal conditions at the temperature of 313 K, 323 K, and 328 K (±1 K) using ethanol as a solvent. The feasibility of mathematical modelling of the isothermal kinetics of TH extraction was explored applying some of the frequently used kinetic models of solvent extraction: first-order reaction model, film theory model, unsteady-state diffusion model, parabolic diffusion model, Elovich's equation. The kinetic complexity was examined using the differential isoconversional method. RESULTS The kinetics of isothermal solvent extraction of TH is a kinetic elementary process with the unique rate-determining step. It was found that the kinetics of isothermal extraction of TH can be best described employing the theoretical Jander three-dimensional (3D) diffusional model and its suitability for modelling the investigated extraction was confirmed with statistical parameters [adjusted linear correlation coefficient (R2 adj ) = 0.998-0.999 and the standard error (SE) = 0.005-0.006]. The values of the model kinetic parameters (rate constant (kM /min-1 ), activation energy (Ea = 21.0 ± 4.9 kJ/mol) and pre-exponential factor (lnA = 3.1 ± 2.2 min-1 ) were calculated. CONCLUSIONS Based on the model mechanism of the kinetics of the investigated extraction a new mathematical model is suggested and the controlling step of the overall process was found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Biljana Koturevic
- Department of Forensic Engineering, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Jovanovic
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Interaction of small molecules with the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease: In silico studies and in vitro validation of protease activity inhibition using an enzymatic inhibition assay. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 104:107851. [PMID: 33556646 PMCID: PMC7837617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is causing COVID-19, an ongoing pandemic, with extraordinary global health, social, and political implications. Currently, extensive research and development efforts are aimed at producing a safe and effective vaccine. In the interim, small molecules are being widely investigated for antiviral effects. With respect to viral replication, the papain-like (PLpro) and main proteases (Mpro), are critical for processing viral replicase polypeptides. Further, the PLpro possesses deubiquitinating activity affecting key signalling pathways, including inhibition of interferon and innate immune antagonism. Therefore, inhibition of PLpro activity with small molecules is an important research direction. Our aim was to focus on identification of potential inhibitors of the protease activity of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro. We investigated 300 small compounds derived predominantly from our OliveNet™ library (222 phenolics) and supplemented with synthetic and dietary compounds with reported antiviral activities. An initial docking screen, using the potent and selective noncovalent PLpro inhibitor, GRL-0617 as a control, enabled a selection of 30 compounds for further analyses. From further in silico analyses, including docking to scenes derived from a publicly available molecular dynamics simulation trajectory (100 μs PDB 6WX4; DESRES-ANTON-11441075), we identified lead compounds for further in vitro evaluation using an enzymatic inhibition assay measuring SARS-CoV-2 PLpro protease activity. Our findings indicate that hypericin possessed inhibition activity, and both rutin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of the PLpro, with activity in the micromolar range. Overall, hypericin, rutin, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside can be considered lead compounds requiring further characterisation for potential antiviral effects in appropriate model systems.
