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Wang M, Wang S, Li H, Mao Z, Lu Y, Cheng Y, Han X, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wan S, Zhou LJ, Wu QL. Methylparaben changes the community composition, structure, and assembly processes of free-living bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024:119944. [PMID: 39245310 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Parabens are common contaminants in river and lake environments. However, few studies have been conducted to determine the effects of parabens on bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton communities in aquatic environments. In this study, the effect of methylparaben (MP) on the diversity and community structure of the aquatic plankton microbiome was investigated by incubating a microcosm with MP at 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/L for 7 days. The results of the Simpson index showed that MP treatment altered the α-diversity of free-living bacteria (FL), phytoplankton, and zooplankton but had no significant effect on the α-diversity of particle-attached bacteria (PA). Further, the relative abundances of the sensitive bacteria Chitinophaga and Vibrionimonas declined after MP addition. Moreover, the relative abundances of Desmodesmus sp. HSJ717 and Scenedesmus armatus, of the phylum Chlorophyta, were significantly lower in the MP treatment group than in the control group. In addition, the relative abundance of Stoeckeria sp. SSMS0806, of the Dinophyta phylum, was higher than that in the control group. MP addition also increased the relative abundance of Arthropoda but decreased the relative abundance of Rotifera and Ciliophora. The β-diversity analysis showed that FL and phytoplankton communities were clustered separately after treatment with different MP concentrations. MP addition changed community assembly mechanisms in the microcosm, including increasing the stochastic processes for FL and the deterministic processes for PA and phytoplankton. Structural equation modeling analysis showed a significant negative relationship between bacteria richness and phytoplankton richness, and a significant positive relationship between phytoplankton (richness and community composition) and zooplankton. Overall, this study emphasizes that MP, at environmental concentrations, can change the diversity and structure of plankton microbial communities, which might have a negative effect on ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shengxing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Huabing Li
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhendu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Yiwei Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yunshan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 050031, China
| | - Xiaotong Han
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yujing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yanru Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Qinglong L Wu
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Center for Evolution and Conservation Biology, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
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BAO Y, ZHAI Y, NING T, CHEN P, ZHU S. [Analysis of parabens in environmental water samples by covalent organic framework-based magnetic solid-phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography]. Se Pu 2022; 40:1005-1013. [PMID: 36351809 PMCID: PMC9654616 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2022.06006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Parabens are a class of antimicrobial preservatives that are widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products because of their ease of production, antimicrobial effect, and low price. The widespread use of these parabens, poses potential risks to human health. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a simple and rapid method for the detection of parabens. The large number of substrate interferences in complex samples is an important factor affecting the sensitivity of analytical methods. Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) has received much attention because of its advantages of easy operation, short extraction time, small sample amount, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with high crystallinity, high specific surface area, adjustable pore size, regular porosity, as well as high chemical and thermal stability are now widely used in separation and analysis. Therefore, a sample pretreatment method combining MSPE and COF for the analysis of parabens in complex matrices is very promising. A magnetic covalent organic framework, Fe3O4@TbBd, was successfully synthesized by the Schiff base reaction of 1,3,5-triformylbenzene (Tb) and benzidine (Bd) at room temperature using Fe3O4 nanoparticles as magnetic cores. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements, etc. revealed that the magnetic COF has high magnetic responsiveness, as well as good thermal and chemical stability, which make it an ideal adsorbent for the MSPE of parabens. Some factors related to the extraction efficiency, including the amount of adsorbent, extraction time, pH, desorption solvent, desorption time, and number of desorption were systematically investigated. A method involving MSPE and high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) based on the Fe3O4@TbBd was developed for the determination of four parabens (ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and benzylparaben) in environmental water samples. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the method showed good linearities. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were 0.2-0.4 μg/L and 0.7-1.4 μg/L for the four analytes, respectively. The recoveries at three spiked levels were in the range of 86.1%-110.8% with intra-day and inter-day RSDs of less than 5.5% and 4.9%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of parabens in East Lake water, Yangtze water, and domestic wastewater. Ethyl paraben and propyl paraben were detected in domestic wastewater at the levels of 1.8 μg/L and 0.4 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries of the parabens at different spiked levels ranged from 80.7% to 117.5%, with RSDs of 0.2%-8.8%. The method has good potential for the determination of parabens in environmental water samples because of its operational simplicity, short extraction time, high sensitivity, and environmental friendliness.
