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Dowlatshah S, Hansen FA, Zhou C, Ramos-Payán M, Halvorsen TG, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of peptides based on hydrogen bond interactions. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1275:341610. [PMID: 37524472 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electromembrane extraction (EME) of peptides reported in the scientific literature involve transfer of net positively charged peptides from an aqueous sample, through a liquid membrane, and into an aqueous acceptor solution, under the influence of an electrical field. The liquid membrane comprises an organic solvent, containing an ionic carrier. The purpose of the ionic carrier is to facilitate peptide solvation in the organic solvent based on ionic interactions. Unfortunately, ionic carriers increase the conductivity of the liquid membrane; the current in the system increases, the electrolysis in sample and acceptor is accelerated, and the extraction system tend to be unstable and suffers from drifting pH. RESULTS In the present work, a broad selection of organic solvents were tested as pure liquid membrane for EME of peptides, without ionic carrier. Several phosphates provided high mass transfer, and tri(pentyl) phosphate was selected since this solvent also provided high operational stability. Among 16 different peptides used as model analytes, tri(pentyl) phosphate extracted those with net charge +1 and with no more than two polar side chains. Tri(pentyl) phosphate served as a very strong hydrogen bond acceptor, while the protonated peptides were hydrogen bond donors. By such, hydrogen bonding served as the primary interactions responsible for mass transfer. Tri(pentyl) phosphate as liquid membrane, could exhaustively extract leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, and endomorphin from human blood plasma and detected by LC-MS/MS. Calibration curves were linear (r2 > 0.99) within a concentration range from 1 to 500 ng/mL, and a relative standard deviation within 12% was observed for precision studies. SIGNIFICANCE The current experiments are important because they indicate that small peptides of low polarity may be extracted selectively in EME based on hydrogen bond interactions, in systems not suffering from electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Dowlatshah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - María Ramos-Payán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Prof. García González s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Shi L, Chen M, Zhao G, Wang X, Fan M, Liu R, Xie F. Environmental Applications of Electromembrane Extraction: A Review. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:705. [PMID: 37623766 PMCID: PMC10456692 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) is a miniaturized extraction technique that has been widely used in recent years for the analysis and removal of pollutants in the environment. It is based on electrokinetic migration across a supported liquid membrane (SLM) under the influence of an external electrical field between two aqueous compartments. Based on the features of the SLM and the electrical field, EME offers quick extraction, effective sample clean-up, and good selectivity, and limits the amount of organic solvent used per sample to a few microliters. In this paper, the basic devices (membrane materials and types of organic solvents) and influencing factors of EME are first introduced, and the applications of EME in the analysis and removal of environmental inorganic ions and organic pollutants are systematically reviewed. An outlook on the future development of EME for environmental applications is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linping Shi
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Science Avenue #100, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Mantang Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Ge Zhao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Meijuan Fan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Ruihong Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
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Nylon Membrane-Based Electromembrane Extraction Coupled with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Insulin. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive protein determination method that uses electromembrane extraction (EME) and is coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI/MS) is developed. A flat nylon membrane is used to collect proteins from an aqueous solution and is directly analyzed by MALDI/MS after the addition of the MALDI matrix. Insulin is used as a model protein to investigate the optimum extraction of the parameters. The optimum EME conditions are obtained at 12 V of voltage, 10 min of extraction time, 12 mL sample volume, and 400 rpm agitation rate. The linear dynamic range (LDR) of insulin in an aqueous solution is in the range of 1.0–100.0 nM. The limit of detection (LOD) for insulin in an aqueous solution is 0.3 nM with 103-fold signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio enhancement. Furthermore, the applicability of this method to determine insulin in complicated sample matrices is also investigated. The LDR of insulin in human urine samples is in the range of 5.0–100.0 nM, and the LOD of insulin in urine samples is calculated to be 1.5 nM. The precision and accuracy of this method are evaluated at three different concentration levels, and the coefficient of variation (CV) and relative error are less than 6%. This approach is time-efficient and economical, as the flat membrane mode of EME coupled with MALDI/MS is suitable.
