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Souza MCO, Cruz JC, Cesila CA, Gonzalez N, Rocha BA, Adeyemi JA, Nadal M, Domingo JL, Barbosa F. Recent trends in pesticides in crops: A critical review of the duality of risks-benefits and the Brazilian legislation issue. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115811. [PMID: 37030406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing population worldwide, in recent years, an exponential increase in agricultural practices has occurred in order to attend to the growing demand for food. Unfortunately, this increase is not associated with the supply of foodstuffs free of environmental pollutants. In Brazil, agriculture is one of the most important economic pillars, making the country one of the largest consumers of pesticides around the world. The intense use of pesticides, mainly glyphosate, 2,4-D, and atrazine, constitutes an essential factor in the viability of this great agricultural productivity. Sugarcane, corn, soybean, and citrus crops consume around 66% of the total pesticides worldwide, representing 76% of the planted area. Pesticide residues have been frequently detected in food and the environment, becoming a significant concern for human health. Monitoring programs for pesticide use are essential to reduce the potential negative impacts on the environment and improve the overall efficiency and sustainability of their use. However, in Brazil, the approval status of pesticide-active ingredients is very discrepant compared to other agricultural countries. Moreover, the duality of benefits and risks of pesticide application creates an economic and toxicological conflict. In this paper, we have critically reviewed the duality of risks-benefits of the use of pesticides in agriculture and the current Brazilian legislation issues. We have also compared this flawed legislation with other countries with high economic potential. Due to the negative environmental impacts on soil and water by the high levels of pesticides, remediation techniques, sustainable agriculture, and the development of new technologies can be considered some viable alternatives to reduce the levels in these compartments. Besides, this paper includes some recommendations that can be included in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences. Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jonas Carneiro Cruz
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences. Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cibele Aparecida Cesila
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences. Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neus Gonzalez
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences. Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences. Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences. Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Marti Nadal
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences. Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Oliveira TC, Lanças FM. Determination of selected herbicides in sugarcane-derived foods by graphene-oxide based disposable pipette extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1687:463690. [PMID: 36502646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sugarcane is widely cultivated in Brazil. Although there are Maximum Residue Limits of pesticides determined for this plant, there is no legislation covering alimentary products from sugarcane. In this study, Disposable Pipette Tip Extraction (DPX) technique was evaluated as a sample preparation technique for simultaneous determination of eleven herbicides followed by LC-MS/MS analysis in three sugarcane-derived food matrices: juice, candy, and syrup. First, graphene oxide anchored to silica functionalized with octadecyl silane and endcapped was synthesized, which was evaluated as a sorbent in DPX. Then, after evaluating the parameters involved in DPX extraction, the method was validated following the ICH guide. As a result, the method showed acceptable linearity (r ≥ 0.99), limits of quantification (1.0 - 5.0 ng mL-1 for juice and 5.0 - 25.0 ng g - 1 for candy and syrup, varying according to the pesticide), precision, and accuracy within the limits of the literature, and recoveries ranging from 48 - 69% (juice), 34 - 89% (candy), and 28 - 76% (syrup). Finally, the developed method was successfully applied in actual samples of the three studied matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Chemistry at São Carlos, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Li W, Gu Y, Liu Z, Hua R, Wu X, Xue J. Development of a polyurethane-coated thin film solid phase microextraction device for multi-residue monitoring of pesticides in fruit and tea beverages. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200661. [PMID: 36373185 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel solid-phase microextraction device coated with an efficient and cheap thin film of polyurethane was developed for trace determination of 13 widely used pesticides in fruit and tea beverages. A round-shaped polyurethane film covering the bottom of a glass vial was fabricated as the sorbent to exhibit a superior capacity for preconcentrating target compounds and reducing matrix interferences. After optimization of the key parameters including the film type, extraction time, solution pH, ionic strength, desorption solvent, and conditions, this device allowed an efficient adsorption-desorption cycle for the pesticides accomplished in one vial. Coupled with gas chromatography-electron capture detection, the polyurethane-coated thin film microextraction method was successfully established and applied for the analysis of real fruit and tea drinks, showing low limits of detection (0.001-0.015 μg/L), wide linear ranges (1.0-500.0 μg/L, r2 > 0.9931), good relative recoveries (77.2%-106.3%) and negligible matrix effects (86.1%-107.5%) for the target pesticides. The proposed approach revealed strong potential of extending its application by flexibly modifying the type or size of the coating film. This study provides insights into the enrichment of contaminants from complex samples using inexpensive and reusable microextraction devices that can limit the environmental and health impact of the sample preparation protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Ying Gu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Zikun Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Rimao Hua
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Jiaying Xue
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
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Agrawal A, Keçili R, Ghorbani-Bidkorbeh F, Hussain CM. Green miniaturized technologies in analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Preparation of magnetized polycaprolactone composite and its use in stirring–dependent magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Han S, Feng J, Ji X, Li C, Wang X, Tian Y, Sun M. Nano‐MoO
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for highly selective enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3363-3371. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Han
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Xiangping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Chunying Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Xiuqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Yu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
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Scherer N, Marcseková K, Posset T, Winter G. Evaluation of stir-bar sorptive extraction coupled with thermal desorption GC–MS for the detection of leachables from polymer single use systems to drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Martin A, Margoum C, Coquery M, Randon J. Combination of sorption properties of polydimethylsiloxane and solid-phase extraction sorbents in a single composite material for the passive sampling of polar and apolar pesticides in water. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3990-3997. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jérôme Randon
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon; Institut des Sciences Analytiques; UMR 5280, Villeurbanne France
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Ahmadkhaniha R, Rastkari N. Development of a carbon nanotube-coated stir bar for determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ahmadkhaniha
- Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER); Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Fumes BH, Andrade FN, Neto ÁJDS, Lanças FM. Determination of pesticides in sugarcane juice employing microextraction by packed sorbent followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2823-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Henrique Fumes
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP Brazil
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11
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Andrade FN, Ide AH, Neng NDR, Lanças FM, Nogueira JMF. Determination of trace levels of triazines in corn matrices by bar adsorptive microextraction with a molecularly imprinted polymer. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:756-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Honjo Ide
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; Campo Grande, Lisboa Portugal
| | - Nuno da Rosa Neng
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade de Lisboa; Campo Grande, Lisboa Portugal
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Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) is a sample preparation technique, which is used for the extraction as well as the preconcentration of organic substances from various aqueous matrices, prior to the determination of the analytes with a separation technique, such as LC or GC, coupled to different detectors. Since 1999, when SBSE was first developed by Sandra and co-workers, SBSE has been used in the analysis of samples of environmental, food, pharmaceutical and biomedical origin. In this article, we focus on the application of SBSE in biological fluids.