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Tekin Z, Karlıdağ NE, Özdoğan N, Koçoğlu ES, Bakırdere S. Dispersive solid phase extraction based on reduced graphene oxide modified Fe 3O 4 nanocomposite for trace determination of parabens in rock, soil, moss, seaweed, feces, and water samples from Horseshoe and Faure Islands. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:127819. [PMID: 34838356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study reports an efficient, green, sensitive and simple analytical protocol for trace determination of methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, butylparaben and benzyl paraben by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). The analytes were preconcentrated using an ultrasonication supported (US) dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) method based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified iron nanoparticles (US-Fe3O4@rGO-DSPE). A reversed-phase C18 column and an isocratic elution program comprising of 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 4.50) and acetonitrile(58:42, v/v) were used to elute and separate the analytes for detection. The limits of detection determined for the analytes were very low and were in the range of 0.02 - 0.16 ng mL-1. The coefficients of determination obtained for the analytes ranged from 0.9973 to 0.9998, and this validated good linearity of the method.Percent relative standard deviations obtained in the range of 2.5 - 10.6% verified the method's high intraday repeatability. Accuracy of the proposed method was assessed with spiking experiments performed on complex sample matrices. Percent recoveries calculated for spiked soil, artificial seawater and seaweed samples were in acceptable ranges of 95 - 121%, 87 - 117% and 85 - 111%, respectively. These figures of merit suggest that HPLC-UV coupled with the US-Fe3O4@rGO-DSPEmethod is suitable for the determination of parabens in Antarctic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Tekin
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34349 İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Nizamettin Özdoğan
- Bülent Ecevit University, Institute of Science, Environmental Engineer Department, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Elif Seda Koçoğlu
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34349 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34349 İstanbul, Turkey; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No: 112, Çankaya, 06670 Ankara, Turkey.
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Werner J, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Grześkowiak T. Development of novel thin-film solid-phase microextraction materials based on deep eutectic solvents for preconcentration of trace amounts of parabens in surface waters. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1374-1384. [PMID: 35137554 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A green and sensitive thin-film solid-phase microextraction method based on deep eutectic solvent was developed that enables simultaneous isolation, preconcentration, and determination of parabens in surface waters. Six new deep eutectic solvents were synthesized and used directly to prepare thin-film coatings on a stainless steel mesh support. Among the compounds obtained, the highest efficiency in the extraction of parabens was found for a material consisting of trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride and n-docosanol in a molar ratio of 1:2. For the proposed method, parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of parabens, such as the coating material, the desorption solvent, the volume of the sample, the pH of the sample, the extraction and desorption time, and the salting-out effect, were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method allowed us to achieve good precision between 3.6 and 6.5% and recovery ranging from 68.1 to 91.4%. The limits of detection range from 0.018 to 0.055 ng mL-1 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Werner
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poland
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Azizi Nezami R, Saber Tehrani M, Faraji H, Waqif Husain S, Aberoomand Azar P. Strategies to improve the challenges of classic dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of the parabens in personal care products-One step closer to green analytical chemistry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1183:122973. [PMID: 34666891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gas flow-assisted dispersive liquid-phase microextraction based on deep eutectic solvent was used to determine parabens in personal care products such as mouthwash, lidocaine gel, aloe vera gel, and skin tonic. A homemade extraction device was innovated, in which by passing the stream of gas bubbles through the deep eutectic solvent a thin layer of the extraction phase is coated on the surface of the bubbles. The extraction is finally achieved when the bubbles are going up through the sample. The single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were applied to optimize the independent variables. The linear range of the method was 0.5 to 1000 µg L-1, the coefficient of determination for the goal analytes was higher than 0.9989, the instrumental limit of detections were in the range 0.2-0.3 μg L-1, and the instrumental limit of quantifications were in the range 0.5-1.1 μg L-1, the relative standard deviations were <5.2% for repeatability and <11.2% for intermediate precision, and the enrichment factors were 66 to 87 obtained under the optimized conditions. A spiking approach by means of standard material was used to estimate accuracy. The relative recoveries were in the range 95.8-105.2%. By using mentioned strategies, the organic waste and energy consumption reduced, toxic reagents replaced with safer ones, and operator safety enhanced. Accordingly, these benefits have been simultaneously attained and, the proposed method was one step closer to automation and sustainable analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Azizi Nezami
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branche, Islamic Azad University, Iran
| | | | - Hakim Faraji
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin 338177489, Iran.
| | - Syed Waqif Husain
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branche, Islamic Azad University, Iran
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Yıldız E, Çabuk H. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method combined with sugaring-out homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction for the determination of some pesticides in molasses samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4151-4166. [PMID: 34510755 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a sensitive analytical method was developed to determine some pesticides (cyprodinil, trifloxystrobin, prometryn, propachlor, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, and phosalone) in molasses samples. Pesticides were extracted from samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method combined with sugaring-out homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In this method, pesticides in molasses samples were first extracted using a water-miscible solvent (acetonitrile) in the sugaring-out homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction stage. The sugar in the ratio of 84-88% naturally contained in the molasses sample enabled phase separation in the acetonitrile-water homogeneous mixture. Then acetonitrile phase containing pesticides was used as dispersing solvent in the second step of the process. Under the specified optimum conditions, the limit of detection was calculated between 0.8-6.1 ng/g and the limit of quantification was in the range of 2.5-20 ng/g. The relative standard deviation values of molasses samples containing 150 ng/g of each analyte were found to be lower than 4.9% intra-day and 5.6% for inter-day. This validated method has been successfully applied to different types of molasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Yıldız