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Koturevic B, Adnadjevic B, Jovanovic J. Comparative kinetic analysis of total hypericin extraction from Hypericum perforatum flowers carried out under simultaneous external physical field and cooling reaction system operational conditions. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Szymanski S, Majerz I. Aromaticity and Electron Density of Hypericin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:2106-2115. [PMID: 31348658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the substituents on the geometry of the central ring system of hypericin has been analyzed. Substitution that causes flattening of the hypericin central rings is connected with introducing the aromatic character of the empty rings. All the hypericin rings have an aromatic character illustrated by the Harmonic Oscillator Measure of Aromaticity (HOMA), Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift (NICS), Fluctuation Index (FLU), and Ellipticity Index (EL) indices. Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analyses performed on 7,14-dihydrophenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylene, its substituted analogues, and hypericin show an influence of this substitution on electron density of the central rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Szymanski
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Wroclaw Medical University , Borowska 211a , 50-556 Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Irena Majerz
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Wroclaw Medical University , Borowska 211a , 50-556 Wroclaw , Poland
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Qian C, Fang H, Cui P, Cai F, Gao X, He H, Hu X. Rapid determination of lignosulfonate depolymerization products by advanced polymer chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2289-2297. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- Applied Chemistry LaboratoryHuangshan University Huangshan City Anhui Province P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Fang
- Applied Chemistry LaboratoryHuangshan University Huangshan City Anhui Province P. R. China
| | - Peng Cui
- Applied Chemistry LaboratoryHuangshan University Huangshan City Anhui Province P. R. China
| | - Fang Cai
- Applied Chemistry LaboratoryHuangshan University Huangshan City Anhui Province P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- Applied Chemistry LaboratoryHuangshan University Huangshan City Anhui Province P. R. China
| | - Hualong He
- Applied Chemistry LaboratoryHuangshan University Huangshan City Anhui Province P. R. China
| | - Xiaopo Hu
- Applied Chemistry LaboratoryHuangshan University Huangshan City Anhui Province P. R. China
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Milevskaya V, Prasad S, Temerdashev Z. Extraction and chromatographic determination of phenolic compounds from medicinal herbs in the Lamiaceae and Hypericaceae families: A review. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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One-step preparation of molecularly imprinted hollow beads for pseudohypericin separation from Hypericum perforatum L. extracts. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mathioudaki A, Berzesta A, Kypriotakis Z, Skaltsa H, Heilmann J. Phenolic metabolites from Hypericum kelleri Bald., an endemic species of Crete (Greece). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 146:1-7. [PMID: 29190454 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum kelleri Bald., growing as an endemic on the island of Crete (Greece). These compounds comprise four previously unknown prenylated xanthones 1,2-dihydro-3,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-1,1,5-tri(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthen-2,9-dione (kellerine A), 1,2-dihydro-3,6,8-trihydroxy-1,1,5-tri(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthen-2,9-dione (kellerine B), 1,2-dihydro-3,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-1,1-bi(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthen-2,9-dione (6-methylpatulone), (R/S)-1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-4-[2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3-methylbut-3-enyl]-6-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one ((2″R/S)-kellerine C) and the hitherto undescribed depsidone (R/S)-1,3,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-2-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-4-[2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3-methylbut-3-enyl]-11Η-dibenzo[b,e] [1,4]dioxepin-9-one ((2″R/S)-creticine). As known compounds, brevipsidone D, 4-geranyl-2-(2'-isobutyryl)-phloroglucinol, 4-geranyl-2-(2'-methylbutyryl)-phloroglucinol, I3, II8-biapigenin, quercetin, avicularin, pseudohypericin and neochlorogenic acid have been isolated. The structures were elucidated on the basis of their 1D, 2D NMR, CD and MS data. The study confirms the typical occurrence of xanthones in Hypericum section Oligostema (Boiss.) Stef., and is also the first report on the simultaneous isolation of acylphloroglucinols in this section. Furthermore the first evidence of depsidones in the genus Hypericum L. is reported. Cytotoxicity was investigated in HeLa cells for prenylated xanthones and the depsidones. Both triprenylated 1,2-dihydroxanthones (kellerine A and B) showed significant in vitro cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 2.5 ± 0.1 (kellerine A) and 5.9 ± 0.9 (kellerine B) μM, whereas other compounds were less cytotoxic (IC50 > 20 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Mathioudaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 157 71, Athens, Greece; Universität Regensburg, Pharmaceutical Biology, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ariola Berzesta
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 157 71, Athens, Greece; Universität Regensburg, Pharmaceutical Biology, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zacharias Kypriotakis
- Technological Education Institute, School of Agricultural Production, Lab. of Taxonomy and Management of Wild Flora, Stavromenos P.O.Box 140, Heraklion-Crete, 71110, Greece
| | - Helen Skaltsa
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 157 71, Athens, Greece