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Eie LV, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Hansen FA. Electromembrane extraction of polar substances - Status and perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114407. [PMID: 34634529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the scientific literature on electromembrane extraction (EME) of polar substances (log P < 2) is reviewed. EME is an extraction technique based on electrokinetic migration of analyte ions from an aqueous sample, across an organic supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into an aqueous acceptor solution. Because extraction is based on voltage-assisted partitioning, EME is fundamentally suitable for extraction of polar and ionizable substances that are challenging in many other extraction techniques. The article provides an exhaustive overview of papers on EME of polar substances. From this, different strategies to improve the mass transfer of polar substances are reviewed and critically discussed. These strategies include different SLM chemistries, modification of supporting membranes, sorbent additives, aqueous solution chemistry, and voltage/current related strategies. Finally, the future applicability of EME for polar substances is discussed. We expect EME in the coming years to be developed towards both very selective targeted analysis, as well as untargeted analysis of polar substances in biomedical applications such as metabolomics and peptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vårdal Eie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Electromembrane extraction of peptides and amino acids - status and perspectives. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:277-289. [PMID: 33543669 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the scientific literature on electromembrane extraction (EME) of peptides and amino acids. In EME, target analytes are extracted from aqueous sample, through a supported liquid membrane (organic) and into a microliter volume of aqueous buffer (acceptor). Experimental conditions and performance for EME of peptides and amino acids are reviewed and discussed in detail, providing readers with an overview and basic understanding of the subject. In addition, this review discuss the potential for future applications, and scientific questions that need to be addressed for EME of peptides and amino acids to be generally accepted. EME is under commercialization, and therefore we expect it will be an active area of research in the near future.
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Pourahadi A, Nojavan S, Hosseiny Davarani SS. Gel-electromembrane extraction of peptides: Determination of five hypothalamic agents in human plasma samples. Talanta 2020; 217:121025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yeh CS, Cheng PS, Chang SY. Solvent-free electromembrane extraction: A new concept in electro-driven extraction. Talanta 2019; 199:296-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hosseiny Davarani SS, Pourahadi A, Ghasemzadeh P. Quantification of controlled release leuprolide and triptorelin in rabbit plasma using electromembrane extraction coupled with HPLC–UV. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1074-1081. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Pourahadi
- Faculty of ChemistryShahid Beheshti University Evin Tehran Iran
| | - Peivand Ghasemzadeh
- Faculty of PharmacyTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad University Tehran Iran
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Lin B, Wan L, Sun X, Huang C, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Shen X. Electromembrane extraction of high level substances: A novel approach for selective recovery of templates in molecular imprinting. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tabani H, Nojavan S, Alexovič M, Sabo J. Recent developments in green membrane-based extraction techniques for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:244-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Electromembrane Extraction Using a Round-Headed Platinum Wire as the Inner Electrode: A Simple and Practical Way to Enhance the Performance of Extraction. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yaripour S, Mohammadi A, Esfanjani I, Walker RB, Nojavan S. Quantitation of zolpidem in biological fluids by electro-driven microextraction combined with HPLC-UV analysis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:349-361. [PMID: 29805344 PMCID: PMC5962899 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, an electro-driven microextraction method named electromembrane extraction combined with a simple high performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection was developed and validated for the quantitation of zolpidem in biological samples. Parameters influencing electromembrane extraction were evaluated and optimized. The membrane consisted of 2-ethylhexanol immobilized in the pores of a hollow fiber. As a driving force, a 150 V electric field was applied to facilitate the analyte migration from the sample matrix to an acceptor solution through a supported liquid membrane. The pHs of donor and acceptor solutions were optimized to 6.0 and 2.0, respectively. The enrichment factor was obtained >75 within 15 minutes. The effect of carbon nanotubes (as solid nano-sorbents) on the membrane performance and EME efficiency was evaluated. The method was linear over the range of 10-1000 ng/mL for zolpidem (R2 >0.9991) with repeatability ( %RSD) between 0.3 % and 7.3 % (n = 3). The limits of detection and quantitation were 3 and 10 ng/mL, respectively. The sensitivity of HPLC-UV for the determination of zolpidem was enhanced by electromembrane extraction. Finally, the method was employed for the quantitation of zolpidem in biological samples with relative recoveries in the range of 60-79 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Yaripour
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Isa Esfanjani
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roderick B Walker
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Yaripour S, Mohammadi A, Nojavan S. Electromembrane extraction of tartrazine from food samples: Effects of nano-sorbents on membrane performance. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2642-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Yaripour
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Evin Tehran Iran