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Hasan Çabuk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Matwiejczuk N, Galicka A, Brzóska MM. Review of the safety of application of cosmetic products containing parabens. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 40:176-210. [PMID: 31903662 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetics are a source of lifetime exposure to various substances including parabens, being the most popular synthetic preservatives. Because the use of cosmetics shows an increasing trend and some adverse health outcomes of parabens present in these products have been reported, the present review focused on the safety of dermal application of these compounds. Special attention has been paid to the absorption of parabens and their retention in the human body in the intact form, as well as to their toxicological characteristics. Particular emphasis has been placed on the estrogenic potential of parabens. Based on the available published data of the concentrations of parabens in various kinds of cosmetics, the average ranges of systemic exposure dose (SED) for methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben have been calculated. Safety evaluations [margin of safety (MoS)] for these compounds, based on their aggregate exposure, have also been performed. Moreover, evidence for the negative impact of methylparaben on skin cells has been provided, and the main factors that may intensify dermal absorption of parabens and their impact on the skin have been described. Summarizing, the use of single cosmetics containing parabens should not pose a hazard for human health; however, using excessive quantities of cosmetic preparations containing these compounds may lead to the development of unfavorable health outcomes. Due to the real risk of estrogenic effects, as a result of exposure to parabens in cosmetics, simultaneous use of many cosmetic products containing these preservatives should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Matwiejczuk
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Galicka
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Werner J, Rębiś T, Frankowski R, Grześkowiak T, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A. Development of Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) Electropolymerized Sorbent-Based Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) for the Determination of Parabens in Lake Waters by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1870232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Werner
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Rębiś
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert Frankowski
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
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Kaur R, Heena, Kaur R, Grover A, Rani S, Malik AK, Kabir A, Furton KG. Trace determination of parabens in cosmetics and personal care products using fabric‐phase sorptive extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2626-2635. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of ChemistryPunjabi University Patiala Punjab India
| | - Heena
- Department of ChemistryPunjabi University Patiala Punjab India
- Department of ChemistryGSSDGS Khalsa College Patiala Punjab India
| | - Ripneel Kaur
- Department of ChemistryPunjabi University Patiala Punjab India
| | - Aman Grover
- Department of ChemistryPunjabi University Patiala Punjab India
| | - Susheela Rani
- Department of ChemistryPunjabi University Patiala Punjab India
| | | | - Abuzar Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryInternational Forensic Research InstituteFlorida International University Miami FL
| | - Kenneth G. Furton
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryInternational Forensic Research InstituteFlorida International University Miami FL
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Puerta YT, Guimarães PS, Martins SE, Martins CDMG. Toxicity of methylparaben to green microalgae species and derivation of a predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) in freshwater ecosystems. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109916. [PMID: 31733936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methylparaben (MeP) is one of the most used preservatives in the industry; however, the toxic effects on aquatic ecosystems are still poorly understood. Therefore, this study was conducted (1) to identify and compare the toxic effects of MeP on physiological parameters of different green microalgae species, using suitable mathematical models; and (2) to estimate a PNEC value for MeP in freshwater ecosystems, adopting either the deterministic or the probabilistic approaches. Toxicity tests were carried out with three green microalgae (Pseudopediastrum boryanum, Desmodesmus communis, Raphidocelis subcapitata), in which different endpoints such as growth rate, chlorophyll-a, and cell viability were measured and compared through the effective concentration which caused a response in x% of test organisms (ECx). ECx were obtained by adjusting different non-linear regression models for each microalgae dataset. Chlorophyll-a endpoint resulted in the lowest EC50 values, respectively 125, 81.2, 18.3 mg L-1 for D. communis, P. boryanum and R. subcapitata, showing R. subicapitata as the most sensitive, and D. communis as the most tolerant species to MeP (P < 0.05). PNEC was estimated from the present study and previous reports resulting in 5.7 and 65 μg L-1, respectively for the deterministic (PNECd) and the probabilistic (PNECp) approach. The development of chronic assays using test organisms from different ecological groups is encouraged to provide robust PNECp. In this meantime, we recommend the use of the estimated PNECd to support MeP risk assessments and policy formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarin Tatiana Puerta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Av Itália, Km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; GeoLimna, Faculty of engineering, University of Antioquia, Medellín, 67th street # 53 - 108, Colombia
| | - Pablo Santos Guimarães
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Av Itália, Km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Samantha Eslava Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Av Itália, Km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Av Itália, Km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
| | - Camila de Martinez Gaspar Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Av Itália, Km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Av Itália, Km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
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Bernal V, Giraldo L, Moreno-Piraján JC, Balsamo M, Erto A. Mechanisms of Methylparaben Adsorption onto Activated Carbons: Removal Tests Supported by a Calorimetric Study of the Adsorbent⁻Adsorbate Interactions. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030413. [PMID: 30678133 PMCID: PMC6384570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
: In this study, the mechanisms of methylparaben adsorption onto activated carbon (AC) are elucidated starting from equilibrium and thermodynamic data. Adsorption tests are carried out on three ACs with different surface chemistry, in different pH and ionic strength aqueous solutions. Experimental results show that the methylparaben adsorption capacity is slightly affected by pH changes, while it is significantly reduced in the presence of high ionic strength. In particular, methylparaben adsorption is directly dependent on the micropore volume of the ACs and the π- stacking interactions, the latter representing the main interaction mechanism of methylparaben adsorption from liquid phase. The equilibrium adsorption data are complemented with novel calorimetric data that allow calculation of the enthalpy change associated with the interactions between solvent-adsorbent, adsorbent-adsorbate and the contribution of the ester functional group (in the methylparaben structure) to the adsorbate⁻adsorbent interactions, in different pH and ionic strength conditions. It was determined that the interaction enthalpy of methylparaben-AC in water increases (absolute value) slightly with the basicity of the activated carbons, due to the formation of interactions with π- electrons and basic functional groups of ACs. The contribution of the ester group to the adsorbate-adsorbent interactions occurs only in the presence of phenol groups on AC by the formation of Brønsted⁻Lowry acid⁻base interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bernal
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá 11001, Colombia.
| | - Liliana Giraldo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá 11001, Colombia.
| | | | - Marco Balsamo
- Departamento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II. Napoli 80121-80147, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Erto
- Departamento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II. Napoli 80121-80147, Italy.