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Stir-bar sorptive extraction: 15 years making sample preparation more environment-friendly. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Guo Y, Kannan K. Analytical Methods for the Measurement of Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants in Complex Sample Matrices. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS): ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63299-9.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Gilart N, Marcé RM, Borrull F, Fontanals N. New coatings for stir-bar sorptive extraction of polar emerging organic contaminants. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fernández-Trujillo JP, Dos-Santos N, Martínez-Alcaraz R, Le Bleis I. Non-Destructive Assessment of Aroma Volatiles from a Climacteric Near-Isogenic Line of Melon Obtained by Headspace Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction. Foods 2013; 2:401-414. [PMID: 28239125 PMCID: PMC5302289 DOI: 10.3390/foods2030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A climacteric aromatic near-isogenic line (NIL) of melon (Cucumis melo L.) SC3-5-1 contained an introgression of the non-climacteric Korean cultivar “Shongwan Charmi” accession PI 161375 (SC) in the genetic background of the non-climacteric cultivar “Piel de Sapo” (PS). The aroma production was monitored during ripening at 21 °C in intact fruit using headspace sorptive bar extraction (HSSE). Bars were composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and aromas were desorbed and analyzed by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. The aromatic profile was composed of 70 aromatic compounds plus 21 alkanes with a predominance of esters, particularly acetate (2-methylbutyl acetate, 2-methylpropyl acetate, hexyl acetate, and phenylmethyl acetate). Some compounds were severely affected by postharvest time. The acetate esters (3-methylbutyl acetate, butan-2-yl acetate and phenylmethyl acetate) decreased with ripening and sulfur-derived compounds (S-methyl butanethioate and S-methyl 3-methylbutanethioate) increased gradually with ripening. A few compounds increased at the senescence phase (propyl ethanoate). Other compounds such as hexadecanoic acid showed a marked decrease after harvest, some decreasing from a relative maximum at harvest (2-methylpropyl hexanoate; n-hexanoic acid; nonanoic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Fernández-Trujillo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, ETSIA & Institute of Plant Biotechnology, E-30203 Cartagena (Murcia), Spain.
| | - Noelia Dos-Santos
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, ETSIA & Institute of Plant Biotechnology, E-30203 Cartagena (Murcia), Spain.
| | - Rocío Martínez-Alcaraz
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, ETSIA & Institute of Plant Biotechnology, E-30203 Cartagena (Murcia), Spain.
| | - Inés Le Bleis
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, ETSIA & Institute of Plant Biotechnology, E-30203 Cartagena (Murcia), Spain.
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Kawaguchi M, Takatsu A, Ito R, Nakazawa H. Applications of stir-bar sorptive extraction to food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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da Silva DS, Brenner CGB, Mayer FM, Montipó S, Martins AF. PDMS extraction bars for the determination of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in water and wastewater. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:362-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sheila Montipó
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
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Nogueira JMF. Novel sorption-based methodologies for static microextraction analysis: A review on SBSE and related techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2012. [PMID: 23206390 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) became a well-established analytical technique in the last years, for which hundreds of applications in almost all types of scientific fields can be found in the literature. In spite of the great enrichment capacity and outstanding performance to operate at the ultra-trace level, this remarkable static sorption-based method is already not quite effective for some complex systems, in particular to monitor the large group of polar organic compounds. This review aims to cover the state-of-the-art in SBSE, as well as supplying a discussion of the analytical potential of the novel adsorptive microextraction techniques, as complementary enrichment approaches, by explaining the main principles and providing technical know-how for the beginners.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M F Nogueira
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department and Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande, Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Lucena R. Extraction and stirring integrated techniques: examples and recent advances. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2213-23. [PMID: 22354573 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extraction techniques, which focus on selectivity and sensitivity enhancement by isolation and preconcentration of target analytes, are essential in many analytical methods. Because many extraction techniques occur under diffusion-controlled conditions, stirring of the sample solution is required to accelerate the extraction by favoring diffusion of the analytes from the bulk solution to the extractant phase. This stirring may be performed by use of an external device or by integrating extraction and stirring in the same device. This review focuses on the latter techniques, which are promising methods for sample treatment. First, stir-bar-sorptive extraction, the most widely used method, is considered, paying special attention to the development of new coatings. Finally, a general overview of novel integrated techniques in both solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction is presented; their main characteristics and marked trends are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lucena
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.
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