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Mohammadi J, Davarani SSH, Moazami HR. Impedometric monitoring of the behavior of the supported liquid membrane in electromembrane extraction systems: An insight into the origin of optimized experimental parameters. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 934:98-105. [PMID: 27506349 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) was carried out using a novel instrumentation capable of impedometric monitoring of the system during the extraction. This instrumentation involves a classical two-electrode assembly fed by two time-resolved potential functions, the first for the extraction of analyte and the second for obtaining the impedance information. The impedometric analysis of the system was achieved by Laplace transformation of the current recorded during the extraction. It has been shown that the obtained impedance information can be converted to very useful knowledge about time dependence of double layer capacitance, kinetics of analyte depletion, total permeability of the SLM and the effect of experimental parameters on system behavior. It has also been shown that the impedance analysis is a powerful tool for the estimation of optimum experimental parameters without determination of analyte in the acceptor phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Mohammadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., 1983963113, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Moazami
- Physics and Accelerators Research School, NSTRI, P. O. Box 14395-836, Tehran, Iran
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Nojavan S, Bidarmanesh T, Mohammadi A, Yaripour S. Electromembrane extraction of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists from plasma and wastewater samples. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:826-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Nojavan
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Evin Tehran Iran
| | - Tina Bidarmanesh
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Evin Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Saeid Yaripour
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Nojavan S, Asadi S. Electromembrane extraction using two separate cells: A new design for simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic compounds. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:587-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Nojavan
- Faculty of Chemistry; ShahidBeheshti University; Tehran Iran
| | - Sakine Asadi
- Faculty of Chemistry; ShahidBeheshti University; Tehran Iran
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HosseinyDavarani SS, Moazami HR, Memarian E, Nojavan S. Electromembrane extraction through a virtually rotating supported liquid membrane. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:339-46. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elham Memarian
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran Iran
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Huang C, Seip KF, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis – Quo vadis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:97-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Selective electromembrane extraction based on isoelectric point: Fundamental studies with angiotensin II antipeptide as model analyte. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Modern requirements in the field of bioanalysis often involve miniaturized, high-throughput sample preparation techniques that consume low amounts of both sample and potentially hazardous organic solvents. Electromembrane extraction is one technique that meets several of these requirements. In this principle analytes are selectively extracted from a biological matrix, through a supported liquid membrane and into an aqueous acceptor solution. The whole extraction process is facilitated by an electric field across the supported liquid membrane, which greatly reduces the extraction time. This review will give a thorough overview of recent advances in bioanalytical applications involving electromembrane extraction, and discuss both possibilities and challenges of the technique in a bioanalytical setting.
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Exhaustive extraction of peptides by electromembrane extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:328-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction--three-phase electrophoresis for future preparative applications. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2421-8. [PMID: 24810105 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to discuss the principle and the future potential for electromembrane extraction (EME). EME was presented in 2006 as a totally new sample preparation technique for ionized target analytes, based on electrokinetic migration across a supported liquid membrane under the influence of an external electrical field. The principle of EME is presented, and typical performance data for EME are discussed. Most work with EME up to date has been performed with low-molecular weight pharmaceutical substances as model analytes, but the principles of EME should be developed in other directions in the future to fully explore the potential. Recent research in new directions is critically reviewed, with focus on extraction of different types of chemical and biochemical substances, new separation possibilities, new approaches, and challenges related to mass transfer and background current. The intention of this critical review is to give a flavor of EME and to stimulate into more research in the area of EME. Unlike other review articles, the current one is less comprehensive, but put more emphasis on new directions for EME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Gjelstad
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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Spietelun A, Marcinkowski Ł, de la Guardia M, Namieśnik J. Green aspects, developments and perspectives of liquid phase microextraction techniques. Talanta 2014; 119:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Yamini Y, Seidi S, Rezazadeh M. Electrical field-induced extraction and separation techniques: promising trends in analytical chemistry--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 814:1-22. [PMID: 24528839 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is an important issue in analytical chemistry, and is often a bottleneck in chemical analysis. So, the major incentive for the recent research has been to attain faster, simpler, less expensive, and more environmentally friendly sample preparation methods. The use of auxiliary energies, such as heat, ultrasound, and microwave, is one of the strategies that have been employed in sample preparation to reach the above purposes. Application of electrical driving force is the current state-of-the-art, which presents new possibilities for simplifying and shortening the sample preparation process as well as enhancing its selectivity. The electrical driving force has scarcely been utilized in comparison with other auxiliary energies. In this review, the different roles of electrical driving force (as a powerful auxiliary energy) in various extraction techniques, including liquid-, solid-, and membrane-based methods, have been taken into consideration. Also, the references have been made available, relevant to the developments in separation techniques and Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems. All aspects of electrical driving force in extraction and separation methods are too specific to be treated in this contribution. However, the main aim of this review is to provide a brief knowledge about the different fields of analytical chemistry, with an emphasis on the latest efforts put into the electrically assisted membrane-based sample preparation systems. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches as well as the new achievements in these areas have been discussed, which might be helpful for further progress in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2011-2013). Electrophoresis 2013; 35:69-95. [PMID: 24255019 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The review presents a comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, ITP, IEF, affinity electrophoresis, EKC, and electrochromatography) for analysis, isolation, purification, and physicochemical and biochemical characterization of peptides. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides, in the methodology of their analysis, including sample preseparation, preconcentration and derivatization, adsorption suppression and EOF control, as well as in detection of peptides, are presented. New developments in particular CE and CEC modes are reported and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are described: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex (bio)matrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid, sequence and chiral analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some micropreparative peptide separations are shown and capabilities of CE and CEC techniques to provide relevant physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Seip KF, Gjelstad A, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction from aqueous samples containing polar organic solvents. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1308:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Krishna Marothu V, Gorrepati M, Vusa R. Electromembrane extraction--a novel extraction technique for pharmaceutical, chemical, clinical and environmental analysis. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:619-31. [PMID: 23595685 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) is a novel sample preparation technique in pharmaceutical, chemical, clinical and environmental analysis. This technique uses electromigration across artificial liquid membranes for selective extraction of analytes and sample enrichment from complex matrices. This review focuses on the setup, general procedure and parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of EME. An overview of innovations in EME (on-chip EME, low voltage EME, drop-to-drop EME, pulsed EME and EME followed by low-density solvent based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction) is also presented in this article and attention is focused on the use of EME for pharmaceutical, chemical, clinical and environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Krishna Marothu
- Alliance Institute of Advanced Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500038, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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29
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The potential application of electromembrane extraction for the analysis of peptides in biological fluids. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1971-3. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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30
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Bello-López MÁ, Ramos-Payán M, Ocaña-González JA, Fernández-Torres R, Callejón-Mochón M. Analytical Applications of Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction (HF-LPME): A Review. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.655676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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On-line coupling of a clean-up device with supported liquid membrane to capillary electrophoresis for direct injection and analysis of serum and plasma samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1234:2-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Jamt REG, Gjelstad A, Eibak LEE, Øiestad EL, Christophersen AS, Rasmussen KE, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of stimulating drugs from undiluted whole blood. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1232:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Fast, selective, and sensitive analysis of low-abundance peptides in human plasma by electromembrane extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 716:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Kašička V. Recent developments in CE and CEC of peptides (2009-2011). Electrophoresis 2011; 33:48-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Seip KF, Stigsson J, Gjelstad A, Balchen M, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of peptides - Fundamental studies on the supported liquid membrane. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3410-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Strieglerová L, Kubáň P, Boček P. Electromembrane extraction of amino acids from body fluids followed by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6248-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Electromembrane extraction: a new technique for accelerating bioanalytical sample preparation. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:787-97. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent societal requirements to explore more environmentaly friendly solutions in the field of sample preparation have gained increasing focus during recent years. A reduction in the consumption of hazardous organic solvent owing to environmental and cost perspectives, small amounts of sample available and time reduction, have been major incentives for scientists to miniaturize existing sample preparation methods. Some of these challenges were addressed by the introduction of electromembrane extraction (EME), a totally new extraction principle where a potential difference is applied across a thin organic membrane immobilized in the pores in the wall of a porous polypropylene membrane. The potential difference is utilized to extract charged analytes of interest from the sample, across the organic membrane, and into an aqueous acceptor solution present inside the lumen of the hollow fiber. This article focuses on the potential of EME in bioanalysis, including discussions of EME performance.
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