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Magnetic carbon nanotube composite for the preconcentration of parabens from water and urine samples using dispersive solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1564:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Makkliang F, Kanatharana P, Thavarungkul P, Thammakhet-Buranachai C. A miniaturized monolith-MWCNTs-COOH multi-stir-rod microextractor device for trace parabens determination in cosmetic and personal care products. Talanta 2018; 184:429-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Lucattini L, Poma G, Covaci A, de Boer J, Lamoree MH, Leonards PEG. A review of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment: occurrence in consumer products, indoor air and dust. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:466-482. [PMID: 29529574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As many people spend a large part of their life indoors, the quality of the indoor environment is important. Data on contaminants such as flame retardants, pesticides and plasticizers are available for indoor air and dust but are scarce for consumer products such as computers, televisions, furniture, carpets, etc. This review presents information on semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in consumer products in an attempt to link the information available for chemicals in indoor air and dust with their indoor sources. A number of 256 papers were selected and divided among SVOCs found in consumer products (n = 57), indoor dust (n = 104) and air (n = 95). Concentrations of SVOCs in consumer products, indoor dust and air are reported (e.g. PFASs max: 13.9 μg/g in textiles, 5.8 μg/kg in building materials, 121 ng/g in house dust and 6.4 ng/m3 in indoor air). Most of the studies show common aims, such as human exposure and risk assessment. The main micro-environments investigated (houses, offices and schools) reflect the relevance of indoor air quality. Most of the studies show a lack of data on concentrations of chemicals in consumer goods and often only the presence of chemicals is reported. At the moment this is the largest obstacle linking chemicals in products to chemicals detected in indoor air and dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lucattini
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja H Lamoree
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled with supramolecular solvent-based microextraction for the determination of paraben preservatives in cream samples. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2750-2758. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Özdemir E, Barlas N, Çetinkaya MA. Assessing the antiandrogenic properties of propyl paraben using the Hershberger bioassay. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:235-243. [PMID: 30090578 PMCID: PMC6061990 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00319f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Propyl paraben is a widely used preservative in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foods preventing microbial and fungal contamination. This study was designed to investigate antiandrogenic profiles of propyl paraben following oral doses at 10, 250, and 750 mg kg-1 day to immature male rats using the Hershberger Bioassay. Rats were divided into six groups including solvent control, negative control (0.4 mg kg-1 day testosterone propionate = TP), positive control (3 mg kg-1 day flutamide = FLU) and treatment groups (10, 250, and 750 mg kg-1 day testosterone propionate + Propyl paraben). Propyl paraben (PP) significantly decreased all accessory sex organ weights at each dose of 250 and 750 mg kg-1 day compared to control groups. Thus, we found that propyl paraben had antiandrogenic activity within the supported results of increasing LH levels and histopathologic results such atrophy, hyalinization, and anastomosis on androgenic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Özdemir
- Hacettepe University , Faculty of Science , Department of Biology , 06800 , Beytepe , Ankara , Turkey .
| | - Nurhayat Barlas
- Hacettepe University , Faculty of Science , Department of Biology , 06800 , Beytepe , Ankara , Turkey .
| | - Mehmet Alper Çetinkaya
- Hacettepe University , The Experimental Animal Research and Implementation Centre , 06410 , Sıhhiye , Ankara , Turkey
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17
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Determination of parabens using two microextraction methods coupled with capillary liquid chromatography-UV detection. Food Chem 2018; 241:411-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Raza N, Kim KH, Abdullah M, Raza W, Brown RJ. Recent developments in analytical quantitation approaches for parabens in human-associated samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Luiz Oenning A, Lopes D, Neves Dias A, Merib J, Carasek E. Evaluation of two membrane-based microextraction techniques for the determination of endocrine disruptors in aqueous samples by HPLC with diode array detection. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4431-4438. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Luiz Oenning
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Daniela Lopes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | | | - Josias Merib
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Eduardo Carasek
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
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20
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Yang YY, Toor GS, Wilson PC, Williams CF. Micropollutants in groundwater from septic systems: Transformations, transport mechanisms, and human health risk assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 123:258-267. [PMID: 28672210 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Septic systems may contribute micropollutants to shallow groundwater and surface water. We constructed two in situ conventional drainfields (drip dispersal and gravel trench) and an advanced drainfield of septic systems to investigate the fate and transport of micropollutants to shallow groundwater. Unsaturated soil-water and groundwater samples were collected, over 32 sampling events (January 2013 to June 2014), from the drainfields (0.31-1.07 m deep) and piezometers (3.1-3.4 m deep). In addition to soil-water and groundwater, effluent samples collected from the septic tank were also analyzed for 20 selected micropollutants, including wastewater markers, hormones, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), a plasticizer, and their transformation products. The removal efficiencies of micropollutants from septic tank effluent to groundwater were similar among three septic systems and were 51-89% for sucralose and 53->99% for other micropollutants. Even with high removal rates within the drainfields, six PPCPs and sucralose with concentrations ranging from <0.3 to 154 ng/L and 121 to 32,000 ng/L reached shallow groundwater, respectively. The human health risk assessment showed that the risk to human health due to consumption of groundwater is negligible for the micropollutants monitored in the study. A better understanding of ecotoxicological effects of micropollutant mixtures from septic systems to ecosystem and human health is warranted for the long-term sustainability of septic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ya Yang
- Soil and Water Quality Laboratory, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 14625 CR 672, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA
| | - Gurpal S Toor
- Soil and Water Quality Laboratory, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 14625 CR 672, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA.