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Universität Regensburg, Pharmaceutical Biology, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Florea AM, Iordache TV, Branger C, Ghiurea M, Avramescu S, Hubca G, Sârbu A. An innovative approach to prepare hypericin molecularly imprinted pearls using a “phyto-template”. Talanta 2016; 148:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Cai F, Li Y, Zhang M, Zhang H, Wang Y, Hu P. Combination of integrated expanded bed adsorption chromatography and countercurrent chromatography for the direct extraction and purification of pseudohypericin and hypericin from St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2588-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Cai
- Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Yang Li
- Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Min Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design & Modern Engineering Center for TCM, School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Yuerong Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Ping Hu
- Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Macau University of Science and Technology; Macau China
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Molecularly imprinted polymer for specific extraction of hypericin from Hypericum perforatum L. herbal extract. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:210-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rainha N, Lima E, Baptista J, Fernandes-Ferreira M. Content of hypericins from plants andin vitroshoots ofHypericum undulatumSchousb. ex Willd. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:869-79. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.688051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Li Z, Wang X, Shi G, Bo Y, Lu X, Li X, Shang R, Tao L, Liang J. Enzyme-assisted extraction of naphthodianthrones from Hypericum perforatum L. by 12C6+-ion beam-improved cellulases. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Cao X, Wang Q, Li Y, Bai G, Ren H, Xu C, Ito Y. Isolation and purification of series bioactive components from Hypericum perforatum L. by counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:480-8. [PMID: 21306961 PMCID: PMC3084551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Counter-current chromatography (CCC) combined with pre-separation by ultrasonic solvent extraction was successively used for the separation of series bioactive compounds from the crude extract of Hypericum perforatum L. The petroleum ether extract was separated by the solvent system of n-heptane-methanol-acetonitrile (1.5:0.5:0.5, v/v) and n-heptane-methanol (1.5:1, v/v) in gradient elution, yielding a phloroglucinol compound, hyperforin with HPLC purity over 98%. The ethyl acetate extract was separated by using the solvent system composed of hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:1:1:1 and 1:3:1:3, v/v) in gradient through both reverse phase and normal phase elution mode, yielding a naphthodianthrone compound, hypericin with HPLC purity about 95%. The n-butanol extract was separated with the solvent system composed of n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water (1:4:5 and 1.5:3.5:5, v/v) in elution and back-extrusion mode, yielding two of flavones, rutin and hyperoside, with HPLC purity over 95%. HPLC-MS, reference sample and UV spectrum were selectively used in separation to search for target compounds from HPLC-DAD profiles of different sub-extracts. The structures of isolated compounds were further identified by ESI-MS, ¹HNMR and ¹³CNMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Cao
- Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100037, China.
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Sorrentino F, Karioti A, Gratteri P, Rigobello MP, Scutari G, Messori L, Bindoli A, Chioccioli M, Gabbiani C, Bergonzi MC, Bilia AR. Hypericins and thioredoxin reductase: Biochemical and docking studies disclose the molecular basis for effective inhibition by naphthodianthrones. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:631-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hypericins as potential leads for new therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:562-94. [PMID: 20386655 PMCID: PMC2852855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11020562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
70 years have passed since the first isolation of the naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin from Hypericum perforatum L. Today, they continue to be one of the most promising group of polyphenols, as they fascinate with their physical, chemical and important biological properties which derive from their unique chemical structure. Hypericins and their derivatives have been extensively studied mainly for their antitumor, antiviral and antidepressant properties. Notably, hypericin is one of the most potent naturally occurring photodynamic agents. It is able to generate the superoxide anion and a high quantum yield of singlet oxygen that are considered to be primarily responsible for its biological effects. The prooxidant photodynamic properties of hypericin have been exploited for the photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT), as hypericin, in combination with light, very effectively induces apoptosis and/or necrosis of cancer cells. The mechanism by which these activities are expressed continues to be a main topic of discussion, but according to scientific data, different modes of action (generation of ROS & singlet oxygen species, antiangiogenesis, immune responces) and multiple molecular pathways (intrinsic/extrinsic apoptotic pathway, ERK inhibition) possibly interrelating are implicated. The aim of this review is to analyse the most recent advances (from 2005 and thereof) in the chemistry and biological activities (in vitro and in vivo) of the pure naphthodianthrones, hypericin and pseudohypericin from H. perforatum. Extracts from H. perforatum were not considered, nor pharmakokinetic or clinical data. Computerised literature searches were performed using the Medline (PubMed), ChemSciFinder and Scirus Library databases. No language restrictions were imposed.
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