| | - P Chris Wilson
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, University of Florida, Soil and Water Science Department, 110290 Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Clinton F Williams
- USDA-ARS, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, 21881 N. Cardon Ln, Maricopa, AZ 85239, USA
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21
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A new generation of nano-structured supramolecular solvents based on propanol/gemini surfactant for liquid phase microextraction. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 953:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Lee J, Park N, Kho Y, Lee K, Ji K. Phototoxicity and chronic toxicity of methyl paraben and 1,2-hexanediol in Daphnia magna. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:81-89. [PMID: 27866342 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are used as antimicrobial preservatives in consumer products. Exposure to methylparaben (MP) has been associated with adverse health outcomes, therefore, an alternative compound, 1,2-hexanediol (1,2-H), has been applied for cosmetics. In the present study, the phototoxicity of MP and 1,2-H, as well as the toxic effect caused by chronic exposure, were investigated using Daphnia magna. The 48 h acute toxicity tests with D. magna were conducted under indoor or ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation conditions, i.e., exposure to 4 h/d sunlight. Changes in the transcription of genes related to oxidative stress were determined in D. magna juveniles, to investigate the underlying mechanism of phototoxicity. The 21 d chronic toxicity tests of MP and 1,2-H were performed under indoor light irradiation. Exposure to MP under environmental level of UV light was more detrimental to D. magna. Transcripts of catalase and glutathione-S-transferase genes in D. magna was significantly increased by co-exposure to MP and UV light. After 21 d of chronic exposure to MP and 1,2-H, the reproduction no-observed effect concentrations for D. magna were 1 and >10 mg/L, respectively. The present study showed that exposure to UV could magnify the toxicity of MP on daphnids. Although acute and chronic toxicities of 1,2-H were generally lower than those of MP, its effects on other aquatic organisms should not be ignored. Further studies are needed to identify other mechanisms of MP phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayeon Park
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Cho YT, Su H, Lin SJ, Wu BH, Lai CY, Huang IC. Using thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to rapidly determine antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2315-2322. [PMID: 27488136 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Characterization and quantification of permitted preservatives are important inspections to prevent the overuse of preservatives in authentic formulations. However, the complexity of sample matrices makes preservative determination in cosmetics a tedious process. A rapid analytical strategy to identify preservatives would insure large numbers of products are in compliance with government regulations. METHODS Thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (TD-ESI-MS) was used to directly detect preservative compounds in authentic formulations without sample pretreatment. The technique employs a metal probe, which was configured for sampling cosmetics in their original states and was inserted in a closed preheated oven to thermally desorb analytes. The desorbed analytes were then carried by a nitrogen gas stream into an ESI plume, where the formed ions were subsequently detected by the mass analyzer. RESULTS The TD-ESI mass and tandem mass spectra of different classes of preservative standards were rapidly obtained, and the limits of detection were far below the legal limit of their respective concentrations. The preservatives were also directly detected in different types of authentic formulations in the absence of sample preparation, and within a few seconds per sample. Calibration curves for preservatives in four common formulations yielded good linearity in the regulation-allowed range. CONCLUSIONS Due to its sensitivity, short analysis time, repeatability, and quantitative ability, TD-ESI-MS may serve as a suitable tool for large-scale screening of cosmetic preservatives to assure product safety. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tzu Cho
- Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care & Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hung Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Jiun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ban-Hsin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lai
- Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care & Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ching Huang
- Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care & Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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24
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Zhong Z, Li G. Current trends in sample preparation for cosmetic analysis. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:152-169. [PMID: 27333942 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The widespread applications of cosmetics in modern life make their analysis particularly important from a safety point of view. There is a wide variety of restricted ingredients and prohibited substances that primarily influence the safety of cosmetics. Sample preparation for cosmetic analysis is a crucial step as the complex matrices may seriously interfere with the determination of target analytes. In this review, some new developments (2010-2016) in sample preparation techniques for cosmetic analysis, including liquid-phase microextraction, solid-phase microextraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, pressurized liquid extraction, cloud point extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and microwave digestion, are presented. Furthermore, the research and progress in sample preparation techniques and their applications in the separation and purification of allowed ingredients and prohibited substances are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Zhong
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Selective molecularly imprinted polymer combined with restricted access material for in-tube SPME/UHPLC-MS/MS of parabens in breast milk samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 932:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Lores M, Llompart M, Alvarez-Rivera G, Guerra E, Vila M, Celeiro M, Lamas JP, Garcia-Jares C. Positive lists of cosmetic ingredients: Analytical methodology for regulatory and safety controls - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 915:1-26. [PMID: 26995636 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetic products placed on the market and their ingredients, must be safe under reasonable conditions of use, in accordance to the current legislation. Therefore, regulated and allowed chemical substances must meet the regulatory criteria to be used as ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products, and adequate analytical methodology is needed to evaluate the degree of compliance. This article reviews the most recent methods (2005-2015) used for the extraction and the analytical determination of the ingredients included in the positive lists of the European Regulation of Cosmetic Products (EC 1223/2009): comprising colorants, preservatives and UV filters. It summarizes the analytical properties of the most relevant analytical methods along with the possibilities of fulfilment of the current regulatory issues. The cosmetic legislation is frequently being updated; consequently, the analytical methodology must be constantly revised and improved to meet safety requirements. The article highlights the most important advances in analytical methodology for cosmetics control, both in relation to the sample pretreatment and extraction and the different instrumental approaches developed to solve this challenge. Cosmetics are complex samples, and most of them require a sample pretreatment before analysis. In the last times, the research conducted covering this aspect, tended to the use of green extraction and microextraction techniques. Analytical methods were generally based on liquid chromatography with UV detection, and gas and liquid chromatographic techniques hyphenated with single or tandem mass spectrometry; but some interesting proposals based on electrophoresis have also been reported, together with some electroanalytical approaches. Regarding the number of ingredients considered for analytical control, single analyte methods have been proposed, although the most useful ones in the real life cosmetic analysis are the multianalyte approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lores
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain.
| | - Maria Llompart
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Gerardo Alvarez-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Eugenia Guerra
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Marlene Vila
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Maria Celeiro
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - J Pablo Lamas
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Jares
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
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27
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Song C, Lin J, Huang X, Wu Y, Liu J, Wu C. Effect of butyl paraben on the development and microbial composition of periphyton. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:342-349. [PMID: 26590928 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are extensively used as preservatives and bactericides in personal care and other consumer products, and are commonly found in wastewater and surface water as contaminants. However, few data are currently available on the ecotoxicity of parabens. Periphyton biofilm, a widely distributed microbial aggregate of ecological importance in aquatic environment, is frequently used for water quality monitoring, ecological restoration, and toxicity assessment. In this work, the effects of butyl paraben on the development and microbial composition of periphyton biofilm was studied in a laboratory experiment for 32 days using flow through channels. No effect was observed at the environmental relevant concentration level (0.5 μg L(-1)) during the experiment. At the highest tested concentration level (5000 μg L(-1)), following effects were noted: (1) inhibition on algae growth at the end of the experiment as indicated by the chlorophyll a and total biovolume; (2) inhibition of photosynthetic efficiency on day 24 as suggested by the maximal Photosystem II quantum yield (Fv/Fm); (3) decrease of the algal diversity on day 24 and 32 as reflected by the Pielou and Shannon-Weiner indices. Bacteria were less sensitive than algae in the periphyton biofilm, which showed no difference at all tested concentration levels as illustrated by the Biolog EcoPlates™ analysis. Therefore, we conclude that environmental residues of butyl paraben have a very low risk to periphyton in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiantong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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28
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Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Jeszka-Skowron M, Czarczyńska-Goślińska B, Grześkowiak T. Determination of Parabens in Polish River and Lake Water as a Function of Season. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1120739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Exposure to chemicals from different sources in everyday life is widespread; one such source is the wide range of products listed under the title "cosmetics", including the different types of popular and widely-advertised sunscreens. Women are encouraged through advertising to buy into the myth of everlasting youth, and one of the most alarming consequences is in utero exposure to chemicals. The main route of exposure is the skin, but the main endpoint of exposure is endocrine disruption. This is due to many substances in cosmetics and sunscreens that have endocrine active properties which affect reproductive health but which also have other endpoints, such as cancer. Reducing the exposure to endocrine disruptors is framed not only in the context of the reduction of health risks, but is also significant against the background and rise of ethical consumerism, and the responsibility of the cosmetics industry in this respect. Although some plants show endocrine-disrupting activity, the use of well-selected natural products might reduce the use of synthetic chemicals. Instruments dealing with this problem include life-cycle analysis, eco-design, and green labels; in combination with the committed use of environmental management systems, they contribute to "corporate social responsibility".
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Nicolopoulou-Stamati
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, MSc "Environment and Health. Capacity Building for Decision Making", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Luc Hens
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Boeretang 200, B2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Annie J Sasco
- Epidemiology for Cancer Prevention, Team on HIV, Cancer and Global Health, Inserm U 897 - Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bordeaux Segalen University, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux cedex, France
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30
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Ara KM, Pandidan S, Aliakbari A, Raofie F, Amini MM. Porous-membrane-protected polyaniline-coated SBA-15 nanocomposite micro-solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of parabens in cosmetic products and wastewater. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1213-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Mahdavi Ara
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; G. C. Tehran Iran
| | - Sara Pandidan
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; G. C. Tehran Iran
| | - Azam Aliakbari
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; G. C. Tehran Iran
| | - Farhad Raofie
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; G. C. Tehran Iran
| | - Mostafa M. Amini
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; G. C. Tehran Iran
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31
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Ocaña-González JA, Villar-Navarro M, Ramos-Payán M, Fernández-Torres R, Bello-López MA. New developments in the extraction and determination of parabens in cosmetics and environmental samples. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 858:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Determination of parabens in urine samples by microextraction using packed sorbent and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 974:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Liu D, Song N, Cheng YC, Chen DX, Jia Q, Yang YW. Pillarene functionalized polymer monolithic column for the solid-phase microextraction preconcentration of parabens. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09088h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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34
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Wei H, Yang J, Zhang H, Shi Y. Ultrasonic nebulization extraction assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography for the simultaneous determination of six parabens in cosmetic products. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2349-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Wei
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P.R. China
| | - Jinjuan Yang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P.R. China
| | - Hanqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P.R. China
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35
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Pereira J, Câmara JS, Colmsjö A, Abdel-Rehim M. Microextraction by packed sorbent: an emerging, selective and high-throughput extraction technique in bioanalysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:839-47. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pereira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira; Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira; Campus Universitário da Penteada 9000-390 Funchal Portugal
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira; Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira; Campus Universitário da Penteada 9000-390 Funchal Portugal
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira; Campus Universitário da Penteada 9000-390 Funchal Portugal
| | - Anders Colmsjö
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Rehim
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
- National Research Center of Egypt; Cairo 12622 Egypt
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36
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Wei H, Yang J, Zhang H, Shi Y. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for simultaneous determination of six parabens in aqueous cosmetics. Chem Res Chin Univ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-014-3566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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38
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Hintersteiner I, Hertsens R, Klampfl CW. DIRECT ANALYSIS IN REAL TIME/TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY: INVESTIGATIONS ON PARAMETERS FOR THE COUPLING WITH LIQUID-PHASE SAMPLE INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.825846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hintersteiner
- a Institute of Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Kepler-University Linz , Linz , Austria
| | | | - Christian W. Klampfl
- a Institute of Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Kepler-University Linz , Linz , Austria
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Zhang J, Sun B, Guan X, Wang H, Bao H, Huang Y, Qiao J, Zhou G. Ruthenium nanoparticles supported on CeO2 for catalytic permanganate oxidation of butylparaben. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:13011-13019. [PMID: 24138607 DOI: 10.1021/es402118v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a heterogeneous catalytic permanganate oxidation system with ceria supported ruthenium, Ru/CeO2 (0.8‰ as Ru), as catalyst for the first time. The catalytic performance of Ru/CeO2 toward butylparaben (BP) oxidation by permanganate was strongly dependent on its dosage, pH, permanganate concentration and temperature. The presence of 1.0 g L(-1) Ru/CeO2 increased the oxidation rate of BP by permanganate at pH 4.0-8.0 by 3-96 times. The increase in Ru/CeO2 dosage led to a progressive enhancement in the oxidation rate of BP by permanganate at neutral pH. The XANES analysis revealed that (1) Ru was deposited on the surface of CeO2 as Ru(III); (2) Ru(III) was oxidized by permanganate to its higher oxidation state Ru(VI) and Ru(VII), which acted as the co-oxidants in BP oxidation; (3) Ru(VI) and Ru(VII) were reduced by BP to its initial state of Ru(III). Therefore, Ru/CeO2 acted as an electron shuttle in catalytic permanganate oxidation process. LC-MS/MS analysis implied that BP was initially attacked by permanganate or Ru(VI) and Ru(VII) at the aromatic ring, leading to the formation of various hydroxyl-substituted and ring-opening products. Ru/CeO2 could maintain its catalytic activity during the six successive runs. In conclusion, catalyzing permanganate oxidation with Ru/CeO2 is a promising technology for degrading phenolic pollutants in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , 200092 Shanghai, P. R. China
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Farajzadeh MA, Khosrowshahi EM, Khorram P. Simultaneous derivatization and air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction of some parabens in personal care products and their determination by GC with flame ionization detection. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3571-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | | | - Parisa Khorram
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
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41
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Cacho JI, Campillo N, Viñas P, Hernández-Córdoba M. Stir bar sorptive extraction with EG-Silicone coating for bisphenols determination in personal care products by GC–MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 78-79:255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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42
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Wang PG, Zhou W. Rapid determination of parabens in personal care products by stable isotope GC-MS/MS with dynamic selected reaction monitoring. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1781-7. [PMID: 23494853 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a rapid and sensitive analytical method for the determination of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butyl esters of para-hydroxy benzoic acid (parabens) in personal care products was developed and fully validated. Test portions were extracted with methanol followed by vortexing, sonication, centrifugation, and filtration without derivatization. The four parabens were quantified by GC-MS/MS in the electron ionization mode. Four corresponding isotopically labeled parabens were selected as internal standards, which were added at the beginning of the sample preparation and used to correct for recovery and matrix effects. Sensitivity, extraction efficiency, and recovery of the respective analytes were evaluated. The coefficients of determination (r(2)) were all greater than 0.995 for the four parabens investigated. The recoveries ranged from 97 to 107% at three spiked levels and a one-time (single) extraction efficiency greater than 97% was obtained. This method has been applied to screen 26 personal care products. This is the first time that a unique GC-MS/MS method with dynamic selected reaction monitoring and confirmation of analytes has been used to determine these parabens in cosmetic personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry G Wang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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43
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Youngvises N, Chaida T, Khonyoung S, Kuppithayanant N, Tiyapongpattana W, Itharat A, Jakmunee J. Greener liquid chromatography using a guard column with micellar mobile phase for separation of some pharmaceuticals and determination ofparabens. Talanta 2013; 106:350-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Xu J, Chen B, He M, Hu B. Analysis of preservatives with different polarities in beverage samples by dual-phase dual stir bar sorptive extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1278:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Application of vesicular coacervate phase for microextraction based on solidification of floating drop. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1229:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Yamamoto H, Tamura I, Hirata Y, Kato J, Kagota K, Katsuki S, Yamamoto A, Kagami Y, Tatarazako N. Aquatic toxicity and ecological risk assessment of seven parabens: Individual and additive approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 410-411:102-11. [PMID: 22051549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, aquatic concentrations of seven parabens were determined in urban streams highly affected by treated or untreated domestic sewage in Tokushima and Osaka, Japan. The detected highest concentrations were 670, 207, and 163ngl(-1) for methylparaben, n-propylparaben, and n-butylparaben, respectively in sampling sites with watershed area of no sewer system in Tokushima. Conventional acute/chronic toxicity tests were conducted using medaka (Oryzias latipes), Daphnia magna, and Psuedokirchneriella subcapitata for four parabens, which was consistent with our previous study on three parabens, n-butylparaben, i-butylparaben, and benzylparaben. The aquatic toxicity on fish, daphnia, and algae was weaker for the parabens with a shorter alkyl chain than those with a longer alkyl chain as predicted by their hydrophobicity. Medaka vitellogenin assays and DNA microarray analysis were carried out for methylparaben and found induction of significant vitellogenin in male medaka at 630μgl(-1) of methylparaben, while the expression levels of genes encoding proteins such as choriogenin and vitellogenin increased for concentrations at 10μgl(-1) of methylparaben. Measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of seven parabens in Tokushima and Osaka were divided by predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) and hazard quotient (MEC/PNEC) was determined for individual parabens. The MEC/PNEC was highest for n-propylparaben and was 0.010 followed by n-butylparaben (max. of 0.0086) and methylparaben (max. of 0.0042). The sum of the MEC/PNEC for the seven parabens was 0.0049. Equivalence factors were assigned for each paraben on the basis of the toxicity of n-butylparaben for each species, and n-butylparaben equivalence was calculated for the measured environmental concentrations. The MEC/PNEC approach was also conducted for the n-butylparaben-based equivalence values. The maximum MEC/PNEC was 0.018, which is lower than the trigger level for further detailed study such as large-scale monitoring for chronic toxicity tests including full-life cycle tests for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Institute of Socio, Arts, and Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima,1-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan.
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Analysis of multi-class preservatives in leave-on and rinse-off cosmetics by matrix solid-phase dispersion. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:3293-304. [PMID: 21947013 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Matrix solid-phase extraction has been successfully applied for the determination of multi-class preservatives in a wide variety of cosmetic samples including rinse-off and leave-on products. After extraction, derivatization with acetic anhydride, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis were performed. Optimization studies were done on real non-spiked and spiked leave-on and rinse-off cosmetic samples. The selection of the most suitable extraction conditions was made using statistical tools such as ANOVA, as well as factorial experimental designs. The final optimized conditions were common for both groups of cosmetics and included the dispersion of the sample with Florisil (1:4), and the elution of the MSPD column with 5 mL of hexane/acetone (1:1). After derivatization, the extract was analyzed without any further clean-up or concentration step. Accuracy, precision, linearity and detection limits were evaluated to assess the performance of the proposed method. The recovery studies on leave-on and rinse-off cosmetics gave satisfactory values (>78% for all analytes in all the samples) with an average relative standard deviation value of 4.2%. The quantification limits were well below those set by the international cosmetic regulations, making this multi-component analytical method suitable for routine control. The analysis of a broad range of cosmetics including body milk, moisturizing creams, anti-stretch marks creams, hand creams, deodorant, shampoos, liquid soaps, makeup, sun milk, hand soaps, among others, demonstrated the high use of most of the target preservatives, especially butylated hydroxytoluene, methylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben.
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Sanchez-Prado L, Lamas JP, Lores M, Garcia-Jares C, Llompart M. Simultaneous In-Cell Derivatization Pressurized Liquid Extraction for the Determination of Multiclass Preservatives in Leave-On Cosmetics. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9384-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101985h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sanchez-Prado
- Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Nutricion y Bromatologia, Campus Sur, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J. Pablo Lamas
- Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Nutricion y Bromatologia, Campus Sur, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Lores
- Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Nutricion y Bromatologia, Campus Sur, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Jares
- Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Nutricion y Bromatologia, Campus Sur, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Llompart
- Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Nutricion y Bromatologia, Campus Sur, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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